Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tolerance value'

This dissertation aims to revitalise and revalue a currently disregarded conceptual field of tolerance, and explores the prospect of it - and its respective practice (toleration) - satisfying Nietzsche"s criteria of life-affirmation and flourishing. The project of revaluation undertaken within this dissertation entails an evaluative re-appraisal and a critically selective incorporation of the particular concepts of tolerance and toleration once highly esteemed during the Hellenistic period. This inquiry centres on the axiological, ethical and psychological perspectives on tolerance and toleration, whilst investigating their compatibility within a Nietzschean valuation. Considerations of a few overlapping epistemological perspectives which are apposite to the aforesaid are articulated. Including the effects on the affective and cognitive accompaniments to toleration, possible formulations of tolerance that undermine life-affirmation and flourishing are also considered from a meta-ethical perspective. In order to do so, a critical analysis of the incorporated aspects of tolerance and toleration is conducted in relation to resentment and ressentiment. The primary questions I address are: „what is it to tolerate?", „how would tolerance and toleration read within a Nietzschean valuation?‟, „what are the psychological - i.e. affective and cognitive - intricacies of tolerating and how do they feature in its procedure?", „what kinds of psychological attachment does one qua human being create in connection with the entities one tolerates?" and „are there possible psychological dangers regarding tolerance and toleration that a Nietzschean valuation can help identify?"<br>Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>National Research Foundation (NRF)<br>Philosophy<br>MA<br>Unrestricted

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering.<br>"May 2005." Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 2, 2006). UMI No.: AAT 3189235 Thesis advisor: S. Hossein Cheraghi. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 136-161).

Background: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over one-third of US adults are obese. In order to assess causes of and treatments for obesity, researchers have evaluated a number of processes underlying health-related behaviors, one of which is delay discounting. Delay discounting is a cognitive process that describes the phenomenon by which individuals discount the value of a future reward compared to the value of an immediate reward. Researchers have associated delay discounting with drug addiction, alcoholism, and cigarette smoking. More recently, delay discounting has been studied with regards to health-related behaviors, such as body weight management, food intake, glucose control, and physical activity. While a number of studies have concluded that obese individuals tend to be greater discounters, the relationship between delay discounting and various health-related behaviors beyond smoking and drug use remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between delay discounting and diet quality, glucose tolerance, physical activity, and fasting vs. non-fasting conditions. Methods: Sixty-five males (n=20) and females (n=45) were recruited for the present study. Participants completed two lab sessions: one under non-fasting conditions, and one under fasting conditions which involved measurements of body mass and composition, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipids, and health-related questionnaires. Delay discounting and food purchase tasks were completed at both visits. Participants were asked to complete a four-day food intake record and wear a physical activity monitor for four days. Results: Lower rates of discounting were found in those who consumed more total vegetables, and lower food reinforcement was observed in those who spent less time sedentary and more time physically active, had greater dietary Restraint, and had a lower resting heart rate. There were no significant differences between discounting rates and food reinforcement across fasting and non-fasting conditions.<br>Master of Science

Mestrado Bolonha em Mathematical Finance<br>For financial advisers, the Risk Profile is a crucial component of delivering the best possible experience to the client. This Risk Profile is composed of Risk Capacity, which relates to the socio-economic situation that the investor finds themselves in, and Risk Tolerance, which is associated with the psychological composition of the investor. Risk Tolerance is vague and of questionable use to the adviser in terms of determining the Risk Profile. Risk Capacity, conversely, can be measured objectively using data that is easy to obtain and process. Risk Capacity then, rather than Risk Tolerance, should be both the focus of academic research and the foundation of the Risk Profile. However, this is not true in reality. This project attempts to correct this misallocation of attention by quantita- tively assessing the determinants of Risk Capacity. It measures the effect that investment horizon, goals, net income, and net assets have on the ability of the investor to take risks using simulations via Monte Carlo methodology, mathematical derivation utilising prob- ability theory, and logical analysis. The conclusions of this project are that investors with a long investment horizon, small and flexible goals, small and stable expenses, and large and liquid net assets are able to take more risk. These findings have varied implications for advisers and supply the framework from which a model of Risk Capacity could be based on.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Distributed systems are everywhere. From large datacenters to mobile devices, an ever richer assortment of applications and services relies on distributed systems, infrastructure, and protocols. Despite their ubiquity, testing and debugging distributed systems remains notoriously hard. Moreover, aside from inherent design challenges posed by partial failure, concurrency, or asynchrony, there remain significant challenges in the implementation of distributed systems. These programming challenges stem from the increasing complexity of the concurrent activities and reactive behaviors in a distributed system on the one hand, and the need to effectively leverage the parallelism offered by modern multi-core hardware, on the other hand. This thesis contributes Kompics, a programming model designed to alleviate some of these challenges. Kompics is a component model and programming framework for building distributed systems by composing message-passing concurrent components. Systems built with Kompics leverage multi-core machines out of the box, and they can be dynamically reconfigured to support hot software upgrades. A simulation framework enables deterministic execution replay for debugging, testing, and reproducible behavior evaluation for largescale Kompics distributed systems. The same system code is used for both simulation and production deployment, greatly simplifying the system development, testing, and debugging cycle. We highlight the architectural patterns and abstractions facilitated by Kompics through a case study of a non-trivial distributed key-value storage system. CATS is a scalable, fault-tolerant, elastic, and self-managing key-value store which trades off service availability for guarantees of atomic data consistency and tolerance to network partitions. We present the composition architecture for the numerous protocols employed by the CATS system, as well as our methodology for testing the correctness of key CATS algorithms using the Kompics simulation framework. Results from a comprehensive performance evaluation attest that CATS achieves its claimed properties and delivers a level of performance competitive with similar systems which provide only weaker consistency guarantees. More importantly, this testifies that Kompics admits efficient system implementations. Its use as a teaching framework as well as its use for rapid prototyping, development, and evaluation of a myriad of scalable distributed systems, both within and outside our research group, confirm the practicality of Kompics.<br><p>QC 20130520</p>

Distributed systems are everywhere. From large datacenters to mobile devices, an ever richer assortment of applications and services relies on distributed systems, infrastructure, and protocols. Despite their ubiquity, testing and debugging distributed systems remains notoriously hard. Moreover, aside from inherent design challenges posed by partial failure, concurrency, or asynchrony, there remain significant challenges in the implementation of distributed systems. These programming challenges stem from the increasing complexity of the concurrent activities and reactive behaviors in a distributed system on the one hand, and the need to effectively leverage the parallelism offered by modern multi-core hardware, on the other hand. This thesis contributes Kompics, a programming model designed to alleviate some of these challenges. Kompics is a component model and programming framework for building distributed systems by composing message-passing concurrent components. Systems built with Kompics leverage multi-core machines out of the box, and they can be dynamically reconfigured to support hot software upgrades. A simulation framework enables deterministic execution replay for debugging, testing, and reproducible behavior evaluation for large-scale Kompics distributed systems. The same system code is used for both simulation and production deployment, greatly simplifying the system development, testing, and debugging cycle. We highlight the architectural patterns and abstractions facilitated by Kompics through a case study of a non-trivial distributed key-value storage system. CATS is a scalable, fault-tolerant, elastic, and self-managing key-value store which trades off service availability for guarantees of atomic data consistency and tolerance to network partitions. We present the composition architecture for the numerous protocols employed by the CATS system, as well as our methodology for testing the correctness of key CATS algorithms using the Kompics simulation framework. Results from a comprehensive performance evaluation attest that CATS achieves its claimed properties and delivers a level of performance competitive with similar systems which provide only weaker consistency guarantees. More importantly, this testifies that Kompics admits efficient system implementations. Its use as a teaching framework as well as its use for rapid prototyping, development, and evaluation of a myriad of scalable distributed systems, both within and outside our research group, confirm the practicality of Kompics.<br>Kompics<br>CATS<br>REST

In a world that is becoming increasingly connected, both in the sense of people and devices, it is of no surprise that users of the data enabled by satellites are exploring the potential brought about from a more connected Earth orbit environment. Lower data latency, higher revisit rates and higher volumes of information are the order of the day, and inter-connectivity is one of the ways in which this could be achieved. Within this dissertation, three main topics are investigated and built upon. First, the process of routing data through intermittently connected delay-tolerant networks is examined and a new routing protocol introduced, called Spae. The consideration of downstream resource limitations forms the heart of this novel approach which is shown to provide improvements in data routing that closely match that of a theoretically optimal scheme. Next, the value of inter-satellite networking is derived in such a way that removes the difficult task of costing the enabling inter-satellite link technology. Instead, value is defined as the price one should be willing to pay for the technology while retaining a mission value greater than its non-networking counterpart. This is achieved through the use of multi-attribute utility theory, trade-space analysis and system modelling, and demonstrated in two case studies. Finally, the effects of uncertainty in the form of sub-system failure are considered. Inter-satellite networking is shown to increase a system’s resilience to failure through introduction of additional, partially failed states, made possible by data relay. The lifetime value of a system is then captured using a semi-analytical approach exploiting Markov chains, validated with a numerical Monte Carlo simulation approach. It is evident that while inter-satellite networking may offer more value in general, it does not necessarily result in a decrease in the loss of utility over the lifetime.

Web 2.0 has significantly transformed the way how modern society works now-a-days. In today‘s Web, information not only flows top down from the web sites to the readers; but also flows bottom up contributed by mass user. Hugely popular Web 2.0 applications like Wikis, social applications (e.g. Facebook, MySpace), media sharing applications (e.g. YouTube, Flickr), blogging and numerous others generate lots of user generated contents and make heavy use of the underlying storage. Data storage system is the heart of these applications as all user activities are translated to read and write requests and directed to the database for further action. Hence focus is on the storage that serves data to support the applications and its reliable and efficient design is instrumental for applications to perform in line with expectations. Large scale storage systems are being used by popular social networking services like Facebook, MySpace where millions of users‘ data have been stored and fully accessed by these companies. However from users‘ point of view there has been justified concern about user data ownership and lack of control over personal data. For example, on more than one occasions Facebook have exercised its control over users‘ data without respecting users‘ rights to ownership of their own content and manipulated data for its own business interest without users‘ knowledge or consent. The thesis proposes, designs and implements a large scale, robust and fault-tolerant key-value data storage prototype that is peer-to-peer based and intends to back away from the client-server paradigm with a view to relieving the companies from data storage and management responsibilities and letting users control their own personal data. Several read and write APIs (similar to Yahoo!‘s P NUTS but different in terms of underlying design and the environment they are targeted for) with various data consistency guarantees are provided from which a wide range of web applications would be able to choose the APIs according to their data consistency, performance and availability requirements. An analytical comparison is also made against the PNUTS system that targets a more stable environment. For evaluation, simulation has been carried out to test the system availability, scalability and fault-tolerance in a dynamic environment. The results are then analyzed and conclusion is drawn that the system is scalable, available and shows acceptable performance.

This is a qualitative interview study aiming to examine the concept of tolerance as it is a core value in the curriculum for the Swedish upper secondary school and high school. The concept of tolerance is linked to the subject of religious studies. A total of six teachers were interviewed regarding their understanding and interpretation of the concept, as well as its place in their teaching. The method of analysis was hermeneutic and the statements made by the teachers were further analyzed in the light of normcritical pedagogy and didactical awareness. The results show a diversified understanding of the concept, manifested in a broad scale of attitudes to it, ranging from negative to positive, though all were based on a reflective approach. This affected the teachers' tendency to include, or focus on, the concept of tolerance in their teaching, varying from active inclusion to exclusion. The discussion focuses on the differences and difficulties associated with acts of tolerance versus attitudes of tolerance. The teachers define religious studies as a subject with heavy focus on interpersonal relations. Acts of tolerance are therefore problematic as they are also acts of power between individuals and groups. This shows the didactical importance of discussing the concept of tolerance, mainly in relation to attitudes and acts, between teachers as well as in the classroom.

Two-thirds of United States stream length is in either fair or poor biological condition. However, we do not yet have reliable, quantitative tools to diagnose site-specific causes of biological impairment. One way to diagnose causes of impairment is to compare the environmental tolerances or preferences of the taxa expected at a site to those of the observed community. Stream ecologists have derived tolerance values (TVs) from field data for use in causal analysis, but inconsistencies across studies cast doubt on the accuracy of these TVs. Published TVs may not agree with one another for several reasons, including: differences in the methods used to estimate TVs, confounding among environmental variables, effects of environmental interactions on taxon abundance, and bias from incomplete sampling of a taxon’s niche space. My objectives were to determine if and how these four potential problems affect TVs and to determine if TVs can be used reliably in causal assessments. I collected macroinvertebrate, substrate, temperature, conductivity, and velocity data from 45 streams in the western U.S. Analyses of data from this field study suggest that incomplete sampling can profoundly influence TVs, whereas interactions may have little effect. Significant spatial correlations between environmental variables suggest that confounding may also affect the derivation of TVs, but the magnitude of this effect is unclear. Also, though each method used to estimate TVs has limitations, TVs derived from different methods appear to reveal the same environmental signal, and there may be little reason to prefer one method over another in a causal analysis. Over last few decades, researchers have begun to add biological traits, including estimates of preference and tolerance, to the suite of metrics used in bioassessments. As descriptors of important biological traits, TVs should help water quality managers reliably diagnose and combat the causes of biological stream impairment.

The present doctoral thesis discusses the design of fault-tolerant distributed systems, placing emphasis in addressing the case where the actions of the nodes or their interactions are stochastic. The main objective is to detect and identify faults to improve the resilience of distributed systems to crash-type faults, as well as detecting the presence of malicious nodes in pursuit of exploiting the network. The proposed analysis considers malicious agents and computational solutions to detect faults. Crash-type faults, where the affected component ceases to perform its task, are tackled in this thesis by introducing stochastic decisions in deterministic distributed algorithms. Prime importance is placed on providing guarantees and rates of convergence for the steady-state solution. The scenarios of a social network (state-dependent example) and consensus (time- dependent example) are addressed, proving convergence. The proposed algorithms are capable of dealing with packet drops, delays, medium access competition, and, in particular, nodes failing and/or losing network connectivity. The concept of Set-Valued Observers (SVOs) is used as a tool to detect faults in a worst-case scenario, i.e., when a malicious agent can select the most unfavorable sequence of communi- cations and inject a signal of arbitrary magnitude. For other types of faults, it is introduced the concept of Stochastic Set-Valued Observers (SSVOs) which produce a confidence set where the state is known to belong with at least a pre-specified probability. It is shown how, for an algorithm of consensus, it is possible to exploit the structure of the problem to reduce the computational complexity of the solution. The main result allows discarding interactions in the model that do not contribute to the produced estimates. The main drawback of using classical SVOs for fault detection is their computational burden. By resorting to a left-coprime factorization for Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems, it is shown how to reduce the computational complexity. By appropriately selecting the factorization, it is possible to consider detectable systems (i.e., unobservable systems where the unobservable component is stable). Such a result plays a key role in the domain of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs). These techniques are complemented with Event- and Self-triggered sampling strategies that enable fewer sensor updates. Moreover, the same triggering mechanisms can be used to make decisions of when to run the SVO routine or resort to over-approximations that temporarily compromise accuracy to gain in performance but maintaining the convergence characteristics of the set-valued estimates. A less stringent requirement for network resources that is vital to guarantee the applicability of SVO-based fault detection in the domain of Networked Control Systems (NCSs).

As services grow and receive more traffic, data resilience through replication becomes increasingly important. Modern large-scale Internet services such as Facebook, Google and Twitter serve millions of users concurrently. Replication is a vital component of distributed systems. Eventual consistency and Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are suggested as an alternative to strong consistency systems. This thesis implements and evaluates Snapple, a distributed, fault-tolerant, in-memory key-value database based on CRDTs running on the Java Virtual Machine. Snapple supports two kinds of CRDTs, an optimized implementation of the OR-Set and version vectors. Performance measurements show that the Snapple system is significantly faster than Riak, a persistent database based on CRDTs, but has a factor 5x - 2.5x lower throughput than Redis, a popular in-memory key-value database written in C. Snapple is a prototype-implementation but might be a viable alternative to Redis if the user wants the consistency guarantees CRDTs provide.<br>När internet-baserade tjänster växer och får mer trafik blir data replikering allt viktigare. Moderna storskaliga internet-baserade tjänster såsom Facebook, Google och Twitter hanterar miljoner av förfrågningar från användare samtidigt. Datareplikering är en vital komponent av distribuerade system. Eventuell synkronisering och Konfliktfria Replikerade Datatyper (CRDTs) är föreslagna som alternativ till direkt synkronisering. Denna uppsats implementerar och evaluerar Snapple, en distribuerad feltolerant nyckelvärdesdatabas i RAM-minnet baserad på CRDTs och som exekverar på Javas virtuella maskin. Snapple stödjer två sorters CRDTs, den optimerade implementationen av observera-ta-bort setet och versionsvektorer. Prestanda-mätningar visar att Snapple-systemet är mycket snabbare än Riak, en persistent databas baserad på CRDTs. Snapple visar sig ha 5x - 2.5x lägre genomströmning än Redis, en popular i-minnet nyckel-värdes databas skriven i C. Snapple är en prototyp men CRDT-stödda system kan vara ett värdigt alternativ till Redis om användaren vill ta del av synkroniseringsgarantierna som CRDTs tillhandahåller.

As intelligent hydraulic systems with embedded sensors become more ubiquitous, the real or perceived reliability challenge associated with sensors must be addressed to encourage their adoption. In this paper, a fault-tolerant control strategy for an intelligent independent metering valve that allows continued operation if a sensor fails is described. The twin-spool valve example utilizes position sensors to stabilize the spool positions and eliminate hysteresis, and pressure sensors to provide digital pressure compensation, electronic load sensing, and other features. An independent metering valve has redundancy provided by four sensors working together to control the flow into and out of a single actuator. Although two sensors are needed to control the flow through a spool, the controller can be reconfigured to ensure the flow is always controlled on the spool with both sensors working. To accomplish this, the concept of cross-port pressure control is introduced that uses the faulty side of the valve to maintain constant pressure on the non-faulty side. By maintaining a constant pressure, the flow in and out of the actuator are balanced. Experimental results on the boom of a backhoe demonstrate the operation of the fault tolerant control strategy.

En México, los indicadores generales muestran que 73% de los cuerpos de agua del país están contaminados. Una de las principales fuentes de contaminación es la descarga de aguas residuales sin tratar en ríos, lagos y océanos, generando la disminución de fuentes de agua potable, el incremento de enfermedades gastrointestinales principalmente en niños y la degradación de sistemas acuáticos. Esta problemática ha llevado a la comunidad científica a desarrollar tecnologías sustentables y de bajo costo, como la fitorremediación para el tratamiento de contaminantes. La fitorremediación se basa en el uso de plantas para el tratamiento de contaminantes, por lo que una de las principales consideraciones para su aplicación es la elección de la especie vegetal que se va a utilizar. Las especies más recomendables son aquellas tolerantes a la presencia de contaminantes, de rápido crecimiento y de fácil propagación. El sauce llorón (Salix babylonica) es un árbol que cuenta con estas características por lo que es considerada una especie apta para prácticas de fitorremediación. Con la finalidad de elegir los fenotipos más aptos para su uso en prácticas de fitorremediación, en este trabajo se evaluaron las características fenotípicas y fisiológicas de ejemplares de Salix babylonica presentes en humedales del Valle de Toluca, así como las condiciones de impacto ambiental de los humedales donde se desarrollan. Como se describe en el capítulo 3, inicialmente se realizó un muestreo dirigido en el Valle de Toluca, para ubicar humedales en los que estuvieran presentes ejemplares de Salix babylonica. Se eligieron 6 localidades de estudio: Mexicalcingo, San Lucas Tunco, San Pedro Tultepec, Almoloya de Juárez, Santa Juana 1 y Santa Juana 2, en las cuales, para evaluar el impacto ambiental de los humedales se midieron los parámetros de calidad de agua: pH, conductividad, alcalinidad, amoniaco, fósforo, nitratos y demanda química de oxígeno (DQO). De acuerdo con el parámetro DQO, las localidades se encuentran dentro de la categoría En cada localidad, se realizó la caracterización fenotípica y metabólica de ejemplares de Salix babylonica. La caracterización fenotípica se realizó mediante la medición de la altura, diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) y diámetro de la copa (cobertura). También se determinó el sexo de cada individuo mediante la observación de las flores. La caracterización metabólica se realizó mediante la determinación de la concentración de pigmentos fotosintéticos (clorofila a, clorofila b y carotenos) y la determinación de la tasa de asimilación neta (TAN), para ello se obtuvieron muestras de follaje durante los meses de marzo, junio, septiembre y diciembre. El análisis de parámetros de calidad de agua muestra que de acuerdo con el parámetro DQO las localidades están entre la categoría contaminado a fuertemente contaminado. La evaluación de las características fenotípicas mostró que la totalidad de los individuos son femeninos. Con respecto a las características altura, DAP y cobertura, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre localidades, siendo los árboles de San Lucas Tunco los que mostraron los valores más altos. La tasa de asimilación neta no mostro diferencias entre temporadas de muestreo, pero si se encontraron diferencias significativas entre localidades, siendo la localidad de Santa Juana 2 la que mostro los valores más altos. En cuanto a la concentración de clorofilas, la relación clorofila total-carotenos fue menor a 4.2 en todas las localidades lo cual indica que se encuentran bajo condiciones de estrés.<br>CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA (CONACYT) 507263.

Thesis (M.S.)--East Carolina University, 2009.<br>Presented to the faculty of the Department of Exercise and Sport Science. Advisor: Timothy P. Gavin. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 5, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by BRUNO DE PAULA CARAÇA SMIRMAUL null (brunosmirmaul@gmail.com) on 2017-01-16T16:59:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE-FINAL-ARQUIVAMENTO.pdf: 1637438 bytes, checksum: 39d0e58bda02b0d292d14effdde3ae15 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-20T15:41:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 smirnaul_bpc_dr_rcla.pdf: 1637438 bytes, checksum: 39d0e58bda02b0d292d14effdde3ae15 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-20T15:41:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 smirnaul_bpc_dr_rcla.pdf: 1637438 bytes, checksum: 39d0e58bda02b0d292d14effdde3ae15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-11<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>Respostas afetivas durante o exercício são relacionadas com a aderência ao exercício e com o comportamento atual/futuro de exercício. Entretanto, há grande variabilidade interindividual nas respostas afetivas ao exercício. Tal variabilidade é parcialmente explicada por diferenças individuais na preferência e tolerância da intensidade de exercício. Assim, os objetivos dessa tese de doutorado foram: Artigo 1 – adaptar o Questionário de Preferência e Tolerância da Intensidade de Exercício para a população brasileira e realizar uma avaliação psicométrica inicial; Artigo 2 – testar a validade estrutural do Questionário em uma amostra populacional diversa e avaliar sua invariância fatorial entre subgrupos de sexo e idade; Artigo 3 – explorar os fatores associados com a Preferência e Tolerância da intensidade de exercício em uma amostra populacional diversa, assim como fornecer valores normativos populacionais; Artigo 4 – testar se os constructos de preferência e tolerância da intensidade de exercício são associados com o comportamento de exercício longitudinalmente em uma amostra populacional diversa. Para isso, os seguintes métodos foram utilizados: Artigo 1 – tradução e retrotradução, produção de uma versão do Questionário em Português Brasileiro, e avaliação psicométrica e validação de constructo usando correlações transversais entre os escores de Preferência e Tolerância e variáveis de atividade física; Artigo 2 – análise fatorial confirmatória e teste de invariância fatorial multigrupos da versão em Português Brasileiro do Questionário em subgrupos de sexo e idade em uma amostra populacional de 622 participantes; Artigo 3 – regressão linear múltipla entre os escores de Preferência e Tolerância com idade, sexo, IMC, e atividade física no tempo de lazer (AFTL) moderada e vigorosa em uma amostra populacional de 622 participantes; Artigo 4 – regressões lineares múltiplas, correlações parciais e regressões logísticas multinomais envolvendo variáveis demográficas e antropométricas, assim como o comportamento de exercício tanto de 2007-2008 como de 2014-2015 de 622 participantes. Os resultados foram: Artigo 1 – A versão em Português do Brasil do PRETIEQ reteve as propriedades psicométricas da versão original, demonstrando adequada consistência interna, confiabilidade teste-reteste e correlações transversais com variáveis de atividade física dentro adultos jovens. Artigo 2 – a versão em Português do Brasil do PRETIE-Q reteve as propriedades estruturais da versão original e demonstrou invariância para sexo e idade. Artigo 3 – dentro alguns preditores significativos, apenas idade (r = - 0,348 e r = -0,341) e AFTL vigorosa (r = 0,276 e r = 0,140) foram significativamente e independentemente associadas com os escores de Preferência e Tolerância, respectivamente. Além disso, valores normativos populacionais estratificados por categorias de idade são apresentados. Artigo 4 – controlando por idade, sexo, IMC e níveis passados de AFTL, o aumento em 1 unidade nos escores de Preferência e/ou Tolerância foram associados com ≈5min/semana de AFTL total, ≈2min/semana de AFTL moderada e ≈2min/semana de AFTL vigorosa. Além disso, considerando os níveis recomendados de AFTL, o aumento de 1 unidade dos escores de Preferência e/ou Tolerância foram associados com ≈4-6%, 12,4% e 9,1% maiores chances de atingir longitudinalmente os níveis recomendados de AFTL total, moderada ou vigorosa, respectivamente.<br>Affective responses during exercise are related to exercise adherence and current/future exercise behavior. However, there is large inter-individual variability in affective responses to exercise. Such variability is partly explained by individual differences in preference for and tolerance of the intensity of exercise. Thus, the aims of this PhD thesis were: Article 1 – to adapt the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q) for the Brazilian population and to perform an initial psychometric evaluation; Article 2 – to test the structural validity of the PRETIE-Q in a diverse population sample and to evaluate its factorial invariance across gender and age subgroups; Article 3 – to explore the factors associated with Preference for and Tolerance of the exercise intensity in a diverse population sample, as well as to provide population-based normative values; Article 4 – to test whether the constructs of preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity are associated to exercise behavior longitudinally in a diverse population sample. For this, the following methods were used: Article 1 – translation and back-translation, production of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q, and psychometric evaluation and construct validation using cross-sectional correlations between the Preference and Tolerance scores and physical activity variables; Article 2 – confirmatory factor analysis and a test of multigroup factor invariance of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q across gender and age subgroups in a population sample of 622 participants; Article 3 – multiple linear regression between Preference and Tolerance scores with age, gender, BMI and moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a population sample of 622 participants; Article 4 – multiple linear regressions, partial correlations and multinomial logistic regressions involving demographic and anthropometric variables, as well as exercise behavior from both 2007-2008 and 2014-2015 of 622 participants. The results were: Article 1 – The Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q retained the psychometric properties of the original, demonstrating adequate internal consistency, testretest reliability, and cross-sectional correlations with physical activity variables among young adults. Article 2 – The Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q retained the structural properties of the original and demonstrated gender and age invariance. Article 3 – among a few significant predictors, only age (r = -0.348 and r = -0.341) and vigorous LTPA (r = 0.276 and r = 0.140) were found to be significantly and independently associated with both Preference and Tolerance scores, respectively. In addition, population-based normative values stratified by age categories are presented. Article 4 – controlling for age, gender, BMI and past LTPA levels, a 1-unit increase in Preference and/or Tolerance scores was associated with additional ≈5min/week of total LTPA, ≈2min/week of moderate LTPA and ≈2min/week of vigorous LTPA. In addition, considering the recommended levels of LTPA, a 1-unit increase in Preference and/or Tolerance scores was associated with ≈4-6%, 12.4% and 9.1% greater odds of longitudinally attaining the recommended levels of total, moderate and vigorous LTPA, respectively.<br>FAPESP: 2013/10503-0

Orientador: Eduardo Kokubun<br>Resumo: Affective responses during exercise are related to exercise adherence and current/future exercise behavior. However, there is large inter-individual variability in affective responses to exercise. Such variability is partly explained by individual differences in preference for and tolerance of the intensity of exercise. Thus, the aims of this PhD thesis were: Article 1 - to adapt the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q) for the Brazilian population and to perform an initial psychometric evaluation; Article 2 - to test the structural validity of the PRETIE-Q in a diverse population sample and to evaluate its factorial invariance across gender and age subgroups; Article 3 - to explore the factors associated with Preference for and Tolerance of the exercise intensity in a diverse population sample, as well as to provide population-based normative values; Article 4 - to test whether the constructs of preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity are associated to exercise behavior longitudinally in a diverse population sample. For this, the following methods were used: Article 1 - translation and back-translation, production of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q, and psychometric evaluation and construct validation using cross-sectional correlations between the Preference and Tolerance scores and physical activity variables; Article 2 - confirmatory factor analysis and a test of multigroup factor invar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Doutor

Contemporary attitudes in affluent Western societies are characterised by a growing emphasis on individual freedom. What, then, does this commitment to liberty entail for our openness to diversity; and ultimately for liberal democracy? Previous research on popular attitudes, for example by Ronald Inglehart, tends to assume that valuing freedom entails an encouragement of a plurality of life-styles. This thesis, by contrast, argues that there are several ideals of freedom in public opinion; ideals that may have opposing consequences for our permissiveness towards ways of life that differ from our own. The introductory essay in this book suggests that Isaiah Berlin’s theory of positive and negative freedom provides a fruitful analytical framework, which helps theorise and empirically nuance our picture of popular ideals of freedom. Essay I goes on to present a novel, psychological, interpretation of Berlin’s Two Concepts of Liberty. This essay also suggests that Berlin was critical not only of enlightened ideals of positive liberty, but also of romantic ones, which might be even more widespread today. Essay II then applies Berlin’s framework to contemporary survey data. Through confirmatory factor and regression analyses, this essay demonstrates that Berlin’s negative-positive distinction does in fact hold also in popular opinion; and that the two dimensions have rather different effects on moral and legal permissiveness. Essay III, finally, revisits a recent example of disrespect in the name of liberty: the Danish cartoon controversy. This essay develops the concept of ‘romantic liberalism’, thereby deepening our knowledge of romantic ideals of positive liberty, and their particularly disrespectful tendencies. Drawing on Isaiah Berlin, and his critique of positive liberty, the essays in this thesis together suggest that it is crucial for liberal democracy to recognise the existence of treacherous liberties: ideals that lead their supporters to ridicule, condemn, or even prohibit ways of life that differ from their own – all in the name of liberty.<br>The Impact of Religion

Temperature is a fundamental environmental force shaping species abundance and distributions through its effects on biochemical reaction rates, metabolism, activity, and reproduction. In light of future climate shifts, mainly driven by temperature increases, how will organisms persist in warmer environments? One molecular mechanism that may play an important role in coping with heat stress is the heat shock response (HSR), which protects against molecular damage. To prevent and repair protein damage specifically, Hsps activate and become up-regulated. However, the functional diversity and relevance of heat shock proteins (Hsps) in extending upper thermal limits in taxonomic groups outside marine and model systems is poorly understood. Ants are a good system to understand the physiological mechanisms for coping with heat stress because they have successfully diversified into thermally stressful environments. To identify and characterize the functional diversity of Hsps in ants, I surveyed Hsp orthologues from published ant genomes to test for signatures of positive selection and to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Within Hymenoptera, ants utilize unique sets of Hsps for the HSR. Stabilizing selection was the prevailing force among Hsp orthologues, suggesting that protein activity is conserved. At the same time, regulatory regions (promoters) governing transcriptional up-regulation diversified: species differ in the number and location of heat shock elements (HSEs). Therefore, Hsp expression patterns may be a target for selection in warm environments. I tested whether Hsp expression corresponded with variation in upper thermal limits in forest ant species within the genus Aphaenogaster. Whole colonies were collected throughout the eastern United States and were lab acclimated. There was a positive relationship between upper thermal limits (Critical Thermal maxima, CTmax) and local temperature extremes. Upper thermal limits were also higher in ant species that lived in open habitats (shrub-oak and long-leaf pine savannah) than species occupying closed habitats (deciduous forest). Ant species with higher CTmax expressed Hsps more slowly, at higher temperatures, and at higher maximum levels than those with low CTmax. Because Hsps sense and repair molecular damage, these results suggest the proteomes of open relative to closed canopy forests are more stable. Although deciduous forest ant species may be buffered from temperature stress, it is likely that temperature interacts with other environmental stressors such as water and nutrient availability that may impact upper thermal limits. I measured the influence of dehydration and nutrition stress on upper thermal limits of forest ants from a single population. Ants that were initially starved were much less thermally tolerant than controls and ants that were initially desiccated. Because ants are likely to experience similar combination of stressors in the wild, upper thermal limits may be severely overestimated in single factor experiments. Therefore, realistic forecasting models need to consider multiple environmental stressors. Overall, adaptive tuning of Hsp expression that reflects better protection and tolerance of protein unfolding may have facilitated ant diversification into warm environments. However, additional stressors and mechanisms may constrain the evolution of upper thermal limits.

1. Introducció La estenosi aòrtica és la valvulopatía que més freqüentment necessita una substitució valvular. La causa majoritària és la degenerativa. Aquesta patologia sol ser asimptomàtica en les seves primeres fases, no obstant un cop comencen els símptomes hi ha una afectació de la taxa de supervivència. El tractament d’aquesta malaltia és la substitució valvular aòrtica per una pròtesi. Disposem de dos tipus: les mecàniques utilitzades en pacients més joves i les biològiques. Dins de les biopròtesis aòrtiques trobem: les suportades, les sense suport i les sense sutures. Les pròtesis sense suport presenten un òptim perfil hemodinàmic però presenten una tècnica més complexa que compromet els temps quirúrgics. En l’any 2004 apareix la pròtesi Sorin Solo amb el mateix avantatge en referència al perfil hemodinàmica però amb una tècnica de implant més senzilla. La pròtesi sense sutures Sorin Perceval S es va implantar per primer cop a l’any 2007. S’estabilitza per força radial sobre la paret de l’aorta i això implica temps quirúrgics menors. S’ha confirmat el bon perfil hemodinàmica i la baixa morbi-mortalitat d’aquesta pròtesi a curt i mig termini. Podria oferir millors resultats en pacients amb alt risc quirúgic A aquest estudi comparem el perfil hemodinàmica durant l’estrès físic de les pròtesis Sorin Solo Smart i la Sorin Perceval S. 2. Objectius • Comparar el perfil hemodinàmica de la biopròtesi Sorin Solo Smat i la Sorin Perceval S en el postoperaetori immediat i en el seguiment en repòs i en situació de cabal cardíac elevat mitjançant exercici físic en dones majors de 70 anys. • Comparar el temps de circulació extracorpòria i de isquèmia així com les mides protètiques d’ambdues pròtesis 3. Material i mètodes Es tracta d’un estudi clínic, prospectiu i randomitzat en el que s’aleatoritza a 48 pacients dones majors de 70 anuys intervingudes de forma consecutiva a l’Hospital Vall d’Hebron de substitució valvular aòrtica entre febrer de 2018 i març de 2021. Es divideix a les pacients en dos grups: pacients a les que se’ls implantarà una pròtesi Sorin Solo Smart ® i a les que se’ls implantarà una Sorin Perceval S ®. L’estudi ha sigut presentat al Comitè Ètic de Recerca Clínica de l’Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron. Les pacients han signat un consentiment informat prèvia l’aleatorització. 4. Resultats A 24 pacients se’ls va implantar una pròtesi Sorin Solo i a 24 una Sorin Perceval S. La mitja d’edat va ser de 76 anys all grup de la Solo i de 77,5 a l’altre grup, sense diferències estadísticament significatives. No va haver diferències en quant a la resta de les variables prequirúrgiques. El temps de CEC i de isquèmia mig va ser de 81,5 i de 64,5 minuts al grup de la Solo i de 55,8 i 41 minuts al de la Perceval amb un p-valor < de 0,001. Pel que fa a les variables postquirúrgiques no es van observar diferències estadísticament significatives. La pròtesi Sorin Solo presenta en el postoperatori immediat, en el seguiment i en el pic màxim d’estrès físic uns gradients i velocitat màxima millors respecte a la Sorin Perceval amb un p-valor < de 0,05. 5. Conclusions 1. En el postoperatori immediat, en el seguiment en repòs i en situació de cabal cardíac elevat mitjançant protocol d’estrès físic la pròtesi Sorin Solo Smart presenta un perfil hemodinàmic millor respecte a la pròtesi Sorin Perceval S. 2. El temps de circulació extracorpòria i de isquèmia és més curt en la pròtesis sense sutures Sorin Perceval. Les mides protètiques de Sorin Perceval són significativament menors.<br>1. Introducción La estenosis aórtica es la valvulopatía que más frecuentemente necesita una sustitución valvular. La causa mayoritaria es la degenerativa. Esta patología suele ser asintomática en sus primeras fases, no obstante una vez comienzan los síntomas hay una afectación de la tasa de supervivencia. El tratamiento de esta enfermedad es la sustitución valvular aórtica por una prótesis. Disponemos de dos tipos: las mecánicas utilizadas en pacientes más jóvenes y las biológicas. Dentro de las bioprótesis aórticas encontramos: las soportadas, las sin soporte y las sin suturas. Las prótesis sin soporte presentan un óptimo perfil hemodinámico pero presentan una técnica más compleja que compromete los tiempos quirúrgicos. En el año 2004 aparece la prótesis Sorin Solo con la misma ventaja en referencia al perfil hemodinámico pero con una técnica de implante más sencilla. La prótesis sin suturas Sorin Perceval S se implantó por primera vez en el año 2007. Se estabiliza por fuerza radial sobre la pared de la aorta y eso implica tiempos quirúrgicos menores. Se ha confirmado el buen perfil hemodinámico y la baja morbi-mortalidad de esta prótesis a corto y a medio plazo. Podría ofrecer mejores resultados en pacientes con alto riesgo quirúrgico. En este estudio comparamos el perfil hemodinámico durante el estrés físico de las prótesis Sorin Solo Smart y la Sorin Perceval S. 2. Objetivos • Comparar el perfil hemodinámico de la bioprótesis Sorin Solo Smart y la Sorin Perceval S en el postoperatorio inmediato y en el seguimiento en reposo y en situación de gasto cardíaco elevado mediante ejercicio físico en mujeres mayores de 70 años • Comparar el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y de isquemia así como los tamaños protésicos de ambas prótesis. 3. Material y métodos Se trata de un estudio clínico, prospectivo y randomizado en el que se aleatoriza a 48 pacientes mujeres mayores de 70 años intervenidas de forma consecutiva en el Hospital Vall d’Hebron de sustitución valvular aórtica entre febrero de 2018 y marzo de 2021. Se divide a las pacientes en dos grupos: pacientes a las que se les implantará una prótesis Sorin Solo Smart ® y a las que se les implantará una Sorin Perceval S ®. El estudio ha sido presentado al Comité Ético de Investigación Clínica del Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron. Los pacientes han firmado un consentimiento informado previo a la aleatorización. 4. Resultados A 24 pacientes se les implantó una prótesis Sorin Solo y a 24 una Sorin Perceval S. La media de edad fue de 76 años en el grupo de la Solo y de 77,5 años en el otro grupo, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. No hubo diferencias en cuanto al resto de las variables prequirúrgicas. El tiempo de CEC y de isquemia medio fue de 81,5 y de 64,5 minutos en el grupo de la Solo y de 58,8 y 41 minutos en el de la Perceval con p-valor < de 0,001. En cuanto a las variables postquirúrgicas no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. La prótesis Sorin Solo presenta en el postoperatorio inmediato, en el seguimiento y en el pico máximo de estrés físico unos gradientes y velocidad máxima mejores respecto a la Sorin Perceval con un p-valor < de 0,05. 5. Conclusiones 1. En el postoperatorio inmediato, en el seguimiento en reposo y en situación de gasto cardíaco elevado mediante protocolo de estrés físico la prótesis Sorin Solo Smart presenta un perfil hemodinámico mejor respecto a la prótesis Sorin Perceval S 2. El tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y de isquemia es más corto en la prótesis sin suturas Sorin Perceval. Los tamaños protésicos de Sorin Perceval son significativamente menores.<br>1. Introduction Aortic stenosis is the valvulopathy that most frequently requires valve replacement. The most common cause is the degenerative. This pathology is usually asymptomatic in its early stages, however once the symptoms begin there is an impact on the survival rate. The treatment of this disease is the replacement of aortic valve with a prosthesis. We have two types: the mechanical ones used in younger patients and the biological ones. Within the aortic bioprostheses we find: those stented, the stentless and the sutureless. Stentless prostheses present an optimal hemodynamic profile but need a more complex technique that compromises surgical times. In 2004 the Sorin Solo prosthesis appeared with the same advantage in reference to the hemodynamic profile but with a simpler implant technique. The Sorin Perceval S sutureless prosthesis was implanted for the first time in 2007. It is stabilized by radial force on the aorta wall and this implies shorter surgical times. The good hemodynamic profile and low morbidity and mortality of this prosthesis in the short and medium term have been confirmed. It could offer better results in patients with high surgical risk. In this study we compared the hemodynamic profile during physical stress of the Sorin Solo Smart and Sorin Perceval S. 2. Objectives • To compare the hemodynamic profile of the Sorin Solo Smart bioprosthesis and the Sorin Perceval S in the immediate postoperative period and in the follow-up at rest and in a situation of high cardiac output through physical exercise in women older than 70 years. • Compare the time of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemia as well as the prosthetic sizes of both prostheses. 3. Material and methods This is a prospective, randomized clinical study in which 48 female patients over 70 years of age who were operated on consecutively at the Hospital Vall d’Hebron for aortic valve replacement between February 2018 and March 2021 were randomized. The patients are divided into two groups: patients who will receive a Sorin Solo Smart ® prosthesis and those who will have a Sorin Perceval S ® implanted. The study has been presented to the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital. Patients have signed an informed consent prior to randomization. 4. Results 24 patients received a Sorin Solo prosthesis and 24 a Sorin Perceval S. The mean age was 76 years in the Solo group and 77.5 years in the other group, without statistically significant differences. There were no differences regarding the rest of the pre-surgical variables. The mean CPB and ischemia time were 81.5 and 64.5 minutes in the Solo group and 58.8 and 41 minutes in the Perceval group with p-value <0.001. Regarding the postoperative variables, no statistically significant differences were observed. The Sorin Solo prosthesis showed better gradients and maximum velocity in the immediate postoperative period, at follow-up and at the maximum peak of physical stress compared to the Sorin Perceval with a p-value <0.05. 5. Conclusions 1. In the immediate postoperative period, in the follow-up at rest and in a situation of high cardiac output using a physical stress protocol, the Sorin Solo Smart prosthesis presents a better hemodynamic profile compared to the Sorin Perceval S prosthesis. 2. The cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemia time is shorter in the Sorin Perceval sutureless prosthesis. Sorin Perceval prosthetic sizes are significantly smaller.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Cirurgia i Ciències Morfològiques

Le Burkina Faso, pays de diversité ethnique, culturelle, linguistique et religieuse, vit actuellement une crise du vivre ensemble liée à un déséquilibre social et sociétal. Ce déséquilibre tire ses causes lointaines dans la colonisation et ses causes récentes dans le modèle de société postcolonial. La montée de l’intolérance, de la haine et des violences multiformes dans la coexistence des communautés interroge la cohérence du modèle de société burkinabé mais également son système éducatif, précisément l’éducation aux valeurs de tolérance et de coexistence. Dans un contexte où les canaux traditionnels d’éducation aux valeurs se sont effrités au profit de l’éducation scolaire, héritage colonial, comment alors assurer une prise en compte des valeurs traditionnelles de tolérance dans l’éducation scolaire primaire, afin que les jeunes générations apprennent à vivre-ensemble en tolérant leurs différences. Nous avons mené une réflexion en deux phases auprès d’enseignants et d’encadreurs pédagogiques. La première phase a consisté, aux moyens d’entretiens individuels et d’entretiens de groupes auprès d’un premier groupe d’enseignants et d’encadreurs pédagogiques, à analyser la crise de la coexistence des Burkinabé, à identifier les facteurs sous-jacentes à cette crise, ainsi que les valeurs cardinales communes et partagées à promouvoir pour restaurer le vivre ensemble dans la tolérance des différences. Il s’agit du savoir-être, la justice et la paix, le dialogue social, le civisme, le respect mutuel des différences, le respect de la dignité humaine et de l’intégrité, la solidarité et l’entraide, l’égalité et l’équité. La mise en route d’une éducation à la tolérance à l’école primaire au Burkina Faso doit être construite à partir de ces valeurs. La deuxième phase de notre réflexion a consisté, aux moyens de panels avec un autre groupe d’enseignants et d’encadreurs pédagogiques n’ayant pas participé à la première phase, à esquisser les éléments de base pour l’opérationnalisation d’une éducation à la tolérance dans les programmes scolaires à partir des valeurs cardinales, communes et partagées. Toutefois, l’efficacité d’une éducation à la tolérance dans les programmes scolaires au primaire commande d’adopter des approches d’enseignement-apprentissage favorisant le réinvestissement des compétences scolaires dans la société. Elle commande, en outre, d’associer à l’évaluation sommative, l’évaluation formative. Cependant, la mise en route effective d’une éducation à la tolérance recommande de rehausser le niveau de recrutement actuel des enseignants, revoir le contenu de la formation initiale, et de mettre l’accent sur la formation continue des enseignants et des encadreurs pédagogiques<br>Burkina Faso which is known to be a country of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious diversity is currently going through a crisis in community living together due to a social and societal imbalance. This imbalance has its distant causes in colonization and its recent causes in the model of postcolonial society. The rise in intolerance, hatred and the multiple forms of violence in the coexistence of communities questions the coherence of the Burkinabe model of society but also its educational system, precisely education in the values of tolerance and coexistence. How to ensure that traditional values related to tolerance in primary school education are taken into account so that the younger generations can live while accepting their differences in a context where the traditional channels of education in values have crumbled in favor of school education, colonial heritage. We conducted a two-stage survey with teachers and pedagogic supervisors. The first stage consisted in individual interviews and group interviews with a first group of teachers and pedagogic supervisors. The aim is to analyze the crisis in community living among Burkinabe; to identify the underlying factors to this crisis as well as the common and shared main values to promote in order to restore community living while accepting differences. It is about knowing-how, justice and peace, social dialogue, good citizenship, mutual respect in differences, respect for human dignity and integrity, solidarity and mutual aid, equality and equity. The implementation of any education in tolerance in primary school education should be built on these values. For the second stage of the survey, panels were held with another group of teachers and pedagogic supervisors. It aims at outlining the basic elements to implement on education in tolerance in school programs based on the main, the common and shared values. Yet, should an education for tolerance in primary school curricula be effective, should teaching and learning approaches that encourages reinvestment of school skills in society be adopted. Besides, this requires to put formative and summative evaluation together. However, the effectiveness of education for tolerance requires recruiting more teachers, reviewing the content of initial training, and emphasizing continuing education for teachers and pedagogic supervisors

L’impartialité constitue une condition et un élément essentiels du concept de justice ; mais en quoi consiste-t-elle précisément ? Les théories de justice contemporaines tendent à l’aborder en termes strictement politiques, en laissant de côté ou en limitant ses aspects épistémologiques et moraux. Ce travail se propose d’exposer, d’analyser et de discuter de manière critique la manière dont Thomas Nagel aborde à nouveaux frais, à partir de sa thèse du conflit des perspectives, l’idée d’impartialité en termes à la fois épistémologiques, moraux et politiques. L’impartialité est en effet d’abord une affaire de jugement objectif et rationnel ; mais un tel jugement doit aussi tenir compte de la division des points de vue personnels et impersonnels en nous, ainsi que du pluralisme des raisons et des valeurs qu’elle engendre. Le concept d’impartialité requiert alors un examen attentif de cette division des perspectives, et des types ou degrés d’objectivité qui seraient possibles dans les débats tant moraux que politiques. Peut-on dégager des critères, des conditions, une méthode de l’impartialité ? Comment la garantir, au niveau moral mais aussi en termes politiques et distributifs ? Et quels principes, raisons ou valeurs une justice pleinement impartiale peut-elle avancer et promouvoir de manière cohérente et légitime ? À travers notre examen des thèses, originales et hybrides, de Thomas Nagel, nous défendons la nécessité de remonter à ces conditions et questions fondamentales afin d’élaborer une conception satisfaisante et réaliste de la justice impartiale. Une telle conception prend avec Nagel un visage libéral, démocratique, pluraliste et fortement égalitarien, qui est certes proche des théorisations de Rawls ou Scanlon, mais est façonné à partir de thèses originales et hybrides offrant des alternatives novatrices. Ces thèses, affinées et modifiées par Nagel au cours des années et souvent non encore traduites en français, n’avaient encore pas fait l’objet d’une étude francophone et spécialisée dans les débats contemporains autour des théorisations de la justice. Dans notre travail, nous en analysons les facettes épistémologiques, métaéthiques, éthiques, politiques et économiques, en mettant en perspective les conceptions de Nagel par rapport à celles des penseurs modernes et contemporains dont il se démarque, et en dégageant la manière dont ces thèses se combinent, se complètent, se limitent respectivement aussi parfois. À partir de l’analyse de ces différentes thèses, nous avançons des éléments de discussion critique et des prolongements du concept d’impartialité qui en résulte, ainsi que du type de justice sociale – libérale, pluraliste, fortement égalitarienne – qu’il porte. Nous défendons la perspective réaliste et rationaliste de Nagel, son refus de toute forme d’utopie et sa conception plurielle, hybride mais exigeante de l’impartialité, tout en prenant au sérieux les difficultés que ces thèses soulèvent et les points de blocage auxquels Nagel se heurte. Mais nous considérons que ces difficultés peuvent trouver, dans les options envisagées par Nagel et dans les éléments de critique que nous avançons dans notre thèse, des solutions ou du moins des pistes de résolution qui constituent autant de perspectives stimulantes pour prolonger l’effort philosophique au sujet de la justice, de l’impartialité et de l’équité, dans et pour le monde d’aujourd’hui<br>Impartiality is an essential condition and element of the concept of justice. But what exactly is impartiality in itself? Contemporary theories of justice tend to approach it in strictly political terms, and to leave aside or to limit its epistemological and moral aspects. This work offers to expose, analyse and critically discuss the way Thomas Nagel, from his conception of the conflict of perspectives, renews the approach to the idea of impartiality in epistemological, moral and political terms. Indeed impartiality is first a matter of objective and rational judgment; but such a judgement must also take into account the division of personal and impersonal points of view within us, as well as the pluralism of reasons and values it creates. The concept of impartiality then requires a scrutiny of this division of perspectives, and of the types or degrees of objectivity that could be possible in both moral and political debates. Can we determine impartiality’s criteria, conditions or method? How are we to guarantee it, morally but also politically and distributively? Which principles, reasons or values can a fully impartial justice consistently and legitimately advance or promote? Through our examination of Thomas Nagel’s original and hybrid conceptions, we defend the necessity of going back to these fundamental conditions and questions in order to elaborate a satisfying and realistic conception of impartial justice. Such a conception takes in Nagel’s approach a liberal, democratic, pluralistic and strongly egalitarian shape. It is surely close to Rawls’ or Scanlon’s theorizations of justice, but it is based on original and hybrid theses that offer innovative alternatives. These theses, which Nagel refined and modified over years and which, for most of them, have not yet been translated into French, had not until then been studied in France with a specialized focus on contemporary debates around theories of justice. In our work, we analyse their epistemological, metaethical, ethical, political and economic aspects, while putting into perspective Nagel’s conceptions in relation to those of modern and contemporary thinkers whom he stands out. We also show and explain how his theses combine, complete but also sometimes limit each other. With this analyse, we offer elements of critical discussion and possible extensions of the concept impartiality hence built, as well as of the type of social justice – liberal, pluralist, strongly egalitarian – that it carries. We defend the realist and rationalist perspective of Nagel, his refusal of any form of utopia and his plural, hybrid but demanding conception of impartiality. We also take seriously the difficulties his theses raise and the blockings Nagel faces. But we consider that these difficulties can find, in the options he explores and in the critical elements we suggest in our dissertation, solutions or at least possible resolutions that constitute as many stimulating perspectives to pursue the philosophical effort about justice, impartiality and equity, within and for our actual world

abstract: Tolerance specification for manufacturing components from 3D models is a tedious task and often requires expertise of “detailers”. The work presented here is a part of a larger ongoing project aimed at automating tolerance specification to aid less experienced designers by producing consistent geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). Tolerance specification can be separated into two major tasks; tolerance schema generation and tolerance value specification. This thesis will focus on the latter part of automated tolerance specification, namely tolerance value allocation and analysis. The tolerance schema (sans values) required prior to these tasks have already been generated by the auto-tolerancing software. This information is communicated through a constraint tolerance feature graph file developed previously at Design Automation Lab (DAL) and is consistent with ASME Y14.5 standard. The objective of this research is to allocate tolerance values to ensure that the assemblability conditions are satisfied. Assemblability refers to “the ability to assemble/fit a set of parts in specified configuration given a nominal geometry and its corresponding tolerances”. Assemblability is determined by the clearances between the mating features. These clearances are affected by accumulation of tolerances in tolerance loops and hence, the tolerance loops are extracted first. Once tolerance loops have been identified initial tolerance values are allocated to the contributors in these loops. It is highly unlikely that the initial allocation would satisfice assemblability requirements. Overlapping loops have to be simultaneously satisfied progressively. Hence, tolerances will need to be re-allocated iteratively. This is done with the help of tolerance analysis module. The tolerance allocation and analysis module receives the constraint graph which contains all basic dimensions and mating constraints from the generated schema. The tolerance loops are detected by traversing the constraint graph. The initial allocation distributes the tolerance budget computed from clearance available in the loop, among its contributors in proportion to the associated nominal dimensions. The analysis module subjects the loops to 3D parametric variation analysis and estimates the variation parameters for the clearances. The re-allocation module uses hill climbing heuristics derived from the distribution parameters to select a loop. Re-allocation Of the tolerance values is done using sensitivities and the weights associated with the contributors in the stack. Several test cases have been run with this software and the desired user input acceptance rates are achieved. Three test cases are presented and output of each module is discussed.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016

Relentless CMOS scaling coupled with lower design tolerances is making ICs increasingly susceptible to transient faults, wear-out related permanent faults and process variations. Decreasing CMOS reliability implies that high-availability systems which were previously restricted to the domain of mainframe computers or specially designed fault-tolerant systems may be come important for the commodity market as well. In this thesis we tackle the problem of enabling efficient, low cost and configurable fault-tolerance using Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs). Our work studies architectural fault detection methods based on redundant execution, specifically focusing on “leader-follower” architectures. In such architectures redundant execution is performed on two cores/threads of a CMP. One thread acts as the leading thread while the other acts as the trailing thread. The leading thread assists the execution of the trailing thread by forwarding the results of its execution. These forwarded results are used as predictions in the trailing thread and help improve its performance. In this thesis, we introduce a new form of execution assistance called critical value forwarding. Critical value forwarding uses heuristics to identify instructions on the critical path of execution and forwards the results of these instructions to the trailing core. The advantage of critical value forwarding is that it provides much of the speed up obtained by forwarding all values at a fraction of the bandwidth cost. We propose two architectures to exploit the idea of critical value forwarding. The first of these operates the trailing core at lower voltage/frequency levels in order to provide energy-efficient redundant execution. In this context, we also introduce algorithms to dynamically adapt the voltage/frequency level of the trailing core based on program behavior. Our experimental evaluation shows that this proposal consumes only 1.26 times the energy of a non-fault-tolerant baseline and has a mean performance overhead of about 1%. We compare our proposal to two previous energy-efficient fault-tolerant CMP proposals and find that our proposal delivers higher energy-efficiency and lower performance degradation than both while providing a similar level of fault coverage. Our second proposal uses the idea of critical value forwarding to improve fault-tolerant CMP throughput. This is done by using coarse-grained multithreading to mul-tiplex trailing threads on a single core. Our evaluation shows that this architecture delivers 9–13% higher throughput than previous proposals, including one configuration that uses simultaneous multithreading(SMT) to multiplex trailing threads. Since this proposal increases fault-tolerant CMP throughput by executing multiple threads on a single core, it comes at a modest cost in single-threaded performance, a mean slowdown between11–14%.

Relentless CMOS scaling coupled with lower design tolerances is making ICs increasingly susceptible to transient faults, wear-out related permanent faults and process variations. Decreasing CMOS reliability implies that high-availability systems which were previously restricted to the domain of mainframe computers or specially designed fault-tolerant systems may be come important for the commodity market as well. In this thesis we tackle the problem of enabling efficient, low cost and configurable fault-tolerance using Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs). Our work studies architectural fault detection methods based on redundant execution, specifically focusing on “leader-follower” architectures. In such architectures redundant execution is performed on two cores/threads of a CMP. One thread acts as the leading thread while the other acts as the trailing thread. The leading thread assists the execution of the trailing thread by forwarding the results of its execution. These forwarded results are used as predictions in the trailing thread and help improve its performance. In this thesis, we introduce a new form of execution assistance called critical value forwarding. Critical value forwarding uses heuristics to identify instructions on the critical path of execution and forwards the results of these instructions to the trailing core. The advantage of critical value forwarding is that it provides much of the speed up obtained by forwarding all values at a fraction of the bandwidth cost. We propose two architectures to exploit the idea of critical value forwarding. The first of these operates the trailing core at lower voltage/frequency levels in order to provide energy-efficient redundant execution. In this context, we also introduce algorithms to dynamically adapt the voltage/frequency level of the trailing core based on program behavior. Our experimental evaluation shows that this proposal consumes only 1.26 times the energy of a non-fault-tolerant baseline and has a mean performance overhead of about 1%. We compare our proposal to two previous energy-efficient fault-tolerant CMP proposals and find that our proposal delivers higher energy-efficiency and lower performance degradation than both while providing a similar level of fault coverage. Our second proposal uses the idea of critical value forwarding to improve fault-tolerant CMP throughput. This is done by using coarse-grained multithreading to mul-tiplex trailing threads on a single core. Our evaluation shows that this architecture delivers 9–13% higher throughput than previous proposals, including one configuration that uses simultaneous multithreading(SMT) to multiplex trailing threads. Since this proposal increases fault-tolerant CMP throughput by executing multiple threads on a single core, it comes at a modest cost in single-threaded performance, a mean slowdown between11–14%.

Process planning is an activity within the production process that translates design requirements into a detailed description of instructions for transforming a raw stock of material into a completed product. The instructions contain a sequence of operations that should be followed to arrive at the final product that satisfies design requirements. Over the years, many researchers have examined the modeling and analysis of process plans for the production of discrete parts. As a result, a number of mathematical models have been proposed. Input to these models is usually a sequence of operations required to complete the part with each operation having associated processing equipment with certain capability. These models can be used to check the feasibility of the process plan or to calculate operational tolerances such that the final product is produced within design specifications. The existing models allocate operational tolerances under specific assumptions. For example, when these models consider the process capability, they formulate it as a single fixed value that represents the worst case performance of a process capability. None of the existing models consider the stochastic nature of process capability. In addition, the current tolerance allocation research does not place emphasis on the value of the product under consideration. It is logical that high-value products should be assigned to highly capable processes in order to increase the confidence level in their production to design specifications. Furthermore, the existing tolerance allocation methods typically associate single processing equipment (machine) with certain capability to each operation in the process plan. Because there is no option for choosing a different machine automatically in case the assigned machine results in an infeasible plan. Actually, assigning a single machine to each operation can result in sub optimality in terms of the allocated tolerances and may lead to scheduling inflexibility. This research proposes a model which simultaneously allocates operational tolerances and assigns the most economical machines. Two versions of the model are developed, stochastic and fuzzy. The stochastic version of the model captures the stochastic nature of process capability in which, a stochastic distribution is used to represent the capability of a process. Alternatively, the fuzzy version evaluates the process capability utilizing expert's knowledge. Both the proposed versions introduce flexibility and optimality to the modeling of the production process by considering multiple available machines for each type of operation. This helps in selecting the machine with the lowest capability possible to make the process plan feasible while allocating maximum tolerances to each operation. Furthermore, a formula that determines the value of product considering the change of product value through the different stages of the production process is presented and integrated with the proposed models. Both versions of the proposed model can be easily solved by common of-the-shelf software. The models are implemented and analyzed using literature-application example. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering.<br>"May 2005."

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>電機工程學系研究所<br>102<br>The advance in semiconductor manufacturing processes leads to feature size shrink of transistors. However, chips thus become more sensitive to process defects and variation. How to effectively improve yield has been one of the hot research topics in both the academia and the industry. On the other hand, for some critical applications such as medical systems, vehicle and aircraft systems or processors, reliability is of great importance. Conventionally by using some fault tolerance techniques, fault effects can be masked or corrected. Nevertheless, the required cost may not be affordable. Performance degradation tolerance (PDT) is a new notion that has been proposed recently to efficiently enhance effective yield and reliability of designs. This notion concentrates on one special type of fault, called performance degrading fault (pdef). This type of faults can only result in some performance degradation without any computation errors. If the degree of the degraded performance is still acceptable for marketing, the chips containing pdef are quite likely to be still marketable. The main focus of PDT is to carefully analyze the induced performance degradation by pdef, and properly grade target chips according to the analysis results. By selling the graded chips to different applications, the effective yield and profit of target products can be enhanced. For the critical components of a target design where pdef would induce significant performance degradation, fault tolerance techniques can be used to protect these components such that the degraded performance is still acceptable. Since such components usually occupy only a small area of the whole design, by only protecting only these components, the required hardware cost can be effectively reduced. In this thesis we propose a PDT application methodology, and employ a value prediction unit that can enhance the performance of processors as a case study. This methodology provides a step-by-step guideline for the users to apply PDT to adequate applications. Targeting the memories that occupy the most area of a value predictor, we inject multiple stuck-at faults with various fault densities to analyze the induced performance degradation. The experimental results based on CPU95 and CPU2006 benchmark programs show that all faults in a value prediction unit are all pdef. When the fault density is 1%, almost no degradation is induced. Even when the fault density is 20%, the degradation is only 10.95%. For the critical logic part where pdef would induce 18.51%~22.13% degradation, the common triple modular redundancy (TMR) method is used to protect this part. The required hardware overhead is only 0.13%.

Lower tolerance limits (LTLs) methods was used to estimate design values of furniture joints. To have higher reliability in joint, LTLs were chosen for higher confidence/proportional level. The logic behind phenomena is that if stress on joint exceeds the given LTLs, failure on joints is most likely observed. Therefore, joint sizes were determined to maintain internal stresses on joint below LTLs value corresponding to external load.

碩士<br>高雄師範大學<br>教育學系<br>98<br>The purpose of the study was to investigate the current state of the fourth and sixth grade students’ value judgment of life and frustration tolerance and further to explore the correlations among these variables. This study adopted survey method.The subjects for this study were 1103 effective questionnaires sampled from the public elementary schools in Kaohsiung City during 2009~2010 academic years.The collected data was analyzed by using the statistical methods of descriptive statistics,t –test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation,and multiple regression. The conclusions of this study were as follows： 1.The current state of the fourth and sixth grade students’ value judgment of life perceived upper middle level on value judgment of life.Among the sub-scores,”physical” was the highest. 2.The current state of the fourth and sixth grade students’ frustration tolerance could estimate good .Among the sub-scores,” defeat motion orientation” was the highest. 3.There were differet in gender, grade, different birth orders, parenting style, academic achievement and religious belief of value judgment of life of the elementary school fourth and sixth grade students. 4.There were differet in gender, grade, family types, parenting style, academic achievement and religious belief of frustration tolerance of the elementary school fourth and sixth grade students. 5.There were correlation between value judgment of life and frustration tolerance of the elementary school fourth and sixth grade students. 6.There were significant difference among high, middle, and low value judgment of life for frustration tolerance of the elementary school fourth and sixth grade students. 7.The value judgment of life of the elementary school fourth and sixth grade students could predict their frustration tolerance. According to the conclusions of this research, the researcher presented some suggestions to the educational agencies, school administrations, teachers in elementary school, parents, and the future research.

Грибовська І. М. Особливості толерантності молодшого медичного персоналу : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 053 «Психологія» / наук. керівник О. Г. Малина. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2021. 70 с.<br>UA : Робота викладена на 70 сторінок, 10 таблиць, 3 додатока. Перелік посилань включає 52 джерела. Об’єкт дослідження: толерантність як властивість особистості. існує прямий взаємозв’язок між толерантністю та способом взаємодії людини у суспільстві. Толерантність як властивість особистості медичного працівника є великою цінністю. До професійної діяльності як лікарів, так і молодших медичних працівників, суспільство завжди пред’являло високі вимоги, оскільки здоров’я людини – одна з найважливіших цінностей життя, залог його успішного соціального-психологічного та професійного функціонування. Толерантність, в свою чергу, визначається важливою складовою у професіоналізмі будь-якого сучасного спеціаліста, особливо працюючого у сфері «людина-людина». Провідним у медичній діяльності залишається людський фактор, визначаючій взаємодію між медичним персоналом та хворими. Тому у структурі особистості медичного працівника особливу значущість становлять професійно важливі якості: емпатія, толерантність, здатність до індивідуальної та групової рефлексії. Особистість медичного працівника чинить громадський вплив на пацієнтів. Відношення медичного персоналу впливає на емоційний стан хворих, на самопочуття, впливає на успіх лікування та, частково, на точність виконання пацієнтами медичних приписань та інструкцій. Наукова новизна кваліфікаційної роботи визначається у тому, що досліджується толерантність як професійно важлива якість молодшого медичного персоналу.<br>EN : The work is set out on 70 pages, 10 tables, 3 appendices. The list of links includes 52 sources. Object of research: tolerance as a personality trait. there is a direct relationship between tolerance and the way people interact in society. Tolerance as a personality trait of a healthcare professional is of great value. Society has always placed high demands on the professional activities of both doctors and junior nurses, as human health is one of the most important values of life, the key to its successful socio-psychological and professional functioning. Tolerance, in turn, is determined by an important component in the professionalism of any modern specialist, especially working in the field of "man-man". Leading in medical activities remains the human factor, which determines the interaction between medical staff and patients. Therefore, in the structure of the medical worker's personality, professionally important qualities are of special importance: empathy, tolerance, ability to individual and group reflection. The identity of the health worker has a social impact on patients. The attitude of the medical staff affects the emotional state of patients, their well-being, affects the success of treatment and, in part, the accuracy of patients' compliance with medical prescriptions and instructions. The scientific novelty of the qualification work is determined by the fact that tolerance is studied as a professionally important quality of junior medical staff.

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of increased concentrations of nitrite to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different concentrations of chloride. Tilapias adults were exposed for 14 days to nitrite at the concentration of 3 mg.l?1 NO2? (i.e. concentration commonly found in recirculation systems). After 14 days the experimental fishes were divided into 4 group, which differed in concentrations of nitrite and chloride. These groups of fish were held in different conditions for the next seven days. Using standard clinical procedures the following haematologic biochemical parameters were determined: RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, MetHb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, NO2-, GLU, Ca, Mg, TP, NH3. The tested nitrite concentration was not high enough to cause strong differences of pursued parameters. Only some of them (Hb, MetHb, MCHC) were statistically significant.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1989.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-91).

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>工業工程與管理系所<br>103<br>As noted by many quality control researchers and practitioners, the process capability index Cpk has been widely used in the manufacturing industry to provide quantitative measures on process performance. Cpk is a yield-based index and independent of the target T, it fails to take into account process centering with symmetric tolerances, and encounter an even greater problem with asymmetric tolerances. Pearn and Chen (1998) proposed a new generalization of process capability index Cpk, called Cpk'', which was shown to be superior to other existing generalizations of Cpk for processes with asymmetric tolerances. In this thesis, we implement the theory of hypothesis testing using the natural estimator of Cpk'', and we develop an efficient algorithm which derived the probability density function and cumulative distribution function provided by Pearn et al. (2004) to calculate the p-value as well as the critical values for various values of alpha-risk, capability requirements, and sample sizes. We also provide another algorithm to compute the lower confidence bounds of Cpk'', then we can confirm the minimum true capability of the process, which is necessary to product reliability assurance. The practitioners can use both decision making procedure based on the natural estimator of Cpk'' to determine whether their in-plant processes are capable or not.

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>電機工程學系研究所<br>101<br>Multi-valued Neuron with Periodic activation function (MVN-P) was proposed by Aizenberg for solving classification problems. The boundaries between two distinct categories are crisply specified in MVN-P, which may result in slow convergence or being unable to converge at all in the learning process. In this paper, we propose two revised models of MVN-P based on the idea of un-sharp boundaries. In the first revised model, a crisp buffer is provided around a boundary between two distinct categories, allowing incorrect assignments in the buffer to be tolerated in the training phase. In the second revised model, a fuzzy buffer is provided instead and an incorrect assignment with membership degree less than a Threshold can be tolerated. Genetic algorithms are applied to derive optimal values for the parameters involved in different models, alleviating the burden of setting them manually by the user. Besides, MVN-P has difficulties solving the classification problems having a large number of categories. A tree structure is developed to overcome these difficulties. Simulations have been done and the results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed ideas.

The main contribution of this thesis, is to define similarity measures between two images with the main focus on content-based image retrieval (CBIR). Each image is considered as a set of visual elements that can be described with a set of visual descriptions (features). The similarity between images is then defined as the nearness between sets of elements based on a tolerance and a fuzzy tolerance relation. A tolerance relation is used to describe the approximate nature of the visual perception. A fuzzy tolerance relation is adopted to eliminate the need for a sharp threshold and hence model the gradual changes in perception of similarities. Three real valued similarity measures as well as a fuzzy valued similarity measure are proposed. All of the methods are then used in two CBIR experiments and the results are compared with classical measures of distance (namely, Kantorovich, Hausdorff and Mahalanobis). The results are compared with other published research papers. An important advantage of the proposed methods is shown to be their effectiveness in an unsupervised setting with no prior information. Eighteen different features (based on color, texture and edge) are used in all the experiments. A feature selection algorithm is also used to train the system in choosing a suboptimal set of visual features.

The focus of this research is on a tolerance space-based approach to image analysis and correspondence. The problem considered in this thesis is one of extracting perceptually relevant information from groups of objects based on their descriptions. Object descriptions are represented by feature vectors containing probe function values in a manner similar to feature extraction in pattern classification theory. The motivation behind this work is the synthesizing of human perception of nearness for improvement of image processing systems. In these systems, the desired output is similar to the output of a human performing the same task. Thus, it is important to have systems that accurately model human perception. Near set theory provides a framework for measuring the similarity of objects based on features that describe them in much the same way that humans perceive the similarity of objects. In this thesis, near set theory is presented and advanced, and work is presented toward a near set approach to performing content-based image retrieval. Furthermore, results are given based on these new techniques and future work is presented. The contributions of this thesis are: the introduction of a nearness measure to determine the degree that near sets resemble each other; a systematic approach to finding tolerance classes, together with proofs demonstrating that the proposed approach will find all tolerance classes on a set of objects; an approach to applying near set theory to images; the application of near set theory to the problem of content-based image retrieval; demonstration that near set theory is well suited to solving problems in which the outcome is similar to that of human perception; two other near set measures, one based on Hausdorff distance, the other based on Hamming distance.

Dryland salinity is a major and expanding threat to agricultural land in Australia. Animal production from forages grown on saline land is perhaps its most promising economic use. Glycophytic forage legumes have been evaluated under saline conditions mainly for agronomic characteristics and, to a lesser extent, for nutritive quality to animals. Plant growth and its nutritive quality are interrelated, but a decline in yield in response to salinity may be associated with effects on the chemical constituents of the plant since soil salinity affects plant metabolism. This research aimed to investigate changes in the components of yield and nutritive value of two legumes species. Lucerne ( Medicago sativa ) and Melilotus ( Melilotus albus ) were exposed to different levels of NaCl in the range of 0 to 110 mM NaCl. The research tested the hypothesis that the components of plant nutritive value are not as sensitive to salinity as shoot biomass production since the adaptive mechanisms of the plant lessen harmful effects of the salts. For both plant species, salinity decreased leaf and stem dry matter production, but increased leaf - to - stem ratio. In addition, salinity resulted in earlier flowering in Melilotus. Mineral composition was the most sensitive component of forage quality. Calculated sodium chloride concentrations were up to 125 g / kg DM in lucerne and 39 g / kg DM in Melilotus when irrigated with 110 mM NaCl. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium decreased in both species and approached the marginal range for animal production. Zinc concentration also decreased while potassium decreased in stems of lucerne only. The digestible organic matter ( DOMD ) in response to salinity varied between species. At the highest salt concentration, the whole shoot ( i.e., leaf and stem ) of lucerne decreased up to 4 percentage units while Melilotus increased by 6 percentage units. In lucerne, DOMD was influenced by a high concentration of soluble ash in leaf and stem and, in Melilotus, by an increase in the organic matter content of leaf and a reduction in lignin concentration in stem, which favoured higher digestibility. These results were supported by a histological study in which an increase in starch in Melilotus leaf, and a lower proportion of xylem in relation to parenchyma in stems, was measured. Crude protein concentration was not compromised and, in relation to Melilotus, coumarin concentration did not increase with salinity. In conclusion, the reduction in DM production of species with similar salt tolerance does not necessarily correspond to an equivalent reduction in nutritive value. This research represents the most detailed study into effects of salinity on glycophytic forage legumes. Results show that while some aspects of forage quality ( e.g., minerals composition and energy ) are strongly influenced by salinity, other aspects ( e.g., protein ) remain relatively unaffected. These findings have implications for development of productive grazing systems on saline agricultural land.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2006.

This thesis deals with the problem of handicapped individual in children's literature as a subject for drama education. The diploma thesis has two parts. In the first theoretical part, I dealt with the issue of handicap, the relation of literature and dramatic education with a focus on literature with handicapped hero and assessed the possibilities of using such literature in the process of dramatic education. The practical part was based on action research, which took place in 5 literary and drama lessons, which were created on the basis of a literary masterpiece. During the evaluation, I focused mainly on changing the relationship between handicapped and disabled people based on the experience of dramatic education. In addition, questions have been examined if this topic is not difficult for pupils of primary school and what pitfalls it can bring.

碩士<br>臺北醫學大學<br>護理學研究所<br>99<br>Mitral valve prolapse is very common in cardiac disease, several abroad studies report prevalence rate that range from 5 to15%. It is likely to occur in young women. The symptoms distress for the patients is a long-term problem. In addition to use of medication to relieve their symptoms, many studies indicate that regular exercise could improve the distress of mitral valve prolapse symptoms. However, the exercise self-efficacy and exercise tolerance was rarely discussed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of exercise training in patients with mitral valve prolapse in female exercise self-efficacy, exercise tolerance and symptom distress . The study was designed with pre-test and post-test experimental, randomized assignment in northern part of a medical center. The study included 35 female patients with mitral valve prolapse. 17 subjects were in exercise group, and the other 18 in control group. The exercise training included 30-minute session for each time, three times per week, lasting for 12 weeks. The relative data were collected on the baseline and last week, that is the twelveth week, including treadmill exercise testing and questionnaires. The questionnaire included exercise self-efficacy scale and mitral valve prolapse symptoms scale. The statistics are analysized with the Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman Correlation, Generalized estimating equation and Intention-to-treat analysis . The results shows that before the exercise training program, the scores in different categories of all cases were somewhat low: self- efficacy scores for 34.6 ± 25.6 points (total scores 120 points); exercise capacity for 8.7 ± 1.9 METs; symptom distress and the average for 20.0 ± 8.3 points (total scores 55 points). No significant relationships among exercise self-efficacy, exercise tolerance and symptom distress was observed. Exercise self-efficacy in exercise group significantly increased 27.5 points (p = .01) compared with the control group. After exercise training, exercise tolerance in exercise group increased from 9.4 ± 2.3 METs to 12.8 ± 2.6 METs. Exercise group was significantly improved compared to the control group, the exercise tolerance increased 3.0 METs (p &amp;lt;.001). Although symptom distress in the exercise group compared with the control group revealed no significant overall improvement (p = .05), the score of exercise group symptom distress decreased from 19.4 ± 8.3 points to 10.5 ± 7.0 points. Result of this study suggests that health care workers may help patients develop the habit of regular exercise, which means three times a week, thirty minutes for each time, at intensity of 60-80% maximum heart rate . According to the principles mentioned above, it could enhanced exercise self-efficacy, exercise tolerance, and possibly symptom distress relieve in female patients with mitral valve prolapse.

The South African educational system has undergone many changes since 1994. The integration of previously segregated education departments has made it possible for different cultures to be in the same classroom. However, it is the researcher's view that the vast majority of learners in multicultural secondary schools do not exit the system with the skills and attitudes needed to contribute positively to nation-building. This is borne out by the fact that many learners continue to prefer the company and assistance of their own cultural groups for work in class and out of class. Incidents of racial conflict, religious intolerance and cultural discrimination are reported among learners from time to time. The researcher believes that the basis for creating a new society, that is free of fear and discrimination, lies in the imparting and assimilation of nation-building values at multicultural secondary schools. A qualitative method of research was employed as it lent itself to naturalistic inquiry, detailed thick description, inquiry of depth and direct quotations to capture people's personal perspectives and experiences. An extensive literature study of nation-building, nation-building values and multicultural education was conducted. The empirical study was conducted at a local multicultural secondary school. Research techniques such as observation, interviews, completion of an open-ended questionnaire and discussions were used. The researcher was able to ascertain the values that underpin nation-building; the factors that militate against the promotion of nation-building values and strategies that can be used to promote these values at multicultural secondary schools. He has made significant proposals to the Department of Education, which should be carefully considered. Ultimately, the promotion and assimilation of nation-building values at multicultural secondary schools should lead to a progressive and peaceful nation.<br>Educational Studies<br>(D.Ed.(Psychology of Education))

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciência Política<br>O principal objetivo desta tese é o de explorar o modelo de mudança social e de valores que Inglehart apresenta na década de 70 e que é a base de uma das suas obras mais famosas, The Silent Revolution (1977). Na realização desta tese pretendemos apresentar e clarificar alguns dos conceitos fulcrais da sua teoria, com enfoque no contraste entre os valores materialistas e pós-materialistas. Um segundo objetivo é o de observar se as mudanças descritas pelo autor se mantêm, se as suas previsões sobre o futuro se cumpriram e perceber qual o significado de tais acontecimentos para a avaliação da teoria. Inglehart observou uma mudança, principalmente na Europa Ocidental e apresentou um modelo que a explica, modelo este que é baseado em duas hipóteses: 1) os indivíduos possuem diferentes necessidades com diferentes tipos de prioridade e importância. Um dos fatores para estabelecer esta hierarquia de prioridades depende do seu grau de satisfação, ou seja, quando a necessidade é preenchida o seu grau de importância diminui (e o contrário também acontece); 2) os valores de uma geração correspondem às suas prioridades, mas a mudança de valores e prioridades tende a manter-se desde os seus anos de “formação” até à sua vida adulta, pelo que as transformações de valores se dão sobretudo por substituição de gerações. Neste trabalho de investigação fazemos uma avaliação dos conceitos na base da sua pesquisa empírica, identificamos as suas transformações e tomamos posições nos debates que a teoria suscitou ao longo dos anos.<br>The main objective of this thesis is to explore the model of social change and values that Ronald Inglehart presented in the 1970s, based mainly on his most famous work, The Silent Revolution (1977). In making this presentation we intend to clarify the fundamental concepts involved in his theory, highlighting the contrast he establishes between materialist and postmaterialist values. A secondary objective is to observe if the changes have prevailed until today, and what they could mean. Inglehart sees a transformation in political priorities in Western Europe, and he tries to present a model that explains it, based on the following two hypotheses: 1) Individuals have various needs, which are perceived as of more or less importance/priority. One of the factors for this hierarchy of priorities depends on their degree of satisfaction: if the needs are already satisfied, their importance decreases, but in turn the importance of those that are not satisfied increases; 2) the values of a generation correspond to this priority of needs, but instead of changing with the changing situation throughout life, individuals tend to maintain the values since their formative years, even much later in adult life. This research work is an attempt of evaluation of the evolving concepts that are the base of the empirical program, whose transformations we trace from 1971 to 2018, presenting the debates and controversies it has generate over almost four decades.

Western society has undergone a major developments in human values, social norms and the degree of tolerance to various manifestations of human behavior after the World War II. and this development naturally continues until today. With this is connected a permissive society, society with so free normative structure, that it tolerates almost all kinds of social behavior. For some people is exaggerated liberality harmful and threatens normative system and values asociated with moral decline. The thesis will be about permissiveness and tolerance to some kinds of people's action in Czech republic. At the very beginning of the theoretical part I will explain the basic concepts. Then I'll make a probe into the past and explain social revolution which led to formation of permissive society with all important causes. After that I'll focuse on main symptoms of permissive society. Theoretical part will be ended by historical look at the conditions for permissiveness in post-war Czech. In analytical part I will use data from European values study, my based on that quantitative research from year 2014 and other available data. There will be general anaylisis about development of permissivenes since 1991 till today. My 2014 data will be also used in more detailed analysis using sociodemographic characteristics. Powered...