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Journal articles on the topic 'Tol2'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Nishi, Koji, Akira Hidaka, and Yoshinobu Yokomori. "Structure of toluene6.4-ZSM-5 and the toluene disproportionation reaction on ZSM-5." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 61, no. 2 (2005): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768105003186.

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The structure of a high-loading complex of ZSM-5 with 6.4 toluene molecules per unit cell has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. At least three kinds of toluene molecules were identified in the unit cell. Two disordered toluene molecules were located at the intersection of the straight and sinusoidal channels, the third in the sinusoidal channel. One (TOL1) of the two toluene orientations at the intersection was similar to that of p-dichlorobenzene at the intersection in high-loaded H-ZSM-5/p-xylene (hereafter 8PARA) and high-loaded H-ZSM-5/p-dichlorobenzene (hereafter 8PDCB) complexes, respectively. The other toluene orientation (TOL2) at the intersection was similar to those of p-xylene or p-dichlorobenzene at the intersection in the low-loaded p-dichlorobenzene complex (hereafter 2.6PDCB). A third toluene orientation (TOL3) existed in the sinusoidal channel; its orientation was similar to those of p-xylene and p-dichlorobenzene in the sinusoidal channels in 8PARA and 8PDCB complexes, respectively. If the occupancy of TOL2 at the intersection increases with temperature, TOL2 will connect with TOL3 in the sinusoidal channel and form the intermediate diphenylmethane

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2

Kawakami, Koichi, and Tetsuo Noda. "Transposition of the Tol2 Element, an Ac-Like Element From the Japanese Medaka Fish Oryzias latipes, in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells." Genetics 166, no. 2 (2004): 895–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/166.2.895.

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Abstract The Tol2 transposable element of the Japanese medaka fish belongs to the hAT family of transposons including hobo of Drosophila, Ac of maize, and Tam3 of snapdragon. To date, Tol2 is the only natural transposon in vertebrates that has ever been shown to encode a fully functional transposase. It has not been known, however, whether Tol2 can transpose in vertebrates other than fish. We report here transposition of Tol2 in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. We constructed a transposon donor plasmid containing a nonautonomous Tol2 element with the neomycin resistance gene and a helper plasmid capable of expressing the transposase and introduced the donor plasmid with various amounts of the helper plasmid by electroporation into mouse ES cells. The number of G418-resistant ES colonies increased as the amount of helper plasmid was increased, in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the transposase activity elevated the integration efficiency. These G418-resistant ES colonies were cloned and the structure of the junction of the integrated Tol2 element and the genomic DNA was analyzed by inverse PCR. In those clones, Tol2 was surrounded by mouse genomic sequences and an 8-bp direct repeat was created adjacent to both ends of Tol2, indicating that Tol2 was integrated in the genome through transposition. The Tol2 transposon system is thus active in mouse as well as in fish. We propose that it should be used as a genetic tool to develop novel gene transfer, transgenesis, and mutagenesis methods in mammals.

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3

Koga, Akihiko, Atsuko Shimada, Akihiro Shima, Mitsuru Sakaizumi, Hidenori Tachida, and Hiroshi Hori. "Evidence for Recent Invasion of the Medaka Fish Genome by the Tol2 Transposable Element." Genetics 155, no. 1 (2000): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.1.273.

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Abstract Tol2 is a transposable element of the terminal-inverted-repeat class, residing in the genome of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes. The genus Oryzias contains more than 10 species for which phylogenetic relationships have previously been estimated. To infer the history of Tol2 in this genus we performed genomic Southern blots and PCR analyses of 10 of the species. It was revealed that Tol2 occurs in 2 of the 10 species (O. curvinotus and O. latipes) and that the length and the restriction map structure of Tol2 are identical in the two cases. Further, sequencing analysis revealed an extremely low level of divergence compared with that in a nuclear gene. These results suggest recent incorporation of Tol2 into one or both of the two species, implying horizontal transfer of Tol2 from one species to the other or into them both from a common source.

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4

Koga, Akihiko, and Hiroshi Hori. "Detection of de Novo Insertion of the Medaka Fish Transposable Element Tol2." Genetics 156, no. 3 (2000): 1243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.3.1243.

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Abstract Tol2 is a terminal-inverted-repeat transposable element of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes. It is a member of the hAT (hobo/Activator/Tam3) transposable element family that is distributed in a wide range of organisms. We here document direct evidence for de novo insertion of this element. A Tol2 clone marked with the bacterial tetracycline-resistance gene was microinjected into fertilized eggs together with a target plasmid, and the plasmid was recovered from embryos. The screening of plasmid molecules after transformation into Escherichia coli demonstrated transposition of tet into the plasmid and, by inference, precise insertion of Tol2 in medaka fish cells. De novo excision of Tol2 has previously been demonstrated. The present study provides direct evidence that the Tol2 element has the entire activity necessary for cut-and-paste transposition. Some elements of the mariner/Tc1 family, another widespread group, have already been applied to development of gene tagging systems in vertebrates. The Tol2 element of the hAT family, having different features from mariner/Tc1 family elements, also has potential as an alternative gene tagging tool in vertebrates.

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5

Rezaei, Mohammad, Mohsen Basiri, Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hasani, et al. "Establishment of a Transgenic Zebrafish Expressing GFP in the Skeletal Muscle as an Ornamental Fish." Galen Medical Journal 8 (January 25, 2019): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1068.

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Background: Transgenic animals have a critical role in the advancement of our knowledge in different fields of life sciences. Along with recent advances in genome engineering technologies, a wide spectrum of techniques have been applied to produce transgenic animals. Tol2 transposase method is one of the most popular approaches that were used to generate transgenic animals. The current study was set out to produce an ornamental fish, which express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of mylpfa promoter by using Tol2 transposase method. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning method was performed to insert zebrafish myosin promoter (mylpfa) into Tol2-EGFP plasmid at the upstream of EGFP. In vitro transcription method was used to prepare the transposase mRNA. The Tol2-EGFP plasmid and transposase mRNA were then co-injected into the one-cell stage of zebrafish zygotes. After two days, the fluorescent microscopic analysis was used to select transgenic zebrafishes. Result: Our data showed that the optimum concentration for recombinant Tol2 vector and transposase mRNA were 50 ng/ul and 100 ng/ul, respectively. The results also revealed that the quality of embryos and quantity of injected construct had the important effects on Tol2 transposase method efficiency. Conclusion: Data showed that Tol2 transposase is an appropriate method to generate zebrafish transgene. Our finding also showed that mylpfa promoter is a strong promoter that can be used as a selected promoter in the ornamental fish industry. [GMJ. 2019;8:e1068]

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6

Germon, Pierre, Thierry Clavel, Anne Vianney, Raymond Portalier, and Jean Claude Lazzaroni. "Mutational Analysis of the Escherichia coli K-12 TolA N-Terminal Region and Characterization of Its TolQ-Interacting Domain by Genetic Suppression." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 24 (1998): 6433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.24.6433-6439.1998.

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ABSTRACT The Tol-Pal proteins of Escherichia coli are involved in maintaining outer membrane integrity. They form two complexes in the cell envelope. Transmembrane domains of TolQ, TolR, and TolA interact in the cytoplasmic membrane, while TolB and Pal form a complex near the outer membrane. The N-terminal transmembrane domain of TolA anchors the protein to the cytoplasmic membrane and interacts with TolQ and TolR. Extensive mutagenesis of the N-terminal part of TolA was carried out to characterize the residues involved in such processes. Mutations affecting the function of TolA resulted in a lack or an alteration in TolA-TolQ or TolR-TolA interactions but did not affect the formation of TolQ-TolR complexes. Our results confirmed the importance of residues serine 18 and histidine 22, which are part of an SHLS motif highly conserved in the TolA and the related TonB proteins from different organisms. Genetic suppression experiments were performed to restore the functional activity of some tolA mutants. The suppressor mutations all affected the first transmembrane helix of TolQ. These results confirmed the essential role of the transmembrane domain of TolA in triggering interactions with TolQ and TolR.

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7

IIDA, ATSUO, ATSUKO SHIMADA, AKIHIRO SHIMA, et al. "Targeted reduction of the DNA methylation level with 5-azacytidine promotes excision of the medaka fish Tol2 transposable element." Genetical Research 87, no. 3 (2006): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672306008184.

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The Tol2 element of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes is a member of the hAT (hobo/Activator/Tam3) transposable element family. There is evidence for rapid expansion in the genome and throughout the species in the past but a high spontaneous transposition rate is not observed with current fish materials, suggesting that the Tol2 element and its host species have already acquired an interactive mechanism to control the transposition frequency. DNA methylation is a possible contributing factor, given its involvement with many other transposable elements. We therefore soaked embryos in 5-azacytidine, a reagent that causes reduction in the DNA methylation level, and examined amounts of PCR products reflecting the somatic excision frequency, obtaining direct evidence that exposure promotes Tol2 excision. Our results thus suggest that methylation of the genome DNA is a factor included in the putative mechanisms of control of transposition of the Tol2 element.

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8

Journet, Laure, Alain Rigal, Claude Lazdunski, and Hélène Bénédetti. "Role of TolR N-Terminal, Central, and C-Terminal Domains in Dimerization and Interaction with TolA and TolQ." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 15 (1999): 4476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.15.4476-4484.1999.

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ABSTRACT The Tol-PAL system of Escherichia coli is a multiprotein system involved in maintaining the cell envelope integrity and is necessary for the import of some colicins and phage DNA into the bacterium. It is organized into two complexes, one near the outer membrane between TolB and PAL and one in the cytoplasmic membrane between TolA, TolQ, and TolR. In the cytoplasmic membrane, all of the Tol proteins have been shown to interact with each other. Cross-linking experiments have shown that the TolA transmembrane domain interacts with TolQ and TolR. Suppressor mutant analyses have localized the TolQ-TolA interaction to the first transmembrane domain of TolQ and have shown that the third transmembrane domain of TolQ interacts with the transmembrane domain of TolR. To get insights on the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane complex and its possible contacts with the outer membrane complex, we focused our attention on TolR. Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation experiments allowed the identification of Tol proteins interacting with TolR. The interactions of TolR with TolA and TolQ were confirmed, TolR was shown to dimerize, and the resulting dimer was shown to interact with TolQ. Deletion mutants of TolR were constructed, and they allowed us to determine the TolR domains involved in each interaction. The TolR transmembrane domain was shown to be involved in the TolA-TolR and TolQ-TolR interactions, while TolR central and C-terminal domains appeared to be involved in TolR dimerization. The role of the TolR C-terminal domain in the TolA-TolR interaction and its association with the membranes was also demonstrated. Furthermore, phenotypic studies clearly showed that the three TolR domains (N terminal, central, and C terminal) and the level of TolR production are important for colicin A import and for the maintenance of cell envelope integrity.

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9

Casey, Charles P., Steven W. Singer, and Douglas R. Powell. "The role of a hydroxycyclopentadienyl ruthenium dicarbonyl formate in formic acid reductions of carbonyl compounds catalyzed by Shvo's diruthenium catalyst." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 5-6 (2001): 1002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-201.

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Addition of excess HCO2H to {2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4CO)]Ru(CO)2}2 (6) at -20°C led to the formation of [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COH)]Ru(CO)2(η1-OCHO) (5), a proposed intermediate in catalytic transfer hydrogenations developed by Shvo. Hydroxycyclopentadienyl formate 5 undergoes rapid reversible dissociation of HCO2H at 20°C, and undergoes decarboxylation at 1°C to form a 1:10 mixture of {[2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4CO)]2H}Ru2(CO)4(µ-H) (3):[2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COH)Ru(CO)2H] (4). 5 does not reduce PhCHO below the temperature at which 5 is converted to hydride 4. The catalytic production of benzyl alcohol from 5 and PhCHO in the presence of excess HCO2H is not accelerated by higher concentrations of PhCHO, indicating that 5 does not directly reduce PhCHO. Formate complex 5 is the precursor of hydride 4 which transfers hydrogen to PhCHO. A crucial role for the CpOH proton in the decarboxylation of 5 was indicated by the much slower decarboxylation of the methoxycyclopentadienyl analog [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COCH3)]Ru(CO)2(η1-OCHO) (7). A mechanism for decarboxylation of 5 is proposed which involves reversible dissociation of formic acid to form the unsaturated dienone dicarbonyl ruthenium intermediate C, followed by simultaneous transfer of hydride to ruthenium from the formic acid carbon and of proton to the carbonyl of C from the formic acid OH group.Key words: Shvo catalyst, ruthenium formate, decarboxylation.

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10

Hamlet, Michelle R. Johnson, Donald A. Yergeau, Emin Kuliyev, et al. "Tol2 transposon-mediated transgenesis inXenopus tropicalis." genesis 44, no. 9 (2006): 438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.20234.

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11

Shibano, Takashi, Masatoshi Takeda, Isao Suetake, et al. "Recombinant Tol2 transposase with activity inXenopusembryos." FEBS Letters 581, no. 22 (2007): 4333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.004.

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12

Ray, Marie-Céline, Pierre Germon, Anne Vianney, Raymond Portalier, and Jean Claude Lazzaroni. "Identification by Genetic Suppression ofEscherichia coli TolB Residues Important for TolB-Pal Interaction." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 3 (2000): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.3.821-824.2000.

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ABSTRACT The Tol-Pal system of Escherichia coli is involved in maintaining outer membrane stability. Mutations in tolQ,tolR, tolA, tolB, orpal genes result in sensitivity to bile salts and the leakage of periplasmic proteins. Moreover, some of the tolgenes are necessary for the entry of group A colicins and the DNA of filamentous bacteriophages. TolQ, TolR, and TolA are located in the cytoplasmic membrane where they interact with each other via their transmembrane domains. TolB and Pal form a periplasmic complex near the outer membrane. We used suppressor genetics to identify the regions important for the interaction between TolB and Pal. Intragenic suppressor mutations were characterized in a domain of Pal that was shown to be involved in interactions with TolB and peptidoglycan. Extragenic suppressor mutations were located in tolB gene. The C-terminal region of TolB predicted to adopt a β-propeller structure was shown to be responsible for the interaction of the protein with Pal. Unexpectedly, none of the suppressor mutations was able to restore a correct association between Pal and peptidoglycan, suggesting that interactions between Pal and other components such as TolB may also be important for outer membrane stability.

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13

Heilpern, Andrew J., та Matthew K. Waldor. "CTXφ Infection of Vibrio cholerae Requires the tolQRA Gene Products". Journal of Bacteriology 182, № 6 (2000): 1739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.6.1739-1747.2000.

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ABSTRACT CTXφ is a lysogenic filamentous bacteriophage that encodes cholera toxin. Filamentous phages that infect Escherichia coli require both a pilus and the products of tolQRAin order to enter host cells. We have previously shown that toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), a type IV pilus that is an essentialVibrio cholerae intestinal colonization factor, serves as a receptor for CTXφ. To test whether CTXφ also depends upontol gene products to infect V. cholerae, we identified and inactivated the V. cholerae tolQRABorthologues. The predicted amino acid sequences of V. cholerae TolQ, TolR, TolA, and TolB showed significant similarity to the corresponding E. coli sequences. V. cholerae strains with insertion mutations in tolQ,tolR, or tolA were reduced in their efficiency of CTXφ uptake by 4 orders of magnitude, whereas a strain with an insertion mutation in tolB showed no reduction in CTXφ entry. We could detect CTXφ infection of TCP− V. cholerae, albeit at very low frequencies. However, strains with mutations in both tcpA and either tolQ,tolR, or tolA were completely resistant to CTXφ infection. Thus, CTXφ, like the E. colifilamentous phages, uses both a pilus and TolQRA to enter its host. This suggests that the pathway for filamentous phage entry into cells is conserved between host bacterial species.

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14

Yergeau, Donald A., Clair M. Kelley, Emin Kuliyev, et al. "Remobilization of Tol2 transposons in Xenopus tropicalis." BMC Developmental Biology 10, no. 1 (2010): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213x-10-11.

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15

Fujimura, Koji, and Thomas D. Kocher. "Tol2-mediated transgenesis in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Aquaculture 319, no. 3-4 (2011): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.07.021.

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16

Shen, Dan, Songlei Xue, Shuheng Chan, et al. "Enhancer Trapping and Annotation in Zebrafish Mediated with Sleeping Beauty, piggyBac and Tol2 Transposons." Genes 9, no. 12 (2018): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9120630.

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Although transposon-mediated enhancer trapping (ET) is successfully applied in diverse models, the efficiency of various transposon systems varies significantly, and little information is available regarding efficiency of enhancer trapping by various transposons in zebrafish. Most potential enhancers (Ens) still lack evidence of actual En activity. Here, we compared the differences in ET efficiency between sleeping beauty (SB), piggyBac (PB) and Tol2 transposons. Tol2 represented the highest germline transfer efficiencies at 55.56% (NF0 = 165), followed by SB (38.36%, NF0 = 151) and PB (32.65%, NF0 = 149). ET lines generated by the Tol2 transposon tended to produce offspring with a single expression pattern per line, while PB and SB tended to generate embryos with multiple expression patterns. In our tests, 10 putative Ens (En1–10) were identified by splinkerette PCR and comparative genomic analysis. Combining the GFP expression profiles and mRNA expression patterns revealed that En1 and En2 may be involved in regulation of the expression of dlx1a and dlx2a, while En6 may be involved in regulation of the expression of line TK4 transgene and rps26, and En7 may be involved in the regulation of the expression of wnt1 and wnt10b. Most identified Ens were found to be transcribed in zebrafish embryos, and their regulatory function may involve eRNAs.

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17

Llamas, María A., Juan L. Ramos, and José J. Rodríguez-Herva. "Transcriptional Organization of the Pseudomonas putida tol-oprL Genes." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 1 (2003): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.1.184-195.2003.

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ABSTRACT Proteins of the Tol system play a key role in the maintenance of outer membrane integrity and cell morphology in gram-negative bacteria. In Pseudomonas putida, the seven genes, orf1, tolQ, tolR, tolA, tolB, oprL, and orf2, which encode the proteins of this complex, are clustered in a 5.8-kb region of chromosomal DNA. Analysis of polar mutations, reverse transcriptase PCR assays, and transcriptional fusion constructs with a promoterless lacZ gene revealed that the genes are arranged in two operons: orf1 tolQ tolR tolA tolB and oprL orf2. We were also able to find a transcript that was initiated at the orf1 promoter and covered the two operons in a single mRNA. On the basis of the OprL protein level, we surmised that this transcript contributed only about 10 to 15% of the total OprL protein. Primer extension analysis identified the oprL orf2 operon promoter within the tolB gene, and the −10 and −35 regions exhibited some similarity to those of σ70-recognized promoters. The transcription start point of orf1 was located 91 bp upstream of the orf1 start codon, and the −10/−35 region also exhibited σ70 −10/−35 recognition sequences. The expression from both promoters in rich and minimal media was constitutive and was very little influenced by the growth phase or iron-deficient conditions. In addition, analyses of the β-galactosidase activities of different translational fusion constructs revealed that translation of tolA and orf2 genes was dependent on the translation of their corresponding upstream genes (tolR and oprL, respectively).

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18

Keng, Vincent W., Barbara J. Ryan, Kirk J. Wangensteen, et al. "Efficient Transposition of Tol2 in the Mouse Germline." Genetics 183, no. 4 (2009): 1565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.100768.

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19

Kawakami, Koichi. "Tol2: a versatile gene transfer vector in vertebrates." Genome Biology 8, Suppl 1 (2007): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2007-8-s1-s7.

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20

Motta-Neto, Clóvis C., André Marques, Gideão W. W. F. Costa, et al. "Differential hypomethylation of the repetitive Tol2/Alu-rich sequences in the genome of Bodianus species (Labriformes, Labridae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 12, no. 2 (2018): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v12i2.21830.

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Representatives of the order Labriformes show karyotypes of extreme conservatism together with others with high chromosomal diversification. However, the cytological characterization of epigenetic modifications remains unknown for the majority of the species. In the family Labridae, the most abundant fishes on tropical reefs, the genomes of the genus Bodianus Bloch, 1790 have been characterized by the occurrence of a peculiar chromosomal region, here denominated BOD. This region is exceptionally decondensed, heterochromatic, argentophilic, GC-neutral and, in contrast to classical secondary constrictions, shows no signals of hybridization with 18S rDNA probes. In order to characterize the BOD region, the methylation pattern, the distribution of Alu and Tol2 retrotransposons and of 18S and 5S rDNA sites, respectively, were analyzed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) on metaphase chromosomes of two Bodianus species, B.insularis Gomon &amp; Lubbock, 1980 and B.pulchellus (Poey, 1860). Immunolocalization of the 5-methylcytosine revealed hypermethylated chromosomal regions, dispersed along the entire length of the chromosomes of both species, while the BOD regions exhibited a hypomethylated pattern. Hypomethylation of the BOD region is associated with the precise co-location of Tol2 and Alu elements, suggesting their active participation in the regulatory epigenetic process. This evidence underscores a probable differential methylation action during the cell cycle, as well as the role of Tol2/Alu elements in functional processes of fish genomes.

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21

Lloubès, Roland, Emilie Goemaere, Xiang Zhang, Eric Cascales, and Denis Duché. "Energetics of colicin import revealed by genetic cross-complementation between the Tol and Ton systems." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 6 (2012): 1480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120181.

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Colicins are bacterial toxins that parasitize OM (outer membrane) receptors to bind to the target cells, use an import system to translocate through the cell envelope and then kill sensitive cells. Colicins classified as group A (colicins A, E1–E9, K and N) use the Tol system (TolA, TolB, TolQ and TolR), whereas group B colicins (colicins B, D, Ia, M and 5) use the ExbB–ExbD–TonB system. Genetic evidence has suggested that TolQ and ExbB, as well as TolR and ExbD, are interchangeable, whereas this is not possible with TolA and TonB. Early reports indicated that group B colicin uptake requires energy input, whereas no energy was necessary for the uptake of the pore-forming colicin A. Furthermore, energy is required to dissociate the complex formed with colicin E9 and its cognate immunity protein during the import process. In the present paper, we detail the functional phenotypes and colicin-sensitivity results obtained in tolQ and exbB mutants and cross-complementation data of amino acid substitutions that lie within ExbB or TolQ TMHs (transmembrane helices). We also discuss on a specific phenotype that corresponds to group A colicin-sensitivity associated with a non-functional Tol system.

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22

Huang, Peng, Linjie Xu, Wei Liang, et al. "Genomic deletion induced by Tol2 transposon excision in zebrafish." Nucleic Acids Research 41, no. 2 (2012): e36-e36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1035.

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23

Kondrychyn, Igor, Marta Garcia-Lecea, Alexander Emelyanov, Sergey Parinov, and Vladimir Korzh. "Genome-wide analysis of Tol2 transposon reintegration in zebrafish." BMC Genomics 10, no. 1 (2009): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-10-418.

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24

Lane, Maura A., Megan Kimber, and Mustafa K. Khokha. "Breeding Based Remobilization of Tol2 Transposon in Xenopus tropicalis." PLoS ONE 8, no. 10 (2013): e76807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076807.

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25

Loots, Gabriela G., Anne Bergmann, Nicholas R. Hum, et al. "Interrogating Transcriptional Regulatory Sequences in Tol2-Mediated Xenopus Transgenics." PLoS ONE 8, no. 7 (2013): e68548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068548.

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26

Bussmann, J., and S. Schulte-Merker. "Rapid BAC selection for tol2-mediated transgenesis in zebrafish." Development 138, no. 19 (2011): 4327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.068080.

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27

Sen, Keya, Daniel J. Sikkema, and Timothy F. Murphy. "Isolation and characterization of the Haemophilus influenzae tolQ, tolR, tolA and tolB genes." Gene 178, no. 1-2 (1996): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(96)00338-1.

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28

Kawakami, Koichi, and Akihiro Shima. "Identification of the Tol2 transposase of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes that catalyzes excision of a nonautonomous Tol2 element in zebrafish Danio rerio." Gene 240, no. 1 (1999): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00444-8.

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29

Watanabe, Kohei, Hajime Koga, Kodai Nakamura, et al. "Spontaneous germline excision of Tol1, a DNA-based transposable element naturally occurring in the medaka fish genome." Genome 57, no. 4 (2014): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2014-0011.

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DNA-based transposable elements are ubiquitous constituents of eukaryotic genomes. Vertebrates are, however, exceptional in that most of their DNA-based elements appear to be inactivated. The Tol1 element of the medaka fish, Oryzias latipes, is one of the few elements for which copies containing an undamaged gene have been found. Spontaneous transposition of this element in somatic cells has previously been demonstrated, but there is only indirect evidence for its germline transposition. Here, we show direct evidence of spontaneous excision in the germline. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis. In an albino laboratory strain of medaka fish, which is homozygous for a mutant tyrosinase gene in which a Tol1 copy is inserted, we identified de novo reversion mutations related to melanin pigmentation. The gamete-based reversion rate was as high as 0.4%. The revertant fish carried the tyrosinase gene from which the Tol1 copy had been excised. We previously reported the germline transposition of Tol2, another DNA-based element that is thought to be a recent invader of the medaka fish genome. Tol1 is an ancient resident of the genome. Our results indicate that even an old element can contribute to genetic variation in the host genome as a natural mutator.

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Juntti, Scott A., Caroline K. Hu, and Russell D. Fernald. "Tol2-Mediated Generation of a Transgenic Haplochromine Cichlid, Astatotilapia burtoni." PLoS ONE 8, no. 10 (2013): e77647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077647.

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Shibata, Masahiro, Ryosuke Inoue, and Noboru Sato. "Efficient gene transfer to developing chick astrocytes by Tol2 transposition." Neuroscience Research 65 (January 2009): S88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.355.

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Urasaki, Akihiro, Taro Mito, Sumihare Noji, Ryu Ueda, and Koichi Kawakami. "Transposition of the vertebrate Tol2 transposable element in Drosophila melanogaster." Gene 425, no. 1-2 (2008): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2008.08.008.

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Stahl, Bethany A., Robert Peuß, Brittnee McDole, et al. "Stable transgenesis in Astyanax mexicanus using the Tol2 transposase system." Developmental Dynamics 248, no. 8 (2019): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.32.

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Saworotnow, Parfeny P. "Diagonalization of a self-adjoint operator acting on a Hilbert module." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 8, no. 4 (1985): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171285000734.

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For each bounded self-adjoint operatorTon a Hilbert moduleHover anH*-algebraAthere exists a locally compact spacemand a certainA-valued measureμsuch thatHis isomorphic toL2(μ)⊗AandTcorresponds to a multiplication with a continuous function. There is a similar result for a commuting family of normal operators. A consequence for this result is a representation theorem for generalized stationary processes.

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Gou, Yawei, Wei Sun, Lingling Liu, et al. "Construction of irf4a Transgenic Zebrafish Using Tol2 System and Its Potential Application." Dose-Response 18, no. 2 (2020): 155932582092673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325820926733.

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Purpose: Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is identified as a transcriptional factor and plays an important role in the immune response in mammals; however, there are few reports about the function of zebrafish IRF4. Methods: We first amplified the coding sequence of irf4a from the testis of zebrafish. Besides, the fragments of irf4a, P2A, EGFP, and Tol2 vector were added for homologous recombination. By sequencing, we can get the Tol2-ef1α-irf4a-EGFP recombinant plasmid and it was microinjected into zebrafish embryos. Fluorescence observation was proceeded at days 3 post fertilization; F0 generations expressing green fluorescence in multiple tissues throughout the body were screened as the founder and raised them to sexual maturity. After mating with WT zebrafish to generate F1 offspring, polymerase chain reaction was used to identify whether irf4a was integrated into the zebrafish genome. Conclusion: We obtained the systematic overexpressed irf4a transgenic zebrafish with green fluorescence labeled in spine, eyes, heart, brain, and other tissues. The transgenic zebrafish will be used as a tool for the role of IRF4a in the immune response to the inflammation preconditioning in the future study.

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Llamas, María A., Juan L. Ramos, and José J. Rodríguez-Herva. "Mutations in Each of the tol Genes ofPseudomonas putida Reveal that They Are Critical for Maintenance of Outer Membrane Stability." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 17 (2000): 4764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.17.4764-4772.2000.

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ABSTRACT The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria functions as a permeability barrier that protects cells against a large number of antibacterial agents. OprL protein of Pseudomonas putidahas been shown to be crucial to maintain the stability of this cell component (J. J. Rodrı́guez-Herva, M.-I. Ramos-González, and J. L. Ramos. J. Bacteriol. 178:1699–1706, 1996). In the present study we cloned and mutagenized the orf1, tolQ, tolR,tolA, and tolB genes from P. putidaKT2440, which were located upstream of the oprL gene. Polar and nonpolar mutations of the P. putida tolQ,tolR, tolA, and tolB genes were generated in vitro by using the Ω-Kmr interposon, which carries two transcriptional stop signals, or a promoterlessxylE cassette, lacking any transcriptional stop signal, respectively. The mutant constructs were used to inactivate, by reverse genetics procedures, the corresponding chromosomal copies of the genes. The phenotype of each mutant strain was analyzed and compared with those of the wild-type strain and the previously characterized P. putida oprL::xylE mutant. All mutant strains exhibited a similar phenotype: altered cell morphology, bleb formation at the cell surface, release of periplasmic and outer membrane proteins to the extracellular medium, increased sensitivity to a variety of compounds (i.e., EDTA, sodium dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate, and some antibiotics), filament formation, and severely reduced cell motility. Altogether, these results demonstrate the importance of the Tol-OprL system for the maintenance of outer membrane integrity in P. putida and suggest a possible role of these proteins in assembling outer membrane components.

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KOGA, AKIHIKO, and HIROSHI HORI. "Homogeneity in the structure of the medaka fish transposable element Tol2." Genetical Research 73, no. 1 (1999): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672398003620.

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The hAT family is a group of transposable elements of the terminal inverted repeat class, which includes Ac of maize, hobo of Drosophila and Tam3 of Antirrhinum (snapdragon). All the members of this family so far examined are known to comprise complete and defective copies, with a good correspondence to autonomous and non-autonomous elements, respectively. Internal deletion is the most common cause of defective copies. Tol2, a transposable element of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes, is a member of the hAT family. We examined, mainly by the genomic Southern blot analysis, variation in the structure of copies of this element, and revealed that there are few or no internally deleted copies. This situation is unusual in a member of the hAT family. Possible causes of this anomaly are discussed.

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Shi, Chenggang, Jing Huang, Shixi Chen, Guang Li, and Yiquan Wang. "Generation of two transgenic amphioxus lines using the Tol2 transposon system." Journal of Genetics and Genomics 45, no. 9 (2018): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2018.06.002.

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Addou, A., and E. B. Mermri. "On the solvability of a variational inequality problem and application to a problem of two membranes." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 25, no. 9 (2001): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171201004823.

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The purpose of this work is to give a continuous convex function, for which we can characterize the subdifferential, in order to reformulate a variational inequality problem: findu=(u1,u2)∈Ksuch that for allv=(v1,v2)∈K,∫Ω∇u1∇(v1−u1)+∫Ω∇u2∇(v2−u2)+(f,v−u)≥0as a system of independent equations, wherefbelongs toL2(Ω)×L2(Ω)andK={v∈H01(Ω)×H01(Ω):v1≥v2 a.e. inΩ}.

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KOGA, AKIHIKO, SHIN SASAKI, KIYOSHI NARUSE, ATSUKO SHIMADA, and MITSURU SAKAIZUMI. "Occurrence of a short variant of the Tol2 transposable element in natural populations of the medaka fish." Genetics Research 93, no. 1 (2010): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672310000479.

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SummaryTol2 is a member of the hAT (hobo/Activator/Tam3) transposable element family, residing as 10–30 copies per diploid genome in the medaka fish. We previously reported that this element is highly homogeneous in structure at both the restriction map level and the nucleotide sequence level. It was, however, possible that there is variation of such a low frequency as not to have been detected in our previous surveys, in which samples from 12 geographical locations were used. In the present study, we first conducted searches of genome sequence databases of medaka, and found a 119-bp-long internal deletion. We then conducted a survey of samples from 58 locations for this deletion by performing PCR preceded by restriction enzyme digestion to increase the sensitivity to this deletion. We found that copies suffering this deletion have spread, or have been generated by multiple origins, in the northern-to-central part of mainland Japan. Thus, although the high homogeneity in structure is a distinct feature of Tol2, variation does exist at low frequencies in natural populations of medaka. The current status of Tol2 is expected to provide information with which results of future surveys can be compared for clarification of determinants of population dynamics of this DNA-based element.

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Cascales, Eric, Alain Bernadac, Marthe Gavioli, Jean-Claude Lazzaroni, and Roland Lloubes. "Pal Lipoprotein of Escherichia coli Plays a Major Role in Outer Membrane Integrity." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 3 (2002): 754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.3.754-759.2002.

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ABSTRACT The Tol-Pal system of gram-negative bacteria is composed of five proteins. TolA, TolQ, and TolR are inner membrane proteins, TolB is a periplasmic protein, and Pal, the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein, is anchored to the outer membrane. In this study, the roles of Pal and major lipoprotein Lpp were compared in Escherichia coli. lpp and tol-pal mutations have previously been found to perturb the outer membrane permeability barrier and to cause the release of periplasmic proteins and the formation of outer membrane vesicles. In this study, we showed that the overproduction of Pal is able to restore the outer membrane integrity of an lpp strain but that overproduced Lpp has no effect in a pal strain. Together with the previously reported observation that overproduced TolA complements an lpp but not a pal strain, these results indicate that the cell envelope integrity is efficiently stabilized by an epistatic Tol-Pal system linking inner and outer membranes. The density of Pal was measured and found to be lower than that of Lpp. However, Pal was present in larger amounts compared to TolA and TolR proteins. The oligomeric state of Pal was determined and a new interaction between Pal and Lpp was demonstrated.

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Hwang, Su Young, Yun Haeng Lee, Myeong Uk Kuk, Jae Won Kim, Sekyung Oh, and Joon Tae Park. "Improvement of Tol2 Transposon System Enabling Efficient Protein Production in CHO Cells." Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 26, no. 5 (2021): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12257-020-0310-4.

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Shibata, Masahiro, Ryosuke Inoue, and Noboru Sato. "21-P021 Efficient gene transfer to developing chick astrocytes by Tol2 transposition." Mechanisms of Development 126 (August 2009): S319—S320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.886.

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Iguchi, Tokuichi, Hideshi Yagi, Chen-Chi Wang, and Makoto Sato. "A Tightly Controlled Conditional Knockdown System Using the Tol2 Transposon-Mediated Technique." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (2012): e33380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033380.

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Li, Jun, and Guilian Gao. "Boundedness of Oscillatory Hyper-Hilbert Transform along Curves on Sobolev Spaces." Journal of Function Spaces 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/489068.

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The oscillatory hyper-Hilbert transform along curves is of the following form:Hn,α,βf(x)=∫01‍f(x-Γ(t))eit-βt-1-αdt, whereα≥0,β≥0, andΓ(t)=(tp1,tp2,…,tpn). The study on this operator is motivated by the hyper-Hilbert transform and the strongly singular integrals. TheLpbounds forHn,α,βhave been given by Chen et al. (2008 and 2010). In this paper, for someα,β, andp, the boundedness ofHn,α,βon Sobolev spacesLsp(Rn)and the boundedness of this operator fromLs2(Rn)toL2(Rn)are obtained.

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Takeuchi, Miki, Hiroshi Kaneko, Keizo Nishikawa, Koichi Kawakami, Masayuki Yamamoto, and Makoto Kobayashi. "Efficient transient rescue of hematopoietic mutant phenotypes in zebrafish using Tol2-mediated transgenesis." Development, Growth & Differentiation 52, no. 2 (2010): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01168.x.

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ASAKAWA, K. "The Tol2-mediated Gal4-UAS method for gene and enhancer trapping in zebrafish." Methods 49, no. 3 (2009): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.01.004.

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Chan, Shuheng, Dan Shen, Yatong Sang, et al. "Development of enhancer-trapping and -detection vectors mediated by the Tol2 transposon in zebrafish." PeerJ 7 (April 30, 2019): e6862. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6862.

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Enhancers are key transcriptional drivers of gene expression. The identification of enhancers in the genome is central for understanding gene-expression programs. Although transposon-mediated enhancer trapping (ET) is a powerful approach to the identification of enhancers in zebrafish, its efficiency varies considerably. To improve the ET efficiency, we constructed Tol2-mediated ET vectors with a reporter gene (mCherry) expression box driven by four minimal promoters (Gata, Myc, Krt4 and Oct4), respectively. The ET efficiency and expression background were compared among the four promoters by zebrafish embryo injection at the one-cell stage. The results showed that the Gata minimal promoter yielded the lowest basic expression and the second-highest trapping efficiency (44.6% at 12 hpf (hour post-fertilization) and 23.1% at 72 hpf, n = 305 and n = 307). The Krt4 promoter had the highest trapping efficiency (64% at 12 hpf and 67.1% at 72 hpf, n = 302 and n = 301) and the strongest basic expression. To detect enhancer activity, chicken 5′HS4 double insulators were cloned into the two ET vectors with the Gata or Krt4 minimal promoter, flanking the mCherry expression box. The resulting detection vectors were injected into zebrafish embryos. mCherry expression driven by the Gata promoter (about 5%, n = 301) was decreased significantly compared with that observed for embryos injected with the ET vectors (23% at 72 hpf, n = 308). These results suggest that the insulators block the genome-position effects and that this vector is fit for enhancer-activity evaluation. To assess the compatibility between the enhancers and the minimal promoters, four enhancers (CNS1, Z48, Hand2 and Hs769) were cloned upstream of the Gata or Beta-globin minimal promoter in the enhancer-activity-detection vectors. The resulting recombinant vectors were assayed by zebrafish embryo injection. We found that Z48 and CNS1 responded to the Gata minimal promoter, and that Hand2 only responded to the Beta-globin minimal promoter. In contrast, Hs769 did not respond to either the Gata or Beta-globin minimal promoters. These results suggest the existence of compatibility between enhancers and minimal promoters. This study represents a systematic approach to the discovery of optional ET and enhancer-detection vectors. We are eager to provide a superior tool for understanding functional genomics.

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Urasaki, A., K. Asakawa, and K. Kawakami. "Efficient transposition of the Tol2 transposable element from a single-copy donor in zebrafish." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 50 (2008): 19827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810380105.

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Rabus, Ralf, and Friedrich Widdel. "Conversion studies with substrate analogues of toluene in a sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain Tol2." Archives of Microbiology 164, no. 6 (1995): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02529744.

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