Academic literature on the topic 'Tolkien (1892-1973)'

O tema deste artigo concentra-se nas relações entre filosofia e literatura no ensaio On Fairy-stories do escritor inglês J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973). Apresentado como conferência em 1939 e publicado em 1947, o texto mostra a concepção do autor sobre o gênero literário conhecido como fairy-stories, as estórias de fadas, e buscamos considerar as possíveis mediações e referências filosóficas e teológicas em sua investigação. Os objetivos do artigo são: 1) evidenciar a teoria literária proposta por Tolkien como parte da tradição filosófica do realismo medieval, com correspondências conceituais em Platão, Aristóteles, Agostinho e Tomás de Aquino; e 2) demostrar uma contribuição original de Tolkien na valorização da imaginação e da fantasia como forma da contemplação como finalidade do esforço educativo, denominada paideia, dessa tradição filosófica. A metodologia utilizada é de revisão bibliográfica comparativa entre os autores, usando tanto o ensaio citado quanto as cartas pessoais de J.R.R. Tolkien, além das obras dos filósofos em questão e seus comentadores contemporâneos. A conclusão afirma a viabilidade dessa relação entre a paideia e a mythopoeia concebida por Tolkien como uma via contemplativa que valoriza o artesanato de mitos como meio de admiração pela realidade na perspectiva metafísica.

Este artigo trata da concepção da natureza como sagrado na obra O Silmarillion, do autor inglês J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973), publicada postumamente em 1977. Este livro reúne diversos textos desenvolvidos durante a vida do autor e apresenta as bases cosmogônicas e teogônicas do universo mitológico de Tolkien, que fundamentaram os romances mais famosos: O Hobbit (1937) e O Senhor dos Anéis (1954). Enquanto professor de filologia na universidade de Oxford entre 1925 e 1959, Tolkien teve contato com diversas abordagens teóricas sobre mitologia, especialmente a fenomenologia da Religião. É nesta interface entre fenomenologia e literatura, através das obras de Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), que é possível traçar a concepção de sagrado presente na descrição da criação da natureza na narrativa de Tolkien.

Tradicionalmente, na fantasia, a figura do mago associa-se à do ancião sábio que direciona a aventura do herói. Seu papel, desde o Merlin medieval até importantes releituras contemporâneas, como Gandalf, em O Senhor dos Anéis (1955), de J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973), ou Alvo Dumbledore, em Harry Potter (1997-2007), de J.K. Rowling (1965), pode conter pequenas ambivalências, mas, em geral, porta-se como a figura de autoridade dotada dos conhecimentos necessários para possibilitar a “jornada do herói”, cuja preocupação costuma atuar na esfera do coletivo e do bem comum. No entanto, o mago também existe enquanto anti-herói, seguindo uma tradição bem mais recente, própria da literatura insólita contemporânea. Neste artigo, analisaremos o mago exorcista Tiago Boanerges, do escritor carioca Eric Novello (1978), personagem do romance Exorcismos, Amores e uma Dose de Blues (2014), em contraste com outros magos dessas duas tradições, pois a personagem de Novello apresenta particularidades em sua trajetória narrativa que o enquadram no grande arquétipo do anti-herói, guardando apenas uma relação distante com os grandes magos da literatura de fantasia ocidental e, ao mesmo tempo, identificando-se com seus pares em obras anglófonas contemporâneas, como John Constantine, personagem da aclamada série de HQs Hellblazer, e Harry Dresden, de Jim Butcher, na série de romances The Dresden Files.

Dans toute son œuvre, et en particulier dans le seigneur des anneaux, le monde fantastique crée par Tolkien reflète sa philosophie de l'art. La première partie de la thèse cherche à analyser cette philosophie de l'art, dont le noyau est la "subcreation" : parallèlement à la création divine existe, selon Tolkien, une "subcreation" qui est l'œuvre de l'artiste. A travers cette "sub-creation", Tolkien parvient à forger un réalisme fantastique, une nouvelle sorte de vérité. Il y arrive grâce à l'alliance entre des formes littéraires traditionnelles (quête, aventures héroïques, contes de fées, légendes) et des inventions personnelles (monde du "middle-earth"). Devant cette création littéraire basée sur un mélange d'érudition et d'invention on se demande à quel type de lecteur Tolkien a voulu s'adresser : enfant ou adulte ? La deuxième partie étudie les sources qui ont nourri l'œuvre de Tolkien, en tentant de différencier entre les mythes, les légendes et les contes de fées. Cette partie renforce l'idée que Tolkien, homme d'une profonde érudition, travaille, certes, dans la lignée d'une grande tradition, mais en y apportant une autre dimension, une empreinte originale et personnelle. La troisième partie évalue l'utilisation de l'expérience personnelle dans l'œuvre de Tolkien : Tolkien est un homme du vingtième siècle et le monde transparait forcement à travers ses récits. Cette partie de l'étude porte non seulement sur les racines de l'auteur et la place de l'histoire contemporaine dans son œuvre, mais aussi sur ses motivations fondamentales - la religion, l'amitié et l'amour. En conclusion on peut dire que dans sa littérature "fantastique" Tolkien n'a pas esquivé le monde réel tel qu'il est, mais a souhaité le déguiser pour pouvoir mieux parler de la réalité tel qu'il la conçoit
In all his works, and in particular in the lord of the rings, the fantasy world created by Tolkien reflects his philosophy of art. The first part of the thesis seeks to analyze this philosophy of art, of which the kernel is "sub-creation»: parallel to divine creation there is, according to Tolkien, a sub-creation which is the artist's work. By means of this sub-creation Tolkien is able to create a fantastic realism, a new sort of truth. He manages this by using a blend of traditional literary forms (quest, heroic adventures, fairy-stories, legends) and personal inventions (world of "middle-earth"). If one considers this literary creation based on a mixture of erudition and invention, it may be wondered which type of reader Tolkien wished to address: child or adult? The second part studies the sources that nourished Tolkien’s works, by attempting to differentiate between myths, legends and fairy-stories. This part reinforces the idea that Tolkien, who was highly erudite, indeed follows a great tradition, but he also adds to it another dimension, thereby leaving his own personal and original mark on the traditional material. The aim of part three is to evaluate the use of personal experience in Tolkien’s works: Tolkien is a twentieth-century man and so inevitably this world is reflected in his tales. This part of the study is not only about the author's roots and the place of contemporary history in his work, but also his fundamental motivations - religion, friendship and love. In conclusion it may be said that in his "fantasy" books, Tolkien did not evade the real world as it is, but wished to disguise it so as to speak more effectively about reality as he perceives it

To the extent that Tolkien's fantasy meets his own criteria for faL. ie as the "eucatastrophic " tale which points toward "Evangelium," the eschaton when God's plan in creation will be fulfilled and the effects of the fall overcome, Tolkien may be described as a gospel writer. That he intended his work to be read as "gospel," "the good news of the Kingdom of God," is suggested by its allusions to biblical and classical mythology, its linear view of history, its presentation as a compilation of received tradition. collected and translated by many hands from a wide variety of sources, by the location of Middle Earth in the distant past of our own world and by the author's attempt to create a world which comforms to familiar patterns of evolution. Less successful is his effort to provide his tale with a consistent Christian point of view.
Dans la mesure, cette oeuvre d'imagination repond aux crit6res de f6erie de Tolkien en tant que conte "eucatastrophic" qui montre le chemin vers "I'Evangelium", cette eschatalogie qui se situe au moment o0 la volontê de Dieu est accomplie et les effets de la chute sont surmontes, Tolkien peut etre. considers comme un auteur biblique. Le fait qu'il est voulu que son oeuvre soit lue en tant qu'"&angile", "la bonne nouvelle du Royaunie de Dieu" est suggêre par diffèrentes choses: les allusions faites a la mythologie biblique et classique, la vision linêaire de l'histoire, la presentation du texte en tant que compilation d'une tradition provenant de sources diverses, transmise, recueillie et traduite par diffèrentes personnes, la situation geographique dans "Middle earth"(l'empire du Milieu) dans un passé lointain, le fait que l'auteur ait essay6 de crêer un monde conforme au processus connu de l'êvolution. 10anmoins l'auteur n'a pas rêussi dans ce conte a maintenir un point de vue chrêtien. fr

L’objet de cette thèse est de repérer une logique rétributive dans l’œuvre de J. R. R. Tolkien. La définition du terme rétribution qui a été retenue est celle du Vocabulaire de théologie biblique, à savoir le fait de « recevoir récompense ou châtiment selon ce qu’on a fait ». L’observation de la trajectoire des personnages–clés et des peuples permet de constater une grande cohérence dans le traitement de la rétribution, cohérence qui fait ressortir le soubassement profondément chrétien de l’auteur. Sont placées au cœur de cette étude ses œuvres majeures, Le Silmarillion, Bilbo le Hobbit et Le Seigneur des Anneaux, ainsi que les deux contes Feuille, de Niggle et Smith de Grand Wootton
The object of this thesis is to identify a retributive logic in the works of J. R. R. Tolkien. The definition adopted for the concept of retribution is that found in the Vocabulaire de Théologie Biblique, i. E. « receiving a reward or a punishment according to what has been done ». The observation of the key-characters and peoples shows great coherence in the treatment of retribution and highlights Tolkien’s Christian faith. The investigation mainly focuses on The Silmarillion, The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and also on the two short stories Leaf by Niggle and Smith of Wootton Major

Plus de cinquante ans après la publication de son chef d’œuvre Le Seigneur des Anneaux, Tolkien est un auteur qui fascine toujours, bien au-delà de l’engouement passager qu’on pourrait attribuer à un auteur de littérature fantastique. L’intérêt des chercheurs n’est pas moindre que celui des lecteurs et l’univers fictif que Tolkien a créé, et que l’on découvre notamment dans les volumes de The History of Middle-earth, recèle encore bien des secrets. Parmi ceux-ci se trouve l’importance de la culture celtique. Longtemps délaissée au profit des Anglo-Saxons dont Tolkien avait fait sa spécialité, cette dernière commence à faire valoir ses droits avec des auteurs comme Marjorie Burns ou Verlyn Flieger et cette recherche s’y consacre entièrement. Le premier axe d’exploration fait coïncider la mythologie irlandaise et la mythologie tolkienienne pour préciser la parenté entre les Tûatha Dé Dânann et les Elfes. En s’appuyant sur les théories de Dumézil appliquées aux Celtes par Leroux et Guyonvarc’h, tous les aspects de la civilisation celtique (organisation sociale et militaire, principes religions et activités magiques) sont étudiés d’après les textes mythologiques et mis en parallèle avec les récits de la Terre du Milieu. La partie centrale s’intéresse quant à elle à la littérature médiévale, qu’elle soit poésie irlandaise et bretonne ou légende arthurienne. On a ainsi l’occasion de découvrir certains textes moins connus de Tolkien et de résoudre l’épineuse question de la place du roi Arthur dans les sources du Seigneur des Anneaux. Enfin, la dernière partie de cet ouvrage étudie les influences de style et de narration de la littérature dite celtique dans l’écriture de Tolkien, puis les conséquences de la parenté galloise d’un des langages elfiques dans la composition des contes de la Terre du Milieu. Un prologue et un épilogue encadrent cette recherche en replaçant les influences celtiques dans la problématique plus générale du projet de Tolkien de créer une mythologie pour son pays
Though fifty years have passed since the publication of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien is still an object of fascination, way beyond what could be expected from a fantasy writer. The interest is as high in the scholarly world as it is in the reading world and the universe Tolkien created, which is now fully laid out in The History of Middle-earth, is still full of secrets. Among those is the question of the importance of Celtic influences. Long cast aside because of the predominance of the Saxon ancestry of which Tolkien was a specialist, this culture starts to be acknowledged as important with such scholars as Marjorie Burns or Verlyn Flieger, and it is the object of this thesis. The first track of exploration puts together the Irish mythology and that of Tolkien to underline the connection between the Tuatha De Danann and the Elves. On the basis of Dumezil’s theories as they have been applied to Celtic culture by Leroux and Guyonvarc’h, every aspect of the Celtic civilisation (social, military, religious, magical) is laid out from the texts and compared to the tales of Middle earth. The central part of the research deals with medieval literature, be it Irish and Breton poetry or Arthurian legends. It gives the opportunity to discover some of Tolkien’s less famous texts and to answer the delicate problem of the place of Arthur and his world in the inspirations of The Lord of the Rings. Finally, the last two chapters presented here focus on the style and narration that are typical of Celtic literature to see if they can be found under Tolkien’s pen, and on the consequences of the Welsh lineage for Sindarin in the portraying and legends of the Sindarin people. A prologue and an epilogue frame this thesis by placing Celtic influences in the larger question of the invention of a mythology for England, which was Tolkien’s attempt

Tolkien's aesthetic enjoyment of distance and antiquity in literature, his interest in the power of imagination, and his use of medieval romances and ancient fairy-tales as a means of rediscovering an enchanted vision of the world are analogous to the literary endeavours of the Romantics. Like them, he perceives that the real world is inherently different from how he imagines an ideal world. This thesis discovers that Tolkien's writings correspond in numerous ways to the modern form of elegiac romance, most notably because of their positive portrayals of mortality, and their depictions of intense yearning. The moral imperative to accept death, exemplified by the heroic ethos of Old English literature, clarifies why the effect of historicity is often noted in Tolkien's fictions: time is mimetic rather than mythological. Tolkien demonstrates that Fantasy is capable of reflecting the most sombre issues of the real world, particularly the inevitability of death.

Ce travail est une classification topologique de l'univers imaginaire d'Arda selon les critères de l'analyse archétypale. La première partie analyse le mythe cosmogonique puis la géographie d'Arda et son évolution vers celle du monde actuel. Middle-Earth est présentée à la lumière des "régimes" symboliques de l'image définis par Durand. L'imagerie aquatique est marquée du schème diairetique et des images de mort. De même, la montagne (pic ou chaine) est obstacle, rarement franchissable par l'ascension, d'où la traversée de passages souterrains aux connotations infernales. On note une plus grande recherche dans les paysages dominés par le mal dont la représentation était capitale pour Tolkien. Les images d'intimité sont plus rares. L'espace sylvestre est privilégié. L'arbre s'y révèle un symbole capital. L'étude des demeures et autres lieux d'habitation montre que les villes représentent l'aménagement de sites naturels et sont dominées par un souci de protection : enceintes multiples ou situation souterraine. Les cycles de vie-mort-résurrection sont très nombreux. Les annexes présentent quelques jalons pour une étude de l'évolution cartographique d'Arda
This work is a topological classification of the imaginary universe of Arda according to the criteria of archetypal analysis. The first part analyses the cosmogonic myth, the geography of Arda and its evolution towards present day earth. Middle-earth is put under the light of the symbolic "regimes" of imagination defined by Durand. Water imagery deeply emphasizes the diairetic scheme and images of death. Mountains (peaks or chains) are obstacles which can rarely be climbed up successfully. Thence the crossing through dark subterranean passages endowed with infernal connotations. One can remark a more deeply "felt" description of landscapes dominated by evil whose delineation was highly important for Tolkien. Images of intimacy are rarer. Wooded spaces are rather privileged. The tree turns out to be a very potent symbol in Tolkien’s works. The study of all forms of housing shows towns and cities represent the development of natural sites and are marked by a profound desire for protection expressed through multiple walls or enclosures or their underground situation. The cycles of life-death-resurrection are numerous. Annexes give a few guidelines for a study of the cartographic evolution of Arda

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ms_me_assis.pdf: 455791 bytes, checksum: 29ecb1862ccd885e60810e2ee49f3c0f (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Esta dissertação pretende analisar a construção das personagens femininas na obra The Silmarillion, de J. R. R. Tolkien. Esse romance possui um tom fantástico, e é parte de uma mitologia criada por seu autor; as personagens possuem características que vão do humano ao divino, e a maioria delas é formada por homens predominantemente heróicos. O presente trabalho é focado nas personagens femininas da obra, e através da análise de suas descrições físicas e psicológicas, ações, características, enfim, de suas construções, objetiva determinar o modo de representação do autor, chegando-se, assim, a uma reflexão acerca da importância destas personagens na mitologia tolkieniana, à qual The Silmarillion serve como ponto inicial. Faz-se necessário, também, desvendar a influência de fatores políticos, sociais e históricos na criação e desenvolvimento destas personagens. A obra estudada relata os fatos que servem como fundo mítico à criação do mundo no qual se passa, a Terra-média. São contados os acontecimentos que deram origem a tudo, seres e ambientes, sentimentos, o Mal e sua eterna luta contra o Bem pelo poder. Pretendemos realizar este intento com o auxílio de teorias diversas, em especial a linha feminista da crítica literária que se ocupa do papel da mulher como leitora de textos de autoria masculina, como é o caso. Esperamos, também, contribuir com o crescente interesse pela obra do autor inglês, deixado à margem do cânone pela crítica especializada, para que assim se possa reconhecer a importância de sua obra em seu tempo, e também a de suas personagens femininas.
This dissertation intends to analyse the female characterization in the novel The Silmarillion, written by J. R. R. Tolkien. This novel has a fantastic tone, and it is part of a mythology created by its author; the characters have features that go from human to divine, and most of them are formed by men that act as heroes. The present study focuses on the female characters of the novel, and through the analysis of their physical and psychological descriptions, actions, features, in short, their constructions, it intends to determine the author’s way of representation; so, it will be possible to reach a reflection about the importance of these characters in the Tolkienian mythology, to which The Silmarillion figures as the initial point. It is also necessary to unmask the influence of political, social and historical factors on the creation and development of these characters. The novel gives an account on the facts that figure as a mythical background to the world where it is placed, Middle-earth. The events that were the origin to everything, beings and places, feelings, Evil and its eternal fight against Good for power, are told. We intend to achieve this goal with the support of many theories, especially the feminist trend of literary criticism that deals with the role of woman as a reader of texts written by men, as it is the case. We also wish to contribute to the growing interest on the works of the English author, who was left at the edge of the canon by the specialized critics, so that it is possible to recognize the importance of his work at his time, and also the importance of his female characters.

Esta dissertação pretende investigar a literatura de fantasia como em contos de fadas a partir do aparente impasse entre a racionalidade e a ordem mágica e poética. Teriam as narrativas maravilhosas algo a dizer? A visão mágica dos textos pode deixar de ser restrita apenas às crianças? Por que razão esse tipo de narrativa é caracterizado pela teoria literária (bem como os críticos literários) como uma literatura menor? Se as mesmas não têm muito a dizer, por que permanecem conhecidas e constantemente recriadas, ou estudadas e analisadas por outras áreas do conhecimento, como a psicanálise? A imaginação norteia a produção nas artes e, como um ato humano, propõe um olhar mais denso e consistente. Com isso, a fonte dessa investigação é o autor e acadêmico J. R. R. Tolkien. Assim, sob o viés da criação artística, a tentativa é formular a contraposição entre duas grandes correntes de análise do efeito proporcionado pela trama que possui sua importância histórica: a tradição platônico/aristotélica versus a tradição estética de Kant e dos românticos.
This dissertation intends to investigate fantasy literature as in fairy tales from the apparent impasse between rationality and the magic and poetic order. Would the fantasy narratives have something to say? Could the magical vision of texts not be restricted just to children readers? Why is this kind of narrative characterized by literary theory (as well as literary critics) as a minor literature? If they do not have much to say, why do they still remain known and constantly recreated, or studied and analyzed by other areas of knowledge, such as psychoanalysis? Imagination guides the production in the arts and, as a human act, proposes a denser and more consistent view. Therefore, the author and academic J. R. R. Tolkien is the source of this research. Thus, under the artistic creation view, the attempt is to formulate the contraposition between two great currents analysis of the effect provided by the plot that has its historical importance: the Platonic/Aristotelian tradition versus Kant and the romantics’ esthetic tradition.
Dissertação (Mestrado)

L'etre et le temps a pour enjeu l'etude du temps ontologique dans the lord of the rings, the hobbit et the silmarillion, de john ronald reuel tolkien (1892-1973) : 1: le temps ontologique chez tolkien se nourrit des surgissements du domaine autre de l'inconscient. 2: les personnages de tolkien sont constamment en quete de l'autre et une analyse textuelle de l'absence qui hante leurs peregrinations nous eclairera sur leur etre-au-monde. 3: l'absence est douloureuse et les personnages de tolkien cedent parfois a la tentation de la presence pure, laquelle correspondrait au desir de reinstaller une relation privilegiee avec le cosmos comme metaphore de l'unite mere-enfant originelle. 4: cette tentation etant vouee a l'echec, les personnages de tolkien vivent un temps de la perte qui entraine de leur part une recomposition mythique par laquelle l'etre lutte pour donner un sens transcendant a la perte. 5: toute tentative de fuite de la mortalite etant vouee a l'echec, l'etre tolkienien change d'attitude en privilegiant le present comme temps de l'action et de la refiguration. 6: les personnages de tolkien, qui vivent une quete ininterrompue, obtiennent-ils une veritable metamorphose de leur etre ? 7: finalement, qu'en est-il du devenir de l'etre tolkienien ? a la fin de the lord of the rings, l'issue est incertaine, mais comporte neanmoins des traces d'optimisme quant a une possible reconstruction du soi.