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Journal articles on the topic 'Toluidine blue'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 June 2025

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Keten, Alper, and Erdem Okdemir. "Toluidine blue." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 38, no. 10 (2020): 2239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.03.047.

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Henriques, U. "TOLUIDINE BLUE EOSIN." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section A Pathology 80A, no. 1 (2009): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00280.x.

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Ephros, Hillel, and Arthur Mashberg. "Toluidine blue—viewpoints." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 87, no. 5 (1999): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(99)70148-4.

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Wysocki, George P. "Toluidine blue—viewpoints." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 87, no. 5 (1999): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(99)70149-6.

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Ephros, Hillel D. "Toluidine blue staining." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 62 (August 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2004.05.005.

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Sheikh, Rayees Ahmad, Altaf Hussain Chalkoo, and Bashir Ahmad Wani. "Toluidine blue: As an adjuvant screening tool." Journal of Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 8, no. 3 (2022): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jooo.2022.027.

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Early detection and preventing the progression of potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) help in decreasing the incidence and improving the survival of those who develop oral cancer. The content of DNA and RNA is more in dysplasia and in situ carcinoma than the normal surrounding oral epithelium, the use of in vivo staining, by means of toluidine blue dye, is based on the fact that it is an acidophilic dye that selectively stains acidic tissue components such as DNA and RNA. Toluidine blue staining is considered to be sensitive in identifying early oral and oropharyngeal premalignant and malignant lesions. The results of the clinical evaluation, the toluidine blue test and histology, were compared in order to calculate the sensitivity (true-positivity) and specificity (true-negatives). According to the clinical examination, sensitivity was 53% while for toluidine blue staining, it reached 88.4% (p = 0.0007). Specificity was 76% for the clinical examination and 73.6% for toluidine blue staining (p = 0.79). The positive predictive value for clinical examination was 78.9% and 82% for toluidine blue staining (p = 0.85). The negative predictive value for clinical examination was 50% and 82.3% for toluidine blue staining (p = 0.0073). Our observations suggest that toluidine blue can act as a helpful adjuvant for biopsy in clinically suspicious lesions. So that toluidine blue negative lesions need not to be subjected to biopsies thus saving time and resourses. We conclude, toluidine blue stain could be a useful aid for clinically suspicious lesions in order to establish whether the lesions are at high risk of progression to malignancy and to contribute to an early diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Further studies with larger sample sizes have to be done to make the use of toluidine blue more widespread.

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Chishty, Muhammad Salman, Malik Ali Hassan Sajid, Shoaib Younus, and Usman Ul Haq. "Diagnostic accuracy of toluidine blue in early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma." Journal of Fatima Jinnah Medical University 15, no. 2 (2021): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37018/lxye5273.

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Background: Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) is one of the high-risk populations for oral cancer cases. Intraoral screening is critical to diagnosis and treating oral cancer at an early stage for a better prognosis. Among the diagnostic adjuncts, toluidine blue staining is considered a simplistic, cost-effective, and highly sensitive method. The objective of the current study was to find out the diagnostic accuracy of toluidine blue in the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Patients and methods: This prospective observational study was undertaken at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College from15-09-2019 to 15-03-2020 after getting approval from IRB. Based on inclusion criteria, a sample size of 100 was calculated and enrolled in the study. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was utilized. Oral staining of 100 patients was done with 1% toluidine blue on an OPD basis, and incisional biopsies were then performed. Staining pattern and histopathology reports of patients were evaluated to assess the diagnostic accuracy Results: The study results revealed the sensitivity of Toluidine Blue as 89.87%, and specificity of toluidine blue was found as 76.19%. Positive and negative predictive values of Toluidine Blue remained 93.42% and 66.67%, respectively. Conclusion: Toluidine blue has good diagnostic accuracy for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

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Mendoza, Alejandro S., Alaa Afify, Lydia Howell, et al. "Evaluation of Optimized Toluidine Blue Stain as an Alternative Stain for Rapid On-Site Evaluation (ROSE)." Diagnostics 15, no. 10 (2025): 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15101223.

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Background: Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is crucial for improving the diagnostic yield of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies. Despite recent advances in ROSE, such as telecytology, the rapid stains used in this process have not seen significant innovation. Diff-Quik (DQ) and Toluidine Blue (TB), the most common ROSE stains, have significant limitations. This study evaluates the optimized Toluidine Blue stain, a mixture of Toluidine Blue, Eosin, and Alcohol (TEA), as a potential alternative to TB or DQ for ROSE. Methods: A comparative study was conducted using fifty remnant body fluid specimens with adequate cellularity, collected at the University of California Davis Medical Center over six months. Two smears were prepared from each specimen. One was stained with TB, and the other with optimized Toluidine Blue (TEA). Digital images of each slide were evaluated by three cytologists and two cytopathologists, blinded to the stain, using five criteria: background staining, cytoplasmic detail, nuclear membrane clarity, chromatin texture, and nucleoli staining. Each criterion was scored on a scale of 1 to 3. Results: Optimized Toluidine Blue (TEA) stain demonstrated superior overall image quality compared to TB. Specifically, optimized Toluidine Blue (TEA) showed significantly less background staining (p < 0.05) and improved nuclear membrane clarity (p < 0.05), chromatin texture (p < 0.05), and nucleoli detail (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two stains in the assessment of cellularity or cytoplasmic detail. Conclusions: The optimized Toluidine Blue (TEA) stain shows promise as a rapid stain for ROSE, offering rapid processing and improved digital image quality. Further evaluation of optimized Toluidine Blue (TEA) stain on FNA specimens is warranted to validate these findings and explore its potential to enhance telecytology in ROSE.

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Esmail, Liqaa Samir. "Optimization of Toluidine Blue Biosorption in Aqueous Solutions Using Polyporus Squamosus Fungi as Absorbent by Response Surface Methodology." Academic Journal of Chemistry, no. 63 (August 5, 2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajc.63.60.68.

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Textile wastewater including a large number of dyes and heavy metals can have adverse impacts on human health and surface water. In this work, biosorption Toluidine Blue from aqueous media onto natural Polypourus squamosus fungi as a low-cost biosorbent was investigated. Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was successfully applied to optimize the biosorption condition. Medium parameters affected the biosorption of Toluidine Blue were determined to be initial pH, initial Toluidine Blue (Tb) concentration, temperature, and absorbent dosage. All experiments were carried out in a batch system using 250 mL flasks containing 100 mL of Toluidine Blue solution with a temperature-controlled magnetic stirrer. The Tb concentrations remaining in filtration solutions after biosorption were analyzed using UV-Spectro. With the obtained quadratic model, the optimal conditions for maximum biosorbed Toluidine blue were calculated to be 7, 27.5 mg/L, 35°C and 0.05 g for pH, C°, T (°C) and adsorbent dosage, respectively. Furthermore, most known isotherm models such as Langmuir and Freundlich were computed to find the best-fitted model.

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Winton Kalluvelil, San Rose, and Veena S. Narayanan. "Acetic acid versus toluidine blue as screening tools for oral potentially malignant disorders." Indian Journal of Cancer 60, no. 3 (2022): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijc.ijc_42_21.

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Background: Diagnostic adjuncts such as toluidine blue have been investigated as screening tools that improve visual examination of potentially malignant disorders (PMD) and oral cancer. Acetic acid has been reported to be of value in the early detection of cervical cancers. This study assessed the utility of 5% acetic acid as a diagnostic adjunct in oral PMD and compared the accuracy of acetic acid with toluidine blue in the detection of dysplastic PMD and high-risk lesions. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a dental hospital in a rural setting. Thirty-one patients with oral PMD formed the study group. Five percent acetic acid was applied to the lesions, followed by toluidine blue application and biopsy. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were computed considering true positives as stain uptake in dysplastic and high-risk PMD. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of acetic acid for identifying dysplastic or malignant lesions were 100%, 13.3%, 51.2%, and 100%, respectively, and that for toluidine blue were 75%, 100%, 100%, and 78.9%, respectively. The corresponding values for identifying high-risk PMD (lesions with moderate and severe dysplasia) using acetic acid were 100%, 9.1%, 25.9%, and 100%, respectively, and for toluidine blue were 85.7%, 81.8%, 60%, and 94.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The utility of acetic acid in detecting dysplasia and high-risk PMD is severely limited due to its poor specificity. Compared with acetic acid, toluidine blue is a superior screening tool.

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Tariq Khan, Shams ul Alam, Muhammad Aamir, et al. "USAGE OF TOLUIDINE BLUE IN EARLY DETECTION OF MALIGNANT AND PREMALIGNANT LESIONS." Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry 10, no. 02 (2020): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33279/jkcd.v10i02.319.

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Objective: To Test the utility of toluidine blue staining in the early diagnosis of malignant and premalignant lesions. Materials and Methods: This was a Randomized control clinical trial, carried out at Oral and Maxillofacial Department Gajju Khan Medical College, Bacha Khan Medical Complex, Swabi from 15th April 2019 to 15th April 2020. Twenty two patients with the clinical suspicious lesions were selected. Oral rise was done with 1% acetic acid and later Toluidine blue (1%W/W) was applied with sterile swab stick. Again oral rise was done with normal saline. Colour of the lesion was noted. Later incisional biopsy was taken as gold standard. Results: Total of 22 cases the males were 14(63.6%) and females were 8(36.4%). The sensitivity and specificity of toluidine blue against gold standard of histopathology were 88.89% and 61.54% % respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of toluidine blue was 72.73%. Conclusion: Toluidine blue is very good, effective and simple staining procedure. The staining method is more tolerable by the patient. It may help not only in detecting early dysplastic and malignant lesions but will also help in determining the site of biopsy to be taken.

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Allen, Carl M. "Toluidine blue: Proceed with caution?" Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 86, no. 3 (1998): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(98)90168-8.

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Dr., Prakash Pai G., Apoorva G. Dr., Dayakar MM Dr., and Devipriya B. Nayanar Dr. "Effect of Low-Level Laser of 650nm on Viability of Porphyromonas Gingivalis with and with Out Photosensitizers: An Invitro Study." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 8, no. 5 (2023): 1689–92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7995080.

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Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen associated with initiation and progression of periodontitis.  Aim and Objective The aim of the study is to compare effect of lowlevel laser of wavelength 650nm on viability of porphyromonas gingivalis with and without photosensitisers.  Methods Thirty samples of bacterial suspensions (200µl) were prepared and divided into six groups .Group 1- laser group (low level laser with wavelength of 650nm, and irradiation time of 30 s), Group 2- Methylene blue + laser group (after pre-irradiation time of 10 min, laser was irradiated), and Group 3- Toluidine blue O + laser group (after pre irradiation time of 10 min, LED was irradiated), Group 4 -Methylene blue Group 5 - Toluidine blue O (TBO) and Group 6- Control group (no treatment), Then, 20 μL of each sample was cultured in blood agar plates and incubated for 72 hours in microaerophilic atmosphere for colony counting.  Result The concentration of P. gingivalis was significantly reduced after using the Methylene blue + laser and the Toluidine blue O + laser group. (P values < 0.005)  Conclusion Within the constraints of this investigation, it can be deduced that photodynamic inactivation applying a laser and photosensitizers like Methylene blue and toluidine blue was more efficient than photosensitizers and laser irradiation alone in eliminating P. gingivalis.

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McCauley, Jeanne, Richard L. Gorman, and Gay Guzinski. "Toluidine Blue in the Detection of Perineal Lacerations in Pediatric and Adolescent Sexual Abuse Victims." Pediatrics 78, no. 6 (1986): 1039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.78.6.1039.

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Posterior fourchette lacerations are suggestive of sexual assault, and toluidine blue dye has increased the detection of these lacerations in adult rape victims. This study investigated the use of toluidine blue dye in the pediatric (0 to 10 years) and adolescent (11 to 18 years) patients to detect posterior fourchette lacerations in sexually abused and control populations. Application of toluidine blue dye increased the detection rate of posterior fourchette lacerations from 4% (1/25) to 28% (7/25) (P &lt; .05, Fisher exact test) in adolescent sexually abused patients and from 16.5% (4/24) to 33% (8/24) (P = .318, Fisher exact test) in pediatric sexually abused patients. Posterior fourchette lacerations occurred with the same frequency in sexually abused adolescents and sexually active controls adolescents. In the pediatric aged population, 33% of the sexually abused group had lacerations detected, whereas none of the control patients had lacerations. The presence of posterior fourchette lacerations in the pediatric aged patient is strongly suggestive of sexual abuse. Toluidine blue increases the detection of posterior fourchette lacerations in children and adolescents (P &lt; .001, Fisher exact test). The application of toluidine blue dye to highlight posterior fourchette lacerations is an important addition to tools already used in the evaluation of the sexually abused patient.

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Parsoya, Priya, and Suresh C. Ameta. "USE OF ZINC FERRITE AS A PHOTOCATALYST FOR DEGRADATION OF TOLUIDINE BLUE." JOURNAL OF CURRENT CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, ISSN 2277-2871 6, no. 04 (2016): 63–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691059.

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USE OF ZINC FERRITE AS A PHOTOCATALYST FOR DEGRADATION OF TOLUIDINE BLUE   PRIYA PARSOYA and SURESH C. AMETA  Department of Chemistry, PAHER University, UDAIPUR – 313003 (Raj.) INDIA    ABSTRACT   The photocatalytic activity of ZnFe2O4 was investigated by carrying out the photocatalytic degradation of toluidine blue dye under visible light. ZnFe2O4 was synthesized by precipitation method. The dye solution was exposed to a 200 W tungsten lamp. The degradation rate of the dye was observed by measuring its absorbance at regular time intervals at 630 nm. Effect of various parameters like pH, concentration of dye, amount of semiconductor and intensity of light on rate of degradation was observed. The optimum rate was observed at pH = 9.5; toluidine blue = 2.10 x 10−5 M; zinc ferrite = 0.06 g and light intensity = 60.0 mWcm−2. The rate constant for a typical run was observed as 2.67 x 10−4 sec−1. A tentative mechanism has been proposed for the photocatalytic degradation of toluidine blue in presence of zinc ferrite involving superoxide anion radical as the active oxidizing species.  Key words: Ternary oxide, Photocatalyst, Toluidine blue, Zinc ferrite

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De Carvalho, Paulo de Tarso Camillo, Filipe Abdalla dos Reis, Ana Carulina Guimarães Belchior, et al. "In vivo killing of Staphylococcus aureus by toluidine blue-mediated photosensitization in an animal model wounds." ConScientiae Saúde 7, no. 4 (2009): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/conssaude.v7i4.1415.

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The aims of this study were to determine whether S. aureus could be killed by toluidine blue-mediated photosensitization in vivo in an animal model. Twelve Wistar rats divided into three groups (n = 12): Group I: Control Group, the wounds were made and submitted to the application of the laser without the drug photosensitizing; Group II: The implementation of wounds received the toluidine blue, without application of laser; Group III: it was used toluidine blue, and application of laser-Indio phosphide Gallium-Aluminum (InGaAIP)  660nm power and density of 20 Joules/cm2. Statistical analysis of CFU by analysis of variance Kruskal-Wallis test shows significant intraoperative difference, photodynamic therapy group (p 0, 05), the Dunns post hoc test shows significant difference between Group I when compared to Group II treated with LLLT (p 0001). The results of this study show that photodynamic therapy with toluidine blue has reduced the number of Staphylococcus aureus in vivo.

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Kömerik, N., H. Nakanishi, A. J. MacRobert, B. Henderson, P. Speight, and M. Wilson. "In Vivo Killing of Porphyromonas gingivalis by Toluidine Blue-Mediated Photosensitization in an Animal Model." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 3 (2003): 932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.3.932-940.2003.

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ABSTRACT Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major causative organisms of periodontitis and has been shown to be susceptible to toluidine blue-mediated photosensitization in vitro. The aims of the present study were to determine whether this technique could be used to kill the organism in the oral cavities of rats and whether this would result in a reduction in the alveolar bone loss characteristic of periodontitis. The maxillary molars of rats were inoculated with P. gingivalis and exposed to up to 48 J of 630-nm laser light in the presence of toluidine blue. The number of surviving bacteria was then determined, and the periodontal structures were examined for evidence of any damage. When toluidine blue was used together with laser light there was a significant reduction in the number of viable P. gingivalis organisms. No viable bacteria could be detected when 1 mg of toluidine blue per ml was used in conjunction with all light doses used. On histological examination, no adverse effect of photosensitization on the adjacent tissues was observed. In a further group of animals, after time was allowed for the disease to develop in controls, the rats were killed and the level of maxillary molar alveolar bone was assessed. The bone loss in the animals treated with light and toluidine blue was found to be significantly less than that in the control groups. The results of this study show that toluidine blue-mediated lethal photosensitization of P. gingivalis is possible in vivo and that this results in decreased bone loss. These findings suggest that photodynamic therapy may be useful as an alternative approach for the antimicrobial treatment of periodontitis.

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Somaratne, K. M. Chandrani, S. A. K. J. Kumara, R. M. N. D. Ratnayake, Priyantha Liyanage, and N. A. A. P. D. Gunasekera. "Adjunctive Utility of Toluidine Blue in Detecting Dysplastic Cells in Oral Mucosal Lesions in Comparison with Histopathology." Journal of Analytical Oncology 10 (December 5, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30683/1927-7229.2021.10.04.

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Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers globally and in Sri Lanka, which follows premalignant lesions. It is curable if it is detected early. Several adjunctive methods to diagnose premalignant lesions early are available. Among these, Toluidine blue staining method before a biopsy is currently receiving much attention. Method: This is a prospective study done by studying 103 patients presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, District General Hospital, Gampaha, Sri Lanka. The oral lesions of all the patients are categorized as benign, premalignant, and malignant by clinical examination. Toluidine Blue mouth wash is introduced to all the patients, followed by biopsy from the stained sites and the clinically decided sites in non-stained lesions. Histopathological diagnosis was obtained for all cases. The accuracy of diagnosis of premalignant, malignant, and benign cases by clinical assessment and by using Toluidine blue was assessed and compared statistically in relation to sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios (LR). Results: Toluidine blue has no added advantage over clinical examination in our setup even though it might be helpful in screening. However, it has an added value to confirm clinically benign cases as benign. Conclusion: Toluidine Blue can be used as an adjunct in screening and to confirm clinically benign cases so that those can be followed up in clinics without doing unnecessary biopsies.

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Calomeni, E. P., and W. T. Gunning. "A modification of the Humphrey’s stain for epoxy sections: A suitable alternative to toluidine blue for routine section staining." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100147065.

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We have abandoned the use of toluidine blue as a routine stain for light microscopy of epoxy embedded tissues. As an alternative, we utilize a three-component stain described by Humphrey and Pittman (1974) with minimal modifications to render the procedure substantially more timely. Numerous publications in the early 60’s through mid 70’s proposed a variety of polychromatic stains for light microscopic evaluation of epoxy sections. Most of these reports cited the difficulties involved in using a reliable method of staining epoxy sections in a timely and non-cumbersome fashion. One of the most successful stains to address these concerns is toluidine blue, first described by Trump el al. in 1961, which is undoubtedly the stain of choice in most laboratories. We have found that the differentiation of stained tissues when using the Humphrey’s stain is superior to that rendered by toluidine blue. This stain differentiates cellular detail from connective tissue in brilliant fashion as most cells will appear in various shades of blue (quite similar to shades produced by toluidine blue) and collagen appears a vivid deep pink to bright red.

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Agarwal, Divya, Sanjeet Singh, Paramjit Singh, Nishant Singh, and Kanika Sharma. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF FIXATIVE AGENTS AND DIFFERENT STAINS FOR EVALUATING MAST CELLS MANUALLY AND DIGITALLY." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 06 (2023): 1037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/17161.

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Introduction- Mediators of inflammation are generated by mast cells. According to research articles, mast cell identification is based on the differential staining of secretory granules but it is always not possible to distinguish reliably between mast cells and basophils in tissues.1 Very few study are done till date to assess the Oral lesions using photometric analysis. So in the present study, RGB was used to compare the efficacy of Stains with the aid of computerised photometric analysis using RGB scoring. Aim - To evaluate and compare the efficacy of fixative agents (10% Neutral Buffered Formalin and Absolute Methanol) and stains (Hematoxylin and Eosin, Toluidine blue and May Grunwald Giemsa stain) for intensity of stain to identify mast cells manually under Light microscope by three independent observers and digitally by Photo Processing software using RGB values in Adobe Photoshop 7.0. Materials and methods - 100 randomly selected Oral Lichen Planus cases were diagnosed using WHO criteria for histopathological examination. Samples were collected by doing punch biopsy and divided into 2 study groups. Group A â€“ 50 tissue samples were fixed in 10% Neutral buffered Formalin for minimum period of 24 hours. Group B â€“ 50 tissue sections fixed in Absolute Methanol for 15 min. Tissues from both the groups were further divided into three parts and stained with H&E, Toluidine blue and MGG stains respectively. The mounted sections of both Group A and Group B were evaluated on the basis of intensity of stain for identification of mast cells by three independent observers under light microscope and digitally using Adobe Photoshop version 7.0 using RGB values for each stained slide respectively and data was statistically analysed. Results - Present study shows non-significant difference in intensity of stain in Group A and Group B between Toluidine Blue and MGG stain whereas difference between Toluidine Blue and H&E stain, MGG and H&E stain was statistically significant for manual observations obtained by three independent observers. Evaluation of intensity of color based on RGB values shows statistically significant difference for Red and Blue color on H&E stained sections. For Toluidine Blue and MGG stained sections, there is statistically significant difference in the color intensity of Red, Green and Blue color with p value less than 0.005.In Group A there was non-significant difference in intensity of Green color between H&E and MGG stain while statistically Significant difference for red, green and blue color between Toluidine Blue, MGG and H&E stain with p value less than 0.005.In Group B, statistically significant difference in the color intensity of Red, Green and Blue color for H&E, Toluidine blue and MGG stain was observed. Conclusion â€“It was found that 1. Absolute Methanol is more effective in fixation as compared to 10% Neutral buffered formalin which is otherwise the gold standard on account of its effectiveness, low cost and consistent results to identify the mast cells. 2. The efficacy of H&E stain is the lowest among H&E, Toluidine blue and MGG stain to identify the mast cells. 3. The intensity of Red, Green and Blue color shows good contrast among H&E, Toluidine blue and MGG stain when fixed with Absolute Methanol as compared when fixation is done with 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin to identify the mast cells.

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Bayad, Himanshu Chhagan, Sanjeev Bhagat, Dimple Sahni, et al. "The study of use of toluidine blue as an adjunctive tool to clinical examination in early diagnosis of clinically suspicious oral premalignant and malignant lesions: a study of fifty cases." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 5, no. 6 (2019): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20194931.

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Background: Oral carcinoma is among the most prevalent malignancies of head and neck region and is often diagnosed in the advanced stage with significant morbidity and treatment cost. Thus, there is a need for early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Toluidine blue staining can be used for early detection of these lesions.Methods: The study included 50 patients with clinically suspicious oral premalignant and malignant lesions. These lesions were subjected to toluidine blue staining and biopsy. Diagnoses were confirmed by histopathological examination. Results: Sensitivity and specificity of toluidine blue for oral premalignant lesions was 92.30% and 80% respectively with the positive predictive value of 92.30%, negative predictive value of 80% and accuracy of 88.88%. Sensitivity and specificity of toluidine blue for oral malignant lesions was 96.30% and 80% respectively with the positive predictive value of 96.30%, negative predictive value of 80% and accuracy of 93.75%.Conclusions: The simplicity of toluidine blue staining and its accuracy suggest that it can be a useful adjunctive tool to diagnosis of oral lesions. Results should be carefully evaluated and correlated with clinical findings and histopathological diagnosis.

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Mohammed Abdalla MA, Osman Amir, and Elnazir Mohammed E. "Detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) by histochemical stains in gastric biopsy comparing to immunohistochemistry." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, no. 2 (2022): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.2.0793.

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Aim: A reliable diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is important in clinical practice and research. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of Giemsa stain with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Toluidine blue, Gimenez and Warthin-Starry stain in detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in gastric biopsy and also with immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain in detection of H. pylori organism in gastric biopsy. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional included 200 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) gastric biopsies of age between 25 to 80 years in histopathology Laboratory at Alzaytouna Specialist Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. The samples were sectioned and stained with H&E, Giemsa, Toluidine blue, Gimenez, Warthin-Starry silver, and IHC stains. Result: Our study showed IHC yielded (40%) positive cases while (60%) were negative. all stains had 100% sensitivity in detection H. pylori. The specificities were 100% for toluidine blue and Gimenez stains, 92.3% for Warthin-Starry stain, 85.7% for Giemsa stain, and 82.8% for H&E stain. Conclusion: Toluidine blue and Gimenez stain are more specific in detecting H. pylori organism than Giemsa, H&E and Warthin-Starry but are less sensitive than the later.

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Khatri, Musarrat J., Rajiv S. Desai, G. S. Mamatha, Meena Kulkarni, and Jay Khatri. "Immunohistochemical Expression of Mast Cells Using c-Kit in Various Grades of Oral Submucous Fibrosis." ISRN Pathology 2013 (August 29, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/543976.

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Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a high risk precancerous condition characterized by changes in the connective tissue fibers of lamina propria and deeper parts of mucosa. Mast cells are local residents of connective tissue and have been identified to participate in fibrotic process. These cells produce pharmacologically active substances necessary for the physiological function of our body in response to various stimuli as and when required and also play a significant role in the pathogenesis of oral diseases. Ten healthy volunteers and 30 clinically diagnosed OSF cases with histopathological confirmation were included in the study. Immunohistochemical (c-kit) as well as acidified toluidine blue staining techniques were used to evaluate density and expression of mast cells. The mast cell density assessed using c-kit and toluidine blue showed significant difference in various stages of OSF. In general the mean number of mast cells obtained using c-kit was found to be more than that obtained using toluidine blue in various stages of OSF. The comparison of mast cell densities using immunohistochemistry (c-kit) and toluidine blue stain confirmed that c-kit is a more reliable technique to assess mast cell density in OSF.

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Weinberg, A. G. "Toluidine Blue Stain for Ganglion Cells." Pediatric Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 15, no. 5 (1995): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15513819509027018.

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LARSEN, BØRGE. "METACHROMASIA OF AMYLOID WITH TOLUIDINE BLUE." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 42, no. 3 (2009): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1958.tb01739.x.

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Invernizzi, Rosangela, Angela Maria Iannone, Stefano Beknuzzi, et al. "Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Toluidine Blue Subtype." Leukemia & Lymphoma 18, sup1 (1995): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10428199509075304.

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Selden, Samuel T. "Toluidine blue stain for atypical cells." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 14, no. 3 (1986): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(86)80434-0.

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Ahadiat, Omeed, Shauna Higgins, Alexandre Ly, and Ashley Wysong. "Toluidine Blue Stain of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans." Dermatologic Surgery 43, no. 12 (2017): 1496–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dss.0000000000001078.

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Mititelu, Roxana, Claudia Flores-Echaiz, and Manish Kanna. "Toluidine blue for extramammary Paget’s disease in Mohs micrographic surgery." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 5, no. 1 (2021): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.5.1.16.

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Introduction: We report an elderly gentleman with Extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) using Toluidine blue staining intraoperatively as to detect the Paget’s cells. Case Presentation: An elderly man presented with an erythematous plaque on the left inguinal fold which showed in-situ EMPD on histopathological examination. Investigations for secondary EMPD were negative and the patient was treated with MMS. During MMS, the specimens from the patient were stained using Toluidine blue in order to detect the Paget cells and to determine the appropriate negative margin. At 4 years follow up the patient is free of recurrence. Conclusion: Toluidine blue is a fast, user-friendly dye that can be used intraoperatively during MMS as to detect Paget cells and thus to determine the appropriate negative margin.

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Alvarez, Adrian F., Roxana Malpica, Martha Contreras, Edgardo Escamilla, and Dimitris Georgellis. "Cytochrome d But Not Cytochrome o Rescues the Toluidine Blue Growth Sensitivity of arc Mutants of Escherichia coli." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 2 (2009): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00881-09.

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ABSTRACT The Arc (anoxic redox control) two-component signal transduction system, consisting of the ArcB sensor kinase and the ArcA response regulator, allows adaptive responses of Escherichia coli to changes of O2 availability. The arcA gene was previously known as the dye gene because null mutants were growth sensitive to the photosensitizer redox dyes toluidine blue and methylene blue, a phenotype whose molecular basis still remains elusive. In this study we report that the toluidine blue O (TBO) effect on the arc mutants is light independent and observed only during aerobic growth conditions. Moreover, 16 suppressor mutants with restored growth were generated and analyzed. Thirteen of those possessed insertion elements upstream of the cydAB operon, rendering its expression ArcA independent. Also, it was found that, in contrast to cythocrome d, cythocrome o was not able to confer toluidine blue resistance to arc mutants, thereby representing an intriguing difference between the two terminal oxidases. Finally, a mechanism for TBO sensitivity and resistance is discussed.

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Paramita, Ayu Lidya, Firman Setiawan, Willy Sandhika, Ni Made Mertaniasih, Arthur Pohan Kawilarang, and Budi Utomo. "Helicobacter pylori detection in gastric biopsy: immunohistochemistry and toluidine blue comparison." Bali Medical Journal 12, no. 1 (2023): 1094–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i1.4156.

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Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/E3KoLryYLng Background: Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium often found in the stomach and can cause several diseases, including gastritis, gastric ulcers, MALT-lymphoma, and gastric carcinoma. An invasive and direct gastric biopsy is a more appropriate way to see the presence of these bacteria. Microscopy of Helicobacter pylori on gastric biopsy specimens can be seen using several tissue stains. This study aimed to analyze the concordance of immunohistochemistry and toluidine blue tissue stain results on gastric biopsies in detecting Helicobacter pylori at Dr. Soetomo Hospital. Methods: This study was a retrospective study with a cross-sectional design to detect Helicobacter pylori in paraffin-block of gastric biopsy specimens at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Each sample would be stained by immunohistochemistry and toluidine blue. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 for Windows. Results: Helicobacter pylori have been found in all 45 samples by immunocytochemical staining and in 66.67% of them by toluidine blue staining. The Kappa test indicated a significant difference between immunohistochemical staining and toluidine blue (p=0.000; p<0.05). Conclusion: There are significant differences between the two methods for detecting Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy. Their concordance is at 66,67%. Some factors should be considered for the future routine process.

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Islam, Tasmia, Sultana Gulshana Banu, Bishnu Pada Dey, et al. "Application of toluidine blue stain and neuron specific enolase immunohistochemical stain in the diagnosis of hirschsprung disease." Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 15, no. 2 (2023): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v15i2.60863.

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Hirschsprung disease is one of the most common and problematic infancy and childhood maladies. Early and accurate diagnosis is a fundamental step in proper management and prevention of complications. The most reliable method for diagnosis is the histopathological analysis of colorectal biopsies and the typical finding of Hirschsprung disease is the absence of ganglion cells. Toluidine blue stain can act as a double check along with conventional H&E stain for ganglion cell detection. Neuron-specific enolase is an immune-histochemical marker that can also aid in better identifying ganglion cells, especially for small and immature ones. This study aimed to evaluate Toluidine blue stain and Neuron specific enolase immunostain along with conventional H&E stain as a panel for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to August 2021, involving 55 clinically suspected Hirschsprung disease cases. Paraffin blocks of colorectal biopsy samples were collected from the Department of Pathology, BSMMU. Hematoxylin & Eosin, Toluidine blue stain, and Neuron specific enolase immunohistochemical stain for Hirschsprung disease detection were performed on the sections from the paraffin blocks. Then the sections were examined and an evaluation of the stains was done. Statistical analysis was performed on the tabulated data by chi-square test. Among 55 cases, conventional H&E stain detected ganglion cells in 31 cases, that is 56.4%. Later, Toluidine blue stain and Neuron specific enolase immu- nohistochemical stain detected ganglion cells in 35 cases, that is 63.6%. So, these two addition- al stains were able to detect ganglion cells in four more cases compared to conventional H&E stain. In conclusion, conventional H&E stain, Toluidine blue stain, and NSE immunohisto- chemical stain can improve the diagnostic accuracy of Hirschsprung disease. BSMMU J 2022; 15(2): 102-106

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Paul, Puja, and Gopinatha Suresh Kumar. "Self-structure formation in polyadenylic acid by small molecules: new insights from the binding of planar dyes thionine and toluidine blue O." RSC Adv. 4, no. 49 (2014): 25666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02671c.

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PIÑERÚA-GONSÁLVEZ, Jean Félix, Rosanna del Carmen ZAMBRANO-INFANTINO, and Sylvia BENÍTEZ. "CHROMOENDOSCOPY USING TOLUIDINE BLUE PLUS LUGOL’S SOLUTION FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ESOPHAGEAL PREMALIGNANT LESIONS AND SUPERFICIAL NEOPLASMS IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 56, no. 1 (2019): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-01.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer. The prognosis is bleak in patients with advanced stages. Patients with early disease have a better prognosis than those with advanced stage. There are several techniques for the screening of premalignant and superficial lesions including chromoendoscopy. OBJECTIVE: This article aimed to determine the effectiveness of chromoendoscopy with toluidine blue combined with Lugol’s solution for diagnosis of esophageal premalignant and superficial neoplastic lesions in high risk patients. METHODS: Routine white light upper endoscopy was performed. Toluidine blue was sprayed from the gastroesophageal junction to 20 cm of the dental arch. Then the uptake dye areas were characterized. Later Lugol’s solution was sprayed. Areas with less-intense staining were characterized. Biopsy of the toluidine blue capturing areas and areas with less-intense staining of Lugol’s solution were taken. In the cases where lesions were not evidenced after application of dyes, biopsies four quadrants of the esophageal mucosa were taken. The samples were evaluated by a digestive pathologist. RESULTS: Barrett’s esophagus was the most common premalignant lesion and the early neoplastic lesion was adenocarcinoma with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity 85.7%, positive predictive value 30%, negative predictive value 100%, positive likelihood ratio 7 negative likelihood ratio 0. CONCLUSION: Chromoendoscopy with toluidine blue combined with Lugol’s solution is a useful tool in the screening of esophageal premalignant lesions and superficial neoplasms.

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Ramasamy, P., and S. Lekha Panicker. "Studies on the chemical nature of the cyst wall of Microphallus madrasensis." Journal of Helminthology 65, no. 2 (1991): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00010555.

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ABSTRACTThe cyst wall of Microphallus madrasensis resisted 6 N and 11·3 N hydrochloric acids (HCL) 36 N concentrated sulphuric acid (H2S04) and 0·35 M sodium hypochlorite. It was partially dissolved in 0·6 M sodium azide and completely dissolved in 16 N nitric acid (HNO3). An HCl hydrolysate of the cyst wall contained 10 amino acids viz. alanine, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, histidine. phenylalanine. tyrosine. cystine and proline. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a fast moving fraction which stained with periodic acid-Schiffs (PAS) reagent and toluidine blue was noticed in tris-glycine buffer soluble and methanol water soluble substances present in the cyst wall. Triton X-100 soluble substances present in the cyst wall revealed the presence of two slow-moving fractions stained only with PAS, and also a fast-moving fraction stained only with toluidine blue. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) soluble substances in the cyst wall revealed the presence of two fast-moving fractions which stained with PAS and toluidine blue. The slow-moving fractions are protein-bound carbohydrates. The fast-moving fractions obtained after fractionation with SDS are acid mucopolysaccharides or nucleoproteins whereas the single fraction (Triton X-100 soluble substances) which stained with toluidine blue appears to be a carbohydrate-free protein. The cyst wall of M. madrasensis also consisted of phospholipids and neutral lipids.

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Mohammed, Abdalla MA, Amir Osman, and Mohammed E. Elnazir. "Detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) by histochemical stains in gastric biopsy comparing to immunohistochemistry." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, no. 2 (2022): 155–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7756057.

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Aim: A reliable diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is important in clinical practice and research. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of Giemsa stain with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Toluidine blue, Gimenez and Warthin-Starry stain in detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in gastric biopsy and also with immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain in detection of H. pylori organism in gastric biopsy. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional included 200 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) gastric biopsies of age between 25 to 80 years in histopathology Laboratory at Alzaytouna Specialist Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. The samples were sectioned and stained with H&E, Giemsa, Toluidine blue, Gimenez, Warthin-Starry silver, and IHC stains. Result: Our study showed IHC yielded (40%) positive cases while (60%) were negative. all stains had 100% sensitivity in detection H. pylori. The specificities were 100% for toluidine blue and Gimenez stains, 92.3% for Warthin-Starry stain, 85.7% for Giemsa stain, and 82.8% for H&E stain. Conclusion: Toluidine blue and Gimenez stain are more specific in detecting H. pylori organism than Giemsa, H&E and Warthin-Starry but are less sensitive than the later.

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Jia, H., S. Navaratnam, W. Chen, B. J. Parsons, and G. O. Phillips. "Pulse radiolysis of methylene blue and toluidine blue in PVA." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 42, no. 4-6 (1993): 1007–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(93)90422-q.

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BLOWER, P. J., and N. J. CARTER. "Rapid preparation of 123I-labelled methylene blue and toluidine blue." Nuclear Medicine Communications 11, no. 6 (1990): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199006000-00003.

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Šimkus, Donatas, Saulius Petkevičius, Gediminas Pridotkas, et al. "Histological and immunohistochemical practical studies of canine cutaneous tumors." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 72, no. 9 (2016): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5558.

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A total of one hundred and fifty-three canine cutaneous tumors were examined and analyzed using the standard haematoxylin-eosin staining method. Additionally, tumors were examined immunohistochemically (41.4%) with antibodies LP34, AE1/AE3, V9 and histochemically (24.8%) with toluidine blue. Epithelial and melanocytic tumors of the skin accounted for 52.3% and mesenchymal tumours constituted 47.7%. All epidermal and follicular tumors demonstrated positive immunostaining for “LP34” antibodies. Fibromas and fibrosarcomas, which were immunohistochemically positive for antibodies “V9”, demonstrated negative immunostaining for antibodies “LP34”. As many as 47.4% of all round cell tumors showed positive staining with toluidine blue. Antibodies “LP34” are helpful for the differential diagnosis of epithelial cells of tumors in canine skin, skin adnexal and subcutaneous tissues. Antibodies “AE1/AE3” could be helpful for detecting metastatic glandular epithelial cells in the skin. Moreover, antibodies “V9” could be a useful tool to diagnose the cutaneous tumors consisting of fibrous tissue cells. Staining round cell tumors with toluidine blue may give valuable information on regarding mast cell tumors.

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Kumari, Ankita, Neha Singh, Shaila Mitra, and Reena Srivastav. "Comparative evaluation of test characteristics of acetic acid, lugol’s iodine and toluidine blue stains in cervical cancer screening." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 11 (2017): 4857. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174627.

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Background: Cervical cancer rank second in female cancer and India alone account for one fourth of the global cervical cancer burden. The study was aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of acetic acid (3%), lugol’s iodine and toluidine blue (1%) in detection of abnormal cervical lesions.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur over a period of one year from July 2016 to June 2017. The study included 200 women in age group 20-60 years with signs and symptoms suspicious of abnormal cervical lesion. The cases were subjected to detailed history, clinical examination, Pap smear, Visual inspection test, colposcopy followed by cervical biopsy.Results: Out of total 200 patients, 114 patients had acetowhite area on VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) test, 113 were VILI (visual inspection with lugol’s iodine) positive and 107 women stained positive with Toluidine blue but only 88 showed biopsy proven pre-invasive and invasive lesions. So, sensitivity of acetic acid, lugol’s iodine and Toluidine blue was 81.8%, 84.09% and 90.9% respectively. Similarly, the specificity of the three stains were 62.5%, 65.17% and 75.8% respectively.Conclusions: Toluidine blue (1%) has proved to be significantly more sensitive and specific stain as compared to acetic acid (3%) and lugol’s iodine (50% dilution) in diagnosing pre-invasive and invasive cervical cancer. Hence, it may aid as an important tool in screening and treating precancerous and cancerous lesions.

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Bağda, Efkan, and Didem Duman. "Comparative Analysis of 1,9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue Interactions with ct-DNA, G-Quadruplex DNA, and ssDNA." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 12, no. 4 (2024): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i4.601-607.6704.

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This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the interactions of two distinct synthetic dyes—1,9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue —with different DNA structures, namely calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA), G-quadruplex DNA, and single stranded DNA (ssDNA). The objective of this research is to elucidate the molecular affinities of these dyes for specific DNA structures and explore their potential applications in molecular biology and diagnostics. The experimental approach involved detailed UV-visible spectroscopic analyses, to probe the binding affinities of each dye with ct-DNA, G-quadruplex DNA, and ssDNA. The study aimed to assess the selectivity of these dyes towards the unique structural features of each DNA entity. The binding stoichiometry is defined from Job’s method. The selectivity of the dyes towards DNA also investigated with competitive dialysis experiments. The binding stoichiometry were 1:1 for 1,9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue and G-quadruplex DNA or ssDNA. Besides, results indicate that 1,9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue exhibit a pronounced affinity for G-quadruplex DNA, and ct-DNA. While single-stranded DNA is a fundamental component of DNA replication and transcription, our dyes exhibit lower affinity for this structure. The selectivity is advantageous, as it allows for the discrimination between single-stranded and structured DNA regions. The potential applications in studying DNA dynamics and unwinding processes are vast.

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Hummer, Denise A. "Cytodiagnosis ofPneumocystis cariniiInfection Using Toluidine Blue O." Laboratory Medicine 19, no. 12 (1988): 821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/19.12.821.

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Wainwright, Mark, Ciara O'Kane, and Sophie Rawthore. "Phenothiazinium photosensitisers XI. Improved toluidine blue photoantimicrobials." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 160 (July 2016): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.035.

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van de Ven, Theo G. M., Karine Saint-Cyr, and Michaël Allix. "Adsorption of toluidine blue on pulp fibers." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 294, no. 1-3 (2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.07.040.

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Joseph, Victoria, Diane Wagner, Jane Stoulil, and Linda Palagi-Lynn. "Toluidine Blue Stain for Avian WBC Count." Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians 3, no. 4 (1989): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27670882.

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D'Ilario, Lucio, and Andrea Martinelli. "Toluidine blue: aggregation properties and structural aspects." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 14, no. 4 (2006): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/14/4/003.

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Richards, Derek. "Does toluidine blue detect more oral cancer?" Evidence-Based Dentistry 11, no. 4 (2010): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6400752.

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Batty, S. V., D. W. Clegg, D. J. Simmonds, D. J. Craik, S. Qureshi, and M. R. Willis. "Toluidine Blue Tcnq - A Novel Magnetic Material." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 218, no. 1 (1992): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259208047046.

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Kotzé, J. M., and H. Brits. "Do we miss half of the injuries sustained during rape because we cannot see them? An overview of the use of toluidine blue tissue stain in the medical assessment of rape cases." South African Family Practice 60, no. 2 (2018): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v60i2.4868.

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The prosecution of rape cases is difficult due to the absence of eyewitnesses. McCauley found that the detection of vaginal lacerations increased from one in 24 to 14 in 24 in reported adult rape cases when toluidine blue was used. Proof of injuries consistent with sexual penetration adds significantly to the evidentiary value of the medico-legal testimony. Although rape is not a clinical diagnosis and there are no diagnostic criteria to confirm rape, the possibility of genital injury during rape far exceeds the possibility of injury with consensual intercourse. If a complete examination, including the use of toluidine blue, is not used a rapist may walk away to rape again, while the victims remain with the stigma that they may have made a false allegation. Toluidine blue is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye. It has a high affinity for acidic tissue components, thereby staining tissues rich in DNA and RNA. The epithelium of the external genitalia does not have nucleated cells and prevents contact of stain with nuclei. Where the epithelium is damaged and the underlying nucleated cells are exposed, the nuclei stain blue. Injuries sustained during genital penetration show a distinctive distribution.Toluidine blue stain is easy and safe to use, available, inexpensive and does not interfere with other medico-legal evidence, therefore it is recommended to be used in the examination of all cases of alleged rape.

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