Journal articles: 'Toll plaza simulation'

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Mahdi, Mohammed Bally, and Lee Vien Leong. "Assessment of Queue Length and Delay at Toll Plaza Using Microscopic Traffic Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.387.

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Highways and freeways usually experience severe traffic congestion due to the presence of toll plazas which is considered as a bottleneck. In recent years, traffic engineers around the world have utilised microscopic traffic simulation models as tools to evaluate the performance of selected freeway facilities based on known traffic pattern data. This study attempts to analyse the performance of toll plaza by utilizing the microscopic traffic simulation software VISSIM 6.0, based on two different output measures, namely: average queue length and average delay time. At the selected toll plaza, data are collected at toll booths for all three modes of payments, which are: cash mode, Touch n Go, and Smart TAG. Therefore, this study aims to build a microscopic traffic simulation model that is capable of analysing the behaviour of vehicles at toll plaza based on the mentioned output measures for each mode of payment and also to determine the type of payment mode that has the most significant impact on the overall performance of toll plazas and ultimately, to understand the causes of congestion at toll plaza.

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Liu, Yi-Jian, Jian Cao, Xiao-Yan Cao, and Yuan-Biao Zhang. "Optimization of Design Scheme for Toll Plaza Based on M/M/C Queuing Theory and Cellular Automata Simulation Algorithm." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 7 (April 30, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n7p1.

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As an important field in traffic control science, the research in design of toll plazas has increasingly attracted attention of scholars and society. A good design of toll plaza needs to meet a lot of conditions, such as high safety coefficient, high throughput and low cost level. In this study, we established an evaluation model of toll plaza based on cellular automata and M/M/C queuing theory applying to three aspects: safety coefficient, throughput and cost. Then, we took the Asbury Park Toll Plaza in New Jersey as an example to analyze its performance and further optimized the design of the toll plaza. Compared with the original design, the optimized toll plaza we designed is proved to be safer and preferable. Last but not least, we further analyzed the robustness of the designed toll plaza, proving that the designed toll plaza had a preferable performance in reality.

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Tseng, Pin-Yi, Chiung-Wen Chang, Chi-Hung Wu, Wan-Hui Chen, and Sheng-Hsiung Chang. "Allocation Criteria for Increasing Electronic Toll Collection Gates on Freeways Determined Using Simulation Analysis." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 6, no. 1 (January 2014): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2014010103.

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In Taiwan, the electronic toll collection (ETC) system for freeway toll plazas that commenced operation in February 2006 will operate on all freeways by 2014. When the ETC system was first implemented, each toll plaza was allocated 1 small-vehicle ETC gate and 1 large-vehicle ETC gate. Determining how to allot the gates to ETC and manual toll collection when the number of ETC vehicles increases is crucial. By conducting a simulation using the toll plaza simulation model, the authors observed that 1 ETC gate for passenger cars had to be added to the small toll plaza when the traffic exceeded 1,450 vehicles/hr/gate. The medium and large toll plazas required 1 more ETC gate for passenger cars when the traffic exceeded 1,600 vehicles/hr/gate, whereas 1 non-ETC gate for passenger cars could be removed.

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Al-Deek, Haitham M., Ayman A. Mohamed, and Essam A. Radwan. "New Model for Evaluation of Traffic Operations at Electronic Toll Collection Plazas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1710, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1710-01.

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Traffic simulation models are used to enhance planning, design, operation, and management of transportation facilities. A discrete-event stochastic object-oriented microscopic simulation model is presented that was specifically developed to evaluate the operational performance of toll plazas. Traffic behavior is represented using a set of mathematical and logic algorithms that control the conflicts among vehicles within the toll plaza area. Modified versions of car-following and lane-changing algorithms and a new toll-lane selection algorithm are integrated into this new model to simulate traffic operation at toll plazas. The model output includes measures of effectiveness (MOEs) that can be used to evaluate the performance of existing and future individual toll lanes and the entire toll plaza system. Real-world data collected at the busiest toll plaza in the Orlando–Orange County Expressway Authority system were used to validate the developed model. Statistical tests indicate that there is no significant difference at the 95 percent confidence level between MOEs obtained from the model and those collected in the real world. Sensitivity analysis of market penetration of the electronic toll collection (ETC) system indicates that an increase in ETC subscription rate improves the efficiency of toll plaza operation. The benefits of ETC depend on the specific plaza configuration. One of the most interesting results of this study is that for all plaza configurations simulated with manual payment lanes operating over capacity, total plaza delay can be reduced by half if only 10 percent of the users switch from manual payment lanes to ETC lanes.

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Klodzinski, Jack, and Haitham M. Al-Deek. "Proposed Level-of-Service Methodology for Toll Plazas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1802, no. 1 (January 2002): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1802-11.

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A proposed macroscopic methodology for measuring the level of service (LOS) of toll plazas has been developed using delay as the measure of effectiveness (MOE). On the basis of field research and data analyses, the 85th percentile of the cumulative individual vehicular delay was found to be the most comprehensive measure for evaluating the LOS at a toll plaza. Other MOEs were examined but found to be less flexible with different plaza configurations and lane payment types. More than 55,000 individual vehicular records from three mainline toll plazas in Orlando, Florida, representing eight different plaza configurations with varied percentages of electronic toll collection (ETC) usage were used to validate the methodology. TPSIM, a toll plaza simulation model, was used to produce an additional 49 scenarios representing the three plazas with varied percentages of ETC usage and 21 additional plaza configurations. Service time was examined to determine the level at which a driver begins to feel discomfort and inconvenience at a toll plaza. An LOS hierarchy was established based on the conclusions of this analysis, feedback from professionals, and reference to the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000. The 85th delay percentile graphs from each of the plaza analysis results for LOS values were also observed to be similar.

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Bains, Manraj Singh, Shriniwas S. Arkatkar, K. S. Anbumani, and Siva Subramaniam. "Optimizing and Modeling Tollway Operations Using Microsimulation: Case Study Sanand Toll Plaza, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2615, no. 1 (January 2017): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2615-06.

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This study aimed to develop a microsimulation model for optimizing toll plaza operations in relation to operational cost and level of service for users. A well-calibrated and validated simulation model was developed in PTV Vissim, and several scenarios were simulated to test their efficacy at improving toll plaza operations. Data collected included classified entry traffic volume at the toll plaza, service time for different payment categories, percentage of lane utilization, and travel time while crossing the toll plaza. For modeling lane selection for vehicles, the PTV Vissim component object model application programming interface—which enables dynamic route choice—was used. From the results it was observed that the simulation model accurately represented the current operations at the toll plaza. Scenarios, such as implementing a number plate recognition technology and segregating lanes for different vehicle types to improve the level of service, were evaluated with the simulation model.

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E. Jehad, A., A. Ismail, M. N. Borhan, and S. Z. Ishak. "Modelling and optimizing of electronic toll collection (ETC) at Malaysian toll plazas using microsimulation models." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14338.

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Toll plazas are one of the critical components of a roadway system. At the same time, they are among the most complex road structures, as drivers are exposed to a large amount of information and have a short amount of time to make a decision to avoid any collision. VISSIM and SSAM are used to investigate the effect of various Malaysian toll plazas design and traffic conditions on drivers’ behaviour and level of safety. The study was made a well-calibrated and validated VISSIM simulation model and several scenarios were simulated to test their efficacy for improving toll plaza safety aspects by using SSAM afterwards. From the results it was observed that the VISSIM simulation model scenarios such as implementing booths orientation and segregating lanes for different vehicle types to improve the level of service have significant safety aspects improvement regarding conflict points and lane change accidents results while using Surrogate Safety As-sessment Model (SSAM) in order to give the need for remediation of either the roadway design or the flow-control strategy.

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Yu, Shanchuan, Yuchuan Du, Jindong Wang, Yishun Li, and Yong Zhu. "Simulation-Based Optimization for the Operation of Toll Plaza at Car Park Exit with Mixed Types of Tollbooths and Waiting-Time-Dependent Service." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (February 23, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6674037.

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This study presents an approach of simulation-based optimization to the operation of the toll plaza at the car park exit. We first propose a simulation model, as the representation of the queueing system for the toll plaza with mixed-type customers and servers where the service time is dependent on the waiting time of customer. Then, a simulation-based integer programming model is developed to design more traffic-efficient yet cost-effective operation schemes. It is decomposed by a rolling horizon approach into subproblems which are all solved via the Kriging metamodel algorithm. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the model and offer insight on how to achieve traffic efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

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Talavirya, A., and M. Laskin. "Simulation modeling of toll plaza operation at the main direction of the intraurban toll road." Informatization and communication 5 (December 2020): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34219/2078-8320-2020-11-5-67-77.

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A large number of toll road projects with a barrier toll collection system are currently being implemented in Russia. Therefore, it seems relevant to study the toll plaza as an element of the transport infrastructure. Insuffi cient attention to the issues of assessing current and predicted intensity on TPscan cause regular traffi c congestions on toll roads. The goal of this study is to build a simulation model that allows to evaluate the capacity of the toll collection point during the operation of the toll road at different traffi c fl ow rates, taking into account the ratio of different types of vehicles and user behavior errors. Visual observation materials are used, the research method is discrete-event simulation of PVP using AnyLogic software, processing of the results is performed in the statistical package R. The toll point (TP) the Western High-Speed Diameter toll road in St. Petersburg, Russia was considered as a case for the study.As a result was build simulation model of TP was developed, taking into account the traffi c specifi cs and user behavior errors. Conducted experiments established the peak traffi c intensities, when traffi c congestion begins to form at the TP, with different ratios of electronic toll collection usage. During the analysis, few cases of service time distribution were considered — from low to high traffi c intensities. Main conclusions of the study: -for the low intensity case, the results of the analysis showed the splitting of the total distribution of the service time into two distributions for different operating modes of toll lanes, — for high intensity, the infl uence of user behavior on service time distribution was revealed, — for each case, the parameters of the gamma laws of service time distribution were determined, — in case of insuffi cient throughput capacity, the TP stops working effi ciently, and service time distribution increases, regardless of the type of payment. Estimated peak hours of TP operation, when there is a potential for congestion at the TP were defi ned. Possible ways of further increase thetoll collection system throughput capacity for the TP were indicated.

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Hussain, Saajid, Di Wu, Sheeba Memon, and Naadiya Khuda Bux. "Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) Connectivity Analysis of a Highway Toll Plaza." Data 4, no. 1 (February 10, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4010028.

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The aim of this paper was to study issues of network connectivity in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to avoid traffic congestion at a toll plaza. An analytical model was developed for highway scenarios where the traffic congestion could have the vehicles reduce their speed instead of blocking the flow of traffic. In this model, nearby vehicles must be informed when traffic congestion occurs before reaching the toll plaza so they can reduce their speed in order to avoid traffic congestion. Once they have crossed the toll plaza they can travel on at their normal speed. The road was divided into two or three sub-segments to help analyze the performance of connectivity. The proposed analytical model considered various parameters that might disturb the connectivity probability, including traveling speed, communication range of vehicles, vehicle arrival rate, and road length. The simulation results matched those of the analytical model, which showed the analytical model developed in this paper is effective.

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Bartin, Bekir. "Use of learning classifier systems in microscopic toll plaza simulation models." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 13, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 860–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2018.5121.

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Russo, Chris, Rami Harb, and Essam Radwan. "Calibration and Verification of SHAKER, a Deterministic Toll Plaza Simulation Model." Journal of Transportation Engineering 136, no. 2 (February 2010): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)te.1943-5436.0000060.

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Dong, Changyin, Hao Wang, Quan Chen, Daiheng Ni, and Ye Li. "Simulation-Based Assessment of Multilane Separate Freeways at Toll Station Area: A Case Study from Huludao Toll Station on Shenshan Freeway." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 3057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113057.

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To support the rapid growth of demand in passengers and freight, separating trucks and passenger-cars is a potential solution to improve traffic efficiency and safety. The primary purpose of this paper is to comprehensively assess the multilane separate freeway at Huludao Toll Station in Liaoning Province, China. Based on the configuration and segmentation of the freeway near a toll station, a six-step guidance strategy is designed to adapt to the separate organization mode. Five conventional traffic scenarios are designed in the Vissim platform for comparative analysis between different guidance strategies. To investigate the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) environment, a microscopic testbed is established with cooperative car-following and lane-changing models using the MATLAB platform. The numerical simulation results show that the guidance strategy significantly improves efficiency and safety, and also reduces emissions and fuel consumption. Meanwhile, pre-guidance before toll channels outperforms the scenario only applied with guidance measures after toll plaza. Compared to conventional conditions, the assessment of pollutant emissions and fuel consumption also embodies the superiority of the other five scenarios, especially in the sections of toll plaza and channels with the lowest efficiency and safety level. Generally, all indexes indicate that the cooperative V2I technology is the best alternative for multilane separate freeways.

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Sadoun, Balqies. "Optimizing the Operation of a Toll Plaza System Using Simulation: A Methodology." SIMULATION 81, no. 9 (September 2005): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549704047603.

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Obelheiro, Marta Rodrigues, Helena Beatriz Bettella Cybis, Marcelo Leismann De Oliveira, and José Luis Duarte Ribeiro. "Método para análise de níveis de serviço em praças de pedágio." TRANSPORTES 19, no. 3 (January 18, 2011): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v19i3.374.

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Este trabalho propõe um método para análise de níveis de serviço em praças de pedágio. O método foi elaborado a partir de dados representativos de condições operacionais características de rodovias e praças de pedágio brasileiras. O método proposto é baseado na percepção de usuários de praças de pedágio acerca da qualidade de serviço nas praças. A percepção dos usuários foi captada através de pesquisa qualitativa, que envolveu o uso de cenários microssimulados representativos de situações de tráfego em praças. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa, foi realizada modelagem e obtida equação que relaciona a qualidade percebida pelos usuários com os fatores intervenientes: porcentagem de caminhões no fluxo, tamanho de fila e número de cabines de atendimento. Os resultados indicaram que o comprimento de filas nas cabines exerce forte influência sobre a qualidade percebida nas praças. Além da equação, é proposta uma escala de níveis de serviço relacionada com a qualidade percebida pelos usuários em praças de pedágio. Palavras-chave: praças de pedágio, nível de serviço, pesquisa qualitativa, simulação. Abstract: This paper proposes a method for analyzing level of service at toll plazas. The method was built from data representing spe-cific operational conditions of Brazilian highways and toll plazas, and it is based on toll plaza quality service as perceived by users. Us-ers’ perception was captured by qualitative research, which involved the use of microsimulated scenarios representing traffic situations at toll plazas. The outcome of the qualitative research was a model relating service quality as perceived by users with the influence fac-tors: trucks percentage, queue length and number of toll booths. The results suggest that queue length at toll booths has a strong influ-ence on perceived quality at toll plazas. This paper also proposes a hierarchy for the level of service related to service quality perceived by users at toll plazas. Keywords: toll plaza, level of service, qualitative research, simulation.

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ITO, Teruaki, and Tomoyuki HIRAMOTO. "Layout Design and Its Evaluation on ETC Toll Plaza Based on Process Simulation." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 71, no. 708 (2005): 2593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.71.2593.

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Valdés, Didier, Benjamín Colucci, Donald L. Fisher, Johnathan Ruiz, Enid Colón, and Ricardo García. "Driving Simulation of the Safety and Operation Performance at a Freeway Toll Plaza." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2602, no. 1 (January 2016): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2602-16.

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Caldas, Marco Antônio de Farah, and Karina Thiebaut Sacramento. "Simulation model of discret events applied to the planning and operation of a toll plaza." Journal of Transport Literature 10, no. 3 (September 2016): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2238-1031.jtl.v10n3a8.

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Punitha, S. "Design and evaluation of traffic delays in toll plaza using combination of queueing and simulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1139 (December 2018): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1139/1/012080.

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Lin, Li, Liang Su, Shaozhen Chen, and Yuanbiao Zhang. "Optimization of the Merging Area after Toll." Engineering Management Research 7, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/emr.v7n1p17.

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In this paper, we focus on the planning of the merging area after toll and have established an optimization model by means of nonlinear integer programming model. With the consideration of factors such as safety, cost, and throughput, we select indexes including traffic flow, vehicle speed, lane width and the number of lanes to calculate and determine the tollbooth and merging area, and depending on the situation, we built modification model and reconstruction model. Then, we select Delaware Memorial Bridge toll plaza as an example to evaluate the effectiveness of our solutions based on the optimal model. We apply the method of computer simulation to solve the model, and we find that some parameters with the fixed value such as forced exchange rate, average expected speed and gradient rate may affect the applicability of the model. Then, we carry out the sensitivity analysis with the three parameters to determine the scope of application of the model. Finally, we further discuss development direction of this model.

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JETTO, K., H. EZ-ZAHRAOUY, and A. BENYOUSSEF. "THE INVESTIGATION OF THE TRAFFIC FLOW BEHAVIOR IN TOLLBOOTHS USING CELLULAR AUTOMATON MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics C 19, no. 06 (June 2008): 903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183108012583.

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Tollbooths are used to collect tolls and to control traffic flow. However, the presence of these tollbooths will slow down traffic, especially in heavily traveled roads. As a consequence, drivers and goods will spend more time and fuel waiting in a long queue. Unfortunately, there are a few papers in the literature, which have been addressed the effect of tollbooths on the traffic flow; whereas in this paper is, the properties of traffic flow inside the tollbooths are investigated. The proposed cellular automaton traffic model, with open boundaries, is based on some changing lane rules, which are inspired on the situations inside the toll plaza. The vehicles enter the plaza with an injecting rate α, and they leave with an extracting rate β, which is inversely proportional to the time service Tw. The simulation results show the existence of three phases in the phase diagram (α, β), namely: the low density phase, the congested phase, and the jamming phase. Furthermore, it is found that the vehicles does not spend the same time Tm in the plaza, even if they have the same time service. This analysis states clearly that the existence of the congested phase and the fluctuation Tm are due to the non-zero values of the probability P of changing the lane. Such phenomena disappear when P = 0, i.e., the drivers move without changing their lane. In other words, the human behavior (spontaneous changing lanes) is responsible for the congestion observed in the tollbooth.

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Azeez, Omer, Biswajeet Pradhan, and Helmi Shafri. "Vehicular CO Emission Prediction Using Support Vector Regression Model and GIS." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 3434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103434.

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Transportation infrastructures play a significant role in the economy as they provide accessibility services to people. Infrastructures such as highways, road networks, and toll plazas are rapidly growing based on changes in transportation modes, which consequently create congestions near toll plaza areas and intersections. These congestions exert negative impacts on human health and the environment because vehicular emissions are considered as the main source of air pollution in urban areas and can cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In this study, we developed a hybrid model based on the integration of three models, correlation-based feature selection (CFS), support vector regression (SVR), and GIS, to predict vehicular emissions at specific times and locations on roads at microscale levels in an urban areas of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The proposed model comprises three simulation steps: first, the selection of the best predictors based on CFS; second, the prediction of vehicular carbon monoxide (CO) emissions using SVR; and third, the spatial simulation based on maps by using GIS. The proposed model was developed with seven road traffic CO predictors selected via CFS (sum of vehicles, sum of heavy vehicles, heavy vehicle ratio, sum of motorbikes, temperature, wind speed, and elevation). Spatial prediction was conducted based on GIS modelling. The vehicular CO emissions were measured continuously at 15 min intervals (recording 15 min averages) during weekends and weekdays twice per day (daytime, evening-time). The model’s results achieved a validation accuracy of 80.6%, correlation coefficient of 0.9734, mean absolute error of 1.3172 ppm and root mean square error of 2.156 ppm. In addition, the most appropriate parameters of the prediction model were selected based on the CFS model. Overall, the proposed model is a promising tool for traffic CO assessment on roads.

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HORIGUCHI, Ryota, and Masao KUWAHARA. "Travel Behavior Model and Dynamic Traffic Simulation toward ITS Society. A Theoretical Analysis for the Capacity of Toll Plaza Partially with ETC Tollgates." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 653 (2000): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2000.653_29.

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Doxsey, Lawrence B. "Incentive Tolls for Congestion Management: A Planning Tool for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1576, no. 1 (January 1997): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1576-10.

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A congestion pricing planning model was developed for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The model is designed to evaluate possible incentive tolls for their effects on congestion delays at the six bridges and tunnels the authority operates between New Jersey and New York. The study used a stated preference survey administered to bridge and tunnel users, econometric choice models, and plaza volume-delay relationships as a basis for simulating the effects of changes in toll structure. The survey identified characteristics of trips, feasible alternatives for the trips, and the trip makers. A stated preference choice exercise was included to reveal trade-offs among toll, plaza delay, facility choice, and time period when the crossing would be made. Responses to the exercise were combined with other survey data, and econometric models of choice were estimated. The models associate the probability of travel choices with the conditions faced at the alternatives. The policy evaluation planning model combined choice model results, survey responses from individual respondents, and data on facility conditions, volumes, and capacities. As input it accepts a user-specified menu of tolls and discounts, potentially varying both by hour and by facility. As output it predicts automobile volumes, average delays, total delays, and toll revenue by hour and facility. The model is constructed to achieve equilibrium among tolls, delays, and volumes. Application of the model indicates considerable potential for reducing plaza delays.

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He, Jie, Zhiguo Qi, Chihang Zhao, and Xiangtai Bao. "Simulations of pollutant dispersion at toll plazas using three-dimensional CFD models." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 14, no. 8 (December 2009): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2009.08.001.

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Al-Deek, Haitham M., Ayman A. Mohamed, and Linda Malone. "A New Stochastic Discrete-Event Micro Simulation Model for Evaluating Traffic Operations at Electronic Toll Collection Plazas." Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 9, no. 4 (October 2005): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15472450500240084.

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Mahdi, Mohammed Bally, Lee Vien Leong, and Ahmad Farhan Mohd Sadullah. "Use of Microscopic Traffic Simulation Software to Determine Heavy-Vehicle Influence on Queue Lengths at Toll Plazas." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 44, no. 8 (March 19, 2019): 7297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-03809-7.

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Azeez, Omer, Biswajeet Pradhan, Helmi Shafri, Nagesh Shukla, Chang-Wook Lee, and Hossein Rizeei. "Modeling of CO Emissions from Traffic Vehicles Using Artificial Neural Networks." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020313.

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Traffic emissions are considered one of the leading causes of environmental impact in megacities and their dangerous effects on human health. This paper presents a hybrid model based on data mining and GIS models designed to predict vehicular Carbon Monoxide (CO) emitted from traffic on the New Klang Valley Expressway, Malaysia. The hybrid model was developed based on the integration of GIS and the optimized Artificial Neural Network algorithm that combined with the Correlation based Feature Selection (CFS) algorithm to predict the daily vehicular CO emissions and generate prediction maps at a microscale level in a small urban area by using a field survey and open source data, which are the main contributions to this paper. The other contribution is related to the case study, which represents the spatial and quantitative variations in the vehicular CO emissions between toll plaza areas and road networks. The proposed hybrid model consists of three steps: the first step is the implementation of the correlation-based Feature Selection model to select the best model’s predictors; the second step is the prediction of vehicular CO by using a multilayer perceptron neural network model; and the third step is the creation of micro scale prediction maps. The model was developed using six traffic CO predictors: number of vehicles, number of heavy vehicles, number of motorbikes, temperature, wind speed and a digital surface model. The network architecture and its hyperparameters were optimized through a grid search approach. The traffic CO concentrations were observed at 15-min intervals on weekends and weekdays, four times per day. The results showed that the developed model had achieved validation accuracy of 80.6 %. Overall, the developed models are found to be promising tools for vehicular CO simulations in highly congested areas.

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"A toll plaza simulation model and level-of-service criteria." Transportation Research Part A: General 25, no. 1 (January 1991): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(91)90203-3.

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Obelheiro, Marta Rodrigues, Marcelo Leismann de Oliveira, and Helena Beatriz Bettella Cybis. "Avaliação da influência do tipo de cobrança e da composição do tráfego sobre o desempenho operacional de praças de pedágio." TRANSPORTES 18, no. 3 (July 2, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v18i3.448.

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Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o impacto da composição do tráfego e das condições de cobrança na capacidade de praças de pedágio. As variações das condições de cobrança de pedágio avaliadas neste estudo incluem reduções nos tempos de atendimento nas cabines manuais, bem como os impactos decorrentes da adoção, e crescente adesão, dos usuários à cobrança eletrônica de pedágio. As informações sobre tempos de atendimento utilizados no estudo correspondem a dados reais coletados em praças de pedágio do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As análises foram realizadas a partir da simulação de uma praça de pedágio através do software de microssimulação VISSIM. Os resultados evidenciaram e quantificaram o aumento de capacidade das praças associado ao treinamento de arrecadadores e à adoção de tarifas que facilitam o troco. Neste estudo melhorias associadas a estas medidas corresponderam a um aumento de até 19% na capacidade da praça. Melhorias bem mais significativas de desempenho, entretanto, podem ser atingidas com o aumento da adesão dos usuários ao sistema de cobrança eletrônica de pedágio.Abstract: This study aims to assess the impact of the composition of traffic and charging conditions on the capacity of toll plazas. The toll charging conditions evaluated in this study include the reductions in service times at manual toll booths, the introduction of electronic toll collection and the increase in electronic collection compliance rates. Service times adopted in this study correspond to data collected at toll plazas of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Analyses presented in this paper are based on toll plaza simulations through the microsimulation software VISSIM. The simulation outcomes evidenced and quantified the capacity increase associated with collectors training and the adoption of fares that simplified the change. In this study, improvements associated with these measures corresponded to an increase of up to 19% of the plaza capacity. More significant improvements in performance, however, can be achieved by increasing the compliance of the electronic toll collection system.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Toll plaza simulation'

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