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Journal articles on the topic 'Toḷḷāyiram (The Tamil word)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Keane, Elinor. "Prominence in Tamil." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36, no. 1 (May 18, 2006): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100306002337.

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This paper investigates whether or not there are phonetic correlates of prominence at the word level in Tamil that can be associated with word-initial stress. There is no lexically distinctive stress but there are indications in previous work – based on impressionistic judgements and experimental evidence of vowel reduction patterns – that word-initial syllables may be prominent. Sets of words containing segmentally identical syllables in different positions within the word, e.g. [nariku], [kanavu] and [w o:dina] were recorded by five speakers in a carrier phrase. The prosodic properties of the test syllables were compared to establish whether syllable position had a significant effect. No consistent results were found for either duration or loudness: their role at the word level in Tamil seems to be confined to marking intrinsic segmental and quantitative distinctions. Significant differences in F0 related to syllable position would be consistent with initial syllables bearing abstract word-level prominence. This would be marked primarily through the association of phrasal pitch accents, unaccompanied by independent differences of loudness or robust durational effects.
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2

Rojathai, S., and M. Venkatesulu. "Investigation of ANFIS and FFBNN Recognition Methods Performance in Tamil Speech Word Recognition." International Journal of Software Innovation 2, no. 2 (April 2014): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.2014040103.

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In speech word recognition systems, feature extraction and recognition plays a most significant role. More number of feature extraction and recognition methods are available in the existing speech word recognition systems. In most recent Tamil speech word recognition system has given high speech word recognition performance with PAC-ANFIS compared to the earlier Tamil speech word recognition systems. So the investigation of speech word recognition by various recognition methods is needed to prove their performance in the speech word recognition. This paper presents the investigation process with well known Artificial Intelligence method as Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBNN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The Tamil speech word recognition system with PAC-FFBNN performance is analyzed in terms of statistical measures and Word Recognition Rate (WRR) and compared with PAC-ANFIS and other existing Tamil speech word recognition systems.
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3

Pugazhendhi, D. "Tamil, Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit: Sandalwood ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬(Σανταλόξυλο) and its Semantics in Classical Literatures." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 8, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.8-3-3.

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The Greek and Tamil people did sea trade from the pre-historic times. Sandalwood is seen only in Tamil land and surrounding places. It is also one of the items included in the trade. The Greek word ‘σανταλίνων’ is first mentioned in the ancient Greek works around the middle of the first century CE. The fact that the word is related to Tamil, but the etymologist did not acknowledge the same, rather they relate it to other languages. As far as its uses are concerned, it is not found in the ancient Greek literatures. One another type of wood ‘κέδρου’ cedar is also mentioned in the ancient Greek literature with the medicinal properties similar to ‘σανταλίνων’. In the same way the use of the Hebrew Biblical word ‘Almuggim -אַלְמֻגִּ֛ים’ which is the word used for sandalwood, also denotes teak wood. This shows that in these words, there are possibilities of some semantic changes such as semantic shift or broadening. Keywords: biblical word, Greek, Hebrew, Sandalwood, Tamil
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4

Meduri, Avanthi. "Tamil Literature in Performance: Word Sound Image: The Life of the Tamil Text." Anthropology Humanism 21, no. 2 (December 1996): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ahu.1996.21.2.217.

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5

Rojathai, S., and M. Venkatesulu. "Tamil Speech Word Recognition System with Aid of ANFIS and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW)." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 6719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5619.

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It is unfortunate that though the extant Tamil speech word recognition techniques have come out successful in detecting speech words from the speech word database by means of MFCC (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients) features and FFBNN (Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network), they seem to have failed miserably to come up to expectations by generating less than desired outcomes of recital in terms of precision. Hence we have proudly launched, through this document, an innovative Tamil speech recognition technique to address the challenge by making use of novel features with ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System) based recognition method. Thus, at the outset, preprocessing is performed to cut down the noise in the input speech signals. Thereafter, feature vectors are mined from the preprocessed speech signals and furnished to the ANFIS. The epoch making technique is home to three novel features such as Energy Entropy, Short Time Energy and Zero Crossing Rate which are mined from the Tamil speech word signals and subjected to the word recognition procedure, in which, the ANFIS system is well guided by the features from feature mining task and the recognition efficiency is authenticated by using a set of test speech words. In the course of the testing stage, with a view to achieving exact outcomes, the dynamic time warping is estimated by means of the guidance and test word feature values. The performance outcomes illustrate the fact that the innovative Tamil speech word recognition technique has been able to achieve amazing efficiency in recognizing the input Tamil speech words, in addition to yielding higher levels of achievement in terms of precision. Moreover, the accomplishment of the well-conceived recognition technique is assessed and contrasted with the modern Tamil speech word recognition techniques.
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6

Kumar K., Vimal, and Divakar Yadav. "Word Sense Based Hindi-Tamil Statistical Machine Translation." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiit.2018010102.

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Corpus based natural language processing has emerged with great success in recent years. It is not only used for languages like English, French, Spanish, and Hindi but also is widely used for languages like Tamil, Telugu etc. This paper focuses to increase the accuracy of machine translation from Hindi to Tamil by considering the word's sense as well as its part-of-speech. This system works on word by word translation from Hindi to Tamil language which makes use of additional information such as the preceding words, the current word's part of speech and the word's sense itself. For such a translation system, the frequency of words occurring in the corpus, the tagging of the input words and the probability of the preceding word of the tagged words are required. Wordnet is used to identify various synonym for the words specified in the source language. Among these words, the one which is more relevant to the word specified in source language is considered for the translation to target language. The introduction of the additional information such as part-of-speech tag, preceding word information and semantic analysis has greatly improved the accuracy of the system.
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7

Ramasamy, Mohana Dass. "Tamil Advertisements And Word Choices in Radio Six." Journal of Indian Studies 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jis.vol8no1.12.

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8

Pugazhendhi, D. "Greek, Tamil and Sanskrit: Comparison between the Myths of Herakles (related with Iole and Deianira) and Rama in Hinduism." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 8, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 9–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.8-1-1.

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The Greek Historian Arrian has said that the Indians worshipped Greek Herakles. So the myths related with Greek Herakles need to be compared with the myths of the Indian Gods. There are many myths related with Herakles. The myth related with Iole and Deianira has resemblance with the myth of Rama in Hinduism and Buddhism. The word Rama which is connected with sea is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. This word came into existence in the ancient Tamil literature called Sanga Ilakkiam through the trade that happened among the people of Greek, Hebrew and Tamil. The myths of Rama that occurred in the Tamil Sangam literature later developed as epics in Sanskrit, Tamil and other languages. Further the myths of Rama also found place in religions such as the Hinduism and the Buddhism. The resemblance between Herakles, in connection with Iole and Deianira, and Rama are synonymous. Hence the Greek Herakles is portrayed as Rama in Hinduism and Buddhism. Keywords: Arrian, Buddhism, Herakles, Rama, Tamil Sangam
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9

P, Kalaiselvan. "Thol tamil samugathil Palli Sol Keatal." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-1 (June 19, 2021): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s130.

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Different beliefs and practices are found in human life from birth to death. These beliefs are created by the people and are followed and protected by the mother’s community. Man has been living with nature since ancient times. Beliefs appeared in natural human life. Hope can be traced back to ancient Tamils and still prevails in Tamil Nadu today. The hope of seeing the omen in it is found all over the world. Proverbs show that people have faith in omens. Our ancestors wrote the book 'Gauli Shastri' because the lizard omen is very important in our society. The word lizard played a major role in Tamil life during the Sangam period. It is possible to know that people have lived by the benefit of the lizard. There is hope from the public that the sound of the lizard will predict what will happen next. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the lizard word that has been around for a long time in folklore.
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10

Ferro-Luzzi, Gabriella Eichinger, and Saskia Kersenboom. "Word, Sound, Image: The Life of the Tamil Text." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3, no. 3 (September 1997): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034792.

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11

Sakuntharaj, R., and S. Mahesan. "Detecting and correcting real-word errors in Tamil sentences." Ruhuna Journal of Science 9, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/rjs.v9i2.43.

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12

Sigappi, AN, and S. Palanivel. "Spoken query based word spotting in digitized Tamil documents." AI & SOCIETY 29, no. 1 (March 21, 2013): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-013-0452-4.

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13

T.S., Santosh Kumar. "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Semantic Web for Tamil to English Statistical Machine Translation." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 5, no. 2 (November 26, 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.v5.n2.p1.

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<div><p><em> Machine Translation has been an area of linguistic research for almost more than two decades now. But it still remains a very challenging task for devising an automated system which will deliver accurate translations of the natural languages. However, great strides have been made in this field with more success owing to the development of technologies of the web and off late there is a renewed interest in this area of research. </em></p><p><em> Technological advancements in the preceding two decades have influenced Machine Translation in a considerable way. Several MT approaches including Statistical Machine Translation greatly benefitted from these advancements, basically making use of the availability of extensive corpora. Web technology web3.0 uses the semantic web technology which represents any object or resource in the web both syntactically and semantically. This type of representation is very much useful for the computing systems to search any content on the internet similar to lexical search and improve the internet based translations making it more effective and efficient.</em></p><p><em> In this paper we propose a technique to improve existing statistical Machine Translation methods by making use of semantic web technology. Our focus will be on Tamil and Tamil to English MT. The proposed method could successfully integrate a semantic web technique in the process of WSD which forms part of the MT system. The integration is accomplished by using the capabilities of RDFS and OWL into the WSD component of the MT model. The contribution of this work lies in showing that integrating a Semantic web technique in the WSD system significantly improves the performance of a statistical MT system for a translation from Tamil to English.</em></p></div><em> In this paper we assume the availability of large corpora in Tamil language and specific domain based ontologies with Tamil semantic web technology using web3.0. We are positive on the expansion and development of Tamil semantic web and subsequently infer that Tamil to English MT will greatly improve the disambiguation concept apart from other related benefits. This method could enable the enhancement of translation quality by improving on word sense disambiguation process while text is translated from Tamil to English language. This method can also be extended to other languages such as Hindi and Indian Languages.</em>
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14

Ahmad Zubair, K. M. A. "செவ்விலக்கியக் கவிதைகளில் யாப்பு முறைமைகள் : தமிழ் மற்றும் அரபிக் கவிதைகளை முன்வைத்து." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v5i1.3401.

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The Prosodical rules should be followed properly in the composition of Classical Rhymed poems/ verses in Tamil and Arabic. In both these classical languages, Tamil and Arabic; there are set of Prosodical rules. In the Prosodical elements namely syllable, poetic word pattern and stanza, we found unique similarities in both these classical poems. The aim of this article is to throw light on the similarities found in these Prosodical elements of classical Arabic and Tamil Poems.
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15

A, Akila, and Chandra E. "WORD BASED TAMIL SPEECH RECOGNITION USING TEMPORAL FEATURE BASED SEGMENTATION." ICTACT Journal on Image and Video Processing 5, no. 4 (May 1, 2015): 1037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21917/ijivp.2015.0152.

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16

Muzna, Shahnaz, and Dinushee Bakmeewewa. "Retrieval of Word Classes in Monolingual Tamil Speakers With Aphasia." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 98, no. 10 (October 2017): e104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.08.335.

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17

Bate, Bernard. "Word, Sound, Image: The Life of the Tamil Text:Word, Sound, Image: The Life of the Tamil Text." American Anthropologist 99, no. 1 (March 1997): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1997.99.1.193.

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18

P, Ganeshwari. "Religious Theory in the Thinai Grammar." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-2 (April 30, 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s223.

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The Tamil word is basic ally from the grammar of the Tamil word. The grammar system that divides world life into 'Thinai' is a very important system in Tamil. Language changes are taking place in a scientifically functioning society. The cultivation and productivity of the foundation of society have an impact on the superstructure of the society, the art, literature and culture. The religious god thought is in the life classification of the Tamil grammar which is the basis for the creation of words. The tholkappiyam period of the resurrection of the collective life is a symbol of the non-religious protodravidian ism and directly links the doctrine of God to the people. The authors of the well developed landslide society, who wrote to tholkappiyam, have also incorporated the theory of God, based on the various religious and social contexts. The Veera Choliam with buddhist background and Neminatha with Jainism link the god sandals in the higher dina. The nannul also inscribes the sanskrit influence of the deity and the naraka of the sanskrit influence, and the sanskrit influential theory of the proto Dravidian grammar of the grammar, the devar and the narakar a number of religious theories.
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19

Tyler, Stephen A. "Word, Sound, Image: The Life of the Tamil Text. Saskia Kersenboom." Journal of Anthropological Research 53, no. 1 (April 1997): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.53.1.3631126.

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20

Geetha, K., and R. Vadivel. "Phoneme Segmentation of Tamil Speech Signals Using Spectral Transition Measure." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 10, no. 1 (March 4, 2017): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst/10.01.15.

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Process of identifying the end points of the acoustic units of the speech signal is called speech segmentation. Speech recognition systems can be designed using sub-word unit like phoneme. A Phoneme is the smallest unit of the language. It is context dependent and tedious to find the boundary. Automated phoneme segmentation is carried in researches using Short term Energy, Convex hull, Formant, Spectral Transition Measure(STM), Group Delay Functions, Bayesian Information Criterion, etc. In this research work, STM is used to find the phoneme boundary of Tamil speech utterances. Tamil spoken word dataset was prepared with 30 words uttered by 4 native speakers with a high quality microphone. The performance of the segmentation is analysed and results are presented.
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21

S, Suja. "Rhetoric in Purananuru." International Research Journal of Tamil 2, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt2045.

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The word has a history; The words by nature are telling history because the nature of the word and its mechanism of action are inherent in the nature of change. These changes have been periodically taken into preferred action beyond the memory of time and society. These changes involve the development of the language itself. The grandiloquence research on the glossary of diction or phraseology that has been taking place since the last century has set the stage for the endorsing of the myth and uniqueness of Tamil in the order of world languages. This article elucidates the linguistic richness of the epistles and the villanelle compositions based on the tenuous words found in the Purananuru, alone, one of the oldest literary works in Tamil.
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22

Mahadevan, Iravatham. "Persian-Tamil inscription from āmbūr Fort." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51, no. 3 (October 1988): 540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00116544.

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I read with interest the brief report on the Persian–Tamil inscription on a stone tablet recording the reconstruction of the Āmbūr Fort in Tamilnadu, and now preserved in the Victoria and Albert Museum (BSOAS, XLIX, 3, 1986, 553–7). As a Tamil epigraphist, I was particularly interested in the Tamil text edited by J. R. Marr (ibid., 553, n. 3). Unfortunately, he has misread two words (each occurring twice), made wrong segmentations of two other words and omitted the last word in the text. These happen to be crucial words and consequently his translation has suffered. The Tamil characters of the epigraph are almost modern and they can be made out quite clearly from the excellent reproduction (ibid., pi. I). Without more ado, I proceed to furnish a revised transliteration and translation of the Tamil record with brief notes on some of the interesting expressions occurring in it.
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23

V, Sulochana. "Ethnography of Arunthathiyar in Poomani Novels (Piragu)." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-1 (June 25, 2021): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s144.

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Arunthathiyar (Arunthathiyar) or the Cobbler (Chakkiliyar) called the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana regions, which lives in the list, caste -based, are an ethnic group. These are called Dalits. In Tamil Nadu, Arundhatiyar, Sakkiliyar, Madari, Adi Andhra, Pakadai, Madhika and Thottin are also known by some other names. Out of the 18% reservation given to the downtrodden people in Tamil Nadu, the law giving 3% reservation to Arundhati was passed in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in February 2009. Sakkilyar is a Sanskrit word derived from Sakkuli which is also known as Sakkili. The Sanskrit word satkuzhi means "one who eats dead beef "or" one who eats too much meat". Often known as leather workers, whose main occupation was well-irrigated agriculture, making leather for battlefields, and sewing shoes, these people lost their traditional leather business and were relegated to the status quo. At one point in history, a group of people in all parts of India were forced into the industry through religious restrictions. Realizing this situation and with the experience of his life, author Poomani can be said to have transcended all forms of casteism, superstition, untouchability, and cults, and to have created the deepest and most compelling friendship between the dominant castes and the Sakkilians in his works and to evoke social awareness.
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24

Jagan, Balaji, Ranjani Parthasarathi, and T. V. Geetha. "Bootstrapping of Semantic Relation Extraction for a Morphologically Rich Language." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 15, no. 1 (January 2019): 119–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2019010106.

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This article focuses on the use of a bootstrapping approach for the extraction of semantic relations that exist between two different concepts in a Tamil text. The proposed system, bootstrapping approach to semantic UNL relation extraction (BASURE) extracts generic relations that exist between different components of a sentence by exploiting the morphological richness of Tamil. Tamil is essentially a partially free word order language which means that semantic relations that exist between the concepts can occur anywhere in the sentence not necessarily in a fixed order. Here, the authors use Universal Networking Language (UNL), an Interlingua framework, to represent the word-based features and aim to define UNL semantic relations that exist between any two constituents in a sentence. The morphological suffix, lexical category and UNL semantic constraints associated with a word are defined as tuples of the pattern used for bootstrapping. Most systems define the initial set of seed patterns manually. However, this article uses a rule-based approach to obtain word-based features that form tuples of the patterns. A bootstrapping approach is then applied to extract all possible instances from the corpus and to generate new patterns. Here, the authors also introduce the use of UNL ontology to discover the semantic similarity between semantic tuples of the pattern, hence, to learn new patterns from the text corpus in an iterative manner. The use of UNL Ontology makes this approach general and domain independent. The results obtained are evaluated and compared with existing approaches and it has been shown that this approach is generic, can extract all sentence based semantic UNL relations and significantly increases the performance of the generic semantic relation extraction system.
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25

A, Gurumoorthy. "Women in Pulavar Kulanthai’s Ravana Kaviyam." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21120.

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‘Porul Thodarnilai Ceyyul’ was the name given to epic before the word kāppiyam came into existence. Tamil lexicon refers ‘kāppiyam’ as Sanskrit term. Kāvyam is the word used by Sanskrit scholars for ‘kāviyam’. Ravana Kāviyam written by Pulavar Kulanthai consists of 56 padalams (Chapters) of 2828 Viruttangal i.e., poems. He adopts the story of Ramayana as it is. He is a person who follows Periyar’s ideology of self-respect, feminism etc. His passion for Tamil makes him write many of his creative writings. Periyar advised women to learn all arts, particularly the art of self-defence. Kambar had depicted Sita as Rama’s wife in his epic. The relationship of Rama and Sita varies in various Ramayanas available in India. Ravana kāviyam doesn’t deviate from the parameters of epic. It stands within its grammar. Pulavar Kulanthai portraits women characters with dignity modesty of women.
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26

Hall, T. A., and Marzena Rochoń. "Investigations in prosodic phonology : the role of the foot and the phonological word." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 19 (January 1, 2000): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.19.2000.65.

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The present volume consists of eight studies dealing with various aspects of Prosodic Phonology (see Booij 1983, Nespor & Vogel 1986 and much current work). The languages dealt with below include English, German, Italian, Luganda, Ndebele, Persian, Polish, Spanish, and Tamil.
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27

Remmiya Devi, G., M. Anand Kumar, and K. P. Soman. "Co-occurrence based word representation for extracting named entities in Tamil tweets." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 34, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): 1435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-169439.

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28

Suriyah M, Aarthy Anandan, Anitha Narasimhan, and Madhan Karky. "Isolating Word Level Rules in Tamil Language for Efficient Development of Language Tools." International Journal on Natural Language Computing 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnlc.2019.8103.

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29

Karuppaiah, Deepa, and P. M. Durai Raj Vincent. "Word Sense Disambiguation in Tamil using Indo Wordnet and Cross-Language Semantic Similarity." International Journal of Intelligent Enterprise 1, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijie.2020.10027864.

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30

Karuppaiah, Deepa, and P. M. Durai Raj Vincent. "Word sense disambiguation in Tamil using Indo-WordNet and cross-language semantic similarity." International Journal of Intelligent Enterprise 8, no. 1 (2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijie.2021.112320.

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31

JP, Sanjanasri, Vijay Krishna Menon, Soman KP, Rajendran S, and Agnieszka Wolk. "Generation of Cross-Lingual Word Vectors for Low-Resourced Languages Using Deep Learning and Topological Metrics in a Data-Efficient Way." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121372.

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Linguists have been focused on a qualitative comparison of the semantics from different languages. Evaluation of the semantic interpretation among disparate language pairs like English and Tamil is an even more formidable task than for Slavic languages. The concept of word embedding in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has enabled a felicitous opportunity to quantify linguistic semantics. Multi-lingual tasks can be performed by projecting the word embeddings of one language onto the semantic space of the other. This research presents a suite of data-efficient deep learning approaches to deduce the transfer function from the embedding space of English to that of Tamil, deploying three popular embedding algorithms: Word2Vec, GloVe and FastText. A novel evaluation paradigm was devised for the generation of embeddings to assess their effectiveness, using the original embeddings as ground truths. Transferability across other target languages of the proposed model was assessed via pre-trained Word2Vec embeddings from Hindi and Chinese languages. We empirically prove that with a bilingual dictionary of a thousand words and a corresponding small monolingual target (Tamil) corpus, useful embeddings can be generated by transfer learning from a well-trained source (English) embedding. Furthermore, we demonstrate the usability of generated target embeddings in a few NLP use-case tasks, such as text summarization, part-of-speech (POS) tagging, and bilingual dictionary induction (BDI), bearing in mind that those are not the only possible applications.
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32

Dhanam, S., and B. Elayaraj. "Ethnoveterinary Practices in Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 24 (August 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.24.1.

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Ayurvedic medicines are considered to be the best systems of treatment in India and this system is spreading now globally. Natural products are also a part of our everyday life. Ethno veterinary medicine is developed by farmers in field and barns rather than and in scientific laboratories. It is less systematic, less formalized and usually transferred by word of mouth rather than writing. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in 10 selected sites of Villupuram district. Twenty six plant species belonging to fourteen families were documented in the present study, to cure different diseases in animals. Interviews and detailed personal discussions were conducted with the traditional healers and local people to identify the plants and their medicinal information for six months. The study revealed that the different parts of these plants were used for treatment of different diseases. Leaves are the mostly used part to prepare medicine
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33

Zvelebil, K. V. "Rāvaṇa the Great in modern Tamil fiction." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 120, no. 1 (January 1988): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00164184.

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The title of this brief essay is an echo of the title of a book once famous, nowadays almost forgotten: M. S. Purnalingam Pillai, Ravana the Great: King of Lanka (Munnirpallam, 1928). The same author, in his better-known Tamil Literature (1929) wrote: “The ten-faced and twenty-armed Ravana was apparently a very intelligent and valiant hero, a cultured and highly civilized ruler, knew the Vedas and was an expert musician. He took away Sita according to the Tamilian mode of warface, had her in the Asoka woods companioned by his own niece, and would not touch her unless she consented.” With this re-evaluation of the character of Rāvaṇa goes hand in hand a milder yet decisive re-evaluation of Rāma, of Rāma's warriors, of Vibhīṣaṇa, and other dramatis personae of the great story. Vibhīṣaṇa is portrayed as “the treacherous brother or deserter of Ravana, who desired to be King by hook or by crook”, the Aryans are described as haughty, cowardly, of low morality; Rāma “has his specks”, he lacks courage and falters in crises. In contrast, Rāvaṇa is not only “a physical and an intellectual giant” but also “great administrator and leader of men, … a man of his word”.
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Nair, Vishnu KK, Britta Biedermann, and Lyndsey Nickels. "Consequences of late bilingualism for novel word learning: Evidence from Tamil–English bilingual speakers." International Journal of Bilingualism 20, no. 4 (July 26, 2016): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006914567005.

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35

Leung, Tommi. "The syntax of two types of sluicing in Tamil." Linguistic Review 35, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 35–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2017-0017.

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Abstract Recent analyses of sluicing focus on the underlying structure of the sluiced clause, i.e. sluicing as deriving from full-fledged wh-questions, or from reduced clefts (Ross 1969, Guess who? In Robert I. Binnick, Alice Davison, Georgia M. Green & Jerry L. Morgan (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 252–286. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago; Merchant 2001, The syntax of silence. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press; Craenenbroeck, Jeroen van. 2010b. The syntax of ellipsis: Evidence from Dutch dialects. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press., inter alia). In this paper, we investigate two sluicing strategies in Spoken Tamil, namely case-marked (CM) and non-case-marked (NCM) sluicing. In addition to the morphological distinction with respect to the presence/absence of grammatical case on the wh-sluice, we argue that the two types of sluicing differ in the configuration of the underlying embedded CP. For CM sluicing, the sluiced clause is derived from a full-fledged interrogative CP at the underlying level, whereas the bare wh-sluice undergoes leftward wh-scrambling to the CP-initial position followed by TP-domain deletion at PF. While we contend that most A/A’-diagnostics are uninformative of the type of operation wh-scrambling in Tamil involves (contra Sarma 2003, Non-Canonical word order: Topic and focus in adult and child tamil. In Karimi Simin (eds.), Word order and scrambling, 238–272. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell), various properties of the CM wh-sluice (e.g. scope, negation, adverb placement, multiple sluicing) can still be described by postulating that the wh-sluice involves A’-scrambling. For the second type of sluicing (NCM sluicing), the sluiced clause involves a biclausal structure formed by a normal sentence and a null copular question. We claim that the NCM wh-sluice is derived from Spad (Sluicing Plus A Demonstrative), since the null copular question can be accompanied by a demonstrative, cf. English ‘John met someone, who is that?’ and Dutch spading (Van Craenenbroeck 2010b). Spad is not derived from a full-fledged interrogative CP, and therefore its wh-sluice does not involve any scrambling operation. The present analysis of Tamil sluicing refutes the claim that reduced clefts are one underlying sluicing source in Dravidian languages, and moreover invites an inquiry of whether Dravidian as a language family in the historical sense always receives a homogeneous analysis, given the immense parametric variation among branch languages. In the same vein, we contend that any claim about the ‘principles’ of Dravidian syntax must be supported by strong cross-linguistic evidence at the microscopic level.
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36

S, Karumbayiram. "Omen - a word and its meaning." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt2133.

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Words are always coined, and the people accept them as per the circumstances. Some of those words are used in the literature. Many words which are used in literature become obsolete. Even so, some words are still used by the people. In that sense, the word nimittam, which means Omen, has been used by people from ancient times. This research aims to explore the meaning of the word with its different terminologies. Books such as Tolkappiyam, Silappathikaram, Perungkatai and Kambaramayanam mention that the purpose of the word is to say what will happen in the future. The word is also used in other forms such as Nimittu, nimittiyam. Cakuṉam, puḷ, kuṟi, cōtiṭam, ētu, cōtaṉam are the synonyms of this word. Duraisamy Pillai comments, the word sakunam is derived from sokinam. It can be seen that the word sakunam refers first to the bird and then to the sakunam associated with the bird and all sorts of sakunam (omens) throughout the time. Bull, another word, is used by the people of ancient times. This word denotes the name of this bird, which has been mentioned in ancient Tamil literature such as Naṟṟiṇai, puṟanāṉūṟu, perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai, malaipaṭukaṭām Later, like the word sakunam, it denotes the signs of bird, after some time, it is named for all kinds of signs. One can see the use of the word in Kalingathu Parani. Thus this article tries to explore the various terms which mean nimittam.
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37

Jaishankar, Karuppannan, and Puthisigamani Kosalai. "Victims of stalking in India: A study of girl college students in Tirunelveli City." Temida 10, no. 4 (2007): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0704013j.

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The word 'stalking' was not commonly known in India, until Priyadharshini Mattoo's case (1996) hit the headlines. Eve teasing, a colloquial word for gender harassment is popularly known and Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Eve-Teasing Act, 1998 on that was developed after the brutal killing of a girl named Sarika Shah in Chennai. Though, stalking is there in the past, it was not acknowledged with this terminology and it was always merged with Eve teasing. On the other hand, stalking is much graver than Eve teasing and it is an obsessive behaviour. After the Matoo's case, the Indian Criminal Justice System awoke and the National Commission for Women is ready with a draft Bill (Sexual Assault Prevention Bill) to make the Indian Penal Code more effective against the menace of stalkers. Research studies related to stalking in India are sparse and there is a need to study this phenomenon in depth. This paper presents some results from a study of stalking victims among Girl College students at Tirunelveli City, Tamil Nadu, India. In-depth questionnaire data are drawn on to investigate the course and nature of prolonged stalking in 150 self-defined victims. Findings indicate a pattern of repeated intrusions, the stalking harassment methods, lack of reporting behaviour, and effects of stalking on the victims.
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Kumar, K. Vimal, and Divakar Yadav. "Word sense-based approach for Hindi to Tamil machine translation using English as pivot language." International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms 11, no. 3/4 (2018): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2018.095468.

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K, Vimal Kumar, and Divakar Yadav. "Word Sense Based Approach for Hindi to Tamil Machine Translation Using English as Pivot Language." International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms 10, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2018.10008778.

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40

P, Prialatha, and Malar Mathi M. "Word of mouth: the key to unlock hinterland." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2012.17.

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Advertising and other promotional efforts form crucial part of rural marketing communication,that to with increasing rural prosperity, marketers are keen to inform villagers about the benefits of buying and consuming their products and services. The promotion aspects always create a challenge in rural marketsbecause of the fact that villages have thin population density and are widely spread over large remote areas.Some of the rural markets are also inaccessible to television signals and are often designated as ―media dark‖.Interpersonal communication accounts for over 80% of the rural communication process. ‗Word of Mouth‘ form of communication plays a vital role in rural consumer purchase decisions. The study was conducted among rural areas of Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu, to identify rural consumer‘s exposure to different media vehicles and to understand the importance of ‗Word of Mouth‘ in influencing rural consumer‘s purchase decision with regard to personal care products. The study throws insight into the need for positive word of mouth generation, thorough right media mix decisions targeting rural consumers. ‗Word of Mouth‘ communication rules brand building in Hinterland and the marketers foraying into it must focus on a long term effect and decide on innovative and feasible media options to capture the mind space of rural consumers.
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41

V, Muthukkalanjiyam. "Dalit feminism in cremation novel." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-1 (June 11, 2021): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s113.

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The word Dalit was a Marathi word in a common sense of oppressed people. Today, in the defined sense of the Depressed Classes, it is an all-India term and an ideology. It is a collective symbol of some of the Depressed Classes and a symbol of a cultural politics. In the Tamil context, dalit manifestations, events and its main functions have been high since the nineties. Dalit women are depressed in the grip of untouchability, denied basic rights on the basis of caste. The purpose of this article is to examine the lack of education of Dalit women in the cremation novel, the burning of corpses in the graveyard, the suffering they suffer from professionalism, the misery and difficulties suppressed by caste degradation.
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42

Premjith, B., and K. P. Soman. "Deep Learning Approach for the Morphological Synthesis in Malayalam and Tamil at the Character Level." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3457976.

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Morphological synthesis is one of the main components of Machine Translation (MT) frameworks, especially when any one or both of the source and target languages are morphologically rich. Morphological synthesis is the process of combining two words or two morphemes according to the Sandhi rules of the morphologically rich language. Malayalam and Tamil are two languages in India which are morphologically abundant as well as agglutinative. Morphological synthesis of a word in these two languages is challenging basically because of the following reasons: (1) Abundance in morphology; (2) Complex Sandhi rules; (3) The possibilty in Malayalam to form words by combining words that belong to different syntactic categories (for example, noun and verb); and (4) The construction of a sentence by combining multiple words. We formulated the task of the morphological generation of nouns and verbs of Malayalam and Tamil as a character-to-character sequence tagging problem. In this article, we used deep learning architectures like Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) , Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM) , Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) , and their stacked and bidirectional versions for the implementation of morphological synthesis at the character level. In addition to that, we investigated the performance of the combination of the aforementioned deep learning architectures and the Conditional Random Field (CRF) in the morphological synthesis of nouns and verbs in Malayalam and Tamil. We observed that the addition of CRF to the Bidirectional LSTM/GRU architecture achieved more than 99% accuracy in the morphological synthesis of Malayalam and Tamil nouns and verbs.
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43

Ramabose, K., and S. Ganesan. "A Study on Household Sector Energy Consumption of Rural and Urban Areas in Virudhunagar District of Tamil Nadu." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i1.902.

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The word “Energy” is derived from the Greek word ‘energeia’, which means ‘in work’. It is the power or capacity to do work. Energy has become an important and one of the basic infrastructures for human development and economic growth of a country. Energy is the universal measure of all kinds of work and its consumption has been increasing worldwide. It has become a basic requirement of today’s life. In fact, it is the backbone of present day civilization. Thus, with an increase in the living standard of human beings, the energy consumption is also accelerated. There is a strong correlation between standard of living and energy consumption. Any physical activity in this world, whether carried out by human beings or by nature, is caused due to the flow of energy in one form or the other? Energy is required to do any kind of work. The work output depends on the energy input. The capacity to do work depends upon the amount of energy one can control and utilise.
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44

Subbulakshmi, S. "Sambandhar - A Cognoscente in the Field of Fine-Arts." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i4.3630.

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Thirugnana Sambandhar is a multifaceted personality. He is a Saint, Poet, Philosopher, Composer, Scientist, Mathematician, Musician of the 7th century. He has no parallels in the poetic world. Indian poetry has its root dating back to the Vedic times. His poetry for decades has reflected diverse spiritual traditions within India and in many Foreign Countries. He had penned down amazing poetic structures through his mystical experience. His vision, lyrical skills, technical expertise, command over Language, Vocabulary, word-play, meters, Imagery, attitude, love towards his mother tongue are uncomparable. Ultimately he is the Epitome of Tamil Literature.
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45

K, Boopathi, and Aruchamy S. "Astronomical News in kurunthogai." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-1 (June 25, 2021): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s148.

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Science was born as the word knowledge. A society can think of distant air, planets, moon, Sun, etc., only after learning about the nature and kinetic elements of the objects around it. Among the most important of the Tamil literatures, the first of the Sangam literatures to be considered by the intellectual masses is the kurunthogai. Although the subject matter literature, the small amount, is based on the microstructures, the messages naturally referred to explain the subject matter are scientifically oriented. The purpose of this article is to take a closer look at the astronomical messages being studied in kurunthogai.
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46

Govindan, Susaritha, and Sughan Balaji. "A Study on Glaucoma Awareness and the Source of Health Information in a Rural Population of Tamil Nadu." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 01 (January 4, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/4.

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BACKGROUND Glaucoma causes progressive loss of vision and significantly affects the quality of life. In 2019 World Health Organization reported that glaucoma caused blindness in 4.5 million people and is the second most common cause of blindness worldwide. In India, nearly 1.2 million people were blind due to glaucoma of whom 90 percent remain undiagnosed in the community. The aim of this study is to assess the level of glaucoma awareness and to analyse the source of information that created awareness in a rural community. METHODS A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in a village which is an outreach field practice area of our institution in Tamil Nadu, during the month of October 2019. The total study participants were 196 and data was collected by interview method and analysed using SPSS 16v software. RESULTS Among 196 respondents 12.2 % were aware of glaucoma, 85 % were aware that it leads to blindness, 38 % had heard about glaucoma from close acquaintances through word of mouth and 3 had undergone glaucoma evaluation in an outreach camp. CONCLUSIONS This study concludes that awareness of glaucoma among the rural population continues to be poor. Hospital based awareness activity and word of mouth were the major source of information in our study group. Patients with glaucoma had better knowledge and they would play an effective role in creating awareness. Our study shows that the social media and mass media awareness campaign did not reach the rural population. KEYWORDS Glaucoma Awareness, Health Information
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47

Chari, Sharad. "Provincializing Capital: The Work of an Agrarian Past in South Indian Industry." Comparative Studies in Society and History 46, no. 4 (October 2004): 760–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417504000350.

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During the last two decades of the twentieth century, Tiruppur town in Tamilnadu state became India's centerpiece in the export of cotton knitted garments. Between 1986 and 1997, Tiruppur's export earnings skyrocketed from $25 million to $636 million, the number of garments exported increased more than nine-fold, and Tiruppur shifted from basic T-shirts to diversified multi-product exports of fashion garments. This industrial boom has been organized through networks of small firms integrated through intricate subcontracting arrangements controlled by local capital of the Gounder caste from modest agrarian and working-class origins. In effect the whole town works like a decentralized factory for the global economy, but with local capital of peasant-worker origins at the helm. What is more, these self-made men hinge their retrospective narratives of class mobility and industrial success on their propensity to ‘toil’: the word ulaippu is distinct from the conventional Tamil word for work. How did Gounder peasant-workers remake the dynamics of work through their toil, to make Tiruppur a powerhouse of global production?
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48

Wali, Aamir, Richard Sproat, Prakash Padakannaya, and Bhuvaneshwari B. "Model for phonemic awareness in readers of Indian script." Written Language and Literacy 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.12.2.02wal.

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Previous studies have shown that segmental awareness tasks are usually influenced by the script. In this paper, we extend these studies further to propose a more concrete, script-centric metric for evaluating phonemic awareness in readers of Indian scripts. We propose that the ease or difficulty with which syllabic and phonemic segmental tasks are performed is directly proportional to the editing operations involved in applying the same task on the graphic form of the stimulus. We also present a computational model that calculates visual edit distances and uses these to determine if the phonemic task on any given word is easy or difficult. Finally, we tested the predictions of our model using Tamil data.
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Ghosh, Rajib, Partha Pratim Roy, and Prabhat Kumar. "Smart Device Authentication Based on Online Handwritten Script Identification and Word Recognition in Indic Scripts Using Zone-Wise Features." International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 21–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijismd.2018010102.

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Secure authentication is a vital component for device security. The most basic form of authentication is by using passwords. With the evolution of smart devices, selecting stronger and unbreakable passwords have become a challenging task. Such passwords if written in native languages tend to offer improved security since attackers having no knowledge of such scripts finding it hard to crack. This article proposes two zone-wise feature extraction approaches - zone-wise structural and directional (ZSD) and zone-wise slopes of dominant points (ZSDP), to recognize online handwritten script and word in four major Indic scripts - Devanagari, Bengali, Telugu and Tamil. These features have been used separately and in combination in HMM-based platform for recognition purpose. The dimension reduction of the ZSD-ZSDP combination with factor analysis has shown the best performance in all the four scripts. This work can be utilized for setting up the authentication schemes with the Indic scripts' passwords thus rendering it difficult to crack by hackers having no knowledge of such scripts.
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Senthilkumar, R., and M. Jeyothiprakash. "Reading Preference of the Library Users: Print Vs Electronics at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India." Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services 8, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ijiss.2018.8.2.526.

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The result of the study is to access the influence of print and digital media among the engineering students and other disciplines of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore. For the purpose of data collection, questionnaires were distributed among 250 students of the University. The findings reveal that more students are digitally literate and engaged with both print and electronic media. The study realized the convenience of online reading to print media. Students are found engaged to online media more. One of the significant finding of the study is that students prefer print sources to comprehend better than from online media. Email and internet browsing were the most preferred services used every day by the majority of respondents. Majority of the users had laptop and smartphones for internet access. Regular evaluation and assessment have to be conducted to determine whether the print media and digital resources are effectively used by the students and also to find their changing needs. The study makes stress on the value of the printed word for learning and academic development.
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