Relevant bibliographies by topics / Toluene oxidation

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Toluene oxidation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Toluene oxidation"

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Schwantes, Rebecca H., Katherine A. Schilling, Renee C. McVay, Hanna Lignell, Matthew M. Coggon, Xuan Zhang, Paul O. Wennberg, and John H. Seinfeld. "Formation of highly oxygenated low-volatility products from cresol oxidation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 5 (March 10, 2017): 3453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3453-2017.

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Abstract. Hydroxyl radical (OH) oxidation of toluene produces ring-retaining products: cresol and benzaldehyde, and ring-opening products: bicyclic intermediate compounds and epoxides. Here, first- and later-generation OH oxidation products from cresol and benzaldehyde are identified in laboratory chamber experiments. For benzaldehyde, first-generation ring-retaining products are identified, but later-generation products are not detected. For cresol, low-volatility (saturation mass concentration, C* ∼ 3.5 × 104 − 7.7 × 10−3 µg m−3), first- and later-generation ring-retaining products are identified. Subsequent OH addition to the aromatic ring of o-cresol leads to compounds such as hydroxy, dihydroxy, and trihydroxy methyl benzoquinones and dihydroxy, trihydroxy, tetrahydroxy, and pentahydroxy toluenes. These products are detected in the gas phase by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) and in the particle phase using offline direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Our data suggest that the yield of trihydroxy toluene from dihydroxy toluene is substantial. While an exact yield cannot be reported as authentic standards are unavailable, we find that a yield for trihydroxy toluene from dihydroxy toluene of ∼ 0.7 (equal to the reported yield of dihydroxy toluene from o-cresol; Olariu et al., 2002) is consistent with experimental results for o-cresol oxidation under low-NO conditions. These results suggest that even though the cresol pathway accounts for only ∼ 20 % of the oxidation products of toluene, it is the source of a significant fraction (∼ 20–40 %) of toluene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) due to the formation of low-volatility products.
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Wang, Xi, and Yingwei Li. "Nanoporous carbons derived from MOFs as metal-free catalysts for selective aerobic oxidations." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 14 (2016): 5247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00324a.

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A new kind of metal-free catalyst comprised of highly graphitized N-doped nanoporous carbons from direct carbonization of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) turns out to be an excellent metal-free catalyst for a series of liquid-phase oxidation reactions including aerobic oxidations of cyclohexane and toluene as well as oxidative coupling of amines.
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Melnyk, S. R., V. V. Reutskyi, and Yu R. Melnyk. "Homogeneous catalytic oxidation of toluene under the ultrasonic action." Catalysis and Petrochemistry, no. 32 (2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/kataliz2021.32.063.

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The regularities of toluene catalytic oxidation with molecular oxygen catalyzed by cobalt (II) acetate in a liquid phase under the ultrasonic action have been researched. It was found a close relationship between the temperature and pressure of the oxidation process. The relationship determines the reaction rate, the reaction products composition, and the toluene limiting conversion value. It was found that the ratio between a sonochemical reaction rate and a toluene oxidation reaction rate without ultrasonic action increases with increasing the reaction temperature both at the process initial stage and higher values of hydrocarbon conversion. Simultaneously, an increase in the rate of toluene oxidation reaction under the ultrasonic action was detected only at a temperature of 430–438 K and a pressure of 0.4 MPa. Under all other conditions the rate of sonochemical reaction is lower than the toluene oxidation rate without ultrasonic action. An extreme reaction rate dependence of the homogeneous catalytic toluene oxidation on pressure at constant temperature was revealed. It is established that the reaction rate decreases with pressure increasing under the ultrasonic action more significantly the higher the reaction temperature is. In general the sonochemical reaction rate is lower than the rate of catalytic toluene oxidation. It was shown that ultrasound affects the concentrations of all reaction products. The relationship between the product concentrations obtained in the sonochemical reaction and in the toluene oxidation reaction without ultrasonic treatment depends on temperature and pressure. It is established that the main changes in the quantitative composition of oxidation products are to increase/decrease the benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol concentrations under the ultrasonic action. The decrease in the sonochemistry reaction rate of toluene catalytic oxidation at the reaction initial stage and its simultaneous increase at higher values of hydrocarbon conversion, as well as changes in the reaction products selectivities, and the ultrasonic effect on the toluene limiting conversion indicate that the cavitation affects on the changes in the regularities of catalyst-intermediate complexes transformations.
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Mo, Shengpeng, Qi Zhang, Yuhai Sun, Mingyuan Zhang, Jiaqi Li, Quanming Ren, Mingli Fu, Junliang Wu, Limin Chen, and Daiqi Ye. "Gaseous CO and toluene co-oxidation over monolithic core–shell Co3O4-based hetero-structured catalysts." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 27 (2019): 16197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03750k.

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Gaseous CO co-existence could improve catalytic toluene oxidation over Co3O4-based catalysts, and the reaction mechanism on the CO/toluene oxidation may be mutually independent in the presence of both CO and toluene.
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Hou, Tingting, Zhuyan Gao, Jian Zhang, Nengchao Luo, and Feng Wang. "Simultaneously Enhanced Activity and Selectivity for C(sp3)–H Bond Oxidation Under Visible Light by Nitrogen Doping." Transactions of Tianjin University 27, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12209-021-00292-w.

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AbstractSelective oxidation of saturated C(sp3)–H bonds in hydrocarbon to target chemicals under mild conditions remains a significant but challenging task because of the chemical inertness and high dissociation energy of C(sp3)–H bonds. Semiconductor photocatalysis can induce the generation of holes and oxidative radicals, offering an alternative way toward selective oxidation of hydrocarbons under ambient conditions. Herein, we constructed N-doped TiO2 nanotubes (N-TNTs) that exhibited remarkable activity and selectivity for toluene oxidation under visible light, delivering the conversion of toluene and selectivity of benzaldehyde of 32% and > 99%, respectively. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the incorporation of nitrogen induced the generation of N-doping level above the O 2p valance band, directly contributing to the visible-light response of TiO2. Furthermore, hydroxyl radicals generated by photogenerated holes at the orbit of O 2p were found to be unselective for the oxidation of toluene, affording both benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. The incorporation of nitrogen was able to inhibit the generation of hydroxyl radicals, terminating the formation of benzoic acid.
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Lv, Tong, and Rui Wang. "Materials Enabling Methane and Toluene Gas Treatment." Materials 17, no. 2 (January 7, 2024): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020301.

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This paper summarizes the latest research results on materials for the treatment of methane, an important greenhouse gas, and toluene, a volatile organic compound gas, as well as the utilization of these resources over the past two years. These materials include adsorption materials, catalytic oxidation materials, hydrogen-reforming catalytic materials and non-oxidative coupling catalytic materials for methane, and adsorption materials, catalytic oxidation materials, chemical cycle reforming catalytic materials, and degradation catalytic materials for toluene. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these research results from a general point of view and provides an outlook on the treatment of these two gases and materials for resource utilization.
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Wu, Runrun, Shanshan Pan, Yun Li, and Liming Wang. "Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Toluene." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 118, no. 25 (June 13, 2014): 4533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp500077f.

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Shuying, Li, and Lawrence P. Wackett. "Trichloroethylene oxidation by toluene dioxygenase." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 185, no. 1 (May 1992): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81005-8.

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Chen, Hai Feng. "Study of Toluene Removal by Bipolar Corona Discharge Coupled with Photocatalytic." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2357.

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Experimental study the degradation efficiency of toluene by bipolar corona discharge coupled with TiO2 photocatalysis. Bipolar corona discharge can degrade the toluene efficiently and rapidly, the final products are mainly carbon dioxide and water. Toluene removal efficiency reduces when the initial concentration of toluene increasing, while toluene removal quantity is increased. Removal of toluene decreases with the gas flow rate increasing, the removal quantity first increases and then decreases. Bipolar corona discharge and a photocatalytic coupling can inprove the degradation efficiency further. Increase of the applied voltage help to improve the removal of toluene, and also to improve the coupling effect of the photocatalyst. In optimized conditions, the removal efficiency of toluene can be more than 90%. The chemical reaction process of the toluene oxidation and the TiO2 catalysis mechanism are discussed. It is pointed out that the OH* produced by corona discharge has important significance for rapid oxidation of toluene.
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Robinson, Kevin G., Jan G. Pieters, John Sanseverino, Chris D. Cox, Charles L. Wright, Catherine L. Cheng, and Gary S. Sayler. "Microbial oxidation and bioluminescence response for toluene and trichloroethylene." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 7 (October 1, 1998): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0270.

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Two Pseudomonas strains, P. putida F1 and P. putida TVA8, were used to evaluate biodegradation of toluene and cometabolism of trichloroethylene (TCE) in batch systems. Both organisms effectively utilized toluene although at different rates. The extent of TCE cometabolism was dependent upon the initial mass of toluene present. A relationship between toluene/TCE degradation and bioluminescence production for P. putida TVA8 was explored. A linear relationship between the total amount of toluene degraded and total bioluminescence was found. The slope of this straight line, however, was found to vary between experiments. To overcome this problem, a normalization method was proposed and successful tested.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toluene oxidation"

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Boyle, Sarah Ann. "Oxidation of toluene." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387977.

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Burton, Helen Amanda. "Liquid-phase oxidation and coupling of arenes by Pd(II)/HPA." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368630.

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Saiman, Mohd Izham Bin. "Heterogeneous gold and palladium based catalysts for solvent-free oxidation of toluene." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/35776/.

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Catalyzed oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular oxygen has been studied for several decades. For example, toluene can be converted into oxidation products such as benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and benzyl benzoate. At present, the principal industrial production of benzoic acid via the oxidation of toluene involves the use of homogeneous cobalt catalysts in an air pressurized aqueous acetic acid mixture in the presence of Mn ions. However, the use of solvent causes difficulties in the separation of catalysts and products, equipment corrosion, and due to the environmental hazards associated with the use of liquid acids as solvent. Developing solvent free toluene oxidation having great activity has attracted special attention as a promising environmentally friendly reaction. Recently, gold based supported catalyst have been found to be highly effective oxidation catalyst where a number of important discoveries have been made such as in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. As a proof of concept for the following studies, oxidation of toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons were carried out in round bottom flask with TBHP as oxidant. At mild condition (80 ºC), it was evident that Au-Pd supported catalyst is capable of oxidising aromatics C-H bonds on toluene and derivatives and TBHP as oxidant also have been discovered well in this thesis. The catalyst preparation method was shown to be very important in the formation of active site catalysts. The sol-immobilisation catalyst with a narrow distribution of small particles, was more active than Au-Pd alloy having Au-core palladium shell with PdO dominance on the surface via impregnation catalyst. In addition to that, the choice of support is crucial and this study discovered carbon as a preferred support give enhance on performance activity of toluene. At the same time, the distribution of products can be altered with the choice of preparation methods and support. The synergistic effect of Au and Pd was confirmed by superior catalytic activity compared to monometallic catalyst. Investigations of reaction conditions such as reaction time, reusability, pre-treatment conditions, metal ratio, and mass of catalyst were fully investigated. It was found that the activity and selectivity of the catalyst was highly dependent on these variables. Reaction mechanism was proposed and it was based on catalytic evaluation data. Even though, the proposed mechanism was contradicted by the EPR data study, it was believed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) was involved in the surface of catalyst and give effect of the catalytic activity. Overall, the oxidation of toluene was successfully studied by using Au-Pd supported catalyst and can not be denied that the importance of TBHP as oxidant involve in this process has been proven.
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Sihaib, Zakaria. "Oxidation of toluene traces in gas phase in presence of manganese-oxide based catalysts : relationship structure-activity." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1029.

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Dans la première partie de mon travail, j'ai préparé quatre catalyseurs différents à base d'oxydes de manganèse: une perovskite (LaMnO3), par voie sol-gel; un oxide simple (Mn2O3), par méthode rapide et un tamis moléculaire octahedrique (OMS-2) par deux méthodes de préparation différentes, via l'état solide (OMS) et la méthode hydrothermale (OMSh). Les propriétés physicochimiques de ces catalyseurs ont été caractérisées par diffraction des rayons X (DRX), adsorption-désorption de N2, analyses thermogravimétriques (ATD/ATG), analyses chimiques (ICP-OES) et réduction en température programmée (H2-RTP). Leurs performances catalytiques ont été évaluées dans la réaction d’oxydation du toluène. Trois cycles catalytiques consécutifs ont été réalisés pour chaque catalyseur afin de confirmer les performances. Afin d'évaluer la stabilité des catalyseurs dans des conditions réactionnelles, les performances catalytiques ont été étudiées sur des expériences de longue durée à température constante, pendant 24 h à 25% de conversion du toluène. Des tests d'oxydation du toluène sur un catalyseur de référence, type Pd/Al2O3 contenant 0,78% en poids de Pd, ont également été effectués à des fins de comparaison. Les caractéristiques cristallines détectées dans les modèles DRX sont bien compatibles avec la formation des structures désirées. Sur la base de leur surface spécifique et de leur réductibilité à basse température, les catalyseurs ont été classés comme suit : OMSs > Mn2O3 > OMS > LaMnO3. Cette tendance est en bon accord avec les performances observées dans l'élimination catalytique du toluène. Un modèle cinétique a été proposé et un bon accord a été obtenu lors de l'ajustement avec les données expérimentales. Dans la seconde partie de mon travail, des catalyseurs LaMnO3 (LM) avec un rapport molaire acide citrique (CA) sur nitrates métalliques (Mn et La) allant de 0,5 à 2 (LM 0,5 à LM 2) ont été synthétisés par méthode sol-gel citrate, afin d'étudier l'effet du rapport de l'acide citrique sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et les performances catalytiques. Les propriétés physicochimiques de ces catalyseurs ont été caractérisées par diffraction des rayons X (DRX), adsorption-désorption de N2 et par spectroscopie d'émission atomique de plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-AES). Sur des échantillons sélectionnés, des caractérisations supplémentaires par analyse thermogravimétrique et thermique différentielle (ATD/ATG), une réduction programmée en température par de l'hydrogène (H2-TPR) et une spectroscopie de photoélectrons X (XPS) ont été réalisées. Les résultats montrent que le rapport molaire acide citrique sur nitrates métalliques influence significativement le profil obtenu en ATD/ATG des solides non calcinés ainsi que les propriétés physico-chimiques des catalyseurs. Les caractéristiques cristallines détectées par DRX sont bien compatibles avec la formation de la phase perovskite LaMnO3. De petites caractéristiques de Mn2O3 ont été détectées dans les diagrammes de diffraction de tous les catalyseurs LM, à l'exception du rapport molaire élevé des nitrates CA / (Mn + La) (1,9 et 2,0). Inversement, des pics La2O3 sont observés pour des valeurs allant de 1,6 à 2, l'intensité la plus élevée étant détectée au rapport molaire égal à 2. Les performances catalytiques ont été évaluées dans l'oxydation du toluène en réalisant trois cycles catalytiques consécutifs pour atteindre des performances stables. Afin d'évaluer la stabilité des catalyseurs dans des conditions de réaction, des expériences à température constante ont été effectuées pendant 24 h à 17% de conversion du toluène. Les catalyseurs LM1.2, LM1.3 et LM1.5 ont montré les meilleures performances catalytiques en oxydation totale du toluène, tandis que LM1 et LM1.7 présentaient un comportement intermédiaire et LM0.8 était peu actif
In the first part of my work, I have prepared four different catalysts based on manganese oxides: a perovskite (LaMnO3), via sol-gel method; a simple oxide (Mn2O3), by rapid method and an Octahedral Molecular Sieve (OMS-2) by two different preparation methods, via solid state (OMSs) and hydrothermal method (OMSh). The physicochemical properties of these catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption–desorption, TGA/DTA, ICP-OES and H2-TPR. Their catalytic performances were evaluated in the oxidation of toluene. Three consecutive catalytic cycles were performed for each catalyst in order to reach steady state performances. In order to assess the stability of the catalysts under reaction conditions, the catalytic performances were studied upon long-term experiments running for 24 h at 25% of toluene conversion. Tests of toluene oxidation over a typical industrial catalyst, such as a commercial Pd/Al2O3 catalyst containing 0.78 wt% Pd, were also performed for comparison purposes. The crystalline features detected in the XRD patterns are well consistent with the formation of the desired structures. Based on their specific surface area and their low-temperature reducibility, the catalysts were ranked as follows: OMSs> Mn2O3> OMSh> LaMnO3. This trend was in good agreement with the performances observed in the catalytic removal of toluene. A kinetic model was proposed and a good agreement was obtained upon fitting with the experimental data. In the second part of my work, LaMnO3 (LM) catalysts with molar ratio of citric acid (CA) to metal nitrates (Mn and La) ranging from 0.5 to 2 (LM 0.5 to LM 2) were synthesized by citrate sol–gel method, in order to study effect of citric acid ratio on the physico-chemical properties and the catalytic performances. The physicochemical properties of these catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption–desorption and by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Over selected samples, additional characterizations by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen (H2-TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were carried out. The results show that the molar ratio of citric acid to metal nitrates significantly influenced the TGA/DTA profile of gels along with the physico-chemical properties of the catalysts. The crystalline features detected by XRD are well consistent with the formation of LaMnO3 perovskite phase. Small features of Mn2O3 were detected in the diffraction patterns of all LM catalysts except for high CA/Mn+La nitrates molar ratio (1.9 and 2.0). Conversely, La2O3 peaks appeared for values ranging from 1.6 to 2, the highest intensity being detected at molar ratio equal to 2. The catalytic performances were evaluated in the oxidation of toluene, performing three consecutive catalytic cycles in order to reach steady-state performances. In order to assess the stability of the catalysts under reaction conditions, long-term experiments running for 24 h at 17 % of toluene conversion were carried out. The catalysts LM1.2, LM1.3 and LM1.5 showed the best catalytic performances in terms of toluene conversion, LM0.8 was poor performing, while LM1 and LM1.7 exhibited an intermediate behaviour
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Jean-Gilles, Riffard P. "Acetyl-nitrate nitration of toluene by zeolite catalysts and methods of oxidation of graphite nanofibers." Click here for download, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1375524701&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Isci, Umit. "Novel N-bridged diiron phthalocyanine complexes : synthesis, characterization and application in oxidation." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881309.

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The synthetic approach was developed for the preparation of N-bridged diiron phthalocyanines substituted by different electron-withdrawing alkylsulfonyl substituents. Six novel phthalocyanines bearing small (methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl and hexylsulfonyl) and bulky (t-butylsulfonyl, adamantylsulfonyl and cyclohexylsulfonyl) substituents have been prepared and characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), UV-Vis, FT-IR and EPR. Two complexes (with hexylsulfonyl and t-butylsulfonyl substituents) were characterized in addition by Mössbauer techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES, EXAFS, high resolution Kβ emission spectroscopy). It has been evidenced that the electronic state of iron in these complexes depends on the size of the substituents. While N-bridged diiron phthalocyanines having methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl and hexylsulfonyl substituents are cationic (PcFeIVNFeIVPc)+N3- complexes, N-bridged diiron phthalocyanines with bulkier t-butylsulfonyl, adamantylsulfonyl and cyclohexylsulfonyl substituents are formally neutral PcFeIIINFeIVPc species. The catalytic properties of six N-bridged diiron phthalocyanines have been studied, using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) as the oxidant in the oxidation of toluene, p-xylene as well as in the oxidation of various alcohols. This thesis demonstrates the efficiency of N-bridged diiron phthalocyanines substituted by electron-withdrawing alkylsulfonyl groups as oxidation catalysts, in conditions required by environmental and industrial preoccupations
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Kesavan, Lokesh. "Solvent-free oxidation of primary carbon-hydrogen bonds in toluene using supported gold palladium alloy nanoparticles." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55124/.

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Selective oxidation of primary carbon-hydrogen bonds with oxygen is of crucial importance for the sustainable exploitation of available feedstocks. To date, heterogeneous catalysts have either shown low activity and/or selectivity or have required activated oxygen donors. It is reported here that supported gold-palladium (Au-Pd) nanoparticles on carbon or TiO: are active for the oxidation of the primary carbon-hydrogen bonds in toluene and related molecules, giving high selectivities to benzyl benzoate under mild solvent-free conditions. Differences between the catalytic activity of the Au-Pd nanoparticles on carbon and TiC>2 supports are rationalized in terms of the particle/support wetting behaviour and the availability of exposed corner/edge sites. Further these catalysts have been tested for substituted toluene molecules and benzyl alcohol, as these substrates have similarity in their structural configuration. The results are discussed with regard to structure activity relationship.
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Behar, Siham. "Synthèse d’oxydes métalliques par voie alginate et leur application dans l’oxydation catalytique des COV." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENCM0003/document.

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Les composés organiques volatils (COV) contribuent fortement à la pollution atmosphérique. Plusieurs techniques sont possibles pour leur élimination parmi lesquelles, l'oxydation catalytique est une alternative intéressante. Ces dernières années de nombreux efforts ont été entrepris pour la conception de catalyseurs à base d'oxyde de métaux de transition afin de remplacer les métaux nobles, généralement plus actifs pour cette réaction, mais chers. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est le développement de nouveaux catalyseurs à base d'oxyde métallique pour l'élimination du toluène, choisi comme modèle de COV, utilisant l'air comme oxydant. Les catalyseurs ont été préparés à partir de gels ionotropiques d'alginate. Ce biopolymère, un polysaccharide extrait des macro-algues brunes, est un copolymère à blocs fonctionnalisés sur chaque sucre par une fonction carboxylate. La coordination des cations conduit à la formation des gels. Après séchage, la matrice est sacrifiée par traitement thermique et cette voie de synthèse permet d'aboutir à des oxydes métalliques non supportés mais bien dispersés, ainsi qu'un contrôle de la structure, de la composition et de la taille des particules. Tous les matériaux obtenus à base de Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, sont caractérisés par DRX, TPR, MEB, MET, ATG, XPS, EDS, AE, adsorption-désorption d'azote. Parmi les oxydes (oxydes simples et mixtes) évalués comme catalyseurs dans la réaction d'oxydation totale du toluène en phase gaz, l'oxyde mixte cuivre-manganèse a été le plus prometteur. Sa performance est attribuée à la présence de la phase mixte de type spinelle Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 obtenus indépendamment de la structure de l'alginate. Ce catalyseur n'a pas montré de désactivation en fonction du temps (75 h) ni au cours de cycles successifs d'utilisation. Ses propriétés texturales et structurales sont conservées. Enfin, plusieurs modèles cinétiques (loi de puissance, modèle de Langmuir – Hinshelwood et le modèle de Mars-van Krevelen) ont été ajustés aux données expérimentales. L'analyse complète des données cinétiques a permis de conclure que la vitesse de réaction d'oxydation totale du toluène en phase gaz sur l'oxyde mixte cuivre manganèse, est mieux décrite par un modèle de type Mars-van Krevelen
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute significantly to air pollution. Several techniques are available for their elimination including the interesting catalytic oxidation. In recent years many efforts have been made to design catalysts based on transition metal oxide to replace noble metals, usually more active for this reaction, but more expensive. The main objective of this thesis is the development of a new synthesis way to produce catalysts based on metal oxide for the removal of toluene, chosen as a model VOC, using air as oxidant. The catalysts were prepared using ionotropic alginate gels as precursors. This biopolymer, a polysaccharide extracted from brown macroalgae is a block copolymer functionalized on each sugar unit by a carboxylate function. The carboxylate- cations coordination leads to the formation of gels. After drying, the matrix is eliminated by thermal treatment and this synthesis route can lead to unsupported but well dispersed metal oxides with a good control of the structure, composition and particle size. All materials obtained based on Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, were characterized by XRD, TPR, SEM, TEM, TGA, XPS, EDS, EA, and adsorption-desorption of nitrogen. Among the oxides (single and mixed oxides) evaluated as catalysts in the reaction of toluene oxidation in gas phase, the copper manganese oxide was the most promising catalyst. Its performance is attributed to the presence of the spinel mixed phase Cu1.5Mn1.5O4, obtained independently of the alginate structure. This catalyst showed no deactivation over time (75 h) or after successive uses. Its textural and structural properties were preserved. Finally, several kinetic models (power law model, Langmuir - Hinshelwood model and Mars-van Krevelen model) were fitted on experimental data. The complete analysis of the kinetic data allowed to conclude that the rate of toluene total oxidation reaction in gas phase on copper manganese mixed oxide, is best described by a Mars-van Krevelen model
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Ibrahim, Maya. "Optimization of catalysts based on copper and manganese oxides supported on hydroxyapatite for the total oxidation of toluene." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R049.

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L'utilisation de procédés catalytiques dans la réduction de la pollution de l’air est répandue et considérée comme l'une des méthodes les plus prometteuses pour l'élimination des polluants atmosphériques. Les catalyseurs hétérogènes sont des outils efficaces pour limiter les émissions toxiques, tels que les composés organiques volatils (COV), parmi lesquels le toluène a été sélectionné comme molécule modèle à utiliser dans cette étude. L'hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), qui s'est avérée, grâce à des études antérieures, être extrêmement utile dans le domaine de la gestion de l'environnement, en raison de sa structure particulière et de ses propriétés attrayantes, a été choisie pour être le support de la phase active dans le travail en cours. Les oxydes de cuivre et de manganèse, oxydes de métaux de transition qui s'étaient révélés très actifs dans l'oxydation totale du toluène dans le passé, ont été désignés pour le rôle de phases actives dans les catalyseurs supportés sur hydroxyaptite (Hap) actuellement préparés. Tout d'abord, un examen approfondi de l'utilisation des oxydes binaires Cu-Mn supportés sur Hap avec différentes compositions atomiques Cu/Mn (2; 1; 0,5) a été réalisé. Cette étude a montré que les catalyseurs à oxydes binaires étaient plus efficaces que les catalyseurs à oxyde de métal de transition unique et a déterminé une valeur optimale du rapport molaire Cu/Mn égale à 2. Deuxièmement, la β-cyclodextrine (β-CD), un agent complexant organique, a été employée pour résoudre la mauvaise dispersion des espèces de cuivre, un problème qui limite les performances des catalyseurs Cu supportés. Non seulement le succès de l'utilisation de la β-CD dans l'amélioration de la dispersion et de la réductibilité du Cu a été démontré par analyses physicochimiques, mais une inspection minutieuse des interactions qui ont lieu au sein du système synthétisé, du stade de solution à celui de produit calciné, a illustré le rôle de la β-CD à chaque étape de la préparation du catalyseur Cu/Hap, mettant en évidence l'occurrence d'interactions entre les molécules de β-CD et les ions Cu2+ provenant du précurseur de cuivre ainsi que les ions Ca2+ du support hydroxyapatite. Enfin, une enquête sur la spéciation du manganèse dans les catalyseurs Mn/Hap avec différentes teneurs de Mn a été effectuée. Les résultats ont indiqué une augmentation du degré d'oxydation moyen du Mn (DOM) allant de pair avec celle de la teneur en Mn. Cependant, un faible DOM de Mn s’est avéré plus avantageux pour la réductibilité du catalyseur
The use of catalytic processes in air pollution abatement is widespread and regarded as one of the most promising methods for atmospheric pollutants removal. Heterogeneous catalysts are efficiently used to reduce toxic emissions, such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), among which toluene was selected as model molecule to be used in this study. Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), which was shown, through previous investigations, to be extremely useful in the field of environmental management, owing to its particular structure and attractive properties, was chosen to be the active phase support in the current work. Copper and manganese oxides, transition metal oxides which had proven to be highly active in the total oxidation of toluene in the past, were designated for the role of active phases in the presently prepared hydroxyaptite (Hap) -supported catalysts. Firstly, a close examination into the use of Hap supported binary Cu-Mn oxides with different atomic Cu/Mn composition (2; 1; 0.5) was conducted. This study showed binary oxide catalysts to be more efficient than the single transition metal oxide catalysts, and determined an optimal Cu/Mn molar ratio value equal to 2. Secondly, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), an organic complexing agent, was employed to adjust poor copper species dispersion, a problem that limits the performances of Cu-supported catalysts. Not only was the success of using β-CD in improving Cu dispersion and reducibility revealed through physicochemical analysis, but a meticulous inspection of the interactions taking place within the synthesized system, from solution stage to that of calcined product, exposed the role of β-CD at each step of the Cu/Hap catalyst preparation, evidencing the occurrence of interactions between β-CD molecules and both Cu2+ ions derived from copper precursor and Ca2+ ions of hydroxyapatite support. Finally, an investigation of manganese speciation in Mn/Hap catalysts with different Mn loadings was carried out. Results indicated an increase in Mn average oxidation state (AOS) going hand in hand with that of Mn content. However, a lower Mn AOS turned out to be more beneficial for the catalyst’s reducibility
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10

Ibrahim, Maya. "Optimization of catalysts based on copper and manganese oxides supported on hydroxyapatite for the total oxidation of toluene." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR049.

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L'utilisation de procédés catalytiques dans la réduction de la pollution de l’air est répandue et considérée comme l'une des méthodes les plus prometteuses pour l'élimination des polluants atmosphériques. Les catalyseurs hétérogènes sont des outils efficaces pour limiter les émissions toxiques, tels que les composés organiques volatils (COV), parmi lesquels le toluène a été sélectionné comme molécule modèle à utiliser dans cette étude. L'hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), qui s'est avérée, grâce à des études antérieures, être extrêmement utile dans le domaine de la gestion de l'environnement, en raison de sa structure particulière et de ses propriétés attrayantes, a été choisie pour être le support de la phase active dans le travail en cours. Les oxydes de cuivre et de manganèse, oxydes de métaux de transition qui s'étaient révélés très actifs dans l'oxydation totale du toluène dans le passé, ont été désignés pour le rôle de phases actives dans les catalyseurs supportés sur hydroxyaptite (Hap) actuellement préparés. Tout d'abord, un examen approfondi de l'utilisation des oxydes binaires Cu-Mn supportés sur Hap avec différentes compositions atomiques Cu/Mn (2; 1; 0,5) a été réalisé. Cette étude a montré que les catalyseurs à oxydes binaires étaient plus efficaces que les catalyseurs à oxyde de métal de transition unique et a déterminé une valeur optimale du rapport molaire Cu/Mn égale à 2. Deuxièmement, la β-cyclodextrine (β-CD), un agent complexant organique, a été employée pour résoudre la mauvaise dispersion des espèces de cuivre, un problème qui limite les performances des catalyseurs Cu supportés. Non seulement le succès de l'utilisation de la β-CD dans l'amélioration de la dispersion et de la réductibilité du Cu a été démontré par analyses physicochimiques, mais une inspection minutieuse des interactions qui ont lieu au sein du système synthétisé, du stade de solution à celui de produit calciné, a illustré le rôle de la β-CD à chaque étape de la préparation du catalyseur Cu/Hap, mettant en évidence l'occurrence d'interactions entre les molécules de β-CD et les ions Cu2+ provenant du précurseur de cuivre ainsi que les ions Ca2+ du support hydroxyapatite. Enfin, une enquête sur la spéciation du manganèse dans les catalyseurs Mn/Hap avec différentes teneurs de Mn a été effectuée. Les résultats ont indiqué une augmentation du degré d'oxydation moyen du Mn (DOM) allant de pair avec celle de la teneur en Mn. Cependant, un faible DOM de Mn s’est avéré plus avantageux pour la réductibilité du catalyseur
The use of catalytic processes in air pollution abatement is widespread and regarded as one of the most promising methods for atmospheric pollutants removal. Heterogeneous catalysts are efficiently used to reduce toxic emissions, such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), among which toluene was selected as model molecule to be used in this study. Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), which was shown, through previous investigations, to be extremely useful in the field of environmental management, owing to its particular structure and attractive properties, was chosen to be the active phase support in the current work. Copper and manganese oxides, transition metal oxides which had proven to be highly active in the total oxidation of toluene in the past, were designated for the role of active phases in the presently prepared hydroxyaptite (Hap) -supported catalysts. Firstly, a close examination into the use of Hap supported binary Cu-Mn oxides with different atomic Cu/Mn composition (2; 1; 0.5) was conducted. This study showed binary oxide catalysts to be more efficient than the single transition metal oxide catalysts, and determined an optimal Cu/Mn molar ratio value equal to 2. Secondly, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), an organic complexing agent, was employed to adjust poor copper species dispersion, a problem that limits the performances of Cu-supported catalysts. Not only was the success of using β-CD in improving Cu dispersion and reducibility revealed through physicochemical analysis, but a meticulous inspection of the interactions taking place within the synthesized system, from solution stage to that of calcined product, exposed the role of β-CD at each step of the Cu/Hap catalyst preparation, evidencing the occurrence of interactions between β-CD molecules and both Cu2+ ions derived from copper precursor and Ca2+ ions of hydroxyapatite support. Finally, an investigation of manganese speciation in Mn/Hap catalysts with different Mn loadings was carried out. Results indicated an increase in Mn average oxidation state (AOS) going hand in hand with that of Mn content. However, a lower Mn AOS turned out to be more beneficial for the catalyst’s reducibility
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Books on the topic "Toluene oxidation"

1

Bittker, David A. Oxidation mechanisms of toluene and benzene. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1995.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Detailed mechanism of toluene oxidation and comparison with benzene. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Detailed mechanism of toluene oxidation and comparison with benzene. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toluene oxidation"

1

Howard, J. A. "In Toluene Oxidation." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 404–6. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145319.ch171.

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Jović, Franjo, and Vesna Tomašić. "Photocatalytic Oxidation of Toluene on Modified TiO2 Nanoparticles." In Nanotechnological Basis for Advanced Sensors, 427–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0903-4_44.

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Goumri, A., J.-P. Sawerysyn, J.-F. Pauwels, and P. Devolder. "Tropospheric Oxidation of Toluene: Reactions of Some Intermediate Radicals." In Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, 315–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0567-2_48.

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Oliva, G., T. Zarra, V. Senatore, M. G. Galang, F. Ballestreros, V. Belgiorno, and V. Naddeo. "Abatement of Atmospheric Pollutants: UV–Ozone Oxidation for the Degradation of Gaseous Toluene." In Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, 353–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00808-5_81.

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Costantini, M., L. Krumenacker, and Rhone Poulenc. "Substituent Effects on the Oxidation of Toluenes by Molecular Oxygen: The Surprising Reactivity of p. Methoxytoluene." In Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, 339–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4758-0_28.

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Martin, Andreas, Venkata Narayana Kalevaru, and Jörg Radnik. "Palladium in Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysis." In Petrochemical Catalyst Materials, Processes, and Emerging Technologies, 53–81. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9975-5.ch003.

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Palladium is one of the precious group metals mainly used in automobile catalytic converters. Besides, it has an importance in various catalytic processes. Although it is well known for hydrogenation reactions, various oxidations can also be catalyzed by palladium. This chapter gives an overview on the most common application of palladium catalysts in heterogeneously catalyzed acetoxylation, i.e. the acetoxylation of ethylene to vinyl acetate. Derived from this knowledge, the authors summarize in detail recently accumulated research results in acetoxylation of toluene to benzyl acetate that can be easily converted to benzyl alcohol. The chapter includes a detailed description of catalyst syntheses, gas phase oxidation runs, comprehensive characterizations and a deep understanding in catalyst-feed interaction. This development can turn away the manufacture of important petrochemicals from chlorine chemistry to oxidations using molecular oxygen.
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Ai, M. "Partial Oxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde." In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 423–30. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)61149-0.

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Blount, M. Catherine, and John L. Falconer. "Photocatalytic oxidation of toluene on platinum/titania catalysts." In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 1967–72. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(00)80490-5.

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Giamello, E., E. Garrone, S. Coluccia, G. Spoto, and A. Zecchina. "Oxidation of Propene and Toluene on CoO-MgO Solid Solutions: A Spectroscopic Study." In New Developments in Selective Oxidation, 817–24. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)60216-5.

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Michman, M., and M. Weiss. "Selective Electrooxidation of 4-(Di-n-propylsulfamyl)toluene to 4-(Di-n-propylsulfamyl)benzoic acid." In New Developments in Selective Oxidation, 667–73. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)60199-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toluene oxidation"

1

Ibrahim, Salisu, Ahmed S. AlShoaibi, and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Effect of Toluene Addition on Hydrogen Sulfide Combustion Under Claus Condition." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98101.

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Experimental results on the effect of different amounts of toluene addition to H2S gas stream are presented. Three toluene concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 5% in H2S are presented and compared with the baseline case of 100% H2S/air combustion. Temperature data showed that addition of toluene to H2S gas stream increases the flame temperature because of large heating value associated with toluene. Addition of toluene resulted in the production of H2, which increased with increase in the amounts of toluene addition. Furthermore, increased addition of toluene concentration increased the asymptotic value of hydrogen sulfide due to oxidation competition between the formed H2 and H2S. The results also showed that the presence of CO triggers the formation of COS with toluene addition due to reaction of CO with SO2. The results revealed that SO2 mole fraction increased to a maximum value then decayed with distance along the reactor. Addition of toluene increased the rate of SO2 decay. These results have direct impact on sulfur capture in Claus reactor performance for sulfur capture.
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Zhang, Yujuan, Lei Zhang, Jiguang Deng, Shaohua Xie, Huanggen Yang, Yang Jiang, and Hongxing Dai. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of MnOx/SBA-16 for Toluene Oxidation." In 2014 International Conference on Materials Science and Energy Engineering (CMSEE 2014). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814678971_0024.

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Kalvachev, Yu, T. Todorova, A. Liutcanova, R. Velinova, and A. Naydenov. "Oxidation Of Benzene, Toluene And Hexane Over Pt Modified Fly Ash Zeolite X." In The 8th World Congress on New Technologies. Avestia Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icnfa22.142.

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Tayeb, Raihan, and Yuwen Zhang. "Machine-Learning Approach to Modeling Oxidation of Toluene in a Bubble Column Reactor." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94564.

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Abstract A feed forward machine-learning (ML) model is applied to study bubble induced turbulence and bubble mass transfer in a bubble column reactor. Using direct numerical simulation data for forced turbulence, bubble deformations and flow velocities are predicted. To predict mass transfer, ML sub-grid scale (SGS) modeling technique is introduced for the concentration of reactants and products undergoing parallel competitive reactions in the oxidation of toluene. The ML model replaces the iterative approach associated with the use of analytical profiles for previous SGS models for correcting concentration profiles in boundary layers. The present model, thus, offers a significant performance bonus as well as the flexibility to extend to more complex scenarios due to its data-driven nature.
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Shankar, Varun, and Felix Leach. "Effects of oxygenate and aromatic content on engine-out aldehyde emissions from pure, binary, and ternary mixtures of ethanol, toluene, and iso-octane." In 2023 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Energy and Lubricants International Meeting. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-32-0029.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Sustainable fuel components, such as ethanol, can be blended into gasoline to help reduce fossil fuel consumption. Aldehydes are both observed emissions and major intermediates in the oxidation of gasoline/ethanol fuel mixtures and are solely attributed to the fuel’s alcohol content.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study aims to evaluate the direct impact of toluene, iso-octane, and ethanol on engine-out formaldehyde and acetalde hyde emissions. A single-cylinder direct injection spark ignition engine was run at low speed and load conditions with varying equivalence ratios. The emissions are measured using a FTIR.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The aldehyde emissions from pure ethanol are ten- and five- times greater than pure toluene and iso-octane, respectively. Greater formaldehyde than acetaldehyde is found for iso-octane and toluene and vice versa for ethanol. The addition of 25 %vol of toluene to ethanol halves the average aldehyde emissions due to toluene suppressing effects. In the ternary mixtures with fixed ethanol content, the higher toluene concentration mixture led to lower average aldehyde emissions.</div></div>
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"Thermal Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene by K-OMS 2 Synthesized via Novel Uncalcined Route." In International Conference on Biological, Civil and Environmental Engineering. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0314166.

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Vijayaraghavan, Sanjay, and D. Y. Goswami. "Photocatalytic Oxidation of Toluene in Water From an Algae Pond With High Dissolved Oxygen Content." In ASME Solar 2002: International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2002-1061.

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Water in well-mixed ponds containing photosynthetic algae has been observed to have an extremely high Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content. Up to four times saturation levels of DO have been recorded. Since DO is known to have an important role in the photocatalytic oxidation of organic contaminants in water, it was hypothesized that a faster rate of contaminant destruction would be observed in water drawn from algae ponds supersaturated with DO. In order to verify this hypothesis a bench scale, batch type photoreactor was constructed. Some baseline tests were performed to investigate the influence of UV intensity, water pH and DO content on the photocatalytic destruction of toluene in water. An array of ultraviolet “blacklight” lamps in a lamp box was used to simulate solar ultraviolet radiation. First-order reaction rate constants were calculated from the destruction data, using a kinetic model proposed earlier. The reaction was found to proceed forward equally fast at pH 4 and 10. A power law relation was derived for the reaction rate dependence on UV intensity. Presence of DO in the water was found to be required for the reaction to go forward. Water from an algae pond, supersaturated with dissolved oxygen was spiked with toluene and destruction tests were then conducted in the same reactor. These tests did not show the expected improvement in destruction rates.
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Ciajolo, A., R. Barbella, A. Tregrossi, A. D’Anna, T. Faravell, E. Ranzi, and G. Solero. "Oxidation and Combustion of Toluene and Paraffin Mixtures: Anti-Knocking Effects and Toxic Pollutant Formation." In 2001 Internal Combustion Engines. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-24-0023.

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Van Sau, Nguyen, Ngo Thanh An, and Nguyen Quang Long. "Photocatalytic oxidation of toluene in presence of water vapor using sol-gel synthesized N-doped TiO2." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, FOOD AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (ICCFB2017): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Chemical Engineering, Food and Biotechnology. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5000183.

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Guo, Bin, Xurui Hu, Xin Wang, and Shuo Zhang. "Catalytic performances of Cu-Mn-Ce oxide/SiC monolithic catalyst for oxidation of toluene under microwave irradiation." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Machinery, Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mmeceb-15.2016.117.

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