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Journal articles on the topic 'Toll roads Traffic congestion'
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1
Matsuda, Waka, Yukihiro Tsukada, and Masahiko Kikuchi. "Flexible Charge Measures Used on Toll Roads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1932, no. 1 (January 2005): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193200116.
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In fiscal 2003, the Road Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport in Japan performed demonstration projects concerning diverse and flexible charge measures for toll roads. The goals were to promote the effective use of roads by encouraging traffic to switch from general purpose roads to toll roads, improving roadside environments, mitigating congestion, and promoting traffic safety measures. This study analyzes the results of the 22 projects. As a result of the bureau's efforts, traffic on the toll-free general purpose roads decreased and traffic on the toll roads increased, with traffic congestion in the affected areas subsequently eased. The projects that were intended to eliminate commuter congestion in regional cities were in many cases particularly effective. However, this effectiveness varied according to the setting of the toll and the interchange section, the type of vehicles involved, the discount time zone, and the locational relationship between the general road and the toll road.
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Najafi, Fazil T., Fadi Emil Nassar, and Paul Kaczorowski. "Paying Equitably for Urban Congestion through National Road Pricing System." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1558, no. 1 (January 1996): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155800109.
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Automated toll collection (ATC) systems have been implemented successfully in the United States to collect tolls on bridges and at tunnels and turnpikes. A conceptual national automated road pricing system (NARPS) is described. NARPS consists of a nationwide application of an integrated and coordinated ATC system. Its primary purpose is to collect variable tolls on congested urban roads to improve traffic distribution and the overall efficiency of the highway system. The components of the proposed system are transponders, detectors, and processors used to automatically identify approaching vehicles at normal speed, calculate applicable tolls, and maintain local data bases of all tolls and vehicles to be processed remotely in a control center. A nationwide application of an integrated ATC system offers numerous significant advantages: cost savings, efficiency, traffic management, and a host of secondary applications that are not feasible with localized ATC systems. The management of the system is simplified by billing only drivers who exceed a threshold toll amount, thereby exempting the majority of drivers in rural and other areas.
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Jiang, Nan, Xiaoning Zhang, and Hua Wang. "Simultaneous Optimization of Road Tolls and Tradable Credits in Public-private Mixed Networks." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 6 (December 21, 2017): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i6.2410.
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This paper investigates a hybrid management policy of road tolls and tradable credits in mixed road networks with both public and private roads. In the public sub-network, a tradable credit scheme is applied to mitigate traffic congestion. In the private sub-network, tolls are collected by the private company, but the toll levels and toll locations are determined by the government. The purpose of toll charge is two-fold: on the one hand, the government uses it as a tool for mitigating congestion; on the other hand, a threshold of revenue should be guaranteed for the profitability of the private company. A bi-level programming model is formulated to minimize the total travel time in the network by taking into account the user equilibrium travel behaviour and the revenue requirement of private firms. To obtain a global optimum solution, the bi-level model is transformed into an equivalent single-level mixed integer linear program that can be easily solved with commercial software. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed model and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that the mixed management schemes can achieve favourable targets, namely, joint implementation of road tolls and tradable credits can effectively mitigate traffic congestion and meanwhile maintain reasonable revenue for the private company.
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Joksimovic, Dusica, Michiel C. J. Bliemer, and Piet H. L. Bovy. "Optimal Toll Design Problem in Dynamic Traffic Networks with Joint Route and Departure Time Choice." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1923, no. 1 (January 2005): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192300107.
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Road pricing is one of the market-based traffic control measures that can influence travel behavior to alleviate congestion on roads. This paper addresses the effects of uniform (constant, fixed) and time-varying (step) tolls on the travel behavior of users on the road network. The problem of determining optimal prices in a dynamic traffic network is considered by applying second-best tolling scenarios imposing tolls only to a subset of links on the network and considering elastic demand. The optimal toll design problem is formulated as a bilevel optimization problem with the road authority (on the upper level) setting the tolls and the travelers (on the lower level) who respond by changing their travel decisions (route and departure time choice). To formulate the optimal toll design problem, the so-called mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) formulation was used, considering the dynamic nature of traffic flows on the one hand and dynamic pricing on the other. Until now, the MPEC formulation has been applied in static cases only. The model structure comprises three interrelated levels: (a) dynamic network loading, (b) route choice and departure time choice, and (c) road pricing level. For solving the optimal toll design problem in dynamic networks, a simple search algorithm is used to determine the optimal toll pattern leading to optimization of the objective function of the road authority subject to dynamic traffic assignment constraints. Nevertheless, uniform and time-varying pricing is analyzed, and a small hypothetical network is considered.
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Aung, Nyothiri, Weidong Zhang, Sahraoui Dhelim, and Yibo Ai. "T-Coin: Dynamic Traffic Congestion Pricing System for the Internet of Vehicles in Smart Cities." Information 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11030149.
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Alleviating traffic congestion is one of the main challenges for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in smart cities. Many congestion pricing systems have been proposed recently. However, most of them focus on punishing the vehicles that use certain roads during peak hours, neglecting the proven fact that rewards can encourage drivers to follow the rules. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new congestion pricing system based on reward and punishment policies for the IoV in a smart city environment, where the vehicles are rewarded for voluntarily choosing to take an alternative path to alleviate traffic congestion. The proposed system is implemented using vehicular ad hoc networks, which eliminate the need for installing a costly electronic toll collection system. We propose a new virtual currency called T-Coin (traffic coin), that is used to reward the vehicles for their positive attitude. T-Coin is also used in the tender between vehicles to manage the road reservation process. The proposed system uses dynamic pricing to adapt to peak-hour traffic congestion. Using simulated traffic on a real map of Beijing city, we prove the usefulness of T-Coin as a traffic congestion pricing system.
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Talavirya, A. Yu, and M. B. Laskin. "Risk Assessment Approach of Toll Road Operator." Statistics and Economics 18, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2021-3-12-26.
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The purpose of the article is to assess the risks of a toll road operator arising in the event of traffic congestion at toll collection points. In the Russian Federation, in infrastructure projects, including toll road projects, the organizational and legal form of public-private partnership is often used. State authorities have the right to control the quality of the road management by the operator; the state can charge penalty points for low operational efficiency, leading to traffic congestion. The return on investment in infrastructure projects is of a long-term nature, therefore, the task of assessing the risks of possible losses by the toll road operator is quite relevant.Materials and methods. The main research tool is simulation modeling in the AnyLogic software environment, the analysis of the data obtained as a result of simulation was carried out in the environment of the statistical package R. The choice of tools is determined by a large number of subjective (sometimes technical) factors that significantly affect the road capacity at toll collection points, but do not lend themselves to strict formalization. Such factors include refusals to read electronic tolls, drivers changing lanes in the toll collection points, lack of money at the time of travel through the automatic toll lane, and others. All such factors are modeled in the AnyLogic environment as random variables with a rich choice of distribution functions and their parameters.Results. A simulation model of a toll collection point at an exit from a toll road has been created to analyze the throughput of a toll booth with various configurations of toll lanes, various levels of user behavior errors and the provision of drivers with electronic means of travel registration. Using the example of a toll collection point for the “Western High-Speed Diameter” motorway, the parameters of traffic congestion that occur when the number of operating toll lanes on the toll collection point decreases are estimated. In the event of congestion, for each configuration, estimates of the number of vehicles in the congestion, the length of the congestion, the waiting time in the queue at the entrance to the toll collection point at different times of the day, and the time of congestion are determined.Conclusion. Based on the results obtained, an assessment of the risks of non-compliance by the road operator with the standard for ensuring throughput can be carried out. To assess the risks of a toll road as a whole, it is advisable to use an individual simulation model for each toll collection point, taking into account the peculiarities of its geographical location, the composition of traffic at the facility, the regularity of user correspondence, as well as the impact of the surrounding transport, logistics and social infrastructure. In pronounced industrial and logistics areas of the city, in the border zones between the city and the region, an additional assessment of traffic intensity may be required to analyze the throughput of toll collection points, taking into account the daily, weekly and seasonal unevenness of the traffic flow.
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Ge, Ying-En, Kathryn Stewart, Yuandong Liu, Chunyan Tang, and Bingzheng Liu. "Investigating boundary effects of congestion charging in a single bottleneck scenario." Transport 33, no. 1 (July 13, 2015): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1062048.
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Many congestion charging projects charge traffic only within part of a day with predetermined congestion tolls. Demand peaks have been witnessed just around the time when the charge jumps up or down. Such peaks may not be desirable, in particular (a) when the resulting peaks are much higher than available capacities; (b) traffic speeding up to get into the charging zone causes more incidents just before the toll rises up to a higher level; or (c) traffic slowing down or parking on the roadside decreases road traffic throughput just before the toll falls sharply. We term these types of demand peaks ‘boundary effects’ of congestion charging. This paper investigates these effects in a bottleneck scenario and aims to design charging schemes that reduce undesired demand peaks. For this purpose, we observe and analyse the boundary effects utilising a bottleneck model under three types of toll profiles that are indicative of real charging schemes. The first type maintains a constant toll across the charging period, the second type allows the toll to increase from zero to a given maximum level and then decrease back to zero and the third type allows the toll to rise from zero to a given maximum level, remain at this level for a fixed period and then fall down to zero. This investigation shows that all three types of toll profiles can produce greater boundary peak demands than the bottleneck capacity. A significant contribution of this work is that instead of designing an optimal traffic congestion pricing scheme we analyse how existing sub-optimal congestion pricing schemes could be improved and suggest how observed problems may be overcome. Hence, we propose a set of extra requirements to supplement existing principles or requirements for design and implementation of congestion charging, which aim to reduce the adverse consequences of boundary effects. Concluding remarks are made on implications of this investigation for the improvement of existing congestion charging projects and for future research.
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Sullivan, Edward C., and Joe el Harake. "California Route 91 Toll Lanes Impacts and Other Observations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1649, no. 1 (January 1998): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1649-07.
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The 16-km (10-mi) long California State Route 91 (SR-91) variable-toll lanes entered service December 27, 1995. This facility is the first practical application of congestion-based road pricing attempted in the United States. The California and U.S. Departments of Transportation sponsored a study to observe how travelers respond over time to variable-toll pricing and the other innovative features of this unique facility. Data covering a wide range of travel and transportation issues were obtained from mid-1994 through June 1997 and analyzed for lessons to inform public policies about future applications of congestion-based pricing. The principal findings are summarized. The SR-91 toll lanes are regarded as a success in terms of both commuter acceptance and favorable opinions. Although, as expected, first-year toll revenues did not cover total annualized costs, the facility operator anticipates profitability in the near future. Impacts on corridor traffic have been positive, and, despite changes in traffic composition, the overall level of ridesharing has not been adversely affected. Fears that peak congestion-based tolls might preclude benefits to low-income commuters have not materialized, although a relationship was found between frequency of toll lane use and income level. No adverse traffic operational impacts were observed. From experience with the SR-91 variable-toll lanes, further careful experimentation with congestion-based pricing in other settings appears warranted.
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Hussain, Saajid, Di Wu, Sheeba Memon, and Naadiya Khuda Bux. "Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) Connectivity Analysis of a Highway Toll Plaza." Data 4, no. 1 (February 10, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4010028.
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The aim of this paper was to study issues of network connectivity in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to avoid traffic congestion at a toll plaza. An analytical model was developed for highway scenarios where the traffic congestion could have the vehicles reduce their speed instead of blocking the flow of traffic. In this model, nearby vehicles must be informed when traffic congestion occurs before reaching the toll plaza so they can reduce their speed in order to avoid traffic congestion. Once they have crossed the toll plaza they can travel on at their normal speed. The road was divided into two or three sub-segments to help analyze the performance of connectivity. The proposed analytical model considered various parameters that might disturb the connectivity probability, including traveling speed, communication range of vehicles, vehicle arrival rate, and road length. The simulation results matched those of the analytical model, which showed the analytical model developed in this paper is effective.
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Mudiyono, Rachmat, and Gata Dian Asfari. "KAJIAN PENGARUH PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL SEMARANG - DEMAK TERHADAP KINERJA JALAN RAYA KALIGAWE." Jurnal Planologi 18, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jpsa.v18i1.13316.
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The increasing movement causes traffic jams. One of the congestion occurred on Jalan Raya Kaligawe, Semarang. Jalan Raya Kaligawe is a road located close to the coast. So that when the sea water experiences high tide, the road will be inundated by tidal floods. This condition results in very high traffic jams every year. To deal with congestion and overcome the problem of sea water flooding, the government plans to build the Semarang - Demak Toll Road. With the existence of this Toll Road, it is hoped that congestion on the Kaligawe Road will be reduced. But the reduction in congestion needs research. So the researchers conducted a study on the effect of the construction of the Semarang - Demak Toll Road on the performance of the Kaligawe Highway. The purpose of this study, among others, is to determine the level of service, prediction of the diversion of traffic loads and predictions of increasing work on Jalan Raya Kaligawe. This study uses three stages in the research method, namely the identification stage, the data collection and processing stage, and the analysis and conclusion stages. The analysis technique used in this research is the formulation of traffic loading around the location due to development, both at the time and post, added with base traffic to get a real loading on the area of influence with the construction of the Semarang - Demak toll road.
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Low, Nicholas, and John Odgers. "Rethinking the Cost of Traffic Congestion, Lessons from Melbourne's City Link Toll Roads." Urban Policy and Research 30, no. 2 (June 2012): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2012.672395.
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Talavirya, A., and M. Laskin. "Simulation modeling of toll plaza operation at the main direction of the intraurban toll road." Informatization and communication 5 (December 2020): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34219/2078-8320-2020-11-5-67-77.
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A large number of toll road projects with a barrier toll collection system are currently being implemented in Russia. Therefore, it seems relevant to study the toll plaza as an element of the transport infrastructure. Insuffi cient attention to the issues of assessing current and predicted intensity on TPscan cause regular traffi c congestions on toll roads. The goal of this study is to build a simulation model that allows to evaluate the capacity of the toll collection point during the operation of the toll road at different traffi c fl ow rates, taking into account the ratio of different types of vehicles and user behavior errors. Visual observation materials are used, the research method is discrete-event simulation of PVP using AnyLogic software, processing of the results is performed in the statistical package R. The toll point (TP) the Western High-Speed Diameter toll road in St. Petersburg, Russia was considered as a case for the study.As a result was build simulation model of TP was developed, taking into account the traffi c specifi cs and user behavior errors. Conducted experiments established the peak traffi c intensities, when traffi c congestion begins to form at the TP, with different ratios of electronic toll collection usage. During the analysis, few cases of service time distribution were considered — from low to high traffi c intensities. Main conclusions of the study: -for the low intensity case, the results of the analysis showed the splitting of the total distribution of the service time into two distributions for different operating modes of toll lanes, — for high intensity, the infl uence of user behavior on service time distribution was revealed, — for each case, the parameters of the gamma laws of service time distribution were determined, — in case of insuffi cient throughput capacity, the TP stops working effi ciently, and service time distribution increases, regardless of the type of payment. Estimated peak hours of TP operation, when there is a potential for congestion at the TP were defi ned. Possible ways of further increase thetoll collection system throughput capacity for the TP were indicated.
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Isradi, Muhammad, Hermanto Dwiatmoko, Muhammad Ikhsan Setiawan, and Dadang Supriyatno. "Analysis of Capacity, Speed, and Degree of Saturation of Intersections and Roads." Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education 2, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.asci22110.
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No traffic-signal intersection located on Jalan Serang and Jalan Curug, Tangerang Regency often causes traffic congestion. Many side barriers activities of vehicles inhibit the movement of traffic flow. The toll-road access, which is not far from the intersection, makes the queue long enough to enter Jl. Raya Serang also affects the performance of the surroundings. The study aims to determine the performance of the above intersection this time, which is measured by the capacity, degree of saturation, speed, queuing opportunities, density, and level of services. Field surveys and further analysis of the calculations that have been carried out show the intersection performance. The peak traffic volume occurred on Wednesday, February 5 2020, at 3877 pcu / hour at 07.00 - 08.00 WIB, with a capacity (C) of 2937 pcu / hour. From the available data, the DS value is 1.32. at the Service level F.
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Lee, Jooyong, and Kara M. Kockelman. "Development of Traffic-Based Congestion Pricing and Its Application to Automated Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 6 (April 16, 2019): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119839981.
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Improved traffic management techniques are needed to reduce congestion on road networks, especially as “driving” is made easier, through self-driving vehicles. In this paper, reactive congestion pricing varies toll rates based on recent congestion levels, and automated vehicles are added to the conventional traffic mix for evaluation of evolving travel conditions. As expected, drivers with higher values of travel time (VOTT) are more likely to use the tolled route than drivers with lower VOTT, and tolled-route speeds rose (about 4%) while speeds on non-tolled road segments fell (about 15%). Thanks to traveler sorting, net benefits exceeded $600 per hour in all scenarios, using a very small (toy) network. Toll revenues can be distributed uniformly among travelers (resulting in credit-based congestion pricing) or invested in improving bottlenecks and alternative modes. Rising shares of automated vehicles (from 0% to 50% and 100%) also improved outcomes.
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Zeng, Xing, Xuefeng Guan, Huayi Wu, and Heping Xiao. "A Data-Driven Quasi-Dynamic Traffic Assignment Model Integrating Multi-Source Traffic Sensor Data on the Expressway Network." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030113.
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Static traffic assignment (STA) models have been widely utilized in the field of strategic transport planning. However, STA models cannot fully represent the dynamic road conditions and suffer from inaccurate assignment during traffic congestion. At the same time, an increasing number of installed sensors have become an important means of detecting dynamic road conditions. To address the shortcomings of STA models, we integrate multi-source traffic sensor datasets and propose a novel data-driven quasi-dynamic traffic assignment model, named DQ-DTA. In this model, records of toll stations are used for time-varying travel demand estimation. GPS trajectory datasets of vehicles are further used to calculate the dynamic link costs of the road network, replacing the imprecise Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) function. Moreover, license plate recognition (LPR) data are used to design a statistical probability-based multipath assignment method to capture travelers’ route choices. The expressway network in the Hunan province is selected as the study area, and several classic STA models are also chosen for performance comparison. Experimental results demonstrate that the accuracy of the proposed DQ-DTA model is about 6% higher than that of the chosen STA models.
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Novika, Chandra Fertilia, and Ika Anggraeni Elfera. "RISK ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION WORK IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS OF 6 (SIX) TOLL ROADS IN THE CITY TO IMPROVE TIME PERFORMANCE." Neutron 19, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/neutron.v19i2.35.
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The Jakarta inner ring toll road is a toll road that surrounds the inner city of Jakarta. Due to the dense number of vehicles and traffic congestion on the existing inner-city toll roads, the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government plans to increase the number of inner-city toll roads to 6 sections. The project development begins with Section 1A, namely from Kelapa Gading - Pulo Gebang. At present development is still at the stage of foundation work where progress in October 2019 only reached 80.97% of the target of 100%. The work has been delayed and has been extended 2 times. From these problems, this study was conducted to analyze the high risks that affect the time performance of foundation work and corrective and preventive actions. In this study data collection was carried out by distributing 4-step questionnaires, namely expert validation, pilot survey, respondents, and final expert validation. Risk ranking is analyzed using MS. Excel is based on a probability and impact matrix table that aims to determine variables that have a high level of risk. From the results of data analysis, 4 variables fall into the high-risk category, namely the problem of land acquisition, work location is not ready, work drawings are not ready, and the core staff of the project is less competent. The results of expert recommendations for the four variables can be stated in preventive and corrective actions.
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Kim, Seong Ho, Won Ho Suh, and Jun Gin Kim. "Airport Access Road Traffic Demand Estimation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 1356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.1356.
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For most traffic engineering studies, traffic flows are usually analyzed and evaluated on hourly basis. However few studies have been performed that estimate the number of traffic volumes made to an airport as a function of air passengers by time of day. The objective of this paper is to develop a mathematical model which forecasts hourly traffic volume by using hourly airport operation data along with airport user characteristics data. An analytical model was developed. This model can be used to (1) predict the number of vehicles queued at airport entrances intersection or toll plaza, (2) predict optimum toll lane staffing, and (3) analyze the level of congestion on the roadway for different levels of air passenger demand in future.
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Wibisono, Endro. "Analisis Kinerja Simpang Bersinyal di Simpang Papar Untuk Perencanaan Jalan Tol Kertosono-Kediri." UKaRsT 3, no. 2 (November 12, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/ukarst.v3i2.492.
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The Papar intersection is a very congested route because the location is in the Kertosono-Kediri toll road planning area for the economic distribution of the Western and Southern East Java Provinces. There needs to be a traffic engineering management so that the intersection is not increasingly saturated. As a benchmark is the forecasting of traffic performance carried out for 2 years from 2019 to 2021. The intersection of the Simpang Papar due to the construction of the Kertosono-Kediri toll road will decrease the value of the DS by developing the Kertosono-Kediri toll road so that the DS value is below 1 (one). The lowest 2021 DS is 0.17, while the highest DS is 0.46. Based on the results of forecasting, the intersection of Papar after the construction of the Kertosono - Kediri toll road has increased the volume of traffic along with the growth in vehicle numbers. The lowest 2045 DS year is 0.94, while the highest DS is 2.51. The solution to dealing with traffic congestion in the year 2045 is by traffic monitoring, especially the signal settings and vehicle restrictions. Keywords— traffic performance, degree of saturation, signal intersection, toll planning
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Gifford, Jonathan L., and Scott W. Talkington. "Demand Elasticity under Time-Varying Prices: Case Study of Day-of-Week Varying Tolls on Golden Gate Bridge." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1558, no. 1 (January 1996): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155800108.
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One of the key issues in ascertaining the efficacy of various pricing schemes for managing highway traffic levels is the sensitivity of highway users to prices. The development of automatic toll collection technology (automatic vehicle identification or electronic toll and traffic management) has now made congestion pricing schemes technically feasible. The literature is relatively quiet on the specific question of the elasticity of demand with respect to changes in highway tolls, especially when tolls are time varying. Data from the Golden Gate Bridge from 1979 to 1984 are used to examine travel demand under time-varying prices. If traffic is price sensitive (elastic), then it might be possible to realize some of the potential for road pricing that has been identified in the literature. A brief overview of the literature on road pricing is provided, followed by a description of the data, model development, empirical results, and conclusions. The results include the finding that day-of-week cross elasticities are complementary; that is, increases in tolls on 1 day of the week tend to dampen traffic on other days of the week. This finding lends empirical support to claims that time-varying prices may be a viable strategy for managing traffic demand.
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Nahry and Noor Syiffa Fadillah. "The Empirical Study on the Impact of Road Gradient and Truck Composition on the Toll Road Traffic Performance." E3S Web of Conferences 65 (2018): 09003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186509003.
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The Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR) is a toll road system that circles the outskirts of Jakarta, where the purpose of this road is to reduce congestion on the street network of the city centre of Jakarta. However, the high composition of trucks in JORR resulted in congestion, and moreover it is suspected that the steep gradient of this road has contributed to this situation. This study aims to investigate the impact of road gradient on the trucks and the overall traffic performance from macroscopic view point. This study is the complement to a similar study that has been done in JORR previously, to confirm the result. The previous study was based on the Vissim simulation, while this paper will be entirely focused on an empirical study. Using the data obtained from 24-hour traffic recording on selected JORR sections that represent various gradients, traffic flow models are generated, and the effect of gradient could be assessed. The speed difference between trucks and non-trucks shows 56.2%~127% gap as the result of different gradient occurred. The overall free flow speed (uf) difference of different gradient is up to 27.3%. This result will benefit to the transport authority to justify the policy concerning the existence of trucks in the traffic flow, particularly in the condition at which trucks are regarded as a culprit of traffic congestion.
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Brueckner, Jan K. "Airport Congestion When Carriers Have Market Power." American Economic Review 92, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 1357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024548.
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This paper analyzes airport congestion when carriers are nonatomistic, showing how the results of the road-pricing literature are modified when the economic agents causing congestion have market power. The analysis shows that when an airport is dominated by a monopolist, congestion is fully internalized, yielding no role for congestion pricing under monopoly conditions. Under a Cournot oligopoly, however, carriers are shown to internalize only the congestion they impose on themselves. A toll that captures the uninternalized portion of congestion may then improve the allocation of traffic. The analysis is supported by some rudimentary empirical evidence.
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Li, Xijie, Ying Lv, Wei Sun, and Li Zhou. "Cordon- or Link-Based Pricing: Environment-Oriented Toll Design Models Development and Application." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010258.
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This study focuses on an environment-friendly toll design problem, where an acceptable road network performance is promised. First, a Traffic Performance Index (TPI)-based evaluation method is developed to help identify the optimal congestion level and the management target of a transportation system. Second, environment-oriented cordon- and link-based road toll design models are respectively proposed through the use of bi-level programming. Both upper-level submodel objectives are to minimize gross revenue (the total collected toll minus the emissions treatment cost) under different pricing strategies. Both lower-level submodels quantify the user equilibrium (UE) condition under elastic demand. Moreover, the TPI-related constraints for the management requirements of the network performance are incorporated into the bi-level programming modeling framework, which can lead to 0–1 mixed integer bi-level nonlinear programming for toll design problems. Accordingly, a genetic algorithm-based heuristic searching method is proposed for the two pricing models. The proposed cordon- and link-based pricing models were then applied to a real-world road network in Beijing, China. The effects of the toll schemes generated from the two models were compared in terms of emissions reduction and congestion mitigation. In this study, it was indicated that a higher total collected toll may lead to more emissions and related treatment costs. Tradeoffs existed between the toll scheme, emissions reduction, and congestion mitigation.
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Al-Deek, H., T. W. P. Lochrane, C. V. Srinivasa Ravi Chandra, and A. Khattak. "Diversion during unexpected congestion on toll roads: the role of traffic information displayed on dynamic message signs." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 6, no. 2 (2012): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2010.0163.
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Burris, Mark, and Chris Swenson. "Planning Lee County’s Variable-Pricing Program." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1617, no. 1 (January 1998): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1617-09.
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Congestion (or variable) pricing can be described as the charging of more for goods or services during periods of peak demand. In theory, this practice would prove beneficial as a travel demand management tool when setting fares on toll roads and bridges. However, in practice, it has proven extremely difficult to implement in the United States. Many of the planning issues and solutions found during the early phases of a variablepricing pilot study currently being conducted in Lee County, Florida, are examined. Also examined is the electronic toll collection system being implemented in conjunction with variable pricing. The planned variablepricing scheme is detailed, along with how this publicly and politically palatable pricing scheme was derived. Data collection efforts, which include origin-destination surveys, focus groups, mail-back surveys, videotaping of traffic, and detailed traffic counts are described to emphasize the substantial effort undertaken to obtain accurate and meaningful variable-pricing traffic behavioral data that can be applied across the country. A summary of work to date and an overview of the next steps toward implementation of the variable-pricing program in Lee County are presented.
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Sonnleitner, Erik, Oliver Barth, Alexander Palmanshofer, and Marc Kurz. "Traffic Measurement and Congestion Detection Based on Real-Time Highway Video Data." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 6270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186270.
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Since global road traffic is steadily increasing, the need for intelligent traffic management and observation systems is becoming an important and critical aspect of modern traffic analysis. In this paper, we cover the development and evaluation of a traffic measurement system for tracking, counting and classifying different vehicle types based on real-time input data from ordinary highway cameras by using a hybrid approach including computer vision and machine learning techniques. Moreover, due to the relatively low framerate of such cameras, we also present a prediction model to estimate driving paths based on previous detections. We evaluate the proposed system with respect to different real-life road situations including highway-, toll station- and bridge-cameras and manage to keep the error rate of lost vehicles under 10%.
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Suyadi, Dadang, and Rakha Imaulanda. "ANALISIS TINGKAT PELAYANAN JALAN MENGGUNAKAN PERANGKAT LUNAK VISSIM PADA SIMPANG BERSINYAL CISALAK, KOTA DEPOK." LOGISTIK 12, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/logistik.v12i2.17604.
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The intersection of the Cisalak I toll gate in Depok City is the intersection that connects the road. Ir. H. Juanda, Jalan Raya Bogor, Jalan Gas Alam, and of course the Cisalak I highway exit & exit. By having 6 intersection arms, of course there are many traffic conflicts that occur at the Cisalak I toll gate intersection, one of which is a delay in the intersection arm long so that congestion in each intersection during rush hour always occurs and coupled with the cycle time of the traffic light which takes quite a long time so the long queue occurs. The purpose of this study is to know more about the performance of the traffic. The method used is to observe directly to the research location by observing the volume of vehicles with various types, the phase current of the vehicle passing at the intersection, and the cycle time of the traffic light, and by using Vissim software as modeling and getting the results of the count. The results of the study found capacity on the Bogor Highway (Jakarta direction) with a total of 771.69 , Jalan Ir. H. Juanda is 542.92, Bogor Highway (Bogor direction) is 612.21, and Cijago / Cisalak & Natural Gas Toll Road is 538. and the value of degree of saturation in each intersection is Highway Bogor (direction Jakarta) amounting to 2.96, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda is 3.52, Bogor Highway (Bogor direction) is 2.77, and Cijago / Cisalak & Gas Alam Toll Road is 2.95, so the level of service results in all F crossing arms which means the congestion condition takes up the duration long enough.
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Zhu, Haiyan, Hongzhi Guan, Yan Han, and Wanying Li. "Can Road Toll Convince Car Travelers to Adjust Their Departure Times? Accounting for the Effect of Choice Behavior under Long and Short Holidays." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410470.
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The adjustment of road toll is an important measure that can alleviate road traffic congestion by convincing car travelers to travel during off-peak times. In order to reduce congestion on the expressway on the first day of a holiday, factors that affect the departure times of holiday travelers must be comprehensively understood to determine the best strategy to persuade car travelers to avoid peak travel times. This paper takes holiday car travelers as the research object and explores the characteristics and rules of departure time choice behavior for different holiday lengths. Based on Utility Maximization Theory, a multinomial logit (MNL) model of departure time choice for a three-day short holiday and a seven-day long holiday was established. Model calibration and elastic analysis were carried out using Revealed Preference/Stated Preference (RP/SP) survey data. Additionally, the influence of the highway toll policy on departure times for long and short holidays was analyzed. The results show that the rate of first-day departures is much higher than that of other departure times for both short and long vacations under the current policy of free holiday passage on highways. Factors such as trip duration, size of the tourist group, the number of visits, travel range, travel time, monthly income, occupation, age and road toll have a significant influence on the departure time decisions of holiday car travelers, and the effect and degree of influence are markedly different for different holiday lengths. The effects of tolls for each departure time and different pricing scenarios on the choice behavior of travelers are different between long and short holidays. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the road toll policy also varies for travelers with different travel distances. This study can provide useful information for the guidance of holiday travelers, the management of holiday tolls on expressways and the formulation of holiday leave time.
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JETTO, K., H. EZ-ZAHRAOUY, and A. BENYOUSSEF. "THE INVESTIGATION OF THE TRAFFIC FLOW BEHAVIOR IN TOLLBOOTHS USING CELLULAR AUTOMATON MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics C 19, no. 06 (June 2008): 903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183108012583.
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Tollbooths are used to collect tolls and to control traffic flow. However, the presence of these tollbooths will slow down traffic, especially in heavily traveled roads. As a consequence, drivers and goods will spend more time and fuel waiting in a long queue. Unfortunately, there are a few papers in the literature, which have been addressed the effect of tollbooths on the traffic flow; whereas in this paper is, the properties of traffic flow inside the tollbooths are investigated. The proposed cellular automaton traffic model, with open boundaries, is based on some changing lane rules, which are inspired on the situations inside the toll plaza. The vehicles enter the plaza with an injecting rate α, and they leave with an extracting rate β, which is inversely proportional to the time service Tw. The simulation results show the existence of three phases in the phase diagram (α, β), namely: the low density phase, the congested phase, and the jamming phase. Furthermore, it is found that the vehicles does not spend the same time Tm in the plaza, even if they have the same time service. This analysis states clearly that the existence of the congested phase and the fluctuation Tm are due to the non-zero values of the probability P of changing the lane. Such phenomena disappear when P = 0, i.e., the drivers move without changing their lane. In other words, the human behavior (spontaneous changing lanes) is responsible for the congestion observed in the tollbooth.
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atherly, Deborah W. M. "Stream-of-Traffic Interview Truck Survey: Methodology and Recommendations on Traffic Volume Thresholds." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1522, no. 1 (January 1996): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152200103.
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Truck survey methods vary in the response rates they generate and in their coverage, accuracy, and cost. Roadside intercept/interview surveys enjoy representation, coverage, and response-rate advantages compared with phone/mail surveys, but in practice they are frequently restricted to weigh stations, toll plazas, and similar controlled facilities. A roadside truck interview survey for Berks County, Pa. was conducted within the stream of traffic in conjunction with distribution of a postcard automobile survey. Over 1,000 interviews conducted throughout the county at five cordon locations representing key two-lane and four-lane roads were compiled. The sampling rate exceeded 22 percent, and valid response rates were approximately 98 percent. The information obtained was limited in detail but was sufficient to achieve the study objectives of estimating major internal-external, external-internal, and external-external truck movement patterns for Berks county. The study was not intended to identify internal-internal trips. The purpose, methodology, and advantages and disadvantages of the approach are discussed, and the focus is on the traffic congestion element. Surveys were conducted within a single lane in each direction, restricting traffic flows. At certain traffic volumes (roughly 200 vehicles per 15 min) delays became a significant problem, including several periods during which surveys were not conducted to alleviate traffic backups. The conclusion suggests using this parameter for applying the method to other locations.
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Afandizadeh Zargari, Shahriar, Hamid Mirzahossein, and Yi-Chang Chiu. "Quick Link Selection Method by Using Pricing Strategy Based on User Equilibrium for Implementing an Effective Urban Travel Demand Management." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, no. 6 (December 16, 2016): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i6.2019.
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This paper presents a two-stage model of optimization as a quick method to choose the best potential links for implementing urban travel demand management (UTDM) strategy like road pricing. The model is optimized by minimizing the hidden cost of congestion based on user equilibrium (MHCCUE). It forecasts the exact amount of flows and tolls for links in user equilibrium condition to determine the hidden cost for each link to optimize the link selection based on the network congestion priority. The results show that not only the amount of total cost is decreased, but also the number of selected links for pricing is reduced as compared with the previous toll minimization methods. Moreover, as this model just uses the traffic assignment data for calculation, it could be considered as a quick and optimum solution for choosing the potential links.
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Gupta, Samarth, Ravi Seshadri, Bilge Atasoy, A. Arun Prakash, Francisco Pereira, Gary Tan, and Moshe Ben-Akiva. "Real-Time Predictive Control Strategy Optimization." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 3 (February 24, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120907903.
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Urban traffic congestion has led to an increasing emphasis on management measures for more efficient utilization of existing infrastructure. In this context, this paper proposes a novel framework that integrates real-time optimization of control strategies (tolls, ramp metering rates, etc.) with the generation of traffic guidance information using predicted network states for dynamic traffic assignment systems. The efficacy of the framework is demonstrated through a fixed demand dynamic toll optimization problem, which is formulated as a non-linear program to minimize predicted network travel times. A scalable efficient genetic algorithm that exploits parallel computing is applied to solve this problem. Experiments using a closed-loop approach are conducted on a large-scale road network in Singapore to investigate the performance of the proposed methodology. The results indicate significant improvements in network-wide travel time of up to 9% with real-time computational performance.
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Yusuf, Nahry, and Grace Helen Yuliana Tambun. "The impact of truck access restriction on toll road traffic performance." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927603013.
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The freight vehicle access restriction policy in 2011 has had an impact on the performance of the Jakarta Intra Urban Toll way (JIUT) system. Though most of the truck operators are not in favour of this policy, truck restriction has become common strategy to reduce congestion in many cities in the world. The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of the existence of trucks in the traffic stream on the JIUT system. The analysis will show the impact of access restriction on the toll road performance from a macroscopic point of view, which is represented by the speed - flow - density model. The model will be calibrated by the data of 24-hour observation in a certain segment of JIUT. The model when the trucks are prohibited to use in that condition will be compared to the one when the trucks are allowed to travel. The difference between both models will indicate the impact of the policy. The comparison between both conditions shows a 28.17% better speed performance based on free flow speed and 28.17% higher efficiency at maximum flow rate. This study will benefit the toll operator as well as local transport authority in making decisions on similar policy in order to gain a more optimal advantage of the implementation.
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Azeez, Omer, Biswajeet Pradhan, and Helmi Shafri. "Vehicular CO Emission Prediction Using Support Vector Regression Model and GIS." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 3434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103434.
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Transportation infrastructures play a significant role in the economy as they provide accessibility services to people. Infrastructures such as highways, road networks, and toll plazas are rapidly growing based on changes in transportation modes, which consequently create congestions near toll plaza areas and intersections. These congestions exert negative impacts on human health and the environment because vehicular emissions are considered as the main source of air pollution in urban areas and can cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In this study, we developed a hybrid model based on the integration of three models, correlation-based feature selection (CFS), support vector regression (SVR), and GIS, to predict vehicular emissions at specific times and locations on roads at microscale levels in an urban areas of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The proposed model comprises three simulation steps: first, the selection of the best predictors based on CFS; second, the prediction of vehicular carbon monoxide (CO) emissions using SVR; and third, the spatial simulation based on maps by using GIS. The proposed model was developed with seven road traffic CO predictors selected via CFS (sum of vehicles, sum of heavy vehicles, heavy vehicle ratio, sum of motorbikes, temperature, wind speed, and elevation). Spatial prediction was conducted based on GIS modelling. The vehicular CO emissions were measured continuously at 15 min intervals (recording 15 min averages) during weekends and weekdays twice per day (daytime, evening-time). The model’s results achieved a validation accuracy of 80.6%, correlation coefficient of 0.9734, mean absolute error of 1.3172 ppm and root mean square error of 2.156 ppm. In addition, the most appropriate parameters of the prediction model were selected based on the CFS model. Overall, the proposed model is a promising tool for traffic CO assessment on roads.
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Mufhidin, Amar, and Eviani Subiastuti. "Traffic Analysis Due To Development on Off Ramp Becakayu Highway." IJTI (International Journal of Transportation and Infrastructure) 4, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijti.v4i1.1163.
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The kalimalang highway is a connecting road between the city of Jakarta and Bekasi, the high mobility of passenger vehicles and goods is a problem of congestion that must be minimized. The volume of vehicles on the Kalimalang highway has increased quite high each year, but this has not been matched by growth in capacity. Therefore the government plants to build the Becakayu toll road to reduce congestion. This study aims to determine bottlenecks that occur due to the construction of an off-ramp on the Becakayu toll road, especially in section 2A, which is located on Jl. Veteran, while the location under review is the intersections affected by the construction of the off-ramp including the intersection of four signaling BCP, intersection of four signaling Veteran and Sarbini unsigned intersection, Data analysis in this study uses the MKJI 1997 method. From this method displays the behavior of traffic, for signal intersections will display signal time, capacity, vehicle stopped ratio, queue length, and average delay and for unsignalized intersections will display capacity, average delay and queue opportunity. From the results of this study it was found that the signaled intersection had an average value of DS > 1, so for the service level at the intersection is the current forced / jammed with low speed. Where the largest queue length occurred 1876.7 m, an average delay of 210.30 SMP/ sec, and vehicles stopped at an average of 7378 SMP/hour. And for unsignalized intersections having an average DS <0.45, the service level at the intersection is a stable flow with operating speed starting to be limited by traffic conditions, this intersection has the greatest queue probability (QP%) 8.48-20.35 in the Saturday time period - afternoon and intersection delay 9.5 SMP / sec.
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Cahyono, Muhammad Shofwan Donny, Adhi Muhtadi, and R. Endro Wibisono. "Analisis Kinerja Simpang Tak Bersinyal di Simpang Mengkreng Untuk Perencanaan Jalan Tol Kertosono – Kediri." Ge-STRAM: Jurnal Perencanaan dan Rekayasa Sipil 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jprs.v2i2.1866.
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The mengkreng intersection is a very congested route because its location is near Nganjuk, Kediri and Jombang Regencies for the economic distribution of the West and East Java Provinces. Traffic engineering management is needed so that the intersection is not increasingly saturated. As a benchmark, traffic performance forecasting is carried out for 3 years from 2019 to 2022. Based on forecasting results, the Mengkreng intersection will decrease its DS value by carrying out the Kertosono - Kediri toll road development plan so that the DS value is below 1 (one). In 2019 the lowest DS was 0.79, while the highest DS was 1.61. While in 2022 the lowest DS is 0.45, while the highest DS is 2.72. The solution to deal with traffic congestion in 2045 is through traffic engineering and vehicle restrictions.
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Isradi, Muhammad, and Enif Asfarianto Pratama. "Performance analysis of Unsignal Intersection and Road section with MKJI Method 1997." IJTI (International Journal of Transportation and Infrastructure) 4, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijti.v4i1.1160.
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Intersection Telkom Jatiasih is one of the congestion point in Bekasi City. This is at leave because of the high volume of traffic and also a busy route from Bekasi to Jakarta and the surrounding area, plus the direction to the toll gate Jatiasih. There is no sign – traffic sign making of Intersection Telkom Jatiasih is an unsignable junction, this is what causes the flow of irregular vehicles causing congestion. The data retrieval method is done by surveying directly to the research site. Based on survey result in Telkom Jatiasih intersection, the highest vehicle volume accurred in the afternoon of Monday, April 29 th, 2019. Calculated results based on the field survey result data using the MKJI 1997 book guidelines, obtaining the Degree of Saturation (DS) = 1,86 with the Level Of Service F value, indicating the stopping of the vehicle current at the congestion point such as the meeting path, or repair lanes that cause a long queue of vehicles. On the road Of Wibawa Mukti II Highway – Jatiasihi the vehicle flows are still recorded stably with the Degree of Saturation (DS) = 1,16 with a Level Of Service F value which means the level of road service is still stable. From the research results get an alternative solution Telkom Jatiasih intersection is in alternative 2 because it gets a decrease in the Degree of Saturation (DS) = 1,11 with the value of the Level Of Service F which means high traffic flow condition, but Current conditions are still stable.
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Lian, Jon Inge. "The Oslo and Bergen toll rings and road-building investment – Effect on traffic development and congestion." Journal of Transport Geography 16, no. 3 (May 2008): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2007.08.004.
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Abdulla, Raed, Aden Abdillahi, and Maythem K. Abbas. "Electronic Toll Collection System based on Radio Frequency Identification System." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i3.pp1602-1610.
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This papaer entitled electronic toll collection system based on Radio Frequncy Identification System explained in detail based on current issue at toll collection system. There are some obstacles faced every day where the users spent their valuable time in queue at tollgate due to traffic congestion as well as using traditional manual method in most existing toll ETC system to collect toll from road users. Besides that, the barrier design where each vehicle stop waiting until barrier lift which consider source of time delay. To tackle stated problems, an electronic toll collection system is proposed which based on RFID technology. The integrated system consists of two main sections, electronic sides where all input data received from while database management office is where all necessary information stored. To compare the current ETC system, in this research elaborated internet of things where all data transmit through cloud and then to the main office in real time. Not only that, there is some enhancement based on barrier design where, gate is remained open for all vehicles with sufficient tags without requiring to stop to eliminate time delay.By check system throughput compare to existing toll systems, various tests have been carried out in different method where proposed system throughput much higher percentage the current system.
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Burris, Mark W., Margie W. Byers, and Chris R. Swenson. "Results of Driver Survey Investigating Intersection Queue Jumps." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1839, no. 1 (January 2003): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1839-02.
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An intersection queue jump (IQJ) can be defined as an elevated ramp or side lane that can be used by motorists normally stopped in traffic at an intersection to bypass the intersection and traffic congestion. The feasibility and ultimately the success of an IQJ depend on several factors, including the traveling public's willingness to use the queue jump. Road pricing theory and the results of a recent stated preference survey to gauge the willingness of drivers in Lee County, Florida, to pay for the use of an IQJ are examined. It was found that approximately 54% of surveyed drivers indicated a willingness to pay at least a small amount to use the IQJ. The appropriate toll level is likely between $0.25 and $0.40 per trip. Using the survey data, it was also found that the respondents' stated value of travel-time savings was approximately $5.21 per hour. The toll-price elasticity of IQJ was approximately −0.2 when the toll increased from $0.10 to $0.25, and approximately −0.4 when the toll increased from $0.25 to $0.50. Using logit modeling, it was found that certain driver characteristics, including being married with children and having a household income of less than $16,000 or more than $75,000, increased the likelihood that a driver would use the IQJ. Other characteristics, including being on a shopping trip, being more than 65 years old, and being male, decreased the likelihood that the driver would use the IQJ.
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Akter, Habiba, and Chris Phillips. "Tunnelling the Internet." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v7n1.175.
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Despite a considerable increase in Internet capacity, regional congestion is still an issue at certain times of day. Dimensioning the system to provide minimal delay under these transient conditions would be uneconomical. We therefore investigate a scheme that allows end-users to selectively exploit a sequence of mini-tunnels along a path from their origin to a chosen destination. Such tunnels can be advertised centrally through a broker, with the cooperation of the Autonomous System (AS) domain operators, similar to a driver choosing to use a toll road to avoid potential congestion. It is thus a type of loose source routing. The approach avoids the need for inter-operator cooperation, although such cooperation could enable extending tunnels across AS peers. We explore the benefit in delay reduction for a given concentration of tunnels within a portion of the Internet. We show that a relatively small number of tunnels can provide worthwhile improvements in performance. We consider both when tunnels are randomly distributed and when they are provided close to an AS domain of interest, where traffic congestion is more likely. In this latter case, even a relatively small number of tunnels can benefit a reasonable number of users across a large region.
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Caggiani, Leonardo, Rosalia Camporeale, and Michele Ottomanelli. "Planning and Design of Equitable Free-Floating Bike-Sharing Systems Implementing a Road Pricing Strategy." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3182387.
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Promoting a more sustainable development of urban realities is one of the most important goals of the recent decades. One possible strategy to undertake in order to achieve this objective is the implementation of a road pricing: tolling private cars when passing by certain roads of the network could be a way to tone down the traffic congestion and, at the same time, encourage the shifting towards more sustainable means of transport. In this context, we suggest a method to distribute in a fair way the outcomes/revenues of this pricing strategy. In particular, we propose to design a free-floating bike-sharing system whose resources could be allocated in the territory according to spatial and social equity principles. The relation between the amount of the tolls, the number of days of application of the policy, and the pursued equity is investigated, and both a numerical application (to a test network and to a real case study) and a sensitivity analysis in support of the method are enclosed.
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Levinson, David, and Andrew Odlyzko. "Too expensive to meter: the influence of transaction costs in transportation and communication." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1872 (March 6, 2008): 2033–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0022.
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Technology appears to be making fine-scale charging (as in tolls on roads that depend on time of day or even on current and anticipated levels of congestion) increasingly feasible. Such charging also appears to be increasingly desirable, as traffic on roads continues to grow and costs and public opposition limit new construction. Similar incentives towards fine-scale charging also appear to be operating in communications and other areas, such as electricity usage. Standard economic theory supports such measures and technology is being developed and deployed to implement them. But their spread is not very rapid and their prospects for the future are uncertain. This paper presents a collection of sketches, ranging from ancient history to very recent developments, that illustrate the costs that charging imposes. Some of those costs are explicit (in terms of the monetary costs to users and the costs of implementing the charging mechanisms). Others are implicit, such as the time or the mental processing costs of users. These argue that the case for fine-scale charging is not unambiguous and that in many cases such charging may lead to undesirable outcomes.
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Gritsenko, Sergiy, and Iryna Vinichenko. "Prospects and opportunities for using foreign experience for the development of intellectual transportation systems in Ukraine." Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2020-4-5.
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The study aims to determine the prospects and possibilities of using foreign experience for the development of intelligent transport systems in Ukraine. The article deals with the history of the emergence of intelligent transport systems in the world. We have investigated the prerequisites and promising directions for developing the global market of intelligent transport systems: traffic management, road safety, and supervision; cargo management; automotive telematics; parking management; automated vehicles. The main players in the field of business in this market have been identified. It is systematized for the adaptation of countries that are developing due to the features of the European ITS architecture, the US ITS architecture, the Japanese national ITS architecture, which are designed to improve the lives of citizens. Variants of using information and navigation systems in the framework of European projects on the example of cities are proposed. In the example of the European Union, the stages of implementation of the ITS architecture are considered, and how this affects the congestion of roads in large cities. The creation of a unified architecture of ITS allows you to control: the level of transport safety in transport and road traffic; energy consumption and environmental impact; networks of logistics systems for passenger service and cargo handling; management of transport, road construction, and repair works, parking places, collection of road tolls, equipment for improving personal services of road users. We have substantiated the necessity of using an integrated approach to improve the digitalization and intellectualization of transport systems, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages, has been substantiated. Conceptual approaches to the digitization of transport are generalized, closely related to logistics IT systems and the network of local roads. The theoretical basis of the level of intellectualization of the Ukrainian transport systems in comparison with foreign ones has been studied, the expediency of the possibility of developing this sphere in Ukraine with the implementation of the project "Transparent infrastructure" has been proved. The organizational and economic principles of the use of intelligent transport systems of the countries of the world for solving a wide range of problems have been determined: transmission of information in real-time for travelers, namely, traffic schedules, information on delays; entrance fee for the passage of vehicles to the area of the city; accident management; an electronic collection of duties. The legislative framework and the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 are considered. The real results of the development of transport systems that are already being implemented in Ukrainian cities are displayed. A network of "smart roads" will be built in Ukraine. To implement this task, high-quality fiber-optic communications are needed, which will pass along the roads, which will allow the introduction of intelligent transport systems. The use of the world's leading experience in the implementation of intelligent transport systems is strategic for Ukraine, determines its competitiveness in the world market, and meets the requirements of integrating the national transport network into the Trans-European transport network.
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Putra, Kurnia Hadi, and Faisal Rosih Alfanan. "Simulasi Manajemen dan Rekayasa Lalulintas Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Simpang Tiga Tak Bersinyal Pada Jalan Jatiraya – Kahuripan Nirwana Kabupaten Sidoarjo (Management and Traffic Engineering Simulation to Improve The Unsignalised Intersection Performance on Jalan Jatiraya – Kahuripan Nirwana Kabupaten Sidoarjo)." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 1, no. 01 (December 28, 2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v1i01.3742.
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AbstractUnsignalised 3-way intersection at Jati Raya – Kahuripan Nirvana streets is an area with high traffic congestion. It caused by the increasing of vehicle volume at rush hour. In addition, the surrounded area of the intersection is a commercial area with a dense population and the intersection is also the main access to the toll road. To deal with these conditions, management and traffic engineering need to be done. The method of field surveys is conducted to obtain primary data and the existing condition. All the traffic data is obtained from the number of vehicles passing through the intersection for four days (27-30 May 2016). Then, all the data is recapitulated and calculated using the formula of Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual 1997. As the result, it can be concluded that the 3-way intersection at Jati Raya – Kahuripan Nirvana has the degree of saturation (DS) 1.23. This value is far from the one suggested by MKJI 1997 for the unsignalized 3-way intersection, i.e. DS = 0.85. Therefore, management and traffic engineering are conducted to overcome these conditions. The fourth alternative shows the DS 0,51 with Level of Service C.Keywords: Unsignalised Intersection, Degree of Saturation, Management and Traffic Engineering AbstrakSimpang tiga tak bersinyal pada jalan Jati Raya – Kahuripan Nirwana merupakan daerah yang sering mengalami kemacetan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan lalu lintas yang cukup tinggi, selain itu disekitar simpang merupakan daerah komersil, pemukiman penduduk dan akses menuju jalan tol. Dalam mengatasi permasalahan pada simpang digunakan manajemen dan rekayasa lalu lintas. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei lapangan untuk mendapatkan data primer dan kondisi eksisting. Data lalu lintas diperoleh dari jumlah kendaraan yang melintasi simpang selama empat hari (27-30 Mei 2016). Kemudian data tersebut diolah dengan perhitungan Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (MKJI) 1997. Dari hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa simpang jalan Jati Raya – Kahuripan Nirwana memiliki nilai Derajat Kejenuhan (DS) = 1,23 dengan Level Of Service LOS (F) . Nilai itu jauh dari nilai yang disarankan oleh MKJI 1997 untuk simpang tak bersinyal yaitu DS = 0,85. Oleh karena itu dilakukan beberapa alternatif solusi manajemen dan rekayasa lalu lintas. Dalam mengatasi kemacetan diambil alternatif solusi yang menghasilkan derajat kejenuhan (DS) paling kecil dengan nilai = 0,51 dengan Level Of Service LOS (C) yang terjadi pada alternatif empat.Kata kunci: Simpang tak bersinyal, Derajat Kejenuhan, Manajemen rekayasa lalulintas
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McDONALD, JOHN F. "PIGOU, KNIGHT, DIMINISHING RETURNS, AND OPTIMAL PIGOUVIAN CONGESTION TOLLS." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 35, no. 3 (July 30, 2013): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837213000217.
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Arthur Pigou introduced the iconic two-road model in the first edition of The Economics of Welfare (1920), and it has been thought that this model was intended to demonstrate the need for Pigouvian taxes to mitigate traffic congestion. However, Pigou’s intention was to show that efficient output for industries subject to decreasing returns required a tax on output. Pigou was incorrect, but the two-road model (correctly considered) became the starting point for the analysis of traffic congestion in the 1950s. This paper recounts the doctrinal history of decreasing returns industries and the two-road model.
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Memon, Reena Majid, and Ravindar Kumar Khiani. "Traffic Congestion Issues, Perceptions, Experience and Satisfaction of Car Drivers/Owners on Urban Roads." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 39, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2003.04.
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Traffic congestion is a major issue of Asian megacities which causes the irritation, anger and frustrations among drivers and owners of vehicles during driving in these cities. This paper aims at understanding traffic congestion issues from the perception and experiences of car drivers and owners and their satisfaction level concerning accessibility of circulation within urban roads of Karachi. The issues addressed in this respect are road construction, traffic flow, road crossing, shopping malls along roads, traffic blockage due to VIP movement, congestion during school timing, animal presence on roads, traffic police behavior, marriage halls along the roads, peak hour traffic jams, traffic jams during sociopolitical and religious rallies, road disputes, traffic congestion due to young inexperienced drivers, alternate road availability and pedestrian bridges. The method of investigating these issues is through 42 questionnaire surveys with car drivers and car owners from June to October 2018 on urban roads of Karachi. The analysis of feedback from respondents showed that, more than 90% respondents were satisfied with construction of pedestrian bridges and annoyed with sociopolitical and religious rallies on main urban roads. More than 80% respondents were satisfied with marriage halls along the roads, felt congestion during peak hours and preferred alternate routes to go home. More than 70% agreed that, young and inexperienced drivers cause traffic congestion and felt unsatisfied and displeased with disputes on the streets among residents, traffic police and drivers. More than 60% respondents were satisfied with the road construction but annoyed with VIP protocol and felt congestion during school timings and quite uncomfortable while crossing the road. More than 50% respondents were unsatisfied with shopping malls on both sides of the road, presence of animals on main roads and behavior of traffic police during traffic jams. Finally, concerning traffic flow the respondents were equally divided in their perception. Thus this research presents a detailed perspective of people regarding traffic congestion issues in Karachi for the appropriate response by decision makers of urban transport planning and urban traffic management institutions in city.
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Mun, Se-il. "Traffic jams and the congestion toll." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 28, no. 5 (October 1994): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(94)90035-3.
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Priambodo, Bagus, Azlina Ahmad, and Rabiah Abdul Kadir. "Spatio-temporal K-NN prediction of traffic state based on statistical features in neighbouring roads." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 9059–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201493.
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Traffic congestion on a road results in a ripple effect to other neighbouring roads. Previous research revealed existence of spatial correlation on neighbouring roads. Similar traffic patterns with regards to day and time can be seen amongst roads in a neighbouring area. Presently, nonlinear models of neural network are applied on historical data to predict traffic congestion. Even though neural network has successfully modelled complex relationships, more time is needed to train the network. A non-parametric approach, the k-nearest neighbour (K-NN) is another method for forecasting traffic condition which can capture the nonlinear characteristics of traffic flow. An earlier study has been done to predict traffic flow using K-NN based on connected roads (both downstream and upstream). However, impact of road congestion is not only to connected roads, but also to roads surrounding it. Surrounding roads that are impacted by road congestion are those having ‘high relationship’ with neighbouring roads. Thus, this study aims to predict traffic state using K-NN by determining high relationship roads within neighbouring roads. We determine the highest relationship neighbouring roads by clustering the surrounding roads by combining grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) with k-means. Our experiments showed that prediction of traffic state using K-NN based on high relationship roads using both GLCM and k-means produced better accuracy than using k-means only.
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Priambodo, Bagus, Azlina Ahmad, and Rabiah Abdul Kadir. "Prediction of Average Speed Based on Relationships Between Neighbouring Roads Using K-NN and Neural Network." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 16, no. 01 (January 21, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v16i01.11671.
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For decades, various algorithms to predict traffic flow have been developed to address traffic congestion. Traffic congestion or traffic jam occurs as a ripple effect from a road congestion in the neighbouring area. Previous research shows that there is a spatial correlation between traffic flow in neighbouring roads. Similar traffic pattern is observed between roads in a neighbouring area with respect to day and time. Currently, time series models and neural network models are widely applied to predict traffic flow and traffic congestion based on historical data. However, studies on relationships between road segments in a neighbouring area are still limited. It is important to investigate these relationships because they can assist drivers in avoiding roads which are impacted by road congestion. Also, the result can be used to improve the accuracy of prediction of traffic flow. Hence, this study investigates relationships of roads in a neighbouring area based on similarity of traffic condition. Traffic condition is influenced by number of vehicles and average speed of vehicles. In our study, clustering method is used to divide the speed of traffic into four (4) categories: very congested, congested, clear and very clear. We used k-means clustering method to cluster condition of traffic flow on road segments. Then, we applied the k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) method to classify the traffic condition in neighbouring roads. From the classification of traffic condition in neighbouring roads, we then determine the relationship between road segments. We presented the road with highest relationship on the map and used it as input factor to predict traffic speed of the road using neural network. Results show that combination of k-means and k-NN method produced better results than using both, correlation method and using the k-means method only.
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Dong, Hongzhao, Shuai Ma, Mingfei Guo, and Dongxu Liu. "Research on Analysis Method of Traffic Congestion Mechanism Based on Improved Cell Transmission Model." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/854654.
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To analyze the spreading regularity of the initial traffic congestion, the improved cell transmission model (CTM) is proposed to describe the evolution mechanism of traffic congestion in regional road grid. Ordinary cells and oriented cells are applied to render the crowd roads and their adjacent roads. Therefore the traffic flow could be simulated by these cells. Resorting to the proposed model, the duration of the initial traffic congestion could be predicted and the subsequent secondary congestion could be located. Accordingly, the spatial diffusion of traffic congestion could be estimated. At last, taking a road network region of Hangzhou city as an example, the simulation experiment is implemented to verify the proposed method by PARAMICS software. The result shows that the method could predict the duration of the initial congestion and estimate its spatial diffusion accurately.