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Journal articles on the topic 'Toluene Viscosity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Medvedevskikh, Yuriy, and Oksana Khavunko. "Frictional and Elastic Components of the Viscosity of Polysterene-Toluene Diluted Solutions." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2011): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht05.03.291.

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2

Idrees, Shenwar A., Lawand L. Mustafa, and Sabah S. Saleem. "Improvement Viscosity Index of Lubricating Engine Oil Using Low Molecular Weight Compounds." Science Journal of University of Zakho 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2019.7.1.572.

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the effect of polarity of solvent on the viscosity and viscosity index of lubricating engine oil has been studied using ethanol as an example of polar solvent and toluene as an example of non-polar solvent at different solvent ratios and ambient temperature and additionally other experiments have been done at five different temperatures including 100 oC. So that, the activation energy of viscous flow (Ea) was calculated, and for this purpose Arrhenius viscosity-temperature dependence has been applied and the results were 42.128, 29.256 and 35.417KJ/mole for lubricating engine oil mixed with ethanol, toluene and no additives in turn. It additionally shows that adding polar solvent to lubrication engine oil viscosity increases this may be due to the fact of strong inter molecular forces that found in polar molecules such as hydrogen bonding in ethanol makes the solution forces stronger as a result higher viscosity. However, adding non-polar solvent decreases viscosity because of small size of toluene and both paraffinic lubricating oil and toluene have same London dispersion inter molecular forces. Last not least, the result shows that engine oil mixed with non-polar molecule gives more temperature stability than that of polar molecule giving viscosity index (VI) 366 and 580 respectively.

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3

Santos, Fernando J. V., Carlos A. Nieto de Castro, John H. Dymond, Natassa K. Dalaouti, Marc J. Assael, and Akira Nagashima. "Standard Reference Data for the Viscosity of Toluene." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 35, no. 1 (March 2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1928233.

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4

Vogel, E., and S. Hendl. "Vapor phase viscosity of toluene and p-xylene." Fluid Phase Equilibria 79 (November 1992): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(92)85140-4.

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5

Dymond, J. H., N. F. Glen, J. D. Isdale, and M. Pyda. "The viscosity of liquid toluene at elevated pressures." International Journal of Thermophysics 16, no. 4 (July 1995): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02093470.

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6

Vieira dos Santos, F. J., and C. A. Nieto de Castro. "Viscosity of toluene and benzene under high pressur." International Journal of Thermophysics 18, no. 2 (March 1997): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02575167.

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7

Li, Qiang, Yanling Wang, Fuling Wang, Qingchao Li, Forson Kobina, Hao Bai, and Lin Yuan. "Effect of a Modified Silicone as a Thickener on Rheology of Liquid CO2 and Its Fracturing Capacity." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030540.

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The low viscosity of pure liquid CO2 hindered the development of CO2 fracturing technology. A modified silicone polymer was prepared as a CO2 thickener to investigate the effect of temperature, pressure, shear rate and thickener content (wt.%) on the apparent viscosity and rheology of thickened liquid CO2. In addition, CO2 fracturing capacity was evaluated with the numerical simulation of extended finite element. The results displayed that an apparent viscosity of up to 1.3 mPa·s at 303 K and 18 MPa was attained over liquid CO2 using the thickener of 3 wt.% and Toluene of 9 wt.% as additives. Compared to the commercial linear polydimethylsiloxane, a better apparent viscosity was obtained from the mixture of this prepared thickener, Toluene and CO2. The apparent viscosity decreases with increasing temperature and shear rate. By contrast, an improving apparent viscosity was revealed with an increase in the pressure from 8 to 14 MPa and thickener content from 1 to 3 wt.%. The rheological index decreased with increasing thickener content with pressure but the rise in temperature led to an increasing rheological index. The mesh structure theory of the thickener, CO2 and Toluene molecules was in this paper gives a good explanation for the discrepancy between CO2 viscosity with the thickener content, temperature, pressure, or shear rate. Compared to pure CO2, the numerical simulation of CO2 fracturing demonstrated an excellent fracturing capacity by using the thickened CO2 fracturing fluid in shale reservoirs. This investigation could provide the basic reference for the development of CO2 fracturing technology.

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8

AL-Zuhairi, Firas K., Rana Abbas Azeez, and Muna Kheder Jassim. "Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for Prediction of Viscosity Reduction of Heavy Crude Oil using Different Organic Solvents." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.06.03.

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The increase globally fossil fuel consumption as it represents the main source of energy around the world, and the sources of heavy oil more than light, different techniques were used to reduce the viscosity and increase mobility of heavy crude oil. this study focusing on the experimental tests and modeling with Back Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network (BFF-ANN) of the dilution technique to reduce a heavy oil viscosity that was collected from the south- Iraq oil fields using organic solvents, organic diluents with different weight percentage (5, 10 and 20 wt.% ) of (n-heptane, toluene, and a mixture of different ratio toluene / n-Heptane) at constant temperature. Experimentally the higher viscosity reduction was about from 135.6 to 26.33 cP when the mixture of toluene/heptane (75/25 vol. %) was added. The input parameters for the model were solvent type, wt. % of solvent, RPM and shear rate, the results have been demonstrated that the proposed model has superior performance, where the obtained value of R was greater than 0.99 which confirms a good agreement between the correlation and experimental data, the predicate for reduced viscosity and DVR was with accuracy 98.7%, on the other hand, the μ and DVR% factors were closer to unity for the ANN model.

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9

WANCHOO, R. K., JYOTI NARAYAN, G. K. RAINA, and G. A. WANI. "VISCOSITY AND SURFACE TENSION OF TOLUENE-ETHYLACETATE LIQUID MIXTURE." Chemical Engineering Communications 69, no. 1 (July 1988): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448808940614.

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10

Harris, Kenneth R. "Temperature and Density Dependence of the Viscosity of Toluene." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 45, no. 5 (September 2000): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je000024l.

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11

Gao, Yang Jian Shu, Sen Zhao, Shuang Quan Liao, Lin Fang, Zhi Fen Wang, and Le Fan Li. "Reinforcement of Natural Rubber Latex Film by Starch Nanocrystal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3886.

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Starch nanocrystals obtained from acid hydrolysis, and the starch/natural rubber latex film was prepared by blending the starch nanocrystals with natural rubber latex. The latex properties such as viscosity and mechanical stability, water and toluene uptake, crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the latex films were investigated. The results showed that the mechanical stability of natural rubber latex reinforced by starch nanocrystals increased, but the change of viscosity was not obvious. By adding starch nanocrystals in natural rubber latex, the swelling by toluene decreases and the swelling by water increased. The mechanical properties and crosslinking density of films were enhanced with the increase of starch loading.

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12

Onishi, Masamichi, Yo Nakamura, and Takashi Norisuye. "Intrinsic Viscosity of Polystyrene in Toluene-Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mixtures." Polymer Journal 41, no. 6 (2009): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.pj2008319.

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13

Zéberg-Mikkelsen, C. K., A. Baylaucq, G. Watson, and C. Boned. "High-Pressure Viscosity Measurements for the Ethanol + Toluene Binary System." International Journal of Thermophysics 26, no. 5 (September 2005): 1289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-005-8089-2.

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14

Faris, Haidar A., and Dr Ayad A. Abdulrazak. "Improvement Heavy Oil Transportation IN Pipelines (laboratory study)." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i1.176.

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Since from the past, drag has been identified as the main reason for the loss of energy in pipelines and other similar transportation channels. The contribution of this drag is due to mainly viscous of the flow as well as friction against the pipe walls. These energy losses can be identified through pressure drop, which will results in more pumping power consumption. Due to their very high viscosity heavy oil cannot be transported as such in pipelines and required additional treatments [1]. This work studied flow increase (%FI) in heavy oil at different flow rates (2 to 10 m3/hr) in two pipes (0.0381 m & 0.0508 m) ID. By using different additives (toluene and naphtha) with different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) %wt at 27ᵒC. The results of this study showed Increasing values of FI % and Maximum Dr% of 40.48% and 37.03 % were obtained using heavy oil containing 10% wt of naphtha flowing in pipes of 0.0508 and 0.0381 m I.D. at 27°C respectively. Increasing values of %Dr with increasing of Reynolds number, fluid velocity and additive concentration, the used additives (toluene and naphtha) reduce the high viscosity of used heavy oil, and naphtha is more efficient as viscosity reducer than toluene. All these results show treatment heavy oil and improvement their transport in pipelines.

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15

Liu, Yunfeng, Zhengsong Qiu, Hanyi Zhong, Zhen Nie, Jia Li, Weian Huang, and Xin Zhao. "Bitumen Recovery from Crude Bitumen Samples from Halfaya Oilfield by Single and Composite Solvents—Process, Parameters, and Mechanism." Materials 12, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172656.

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Since 2007, heterogeneous, high-viscosity active bituminous formations have often occurred during the drilling process in Yadavaran oilfield (Iran), Halfaya oilfield (Iraq), and tar sands (Canada). The formation of bitumen exhibits plastic and creep properties, and its adhesion is strong, so drilling accidents are easily caused, such as adhering vibrating screen, drill pipe sticking, lost circulation, and even well abandonment. These complex problems cause huge economic losses. Solvents used to dissolve bitumen are a feasible technology to remove bitumen effectively. In order to solve this problem, we used crude bitumen samples from Halfaya oilfield to study the relation between the bitumen component and different solvents. In this study, the temperature, crude bitumen sample to solvent ratio, stirring rate, stirring time, and ultrasound time on bitumen recovery by toluene were investigated by a single factor experiment. The optimum process parameter for bitumen recovery was obtained. Toluene, n-heptane, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, ethyl acetate, and n-pentane were chosen as the solvents for single solvent extraction and composite solvent extraction. The bitumen recovery increased significantly with the use of a composite solvent compared to a single solvent. The composite solvent ratio was 1:1. The highest bitumen recovery was 98.9 wt% by toluene/cyclohexane composite solvent. The SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) components of the bitumen were analyzed. The toluene showed the highest asphaltene content, while the n-alkanes showed the lowest asphaltene content. The higher the asphaltene content, the higher the bitumen recovery. The composite solvent obtained the highest asphaltene content and bitumen recovery. The viscosity of bitumen extraction by different solvents was measured. The lower the bitumen viscosity, the higher the bitumen recovery. The element analysis indicated the solvent’s ability to extract bitumen colloids with the C/H ratio. This study provides a reliable theoretical basis for the subsequent adoption of effective anti-bitumen polluted drilling fluid additives.

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16

Singh, Rahul, Oswaldo Sanchez, Suvojit Ghosh, Naveen Kadimcherla, Swarnendu Sen, and Ganesh Balasubramanian. "Viscosity of magnetite–toluene nanofluids: Dependence on temperature and nanoparticle concentration." Physics Letters A 379, no. 40-41 (October 2015): 2641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2015.06.010.

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17

Harris, Kenneth R., Rakesh Malhotra, and Lawrence A. Woolf. "Temperature and Density Dependence of the Viscosity of Octane and Toluene." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 42, no. 6 (November 1997): 1254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je970105q.

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18

Yeo, Sang-Do, and Erdogan Kiran. "Viscosity Reduction of Polystyrene Solutions in Toluene with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Macromolecules 32, no. 21 (October 1999): 7325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma990192m.

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19

Chen, Qianqian, Yachao Zhu, Maoxin Wang, Gaihuan Ren, Qian Liu, Zhenghe Xu, and Dejun Sun. "Viscosity reduction of extra-heavy oil using toluene in water emulsions." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 560 (January 2019): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.025.

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20

Gon�alves, F. A., K. Hamano, J. V. Sengers, and J. Kestin. "Viscosity of liquid toluene in the temperature range 25?75�C." International Journal of Thermophysics 8, no. 6 (November 1987): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00500784.

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21

Hossain, Md Kamrul, M. Abdur Rahaman, and Shamim Akhtar. "Molar Interactions of Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons in n-Heptane by Viscometric Measurements at 298.15K." Chittagong University Journal of Science 40, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujs.v40i1.47918.

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The viscosities, η , of pure n-heptane, toluene, o-xylene, mesitylene, and some of their binary mixtures covering the whole composition range have been measured at 298.15K. Deviations in viscosity, ∆η , was calculated using experimental results. The concentration dependencies of η were correlated to polynomial expressions, whereas, ∆η were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. Moreover, the values of the excess Gibbs free energy of activation, ∆G#E, of these mixtures were determined. Viscosity measurements of the binary systems were correlated with Grunberg and Nissan the three-body and four-body McAllister expressions. In all systems, ∆η were found to be negative in the whole range of composition with a single lobe having minimum at 0.6 mple fraction of aromatic hydrocarbon. While dispersive forces are suggested to dominate in n-heptane + toluene, for the other two systems ‘favourable geometric fitting’ overpowers them due to the increasing number of – CH3 groups in the relevant aromatic hydrocarbons. The Chittagong Univ. J. Sci. 40 : 97-110, 2018

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22

Bohdanecký, Miloslav, Antonín Sikora, Jiří Horský, and Vladimír Petrus. "Properties of Dilute Solutions of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Terpolymers in Benzene and Toluene." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 60, no. 11 (1995): 1950–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19951950.

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Commercial samples of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers (EPDM) and their fractions were characterized by osmometry (number-average molecular weight, second virial coefficient), viscometry (intrisic viscosity) and 1H NMR spectrometry (mole fraction of propylene monomeric units). The results were analyzed in terms of the two-parameter theory of polymer solutions. Theta temperatures and polymer-solvent interaction parameters were estimated and correlated with composition. Existence of organized structures is indicated by high values of the reduced partial molar entropy parameter y. The increase in y with increasing content of ethylene units is assigned to their association. The results lend support to the previous study on the Huggins viscosity coefficient of EPDM.

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23

Canales, Roberto I., Michael J. Lubben, Maria Gonzalez-Miquel, and Joan F. Brennecke. "Solubility of CO 2 in [1- n -butylthiolanium][Tf 2 N]+toluene mixtures: liquid–liquid phase split separation and modelling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2057 (December 28, 2015): 20150011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0011.

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Carbon dioxide has been shown to be an effective antisolvent gas for separating organic compounds from ionic liquids (ILs) by inducing a liquid–vapour to liquid–liquid–vapour transition. Using carbon dioxide, toluene can be separated from imidazolium, phosphonium and pyridinum cation-based ILs with the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion, which is relatively hydrophobic and has a high toluene solubility. A new IL with relatively low viscosity is tested here for the same toluene separation process: 1- n -butylthiolanium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Carbon dioxide solubility in binary and ternary systems containing toluene and 1- n -butylthiolanium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide is measured at 298.15 and 313.15 K up to 7.4 MPa. Solubility behaviour in this IL is similar to imidazolium-based ILs with the same anion. However, phase split pressures are lower when 1- n -butylthiolanium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide is used instead of 1- n -hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsu- lfonyl)imide at the same conditions of temperature and initial composition of toluene in the IL. Solubility data are modelled with the conductor-like screening model for real solvents combined with the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation of state, which provides good qualitative results.

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24

Yeo, Sang-Do, and Erdogan Kiran. "High-pressure viscosity of polystyrene solutions in toluene + carbon dioxide binary mixtures." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 75, no. 2 (January 10, 2000): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(20000110)75:2<306::aid-app13>3.0.co;2-s.

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25

Marques, Ana C., Helena Dias, Sandro Matos, Bruno Sargaço, Ricardo Simoes, Aster De Schrijver, and João C. Bordado. "Polyurethane one-component foam formulation optimization for low free isocianate monomer content." Journal of Cellular Plastics 53, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16639230.

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Recent changes in legislation have forced one-component foam producers to drop the amount of free monomeric isocyanate in their polyurethane systems. Also, it is required that commercial polyurethane aerosol cans exhibit at least one year of shelf life and polyurethane foams must be classified as B2 on the fire testing following DIN 4102. This paper reports on a systematic optimization study of polyurethane formulations dedicated to address these current industry requirements. A one-component foam system exhibiting simultaneously all of these parameters was achieved by reacting conventional diols, a relatively low-molecular weight monol (2-ethylhexanol), a flame retardant high-molecular weight monol (tris(bromoneopentyl)alcohol), a methylene diphenyl diisocyanate-based prepolymer (GreenAdduct 13), and a small amount of 2,4′-toluene diisocyanate. The use of monols allows producing prepolymers with low free methylene diphenyl diisocyanate by preventing chain extension and, therefore, avoiding extreme viscosity build-up. Toluene diisocyanate also promotes a lower viscosity inside the aerosol can, which enables the use of high enough quantities of high-molecular weight flame retardant monol to achieve a B2 fire test classification.

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26

Nourozieh, Hossein, Mohammad Kariznovi, and Jalal Abedi. "Measurement and Evaluation of Bitumen/Toluene-Mixture Properties at Temperatures Up to 190?°C and Pressures Up to 10 MPa." SPE Journal 21, no. 05 (April 20, 2016): 1705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180922-pa.

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Summary The viscosity of bitumen and heavy oil is extremely high at both reservoir and surface conditions, on the order of 1 million cp. Therefore, viscosity reduction is necessary for production from the reservoir, pipeline transportation, and oil processing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different parameters (temperature, pressure, and solvent-weight fraction) on the density and viscosity of bitumen-containing mixtures. Thus, the density and viscosity of mixtures are measured for a sample of Athabasca bitumen diluted with different fractions of toluene at pressures from 0.1 to 10 MPa and at temperatures from 22 to 190 °C. The mixture densities show a linear decrease with temperature, pressure, and solvent concentration. The viscosity of the mixtures indicates a curvilinear trend with respect to the solvent-weight fraction and temperature. The effect of pressure on the mixture viscosity is more pronounced at lower-solvent-weight fractions. The mixture-density data are evaluated with two different methods: no volume change upon mixing and excess volume. The excess-volume method predicts the mixture-density data with an overall average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 0.34%. The viscosity data for mixtures are compared with different models: Arrhenius (1987), Cragoe (1933), Shu (1984), Lobe (1973), double-log (Yarranton et al. 2013), Lederer (1933), power-law (Kendall and Monroe 1917), and Bij (Yarranton et al. 2013). The Bij model (Yarranton et al. 2013) produces the most-reliable results for mixture viscosities, with 5.5% AARD.

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27

Jayalakshmi, T., and Kalluru S. Reddy. "Excess volumes and excess viscosities of binary liquid mixtures: methylisobutylketone + benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and nitrobenzene." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-472.

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Excess volumes for the binary liquid mixtures of methylisobutylketone with benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and nitrobenzene have been measured at 303.15 and 313.15 K. Excess volumes were negative for all the systems over the entire range of composition and at both the temperatures. The behaviour of VE as a function of composition and temperature was studied. Viscosity data have also been determined for the five systems at 303.15 K. The excess viscosity, Δ ln η, has been calculated and its behaviour as a function of composition was investigated. The results of VE and Δ ln η have been discussed in terms of dipole – induced dipole and dipole–dipole interactions between the components. VE and Δ ln η were analysed in the light of Prigogine–Patterson–Flory equation of state theory and Bloomfield and Dewan's viscosity relations.

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28

Nithya, R., S. Nithiyanantham, S. Mullainathan, and M. Rajasekaran. "Ultrasonic Investigation of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures at 303 K." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2009): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/589542.

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The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity at 303 K have been measured in the binary systems of toluene with benzene ando-xylone with benzene. The acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, free length, free volume and acoustical impedance are calculated. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interaction between the components of the mixtures

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29

Song, Mijung, Pengfei F. Liu, Sarah J. Hanna, Rahul A. Zaveri, Katie Potter, Yuan You, Scot T. Martin, and Allan K. Bertram. "Relative humidity-dependent viscosity of secondary organic material from toluene photo-oxidation and possible implications for organic particulate matter over megacities." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 14 (July 19, 2016): 8817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8817-2016.

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Abstract. To improve predictions of air quality, visibility, and climate change, knowledge of the viscosities and diffusion rates within organic particulate matter consisting of secondary organic material (SOM) is required. Most qualitative and quantitative measurements of viscosity and diffusion rates within organic particulate matter have focused on SOM particles generated from biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as α-pinene and isoprene. In this study, we quantify the relative humidity (RH)-dependent viscosities at 295 ± 1 K of SOM produced by photo-oxidation of toluene, an anthropogenic VOC. The viscosities of toluene-derived SOM were 2 × 10−1 to ∼ 6 × 106 Pa s from 30 to 90 % RH, and greater than ∼ 2 × 108 Pa s (similar to or greater than the viscosity of tar pitch) for RH ≤ 17 %. These viscosities correspond to Stokes–Einstein-equivalent diffusion coefficients for large organic molecules of ∼ 2 × 10−15 cm2 s−1 for 30 % RH, and lower than ∼ 3 × 10−17 cm2 s−1 for RH ≤ 17 %. Based on these estimated diffusion coefficients, the mixing time of large organic molecules within 200 nm toluene-derived SOM particles is 0.1–5 h for 30 % RH, and higher than ∼ 100 h for RH ≤ 17 %. As a starting point for understanding the mixing times of large organic molecules in organic particulate matter over cities, we applied the mixing times determined for toluene-derived SOM particles to the world's top 15 most populous megacities. If the organic particulate matter in these megacities is similar to the toluene-derived SOM in this study, in Istanbul, Tokyo, Shanghai, and São Paulo, mixing times in organic particulate matter during certain periods of the year may be very short, and the particles may be well-mixed. On the other hand, the mixing times of large organic molecules in organic particulate matter in Beijing, Mexico City, Cairo, and Karachi may be long and the particles may not be well-mixed in the afternoon (15:00–17:00 LT) during certain times of the year.

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30

Thirumaran, S., J. Earnest Jayakumar, and B. Hubert Dhanasundaram. "Molecular Interaction Studies on N-Alkanols with DMA in Toluene at 303K." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2010): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/735216.

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The ultrasonic study of velocity, density and viscosity has been measured for the mixtures ofn-alkanols, namely; 1-propoanol, 1-butanol and 1-pentanol in toluene withN-Ndimethyl acetamide (DMA) at 303K. The experimental data have been used to calculate the acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi) and acoustic impedance (Z). The excess values of the above parameters have also been evaluated and presented. From the present investigation, it is obvious that a weak molecular association was identified. Mixing of DMA withnalkanols causes dissociation of hydrogen bonded structures ofn- alkanols. Also, further addition of DMA with the mixture not only causes dissociation of hydrogen bonded structures ofn-alkanols but also a decrease in molecular association between toluene andn-alkanols is observed. The evaluated excess values predict weak molecular interactions existing between DMA-n-alkanols as well as toluene-n-alkanols.

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31

Ibrahim, Suhaina M., Nobuaki Negishi, Abdul Kadir Masrom, Babak Mazinani, Anita Ramli, Aishah Isnin, and Mohamad Zahid Abdul Malek. "TiO2 Transparent Thin Film for Eliminating Toluene." ISRN Nanotechnology 2012 (July 5, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/262703.

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TiO2 nanoparticles undergo a single-phase transition: from amorphous to anatase when calcined at 450°C. It can be noticed from the XRD and AFM results that the particle size of TiO2 is below 30 nm. Results from viscometer and UV-Vis analysis showed that the film thickness is closely related to the viscosity of dip-coating solutions. It was found that the contact angle for water decreased after being illuminated with UV light at certain periods of time. This indicates that these films exhibit hydrophilic properties that can be used on self-cleaning surfaces and antifogging mirrors. Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation allows the oxidation of airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of a semiconductor catalyst and UV light source. Titanium dioxide, due to its chemical stability, nontoxicity, and low cost, represents one of the most efficient photocatalysts. Photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 thin films was evaluated by using toluene and results showed that this film is successful in decomposing toluene.

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Shi, Wu Chao, Li Min Dong, Qiang Li, Chen Wang, and Tong Xiang Liang. "Study on the Variety of Rheological Properties and Thermal Analysis of Modified Coal Tar Pitch with 1,4-Benzenedimethanol." Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (March 2014): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.304.

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Coal tar pitch (CTP) as carbon material was studied using 1,4-Benzenedimethanol (PXG) as modifier by p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTS) catalyst and the variety of rheological properties of modified coal tar pitch (MTP) was discussed. The apparent viscosity of CTP and MTP were measured using rotating coaxial-cylinder viscometer, and the relations between the apparent viscosity and temperature were studied. Thermal behaviors of CTP and MTP were analyzed with TG-DSC. The results showed that the viscosity of the MTP gradually decreased with the temperature rising and the viscous activation energy of the MTP is 72.92 kJ·mol-1, which was beneficial to the process for producing carbon materials and the carbon yield was greatly improved. Therefore, coal tar pitch modified with PXG was qualified to be an excellent carbon precursor.

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Li, Wen Yuan, You Ming Cao, and Xin Qi Zhou. "Study on UV Curable Waterborne Polyurethane Modified by Epoxy Resin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (December 2012): 842–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.842.

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In this paper, UV curable waterborne polyurethane emulsions were prepared by fractional step method using toluene diisocyanate (TDI), polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW=1000), α,α-dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as raw material, and UV-WPUs were modified with epoxy resin. The effect of different content of epoxy resin on the viscosity, the water resistance, and other properties was investigated. The synthesized polyurethane structure was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR analysis identified that the target product was expected epoxy modified waterborne UV polyurethane. And with –COOH content increasing, the emulsion viscosity of the WPU increased and the water absorption of the films increased; with epoxy content increasing, the viscosity of the WPU emulsion increased and the water resistance of the films was improved.

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Duereh, Alif, Chokchai Boonchuay, Piyapong Buahom, and Surat Areerat. "Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes." Green Processing and Synthesis 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2018-0092.

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Abstract Molecular weight reduction of natural rubber (NR) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidizing agent is limited in biphasic water-toluene systems that is attributed to mass transfer. In this work, CO2 was applied to the (aqueous H2O2)-(toluene-NR) systems with the objective of improving reaction efficiency. Experiments were performed on the reaction system with CO2 at 12 MPa and at reaction temperatures and times of 60°C–80°C and 1 h–10 h to evaluate the reaction kinetics. CO2 could enhance the NR molecular weight reduction by lowering the activation energy (from 121 kJ·mol−1 to 38 kJ·mol−1). The role of CO2 in the reaction system seems to be the formation of oxidative peroxycarbonic acid intermediate and promotion of mass transport due to the reduction in the toluene-NR viscosity and interfacial tension. The epoxidized liquid NRs (M̅n=4.9×103 g·mol−1) obtained from NR molecular weight reduction was further processed to prepare hydroxyl telechelic NR (M̅n=1.0×103 g·mol−1) and biobased polyurethane.

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Elida Purba, Chairul Umam, Azhar,. "Rheological Characteristics of Dammar Mata Kuching." Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jesr.v2i2.50.

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Rheology is already defined as the science of flow and deformation of matter. The purpose of rheology is to look at the relationships between stress and deformation of the material-marterial (non-Newtonian) in order to explain its mechanical properties. One of the ingredients that is often used as a basic material for making products is dammar. Dammar is a general term used to name a material in the form of natural resin which is the result of exudation of trees from the Dipterocarpaceae and Burseraccae families. This research uses raw materials dammar and toluene which are used to make a solution of dammar with the proportion of dammar: toluene, namely 50: 50, 40: 60, 35: 65, and 30: 70. Then the rheological analysis is analyzed by measuring the viscosity value, the shear rate. , and also its shear stress. The viscosity value increases with the greater the shear rate and the value of n (Flow Behavior index) is> 1, indicating that a solution of resin is a fluid with a type of dilatan fluid. Keywords: dammar, deformation, rheology, shear rate, shear stress.

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Majeed, S. M. N. K., S. A. Idrees, V. A. Musa, S. M. Simo, A. A. Mohammed, and L. A. AbdulKareem. "Cetane Number Improvement of Distilled Diesel from Tawke Wells." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 3 (June 2, 2021): 7195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4192.

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The current research aims to improve the cetane number of diesel extracted from the crude oil of Tawke region-Iraq Kurdistan. A specific mixture of chemical compounds was prepared which included m-nitrophenol, 4-nitro toluene, and nitrobenzene. The components' effects were investigated with regard to the cetane number, flash point, viscosity, and refractive index of diesel. The quantity of each compound mixed with diesel was prepared based on the statistical analysis of the experiment device (Box–Behnken Designs-BBDs). The tested mixture showed a good agreement and improvement of cetane and flash point and a very low effect on viscosity and refractive index. According to the statistical analysis, the main influence on cetane number and the flashpoint was from m-nitrophenol. The investigation showed that the best results were acquired from the samples of 25PPM 4-nitro toluene and 50PPM m-nitrophenol with a cetane number of 65.3. The correlation and the interaction of the regression equation were linear with all cases. It is worth mentioning that all additives positively influenced the cetane number in the regression equation. The sulfur content was measured as well, and the obtained weight percentage of sulfur was 0.8404%.

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Du, Deng-Xue, Ju Zuo, Ying-Li An, Lei Zhou, and Yun Liu. "Study of viscosity abnormality of PS/toluene solution in extremely dilute concentration regime." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 102, no. 5 (2006): 4440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.24697.

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Singh, Ramesh P., Chandreshwar P. Sinha, Jitesh C. Das, and Pranab Ghosh. "Viscosity and density of ternary mixtures for toluene, ethylbenzene, bromobenzene, and 1-hexanol." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 34, no. 3 (July 1989): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00057a022.

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H. Al-Kayi, Hussain, Nassir D. Mokhlif, and Masri B. Baharom. "New Method for Viscosity Estimation of Waxy Lube Oil/MEK-Toluene Solvent Composition." Journal of Applied Sciences 14, no. 23 (November 15, 2014): 3276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2014.3276.3281.

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Indhumathi, R. G. "Ultrasonic study of molecular interactions in binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate(MMA) with toluene and dimethylacetamide at 318 K." International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v4i1.5933.

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<p>The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity at 318K have been measured in the binary systems of Methyl methacrylate + Toluene and Methyl methacrylate + Dimethylacetamide. In this work an attempt has been made for the first time to investigate the behavior of binary solutions of Methylmethacrylate(MMA) in Toluene and Dimethylacetamide(DMAC) with regard to acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility(β), intermolecular free length(l<sub>f</sub>), free volume(V<sub>f</sub>), Rao’s constant(R), Wada’s constant(W) and specific acoustical impedance(Z) from ultrasonic measurements at 318 K were calculated. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interaction between the components of mixtures.</p>

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Chen, Chun Yan, Li Long Gao, and Xiao Feng Wang. "Effects of HTPB with Different Molecular Weight on Mechanical Properties of HTPB/TDI System." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.19.

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t is found that the molecular weight of Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) influences curing behaviors of HTPB/2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) system and the mechanical properties of PBXs. Effects of the molecular weight of HTPB on the viscose viscosity,the cure time, and mechanical properties of polymer were studied by brookfield viscometer, hardness tester and tension test with the molecular weight of HTPB varying from 1500~4000.The experimental results show that the viscose viscosity increases slowly and the cure time is extended obviously,tensile strength decreases and elongation at break increases when the molecular weight of HTPB increases. Dynamic mechanical studies show that glass transition temperature and dynamic storage modulus decrease with the molecular weight of HTPB increasing.

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42

Grampp, Günter, Van Anh Tran, Petr V. Pantyukhov, and Alexander I. Kokorin. "Intramolecular Mobility in Nitroxide Biradicals with Flexible Linkers." Applied Magnetic Resonance 51, no. 9-10 (September 29, 2020): 1031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-020-01219-9.

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Abstract Intramolecular electron spin exchange has been studied by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in two long-chain flexible nitroxide biradicals existing in fluid solutions in three spectroscopy-different spatial conformations as a function of temperature, solvent viscosity and polarity. Certain thermodynamic parameters of the conformational transitions were calculated from the EPR spectra. The process of spin-exchange in these biradicals dissolved in five different alcohols was compared with that in the non-polar solvents (toluene) and aprotic (acetonitrile), as well as with two other biradicals studied earlier, and with thermodynamic characteristics of the solvents. A distinct correlation was found between macroscopic (solvent viscosity) characteristics of solvents and thermodynamic parameters of the intramolecular conformational transitions.

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Chen, Tong Yu, Yan Jun Liu, Guo Zheng, and Yu Sun. "Synthesis of PEG200 Lauric Acid Diester and the Performance Test of Viscosity." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.3.

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A novel PEG200 lauric acid diester was synthesized high yield by direct esterification using polyethylene glycol and lauric acid respectively was presented in this work. The product of PEG200 lauric acid diester was characterized by a fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR). The effects of catalyst, reaction time, reaction temperature and molar ratio on the reaction were discussed. The optimum synthetic condition of PEG200 lauric acid diester: esynthesis is based on protection of N2and the ressure is 0.08Mpa. Using mass fraction 0.45% in p-toluene sulphonic acid as catalyst, molar ratio of polyethylene glycol and oleic acid 1:1.95, reaction temperature about 130-140°C, and reaction time 9-10h. The results of testing of diester products showed that the yield of PEG200 lauric acid diester is 98.2%.And this article reviewed the effect of concentration on viscosity. The characteristic curve of Viscosity-Concentration showed the viscosity increased with increase of the concentration which brought about the increase of particle size. Especially focusing on the maximum viscosity appeard on 80% because of the phenomenon of reverse micelles. Then the viscosity decreased with increase of the concentration.

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Yi, Yu Hua, and Zhen Tong. "Molecular Tailor of Castable Polyurethane Elastomer with Low Free TDI Monomer Content Prepolymer." Advanced Materials Research 159 (December 2010): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.159.584.

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Castable polyurethane elastomer based on polytetramethylene glycol (PTMEG) and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was prepared with low free TDI monomer content prepolymer (LF-prepolymer), the structure and properties of the prepolymers and corresponding elastomers were characterized. The result showed that, LF-prepolymer exhibit low viscosity, low molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. The polyurethane prepolymer based on LF-prepolymer show higher bashore rebound, lower compression set and better dynamic properties.

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45

Pandey, J. D., P. Jain, and V. Vyas. "Speed of sound, viscosity, and refractive index of multicomponent systems: analysis of experimental data from the Bertrand–Acree–Burchfield equation." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 2486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-315.

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The speed of sound in and the viscosity and refractive index of two ternary mixtures (I) toluene + n-heptane + n-hexane and (II) cyclohexane + n-heptane + n-hexane, and six binary combinations of these constituents have been measured experimentally. The excess values of these properties are calculated and the results are analysed using the Bertrand–Acree–Burchfield (BAB) model. All the experimental and theoretical values are in fairly reasonable agreement.

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Parlia, Sean, Ponisseril Somasundaran, and Andrei Dukhin. "Ion-Pair Conductivity Theory IV: SPAN Surfactants in Toluene and the Role of Viscosity." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, no. 3 (2018): H170—H175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0081805jes.

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47

Rajagopal, Krishnamurthy, and Subramonian Chenthilnath. "Density and Viscosity of Ketones with Toluene at Different Temperatures and at Atmospheric Pressure." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 55, no. 2 (February 11, 2010): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je900523k.

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48

Caetano, F. J. P., J. L. Correia da Mata, J. M. N. A. Fareleira, C. M. B. P. Oliveira, and W. A. Wakeham. "Viscosity Measurements of Liquid Toluene at Low Temperatures Using a Dual Vibrating-Wire Technique." International Journal of Thermophysics 25, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ijot.0000022325.10161.39.

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Terao, Ken, Toshio Hokajo, Yo Nakamura, and Takashi Norisuye. "Solution Properties of Polymacromonomers Consisting of Polystyrene. 3. Viscosity Behavior in Cyclohexane and Toluene." Macromolecules 32, no. 11 (June 1999): 3690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma990091o.

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Singh, Ramesh P., Chandreshwar P. Sinha, Jitesh C. Das, and Pranab Ghosh. "Viscosity and density of ternary mixtures of toluene, bromobenzene, 1-hexanol and 1-octanol." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 35, no. 1 (January 1990): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00059a025.

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