Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tollens

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tollens'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tollens"

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Aguiló, Isabel, Juan Vicente Riera, Jaume Suñer, and Joan Torrens. "Modus tollens with respect to uninorms: U-Modus Tollens." International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 127 (December 2020): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2020.10.003.

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Wagner, Carl G. "Modus Tollens Probabilized." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 55, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/55.4.747.

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Adams, E. W. "Modus Tollens revisited." Analysis 48, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/48.3.122.

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Bobzien, Susanne. "The Development of Modus Ponens in Antiquity : From Aristotle to the 2nd Century AD." Phronesis 47, no. 4 (2002): 359–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852802321016541.

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Abstract'Aristotelian logic', as it was taught from late antiquity until the 20th century, commonly included a short presentation of the argument forms modus (ponendo) ponens, modus (tollendo) tollens, modus ponendo tollens, and modus tollendo ponens. In late antiquity, arguments of these forms were generally classified as 'hypothetical syllogisms'. However, Aristotle did not discuss such arguments, nor did he call any arguments 'hypothetical syllogisms'. The Stoic indemonstrables resemble the modus ponens/tollens arguments. But the Stoics never called them 'hypothetical syllogisms'; nor did they describe them as ponendo ponens, etc. The tradition of the four argument forms and the classification of the arguments as hypothetical syllogisms hence need some explaining. In this paper, I offer some explanations by tracing the development of certain elements of Aristotle's logic via the early Peripatetics to the logic of later antiquity. I consider the questions: How did the four argument forms arise? Why were there four of them? Why were arguments of these forms called 'hypothetical syllogisms'? On what grounds were they considered valid? I argue that such arguments were neither part of Aristotle's dialectic, nor simply the result of an adoption of elements of Stoic logic, but the outcome of a long, gradual development that begins with Aristotle's logic as preserved in his Topics and Prior Analytics; and that, as a result, we have a Peripatetic logic of hypothetical inferences which is a far cry both from Stoic logic and from classical propositional logic, but which sports a number of interesting characteristics, some of which bear a cunning resemblance to some 20th century theories.
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Dale, A. J. "Adams on Modus Tollens." Analysis 49, no. 2 (March 1, 1989): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/49.2.93.

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Sinnott-Armstrong, W., J. Moor, and R. Fogelin. "A defence of modus tollens." Analysis 50, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/50.1.9.

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Yalcin, Seth. "A Counterexample to Modus Tollens." Journal of Philosophical Logic 41, no. 6 (June 6, 2012): 1001–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10992-012-9228-4.

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Salerno, Joseph. "Epistemic modals and modus tollens." Philosophical Studies 173, no. 10 (April 2, 2016): 2663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-016-0669-4.

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Ochoa, Luis Francisco, and Astrid Bastidas. "Posibilidad Lógico-epistemológica del Modus Tollendo Tollens en la Investigación en las Ciencias de la Educación." Itinerario Educativo 27, no. 61 (June 12, 2013): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/01212753.1395.

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<p>La propuesta de Karl Raimund Popper (1902-1994), para establecer una soluci&oacute;n al problema de la inducci&oacute;n en ciencia a trav&eacute;s de la falsaci&oacute;n (uso del <em>Modus Tollendo Tollens</em>), presenta una serie de inconvenientes metodol&oacute;gicos, epistemol&oacute;gicos y algunos hist&oacute;ricos, para ser aceptada como posibilidad procedimental, para la investigaci&oacute;n en las Ciencias Humanas y Sociales y en especial en las Ciencias de la Educaci&oacute;n. Este ensayo presenta los argumentos que sustentan esa tesis.</p>
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Booth, Matthew, and Fabien Paillusson. "A Fuzzy Take on the Logical Issues of Statistical Hypothesis Testing." Philosophies 6, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6010021.

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Statistical Hypothesis Testing (SHT) is a class of inference methods whereby one makes use of empirical data to test a hypothesis and often emit a judgment about whether to reject it or not. In this paper, we focus on the logical aspect of this strategy, which is largely independent of the adopted school of thought, at least within the various frequentist approaches. We identify SHT as taking the form of an unsound argument from Modus Tollens in classical logic, and, in order to rescue SHT from this difficulty, we propose that it can instead be grounded in t-norm based fuzzy logics. We reformulate the frequentists’ SHT logic by making use of a fuzzy extension of Modus Tollens to develop a model of truth valuation for its premises. Importantly, we show that it is possible to preserve the soundness of Modus Tollens by exploring the various conventions involved with constructing fuzzy negations and fuzzy implications (namely, the S and R conventions). We find that under the S convention, it is possible to conduct the Modus Tollens inference argument using Zadeh’s compositional extension and any possible t-norm. Under the R convention we find that this is not necessarily the case, but that by mixing R-implication with S-negation we can salvage the product t-norm, for example. In conclusion, we have shown that fuzzy logic is a legitimate framework to discuss and address the difficulties plaguing frequentist interpretations of SHT.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tollens"

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Silva, Tatiane Quetly Muniz de Oliveira da. "Nanoestruturas multicomponentes de CoFe2O4/Ag visando aplicações biológicas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/2015.04.D.20553.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2015.
Nanopartículas multicomponentes magnéticas/metálicas tem atraído muito atenção devido as suas propriedades magnéticas e ópticas únicas. Essas heteroestruturas podem ser aplicadas em terapia biomedicinal e imagem ou podem ser utilizadas também como carregadores de droga. Neste trabalho foram preparadas nanopartículas multicomponentes de CoFe 2O4/Ag atrav és do método de Tollens. A síntese de nanopartículas de ferrita de cobalto (CoFe 2O4) foi feita pelo método de co-precipitação química, usando como bases precipitantes, metilamina (CH3NH2) e o hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Posteriormente as nanopartículas magnéticas foram colocadas em solução contendo o complexo diaminprata e deixadas sob agitação por um determinado tempo. Por _m, este complexo foi reduzido à prata metálica por glicose. Os diâmetros das ferritas puras e das estruturas multicomponentes foram obtidos por meio de difração de raios x do pó. A análise estrutural revelou a formação de única fase cristalina para as nanopartículas de ferrita de cobalto. Para os nanocompósitos multicomponentes o padrão de DRX mostrou a presença de picos de difração correspondentes as estruturas cúbicas das ferritas e da prata. Foi observado que a intensidade dos picos de difração das partículas híbridas tem dependência da razão Ag=CoFe2O4: Do ponto de vista macroscópico, ao serem submetidas a um imã as nanopartículas multicomponentes foram atraídas pelo mesmo, con_rmando assim, o seu comportamento magnético. As medidas de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) com espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) possibilitaram a visualização da interação entre as superfícies das duas estruturas. Foi possível através desta técnica obter a composição qualitativa e quantitativa dos materiais em regiões específicas.
Magnetic/metallic nanoparticles multicomponent has attracted much attention due to their unique magnetic and optical properties. Such heterostructures can be applied to biomedicinal therapy or image and can also be used as drug carriers. In this work, multicomponent nanoparticles CoFe2O4/Ag were prepared by Tollens method. The synthesis of cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were made by chemical coprecipitation method and, as precipitating bases, we have used methylamine (CH3NH2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Subsequently, the magnetic nanoparticles were placed in the solution containing the complex diamin silver and left stirring for a certain time. Finally, this complex is reduced to metallic silver by glucose The diameters of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and multicomponent structures were obtained from the powder diffraction X-rays patterns. Structural analysis showed the single spinel phase for ferrites. For the hybrid nanocomposites, the XRD patterns showed the presence of peaks corresponding to the cubic structure of ferrite and silver. It was observed that the intensity of the diffraction peaks of multicomponent particles is ratio dependent. From a macroscopic point of view, the hybrid particles have been subjected to an external magnetic field and were attracted confirming the magnetic behavior. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) allowed the visualization of both silver and ferrite structure. It was possible with this technique to obtain qualitative and quantitative materials analysis in specific spots.
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Purdy, Stephen C., and Anthony J. Muscat. "Coating nonfunctionalized silica spheres with a high density of discrete silver nanoparticles." Springer, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621764.

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© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016
Reducing AgNO3 by glucose at basic pH coated the surface of silica spheres with a high density of hemispherical silver nanoparticles (average diameter 3.2±1 nm). A much lower silver concentration than is standard favored heterogeneous nucleation of silver on the silica surface at the expense of homogeneous nucleation in solution. The slow growth rate of the nuclei promoted the formation of discrete silver particles rather than a continuous shell. Based on scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the surface coverage of silver seed particles was as high as 25% at 10 °C without prior functionalization of the silica. The particles were composed of metallic silver based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There was a sharp increase in the silver surface coverage and decrease in the particle size when the temperature was raised from 5 °C to 10 °C and the amount of silica was decreased from 0.2 to 0.025 V/V. The size was controlled by the diffusion barrier through the ion shell surrounding the silica spheres and by maintaining reaction conditions where the particles on the surface compete for silver.
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Madden, Odile Marguerite, and Odile Marguerite Madden. "Development of Vapor Sensors for Volatile Museum Contaminants by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/283712.

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Detection and identification of pesticide residues on objects of cultural heritage is a serious and urgent challenge that currently faces many museums, Native American communities, and private collections worldwide. Organic artifact materials, such as wood, animal hide, basketry, textiles, paper, horn and bone, have traditionally been treated with pesticides to eradicate and prevent infestation by insects, rodents, and mold. These poisonous substances can persist for years in the controlled environment of a museum storeroom and present a potential poisoning risk to people who come in contact with the objects. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has the potential to detect volatile organic pesticides in this context. The technique can overcome the insensitivity of normal Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence interference, and make possible detection of many organic compounds in parts per million concentration. This investigation is aimed at evaluating SERS for the detection and identification of volatiles in museums, with emphasis on naphthalene vapor. The potential of several SERS-active materials; Tollens mirrors, gold film over nanosphere arrays, citrate-stabilized colloidal silver, and nanoporous gold; to detect Rhodamine B and naphthalene is investigated. The research also highlights the mechanisms that underlie SERS, and the relationship between substrate nanostructure and SERS performance.
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Rodríguez, Quispinga Miguel Ángel. "Optimización y caracterización de nanopartículas de plata en películas delgadas obtenidas mediante reacción Tollens para identificación de trazas de arsénico en soluciones acuosas mediante espectroscopia Raman." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15679.

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El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue el desarrollo y optimización de un proceso de síntesis de nanopartículas de plata en películas delgadas analizadas mediante la técnica SERS (Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering) para la detección de arsénico en soluciones acuosas. En efecto, se sintetizó nanopartículas de plata siguiendo la reacción Tollens en medio acuoso bañando la superficie de láminas de vidrio con movimientos pendulares a fin de generar una morfología de nanopartículas alargadas y tamaños inferiores a los 100 nm. La reducción de iones plata con glucosa se realiza en un vickers con agitador magnético para luego ser vertido de inmediato sobre el dispositivo con movimiento pendular controlado, con ello es posible relacionar el tamaño de crecimiento de las nanopartículas en función al número de oscilaciones que presenta la programación del dispositivo y al tratamiento del sustrato donde es depositado. El enjuague de la película formada se realiza con metanol para evitar la coalescencia de las nanopartículas, este solvente se volatiliza posteriormente en una campana colocando los sustratos en ángulos de 50° a 60° con respecto a la base del soporte. Esto con la finalidad de que el solvente pueda disiparse rápidamente y no deje marcas dentro de la película. Los resultados obtenidos son cualitativos en la identificación de As 5+ con técnica SERS en los cuales se ha encontrado respuesta desde 10 ppb hasta 0.5 ppb y muestran tendencia para la cuantificación. Además, las láminas conteniendo las nanopartículas fueron caracterizadas a través de técnicas de espectroscopia UV-VIS, difracción de Rayos X (XRD), espectroscopia de energía dispersiva (EDS), microscopia interferencial y se ha tomado imágenes de las nanopartículas con el microscopio de barrido electrónico (SEM).
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Fotheringham, John McGowan. "Ernst Toller : from Einheitsfront to Volksfront : the development of Toller's political ideology (1919-1939)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3550.

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This thesis examines the development of the political outlook of the German author and revolutionary politician, Ernst Toller. It begins by looking at Toller's early years and explains how his experience as a front-line soldier during the First World war transformed his views, causing him to reject the conservative-nationalist ethos he had grown up with and to become, in his own description, a revolutionary pacifist. It then looks at his involvement in the revolutionary events which took place in Bavaria at the end of the First World War, the so-called Räterepublik, examines how they affected his understanding of social and political reality and traces their artistic reflection in the plays he wrote in the following period. A recurrent theme in Toller's political thinking throughout the years of the Weimar Republic was the idea of an Einheitsfront, a defence block of workers' organisations, which he advocated as the only means of halting the rise of National Socialism. Unfortunately, Toller's appeals to the main workers' parties to form such a block went unheard, yet they are significant all the same in that they reveal the acute political insight of a man whom many of his contemporaries dismissed as a hopeless utopian. Interestingly, and a point often missed in studies of his politics, Toller abandoned the Einheitsfront after he went into exile in 1933 and came to favour instead the creation of a Volksfront a broad, cross-party anti-fascist coalition which the Soviet Union vigorously promoted all through the 1930s until the signing of the Stalin-Hitler Pact in 1940. Toller's support for this idea, in part a corollary of his support for the Soviet Union itself, had a profound impact on his political outlook in exile, and caused him to close his eyes to the repression suffered by the opponents of the Stalin regime both inside and outside Russia, and, most significantly, led him to ignore the nascent socialist revolution which flourished in Spain after the defeat of Franco's coup d'etat in 1936. This study examines in some detail, therefore, Toller's involvement in the Volksfront, redefines his attitude towards Communist Russia and shows how his efforts to suppress his revolutionary beliefs and to become instead a mere anti-fascist affected his creative spirit during his years of exile.
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Grunow-Erdmann, Cordula. "Die Dramen Ernst Tollers im Kontext ihrer Zeit /." Heidelberg : C. Winter, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36150782h.

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Reinhold, Linn. "Slaget vid Tollense : Professionella krigare i bronsålderns Nordeuropa." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79877.

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Abstract 3200 years ago a massive battle took place at the river Tollense in MecklenburgVorpommern, Germany, possibly involving thousands of people. 130 victims have been found so far. Several show signs of former violence. Axes, wooden clubs, knives and a vast number of arrowheads have been found among the human skeletal remains. According to isotope analyses on tooth enamel from human remains at the site, a considerable amount of the victims did not originate from the local area. The isotope analyses divided the victims into two major groups, one local and the other probably originating from Central Europe. In other words, the battlefield of the Tollense were not fought by local farmers and craftsmen. This, together with the extent of the battle, the weapon finds and traumata on the human remains, has led archaeologists to assume that the battle was fought by professional warriors. If this is true, the battlefield of the Tollense would be the first of its kind in the Northern European Bronze Age. Sammanfattning Uppsatsen diskuterar omfattningen och karaktären av slaget vid floden Tollense som utspelade sig för 3200 år sedan i vad som idag är Nordtyskland. Slagfältet har uppmärksammats för att vara den första konflikten med professionella krigare i bronsålderns Nordeuropa. Tidigare forskning om ämnet saknar en konsekvent definition av begreppet professionell krigare. För att avgöra om det var professionella krigare som stred vid Tollense definierar uppsatsen begreppet utifrån teoretiska perspektiv såsom antropologiska klassifikationer av hövdingadömen, krigare och soldater, men också genom att belysa kontaktnätverken och den långväga handel som växte fram under bronsåldern. Omfattningen och karaktären av slaget vid Tollense beskrivs utifrån hur många människor som deltog på slagfältet samt vilka arkeologiska fynd som talar för huruvida de var professionella krigare och inte lokala bönder och hantverkare som drabbade samman. Uppsatsen är en klassisk litteraturstudie. Utgrävningarna vid Tollense pågår i skrivande stund, vilket innebär att det inte finns någon slutpublikation med färdigställda resultat. För att besvara frågeställningarna om antalet deltagare i konflikten samt huruvida de var professionella krigare eller inte, redogör uppsatsen för analyser av de mänskliga kvarlevorna som återfunnits vid Tollense och vapnen som användes på slagfältet. Avslutningsvis ger uppsatsen en personlig tolkning av vad fyndmaterialet säger om hur många människor som var involverade i konflikten och vad som talar för att de var professionella krigare. Diskussionen lyfter fram hövdingadömen som centraliserade och hierarkiska samhällsstrukturer och hur detta möjliggör organiserad krigföring.
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Jager, Erika. "Ernst Tollers spate Stucke als Realisierungsformen des Gattungsmodells Drama." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431917.

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Harris, Alex. "Optimal multiproduct tolling on an oil pipeline." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/MQ55148.pdf.

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Korfias, Dimitri. "Business response to Gauteng s e-tolling." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52425.

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Companies have been faced with the decision of whether or not to comply with e-tolling since its inception in 2013. Media coverage on e-tolling has reflected many negative opinions, though these are mostly from private citizens. Despite the dismissal of legal challenges against e-tolling s implementation, collections of e-tolls remain well short of SANRAL s budgeted figures. Responsible decision makers within companies ultimately make the compliance decisions. This research aimed to investigate business compliance to e-tolling. Relevant academic literature was reviewed in order to form a basis for exploration of this topic. The constructs identified from the literature were fairness of the e-tolling system, the efficiency of public spending with respect to the construction of the upgraded freeways, the financial impact that e-tolling is having on companies and whether companies are complying with e-tolling. Quantitative research was conducted on the responses received from surveys sent to members of the RFA. The findings reveal that e-tolling is perceived to be an unfair system. E-tolling was having a negative impact on company finances yet, companies displayed an overwhelming compliance toward e-tolling. The findings also revealed that much of the literature relevant to individuals was not applicable to companies.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
sn2016
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
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Books on the topic "Tollens"

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kunstgaleriebonn, ed. Peter Tollens: Transit. Bonn, Germany: kunstgaleriebonn at Weidle Verlag, 2011.

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Modus Tollens: IPDs : improvised poetic devices. Seattle, WA: Jaded Ibis Press, 2013.

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Tollens, Peter. Peter Tollens: Künstlerbücher : Werkverzeichnis 1979-2012 = Peter Tollens : artist books : list of works 1979-2012. Berlin: Alexander, 2012.

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Tollers expressionistische Revolution. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1990.

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Tolles, William Marshall. Tolles in America. Baltimore, MD: Gateway Press, 1997.

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Homer, Arnold. Tolley's taxwise. Croydon: Tolley, 1998.

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Lawrence, Nick. Tolley's VATwise. Surrey: Tolley, 1999.

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Tollins: Explosive tales for children. New York: Delacorte Press, 2009.

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Tollins: Explosive tales for children. Bath: Galaxy, 2010.

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ill, Duncan Lizzy, ed. Tollins: Explosive tales for children. New York, NY: Harper, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tollens"

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Li, Jie Jack. "Tollens reaction." In Name Reactions, 376. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04835-1_290.

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Gressner, A. M., and O. A. Gressner. "Tollens-Test." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_3064-1.

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Gressner, A. M., and O. A. Gressner. "Tollens-Test." In Springer Reference Medizin, 2324. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_3064.

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Li, Jie Jack. "Tollens reaction." In Name Reactions, 412–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05336-2_302.

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Aguiló, Isabel, Sebastia Massanet, Juan Vicente Riera, and Daniel Ruiz-Aguilera. "Modus Ponens Tollens for RU-Implications." In Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, 788–801. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50143-3_61.

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Lyons, Timothy D. "Scientific Realism and the Pessimistic Meta-Modus Tollens." In Recent Themes in the Philosophy of Science, 63–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2862-1_4.

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Mas, M., J. Monreal, M. Monserrat, J. V. Riera, and Joan Torrens Sastre. "Modus Tollens on Fuzzy Implication Functions Derived from Uninorms." In Fuzzy Logic and Information Fusion, 49–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30421-2_5.

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Yao, Ning, Duoqian Miao, Zhifei Zhang, and Guangming Lang. "Probabilistic Estimation for Generalized Rough Modus Ponens and Rough Modus Tollens." In Rough Sets, 166–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47160-0_15.

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Inuiguchi, Masahiro, Salvatore Greco, and Roman Słowiński. "Fuzzy-Rough Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens as a Basis for Approximate Reasoning." In Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing, 84–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25929-9_9.

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Koenig, Eldo C. "Analysis for Correct Reasoning in Interactive Man-Robot Systems: Disjunctive Syllogism with Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens." In Artificial Intelligence in Industrial Decision Making, Control and Automation, 89–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0305-3_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tollens"

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ZHANG, YUNXIA, DEGEN HUANG, LI ZOU, and YING WANG. "RESEARCH ON MODUS PONENS AND MODUS TOLLENS ON LINGUISTIC-VALUED INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY LATTICE IMPLICATION ALGEBRA." In Conference on Uncertainty Modelling in Knowledge Engineering and Decision Making (FLINS 2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813146976_0086.

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Samuel, P. "Tolling in America." In IEE Seminar Road User Charging. IEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20030115.

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Tordoir, B. C. M. "Tolling in Singapore." In IEE Seminar on Electronic Tolling and Congestion Charging. IEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19990526.

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Brown, R. "Tolling system architectures." In IET Road Transport Information and Control Conference and the ITS United Kingdom Members' Conference (RTIC 2008). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2008.0768.

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Qiu, Wei, Haipeng Chen, and Bo An. "Dynamic Electronic Toll Collection via Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning with Edge-Based Graph Convolutional Networks." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/635.

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Over the past decades, Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems have been proved the capability of alleviating traffic congestion in urban areas. Dynamic Electronic Toll Collection (DETC) was recently proposed to further improve the efficiency of ETC, where tolls are dynamically set based on traffic dynamics. However, computing the optimal DETC scheme is computationally difficult and existing approaches are limited to small scale or partial road networks, which significantly restricts the adoption of DETC. To this end, we propose a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) approach for DETC. We make several key contributions: i) an enhancement over the state-of-the-art RL-based method with a deep neural network representation of the policy and value functions and a temporal difference learning framework to accelerate the update of target values, ii) a novel edge-based graph convolutional neural network (eGCN) to extract the spatio-temporal correlations of the road network state features, iii) a novel cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) which divides the whole road network into partitions according to their geographic and economic characteristics and trains a tolling agent for each partition. Experimental results show that our approach can scale up to realistic-sized problems with robust performance and significantly outperform the state-of-the-art method.
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Ren, Hualing, Shubing Li, and Ying Xue. "Optimization of the Tolling Level and Tolling Period for Bottleneck Road." In 2016 4th International Conference on Sensors, Mechatronics and Automation (ICSMA 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsma-16.2016.90.

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"The UK tolling scene." In IEE Seminar on Electronic Tolling and Congestion Charging. IEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19990518.

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Hockberger, William A. "The Quadrimaran Reexamined." In SNAME 13th International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/fast-2015-026.

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The Quadrimaran was invented in France in the mid-1980s by Daniel Tollet. It was an inspired design and a radical departure from traditional ship design by a man from outside the marine industry unconstrained by industry technical practices and education. Technical experts could see it would entail more structure and subsystems than other high-performance vessels, but its promise was that those penalties would be more than offset by its claimed low power and fuel consumption. A prototype/demonstrator, Alexander, was built in 1990 and operated for five years carrying and impressing many hundreds of riders. Alexander performed beautifully and appeared to bear out what was claimed. Contracts for several Quadrimarans of different sizes came quickly, especially considering how conservative an industry this is. That was significantly due to Tollet's personal charisma and skill in selling riders on the dream of carrying passengers and freight over the water fast and in comfort, yet economically. Great skepticism prevailed in some quarters, especially among naval architects knowledgeable about AMVs (advanced marine vehicles) and early-stage whole-ship design. At technical meetings, one Quadrimaran principal would comment, for example, "Why would you carry freight across the Atlantic at 38 knots on 230,000 horsepower (a reference to the planned Fastship Atlantic TG-770) when you could do it at 60 knots on only 65,000 horsepower?" Listeners would ask how this could be possible, and he would assert again that the Quadrimaran could do it, but would decline to explain. Respected technical people were working with Tollet and his company and becoming convinced of the Quadrimaran's merit. Along with the contracts came engineers with experience in ship detail design and construction (very different from early-stage whole-ship design), or responsibilities for assessing and approving ships for service. Others were with engine and equipment suppliers. Their opinion that there was something unique and special about the Quadrimaran gave it credibility and influenced more people to accept the major claims made for it. Some dismissed the most extreme claims but still accepted the idea that the Quadrimaran was capable of unusually high performance - considerably less than was being claimed, perhaps, but high nevertheless. In hindsight it is clear the skeptics were right. Results never met expectations, nor could they have. In reality, the Quadrimaran has aspects that inherently prevent it from achieving the characteristics and performance its inventor believed attainable. It cannot be built in a commercially useful size and actually perform as intended. Why this is so will be explained. A crucial fact in the Quadrimaran's history is that Daniel Tollet and his close associates believed strongly that naval architects and engineers who had been immersed in working with the existing ship types would be unable to give the Quadrimaran the very different treatment they believed it required. (Their own educations and professional work were nontechnical.) Such people were excluded from the development of Quadrimaran designs, and the belated discovery of many fundamental technical problems can be attributed to this. The company Tollet established had a number of names over the years, and other associated entities were created at times for various purposes. In this paper they are referred to collectively as QIH (Quadrimaran International Holdings) so as not to confuse things unnecessarily. In 2004 QuadTech Marine LLC was established and acquired the Quadrimaran patent (US Patent No. 5,191,849) and related intellectual property from QIH. QuadTech laid out an extensive R&D program to close gaps in the technical background and address identified issues. In the process, additional information on earlier QIH projects and products was obtained and studied, which brought to light problems that significantly compromised the Quadrimaran's prospective performance and utility. The resulting much-reduced set of potential uses and users led the company to effectively stop pursuing Quadrimaran projects after 2009. (Note: The author was Chief Technology Officer for QuadTech Marine during 2006-9, studying the Quadrimaran and planning the R&D.)
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Engdahl, J. "The Austrian heavy vehicles tolling system." In IEE Seminar on Road User Charging: Technical and Operational Development. IEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20040174.

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Sommerville, F. "European electronic tolling and charging research." In IEE Seminar on Electronic Tolling and Congestion Charging. IEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19990519.

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Reports on the topic "Tollens"

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Ukkusuri, Satish, Samuel Labi, Feng Zhu, Tho Le, and Fasil Sagir. Evaluating the Impacts of Time-of-Day Tolling on Indiana Roadways. Purdue University, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316508.

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Cole, Harold, Daniel Neuhann, and Guillermo Ordoñez. Debt Crises: For Whom the Bell Tolls. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22330.

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Decision Makers' Guide to Road Tolling in CAREC Countries. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim179140-2.

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Decision Makers’ Guide to Road Tolling in CAREC Countries in Russian. Asian Development Bank, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim189502-3.

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