Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tomates – Moyens de défense'
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Odobasic, Preradov Andreja. "Effets du benzothiadiazole sur l'induction des mécanismes de défense chez la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum): une étude protéomique comparative." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25525/25525.pdf.
Full textCoqueret, Victoire. "How do plants defend themselves? : Study of the Tomato - Tuta absoluta pathosystem in interaction with nitrogen fertilization." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0234.
Full textThe identification of ecophysiological responses of plants is a prerequisite for improving the natural defences of plants and reducing the use of chemical inputs in crops. Plant responses to herbivorous attack involve defence and tolerance mechanisms. Plant responses to a leafminer larva are pourly documented, in contrast to chewing and piercing insects. The objective of my Ph.D. was to characterize the tomato trait responses to Tuta absoluta herbivory in order to determine the local and systemic responses in terms of soluble and volatile compounds. We looked at the responses of tomatoes subjected to two contrasting levels of nitrogen availability, knowing that nitrogen is a lever to promote the basal plant defence level. We worked on tomato, a Solanaceae, grown in hydroponics and subjected to Tuta absoluta. Our research strategy has focused on identifying and quantifying soluble and volatile defence compounds and determining the nutritional value of foliar tissues. We have shown that tomatoes establish an induced- resistance against the herbivore, which results in a concentration increase of chlorogenic acid, caffeoyl putrescine and tomatine locally at the level of the parasite zone and / or systemically in the others non-infested foliar compartments. The defence role of these molecules on Tuta absoluta has yet to be confirmed. We have also shown that tomatoes set up an indirect defence against Tuta absoluta, based on the emission of volatile compounds in the vicinity of plants. We have identified several new herbivore-induced VOCs (m-cymene, menthatriene, ß-cis-ocimene, ß-phellandrene, terpinolene, ß−caryophyllene, humulene). Some of the identified VOCs are known to be emitted in greater quantities during a herbivorous attack and to play a role in attracting predatory insects or repelling egg-laying females. Thus, their elicitation seems generic to herbivory and not specific to Tuta absoluta. The specificity of tomato - Tuta absoluta interactions could be enhanced by further analysis in metabolomics, transcriptomics (expression of RNAseq genes) and by investigating the induced signaling pathways. Contrary to what was expected, our results show little effect of the nitrogen limitation on the observed responses. Nevertheless, as demonstrated previously, nitrogen restriction affects larval development. My work has reinforced the “trophic“ hypothesis of slowing larval development by a limited nitrogen availability. Thus, the stoichiometry of the food bowl is highly modified and the larvae have to consume more material to acquire the nitrogen necessary for their development. Nevertheless, we can not exclude the hypothesis “compounds of defence“. Indeed, we have shown that the concentrations of phenolic compounds and tomatine and of the VOC emission supposed to be involved in the constitutive defence are increased in the case of nitrogen limitation. The diversity and complementarity of the experiments will allow the acquired data to feed a functional model of the attacked plant. This model might include plant nitrogen regimes as a reactive plant defence factor
Maouche, Samia. "Les moyens de défense contre les OPA hostiles." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB231.
Full textNo abstract
Fournier, Ceresa Sophie. "Les moyens de défense contre les offres publiques d'achats-offres publiques d'échanges." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010288.
Full textThe recent deregulation wave pointed out the french companies weakness when confronted to hostile takeover bids. Though defensive tactics adoption among which some are inspired by american strategies must be achieved in the respect of legitimity and legality. Such a requirement should be satisfied for the defensive ploys based on protection of the capital - shareholders control and shares acquisitions - as well as for those based on protection of the "control" - make the takeover less valuable and "free" the control from the capital. This requirement is not always satisfied. Some loopholes in french regulation allow excesses in defenses and in agressions. Therefore contested takeovers rules are not completed
Royer, Mathilde. "Étude des relations entre croissance, concentrations en métabolites primaires et secondaires et disponibilité en ressources chez la tomate avec ou sans bioagresseurs." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0058/document.
Full textNowadays, limiting the use of pesticides is mandatory. A promising way for research deals with the environmental determinism of plant defence mechanisms, among others, production of secondary metabolites. The aim of my PhD work was to study the trade-off between growth and defence (primary vs. secondary metabolism) in healthy plant tissues or attacked by different pests, under different conditions of resources availabilities. We measured different growth parameters, C:N ratios of tissue, concentrations of main primary metabolites (simple carbohydrates, starch) and defence metabolites (chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol-rutinoside and tomatine) on healthy or attacked tomato plant grown in hydroponic culture in greenhouse or phytotron. We observed that variations of total and resources C:N ratios were positively correlated to that of several defence compounds whatever their composition in carbon and nitrogen. Moreover, we showed that, during pests attack, concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites did not follow the same evolution, depending on their nature. Caffeoyl putrescine synthesis was strongly induced by P. syringae inoculation whereas chlorogenic acid concentration decreased. Inoculation of P. syringae induced a strong decrease of concentration of glucose and fructose whereas inoculation of P. corrugata enhanced their synthesis. We observed that a low N availability alters the development of P. syringae, P. corrugata and Tuta absoluta but promotes the development of B. cinerea. Our results showed that C:N ratio is a reliable indicator of the trade-off between growth and defence in the case of healthy plant. In attacked plant, the resources allocation between different metabolites varies with pests. And each pests reacts specifically to changes of N availability for the plant. Control of culture conditions appears to be a relevant agronomic tool to monitor the control of pests even if it is difficult to apply general rules to the interaction plant/environment/pests
Forges, Marine. "Les rayonnements UV-C : un moyen de lutte pour stimuler les défenses du fraisier et de la tomate en cours de culture et améliorer la qualité / conservation des fruits après récolte." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0700/document.
Full textSome fungi are very damaging during plant cultivation and also in post-harvest storage of products. Regulatory restrictions on fungicide use require alternative solutions. Improving plant resistance using physical methods, such as aplication of UV radiation, can be a promising alternative in association with other methods as part of an integrated pest management strategy. The objective of the present thesis was to study the effect of UV-C aplication on the sensitivity of plants to fungal pathogens. UV-C radiation was applied during plant cultivation, alone or in combination with biocontrol agents, or in post-harvest. Experiments were conducted on two plant species: strawberry and tomato.On strawberry plants, UV-C treatments at 1.70 kJ/m² result in a systematic 20 % decrease in leaves sensitivity to Botrytis cinerea and in a reduction by up to 50 % of the number of leaves infected by Podosphaera aphanis, the causal agent of powdery mildew. In tomato, leaves protection against B. cinerea reaches 43 % with a cumulative dose of 4.0 kJ/m². UV-C treatments applied on fruits reduce the strawberry sensitivity to Rhizopus by 75 % but no effect is observed against B. cinerea. On the contrary, sensitivity against B. cinerea is reduced by 63 % on tomato fruit. Biochemical and taste tests suggest that fruit quality is not significantly improved or altered by UV-C treatment. Despite a marked germicidal effect of UV-C radiation on strawberry leaves, it has no significant effect on the protective efficacy of biocontrol agents.Our observations are encouraging to consider the use of this tool in an integrated crop protection scheme. However, a clear understanding of how UV-C radiations are perceived by plants and their translation into defense mechanisms is necessary before their use is recommended in the field
Etienne, Philippe. "Régulation de l'expression du gène tcI7, codant une sous-unité β1 de protéasome, au cours de la mise en place des réactions de défense des plantes." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS027.
Full textJaouannet, Maëlle. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'effecteurs du nématode phytoparasite Meloidogyne incognita participant au succès de l'infection et à la suppression des défenses de l'hôte." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4096.
Full textRoot-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne sp. , are obligate biotrophic parasites that maintain a compatible interaction with their host during the 5-8 weeks and induce the differentiation of parenchyma root cells into hypertrophied and polynucleated feeding cells that provide the nematode with the nutrients necessary for development and reproduction. The interaction plant-Meloidogyne incognita, whose genome was recently sequenced, provides a fascinating model for studying fundamental aspects of parasitism success. The nematode effectors produced in the esophageal glands and secreted via the stylet in the plant tissues play a major role in this interaction. I identified in M. Incognita three new effectors specifically expressed during the early steps of the interaction. Among them, two are encoded by pioneer genes with no homolog in databanks and one is a putative metallopeptidase. The two pioneer effectors EFF14 and EFF25 localized respectively in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of tobacco cells after heterologous expression. The calreticulin Mi-CRT, an effector previously identified in the group, is secreted in the apoplasm of giant cells. In this work, the functional analysis of EFF14 and Mi-CRT showed that the two effectors are able to suppress plant basal defenses. The current hypothesis is that Mi-CRT is modulating calcium signaling in the apoplasm whereas EFF14 is active in the nucleus for plant defense suppression. This work provides the first demonstration that a nematode effector is targeted to the nucleus of infected cells and the first functional characterization of plant defense suppression by nematode effectors. This work shows that a panel of effectors active in different compartments of plant cells contributes to the success of infection
Octave, Stéphane. "Eutypiose de la vigne : caractérisation et effets physiologiques de composés protéiques toxiques excrétés par le champignon pathogène Eutypa lata : application à l'élaboration d'un test de diagnostic de la maladie." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2314.
Full textEutypa dieback is caused by Eutypa lata which colonises xylem by pruning wounds. The fungus triggers water fluxes modifications but toxins are also excreted and carried through the plant. Among these toxins, high molecular weight compounds of polypeptidic nature have been isolated. This work is focused on these proteins according to directions: development of an immunoassay diagnosis of Eutypa dieback and analysis of the involvement of these proteins in disease development. Specific antibodies were raised against theses proteins and used to reveal infection by the Dot-Blot method and detect in-situ Eutypa lata by immunolocalization. Physiological studies evidence a toxic effect of fungal proteins on plant cell leading to cell death by acting on various organelles and damaging plant cell wall. They act by modifications in ions fluxes, triggering a membrane depolarisation resulting in an impairment of energetic fueling in the cell, leading to an inhibition of nutriment absorption
Jahyny, Benoît. "Histoire naturelle du genre de fourmis néotropical Thaumatomyrmex Mayr 1887 (Artropoda, Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae, Thaumatomyrmecini)." Paris 13, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA132002.
Full textAll ant species are eusocial and thus exhibit a reproductive division of labour between fertile and more or less sterile individuals. Some species, such as several of the genus Thaumatomyrmex, have reverted from being highly eusocial to a primitively eusocial state where no morphological differences exist between reproductive and non-reproductive females. In Thaumatomyrmex species where reproduction exclusively stems from gamergates (mated and laying worker-like females), all females are reproductively and behaviourally totipotent. Several gamergates can coexist in the same nest. The regulation of reproduction and division of labour was hard to determine. Thaumatomyrmex species occupy almost all neotropical biomes, living as much in humid as dry habitats, and from sea-level to 2000m. Their very unusual specialised diet consists of Penicillata, whose hooked trichomes are reused as a deterring passive defence: this behaviour is unique. This defence allows them to take better advantage of hollow structures present in the habitat and underused by other ant species, such as snail shells. It mostly greatly reduces pressures associated with predation, parasites and competition. This defence behaviour, combined with a per female fertility promoting small nests, seems to select for a reduction in the size of societies, or even to a suppression of social behaviour. This theoretical prediction is thus for the first time evidenced in Thaumatomyrmex, where the smallest nest size ever recorder in Formicidae (less than four females on average) can be found. All these characteristics bring them to the fringes of subsociality, or even to a unique reversion to become solitary
Dhondt, Sandrine. "Mécanismes de défense des plantes contre les agents pathogènes : caractérisation de lipide acyle hydrolases induites lors de la réaction d'hypersensibilité - relation avec les signaux de défense de type oxylipines." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13164.
Full textTeplitsky, Céline. "Sensibilité des défenses induites à différentes modalités de prédation : cas des têtards d'anoures." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10009.
Full textFrançois, Julie. "Purification, identification et analyse fonctionnelle de protéines de transfert de lipides (LTP) secrétées par des cellules embryogènes de Vigne (Vitis vinifera) de la lignée 41B." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2355.
Full textNon-specific lipid transfer proteins are characterized by their ability to transfer lipids between membranes, in vitro. They are believed to be involved in physiological processes such as embryogenesis or plant defense responses to stresses but their in vivo function is still controversial. Five LTP isoforms produced by 41B embryogenic cells have been purified. Amino-acid sequences and two cDNA corresponding to VvLTP3 and 4 were obtained. The maximum of production of VvLTP can be correlated with the embryo transition from globular to heart stage. Overexpression of VvLTP1 in 41B cells leads to an overproduction of all VvLTP. Somatic embryos induced from thess transgenic cells have no cotyledons and display an unorganised epidermic layer : VvLTP could play an in vivo function during embryogenesis. Another part of this work study the interaction of VvLTP with jasmonic acid. Infiltration of VvLTP4/JA complex in grapevine leaves induces protection of plantlets against Botrytis cinerea
Hugot, Karine. "Mécanismes de défense des plantes et acquisition de résistance aux champignons pathogènes : caractérisation d'effecteurs apoplastiques et étude du mode d'action de la RNase NE." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5480.
Full textDerckel, Jean-Paul. "Mécanismes de défense de la vigne (vitis vinifera L. ) contre Botrytis cinerea : caractérisation de chitinases et de ß-1,3-glucanases." Reims, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REIMS018.
Full textTavernier, Marie-Laure. "Production, purification et caractérisation d’oligoglucuronates éliciteurs des réactions de défenses [sic] chez la vigne." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0126.
Full textThe enzymatic degradation of glucuronan, a homopolymer composed of b-D-(1,4)-glucopyranosyluronic residues variably acetylated at C3 and/or C2 position, was studied. This linear polysaccharide, comparable to anionic cellulose, and its oligosaccharidic by-products have shown many biological properties. The recent identification of a fungal glucuronan lyase was the beginning of this PhD. This enzyme was used in several processes in order to generate different oligoglucuronan pools. First, a scale-up of the glucuronan production to the pilot scale (300 L bioreactor) has been successfully undertaken. Secondly, the glucuronan lyase has been purified and studied in enzymatic reactors containing the free or the immobilized shape. By the mean of these processes, different oligoglucuronan pools have been recovered. Furthermore, thanks to novel chromatographic techniques such as back ionisation and ion-pairing, pure acidic oligosaccharides have been recovered at the semi-preparative scale. Afterwards, their chemical structure has been confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All of these oligoglucuronan pools have been tested as elicitors of vineyard defence response, some of them being beforehand chemically sulfated
Lee, Sung-Man. "La sécurité de la Corée du Sud : la menace et les moyens d'une petite puissance." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010257.
Full textIn the competitive international society which favors the powerful, what is the strategy of security to defend the vital interests of south korea, a country which does not belong to the group of the powerful, and which has not kept its independence to build its own strategy and to develop it ? In a peninsular country like south korea, surrounded by powerful neighbors, the security of the state through diplomatic efforts is very important. The strengthening of the capacity of protection as a unique means is not sufficient for its national defense. Nevertheless, the national security strategy poses on the whole, the question of the independent defense, because the last objective of the policy of security is tantamount to assume the independent security. We have therefore proposed a korean model of military strategy, "the strategy of survival of the koran people" which means the actively defensive strategy centered on diplomacy. This strategy is presented following three steps : the strategy of dissuasion, the strategy of defense and the strategy of survival. Our study seeks, by analyzing korea's security situation, to expose the particularity of this situation. And it aims, by clarifying and recomposing the known strategy theories, to establish a strategy for the survival of south korea and the reunified peninsula, a strategy appropriated to korean particular circumstances
Masséna, Floriane. "La prescription extinctive des moyens de défense, aux origines de la maxime Quæ temporalia sunt ad agendum perpetua sunt ad excipiendum." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASH010.
Full textThe article 1185 of the civil code has been modified by the 2016 reform. Since then, this text decides that the exception based on nullity is perpetual. Therefore, part of the maxim Quæ temporalia sunt ad agendum perpetua sunt ad excipiendum is now included in the law. However, the duration of the other defences has not been fixed by the law.Since the middle of the XXth century, a debate about the existence of a principle of perpetuity of all defences takes place. Jurists who agree with this principle invoke the maxim Quæ temporalia, its old roots, and his continuity throughout centuries. At the opposite side, Jurists who disagree consider that this maxim has been abrogated in 1804. An historical study of the maxim helps understanding its cause, the context of its creation and its evolutions. These informations renew the debate concerning its incorporation into positive law.The maxim must have been created during medieval period. By offering a privilege ot the weakest party, the maxim seeks equity. As the will to protect the defendant is constant in time, the maxim has been reaffirmed and extended regularly through centuries.As there are really few texts about the duration of denfences, the maxim also leeds to study the importance of secondary sources of law, even after the XIXth century codification work
Afoufa-Bastien, Damien. "Etude de l'expression de gènes codant pour des transporteurs de sucres et de l'activité de transport au cours d'une interaction Vigne (Vitis vinifera)/champignons pathogènes." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Afoufa-Bastien-Damien/2010-Afoufa-Bastien-Damien-These.pdf.
Full textIn higher plants, the distribution of sugars within cells is occurring by membrane proteins called transporters. Several studies describe that parallel to their implication in development, the sugar transporters have a role in plant/pathogen interactions. The availability of the genome of Vitis vinifera offered the opportunity to identify 69 sugar transporter and 6 invertase sequences in this species. The expression profile of these different genes has been studied in several organs as well as in response to a biotic stress. In plant leaves, the infection by Botrytis cinerea led to an up-regulation of the VvBIG8. 1 and production of the phytoalexin resveratrol were also detected. To strengthen the results obtained with plants, a cell suspension culture of grapvine cv Chardonnay was etablished. Infection of the grapevine cells by B. Cinerea led to the induction of 3 hexose transporter genes VvHTI, 5, 13 as well as cell wall invertase gene VvcwINV1. The induction of these 4 genes was also observed in response to three fungal elicitors. Parallel to the induction of these sugar transporter genes, an increase in the glucose transport activity was noted in elicited cells. Taken together, these data indicate that grapevine hexose transporters and cell wall invertases are involved in the implementation of the defense mechanisms during an infection by the necrotrophic fungus B. Cinerea or an elicitation by fungal elicitors. The overexpression of some sugar transporter and invertase genes in grapevine plants could demonstrate their role in tolerance mechanisms
Burcklen, Michel. "Peroxygénase végétale : Double localisation d'une oxygénase originale." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13184.
Full textDuring the last decade, increasing interest in oxygenated fatty acids, collectively named oxylipins, has been generated as these metabolites are considered to be involved in infection. In plants, oxylipins mainly derive from linole(n)ic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway. Fatty acids hydroperoxyds produced by lipoxygenase are rapidly metabolised in a variety of physiologically active derivatives by CYP74s and by peroxygénase (PXG). This later membrane bound hemoprotein catalyses reaction of oxydation by a mechanism which seems to be quite unique and surprisingly, it do not presents any homology with presently known oxidases. Peroxygenase is able to metabolise fatty acid hydroperoxyds (CYP74's substrate) as good as hydrogen peroxyd (peroxydase's substrate), raising questions about peroxygenase original mechanism origin which I try to characterize in studying the mode of linking of the heme iron. By site-directed mutagenesis experiments on AtPXG1, I found that the heme was not coordinated by cysteine residues like in CYP74s but to a histidine residue like in peroxydases. These results were confirmed by EPR, identifying an heme in which iron is coordinated via an histidine residue. In a second time, I have demonstrated that different isoforms differ from each other by various reactions specificity. In order to find some answer concerning plant peroxygénase physiological function, I have localized, by GFP fused strategy, AtPXG1 and AtPXG3 isoforms in endoplasmic reticulum and in lipid bodies, which are organelles constituted by a neutral lipid core surrounded by a proteic and phospholipid monolayer. I demonstrated that an FFAT motif was responsible of peroxygénase targeting to reticulum and that a DXE motif permit its export from RE to lipid bodies. First experiment round seems to demonstrate that this export is dependant from Sar1, an element of COPII complex, responsible of protein export from RE to Golgi apparatus
Magnin-Robert, Maryline. "Protection de la vigne contre Botrytis cinerea et stimulation des mécanismes de défense à l’aide de bactéries issues du vignoble champenois." Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000725.pdf.
Full textThe development of new alternatives to chemicals against Botrytis cinerea in grapevine, especially by using bacteria originated from Champagne vineyard is the objective of this thesis. These bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere and from different healthy grapevine organs, are two Acinetobacter lwoffii PTA-113 and PTA-152, a Bacillus subtilis PTA-271, two Pantoea agglomerans PTA-AF1 and PTA-AF2 and two Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-268 and PTA-CT2. Experiments performed mainly in vineyard demonstrated that these bacteria applied individually or in combination are able to induce defence reactions in grapevine as evidenced by a stimulation of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities in leaves and berries. The intensity of these defence reactions is dependent on bacterial strain, combination of bacteria and their application method. They are associated to an induced protection of both organs against Botrytis cinerea. The most active strains are A. Lwoffi, P. Fluorescens and P. Agglomerans PTA-AF1 in leaves and P. Agglomerans PTA-AF1 and PTA-AF2 in berries. The combination of two P. Agglomerans (AF1+AF2) or P. Agglomerans with B. Subtilis or with A. Lwoffi also lead to a significant protection against B. Cinerea, which is not higher than that obtained with individual bacteria
El-Turk, Joumana. "Contribution a l'étude des réactions de défense chez la luzerne : analyse de l'expression des peroxydases lors d'interactions avec des bactéries pathogènes et symbiotique." Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMPD760.
Full textIn alfalfa, two types of interactions between leaves and bacteria were defined: one, an incompatible interaction with Pseudomonas syringae pv. Pisi, and the other, a compatible interaction with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Alfalfae which is a natural pathogen of alfalfa. The gene expression pattern of peroxydases was studied in these two types of interactions in order to determine their role and their involvement in defense reactions of alfalfa. Five clones, prxl, prx5, prx8, prx14 and prx15, were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from mRNA of P. Syringae-infected leaves. Sequence comparison showed that the clone prx15 is significantly different from the other four. Moreover, prxl5 lacks the C-terminal sequence for vacuolar targeting that is present in the others. Infections of leaves by P. Syringae pv. Pisi led to an accumulation of different transcripts with different kinetics. The accumulation of prxl, prx5 and prxl5 mRNAs was quite rapid compared to prxl4 mRNA. The localization of the messages relative to the site of infection showed that prxl, 5 and 15 have local systemic while prxl5 has general systemic expression. These results were compared to these obtained after treatment of the leaves with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Alfalfae or after wounding. Differences in the kinetics and/or the level of the different transcripts were observed. Finally, we have initiated the study of the response of the root system to treatment by the nodulation factor NodRm-IV (C16:2,S), which serves as a model for the analysis of the early steps in the symbiotic interaction. We followed the expression of prx15 in this system. In the experimental conditions used, we found no accumulation of the prx15 message following this treatment
Gouzerh, Guillaume. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de glycérolipases de type "patatine" induites lors de la réaction d'hypersensibilité chez le tabac : Recherche de leur implication dans la biosynthèse d'oxylipines." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13022.
Full textThe release of fatty acids from membrane lipids is at the origin of the biosynthesis of an array of signals and antimicrobial derivatives in plant defense. The enzymes catalyzing this hydrolytic step are poorly characterized. Previous work done in our laboratory has led to the isolation of three tobacco genes (NtPAT1, NtPAT2 and NtPAT3) related to the patatin, a major protein from the potato tuber that displays weak lipolytic activity. These genes are rapidly induced during the hypersensitive response (HR) to tobacco mosaic virus, in advance to jasmonate accumulation. A detailed study of the regulation of NtPAT genes showed that these genes are also induced after infection by the bacterium E. Carotovora and the fungi B. Cinerea. The treatment with β-megaspermin, a cell death-inducing protein elicitor also induced NtPAT genes which are then rapidly expressed in the infiltrated zone before the appearance of necrosis and in the surrounding area with some delay. In the infiltrated tissue, NtPAT gene expression is associated with the accumulation of the two jasmonates, OPDA and JA. In elicitor treated leaves, NtPAT gene are corregulated with several genes encoding proteins involved in oxylipin metabolism such as 9-LOX, α-DOX, DES and some P450s fatty acid hydroxylases. This suggests that NtPAT proteins are involved in providing fatty acids for different oxylipins biosynthetic pathways. In each challenge, NtPAT gene expression also appears with a profile parallel to the appearance of PLA2 activity. In β-megaspermin treated leaves it is also correlated with the degradation of phospholipids and galactolipids, and the accumulation of free fatty acids. We hypothesised that NtPAT proteins are mostly responsible for these activities. Indeed, recombinant expression in E. Coli showed that NtPAT1 and NtPAT3 encode proteins with huge lipolytic activity. First described as PLA2, NtPAT proteins are in fact able to cleave both sn-1 and sn-2 positions of phospholipids and galactolipids, but are completely inactive on storage triglycerides. Although they are strongly active on galactolipids, the preliminary results we obtained on the sub-cellular localization of NtPAT, using both immunolocalization and GFP fusion proteins, suggest that these proteins are cytosolic. As galactolipids are only present in the chloroplasts and NtPAT proteins are expressed while the massive galactolipid consumption occurs during the HR, one hypothesis is that these proteins are able to hydrolyze the chloroplastic outer membrane starting from the cytosol. Fatty acids released in this case could supply the chloroplastic 13-LOX pathway but may also supply the cytoplasmic 9-LOX pathway as can do fatty acids released from other membranes. This hypothesis will only be validated by metabolic profiling of transgenic plants depleted in NtPAT proteins. Such plants are currently being studied. Transgenic plants overexpressing NtPAT3 have also been obtained. These plants display increased resistance to tobacco mosaic virus reinforcing the involvement of NtPAT proteins in resistance against pathogens
Ghannam, Ahmed. "Identification et caractérisation fonctionnelle de gènes impliqués dans l'induction et la régulation de la réaction hypersensible et la résistance locale acquise chez la tabac." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13164.
Full textThe hypersensitive response (HR) is one of the most efficient plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. Phenotypically, the HR corresponds to the lesions developing at the infection sites. In the narrow zone surrounding the cells undergoing the HR cell death, a strong activation of defense responses occurs contributing to a local, highly inhospitable environment for the invading pathogen. This latter phenomenon was called localized acquired resistance (LAR). It corresponds to the living component of the HR. Whereas the HR is induced by exogenous signals issuing from the pathogen, LAR is triggerred by endogenous signals issuing from the plant cells undergoing the HR. Consequently, the genes inducing LAR, whose none are known yet, should be characterized by a HR-specific expression profile. The first part of this work consisted in the set-up of a strategy aimed to isolated such latter genes. A screening by Differential Display Reverse Transcript Polymerase Chain Reaction allowed to isolate 24 ESTs (expressed sequence tag) with such an expression profile. A second part of the work consisted in the functional characterization, by loss- and gain-of-function experiements, of 3 genes issuing from that screen. Among the three genes, silencing by Virus-Induced Gene Silencing of NtRING1, encoding a putative E3 ligase with a RING-finger motive delays the HR in tobacco induced by ß-megaspemin, a well as the expression of different defense-related genes. Among the 5 genes issuing from the screen and so far analyzed at the fonctional level, NtRING1 and NtLRP1 appeared involved in the execution of the HR
Jacques, Alban. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle du gène NtLRP1 du tabac : Un régulateur négatif de la mort hypersensible." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13125.
Full textThe hypersensitive reaction (HR) is one of the most efficient plant defense mecanisms against pathogens. Phenotypicelly, HR correspond to the suicide of cells in the infection site. In the area directly around the HR, an high induction of defense genes is observed. This phenomenon was called localized acquired resistance (LAR). LAR is tightly connected to the HR. The HR involves the induction of LAR. HR and LAR phenomenons restrict pathogen propagation. Genes potentially implicated in the induction of LAR must have HR specific pattern of expression. Genes with that kind of induction profile could also play a role in the execution of the HR. Objective of that work was to functionally characterize the candidate gene NtLRP1, with HR-specific pattern of expression, in the induction and the regulation of HR and LAR phenomenon by loss and gain-of-function approaches. NtLRP1 was selected from a screen described to isolate EST (expressed sequence tag) with HR specific expression. This gene encode a leucine-rich protein (LRP). This protein contains a signal peptide, a leucine zipper (LZ) domain, a leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) and a proline rich region. We show that NtLRP1 gene present an HR specific expression independently of the HR inducer (virus, bacteria or fungal elicitor). NtLRP1 protein coupled with GFP (green fluorescent protein) localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum. Loss-of-function experiments revealed that extinction of NtLRP1 expression does not affect HR and LAR phenomenons. Gain-of-function experiments by transient overexpression of NtLRP1 affect the HR suggesting that NtLRP1 could play a role as a modulator of the hypersensitive cell death
Fortin, Élise. "Rôle du facteur de transcription MYB14 dans la réponse de défense chez l'épinette blanche." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28731/28731.pdf.
Full textBouliteau, Pascale. "Etude de la production des parasiticéines par différents isolats de Phytophthora parasitica et de leur relation avec le pouvoir pathogène sur tabac." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10228.
Full textFaurie, Bertrand. "Stimulation des défenses naturelles de la vigne par le méthyle jasmonate et l'ethéphon : mécanismes d'action du méthyle jasmonate." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21590.
Full textGrapevine, Vitis vinifera, is susceptible to many pathogens, causing massive damages, yield losses and wine quality. The intensive use of phytochemicals is now incompatible with health and respect of the environment. Alternative strategies have been developed, including stimulation of plant natural defenses based on elicitor treatment. Methyl jasmonate is recognized to be one of these elicitors, including, in the vineyard, an improvement of the resistance to Erysiphe necator, also known as powdery mildew. Ethylene treatment, based on the use of ethephon, had been studied and experiments done on grapevine foliar cuttings have shown that it was also able to trigger resistance to E. Necator. In each case, elicitor treatment was shown to induce defense-related genes expressions and implicated in stilbenes metabolism, which are the main grapevine phytoalexins. We didn't obtain an increased resistance to the fungus by adding ethephon to MeJA-treated foliar cuttings, although stilbens and related genes were synergistically induced. Ethephon addition to MeJA treatment also induced high inhibitions of defense-related genes, which may explain the lack of resistance observed for MeJA/ethephon treatment. Elicitor signal transduction to the nucleus, leading to the activation of plant defense mechanisms is a new way to improve this strategy and develop better elicitor for the future. We have demonstrated that various molecular partners are implicated in MeJA signal transduction, like calcium influx, proteins reversible phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species synthesis
Martinez, Thomas. "Les oomycètes microorganismes pathogènes de plantes : une nouvelle source de protéines pour l'utilisation des polymères lignocellulosiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30104.
Full textOomycetes are fungal like microorganisms evolutionary distinct from true fungi that include pathogens of plants. CBEL is a cell wall glycoprotein isolated from the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica that is composed of two distinct regions linked by a threonine/proline rich linker. Each region owns a cellulose binding module (CBM1) and a PAN-Apple domain involved in protein-protein or proteins-polysaccharides interactions. Since CBEL is able to induce defense responses in numerous plant species, its use for the development of products able to protect crops has been envisaged. For this purpose we analysed the effect of an external CBEL treatment on plants. We found that in the presence of surfactants CBEL is able to induce cytosolic calcium changes, defense gene expression, and cell death on A. thaliana. CBEL application for crop protection requires the development of economically reliable production processes. In the case of proteinaceous elicitors, an attractive strategy to obtain large amount of elicitors is to express them in heterologous hosts such as bacteria or yeasts. CBELcol and CBELpic were produced respectively in E. coli and in P. pastoris. CBELcol is unglycosylated whereas CBELpic displays a glycosylation profile distinct from the native protein (CBELnat). We found that all these proteins are able to bind crystalline cellulose. On the other side we found that the elicitor activity of CBELpic is distinct from CBELnat and CBELcol suggesting that the glycosylation on CBEL can have an impact on its ability to induce plant defense responses after external treatment on A. thaliana. In the second part of this work the two CBMs (1-1 and 1-2) that form part of CBEL have been submitted to detailed characterization, first to better quantify their interaction with cellulose and second to determine whether these CBMs can be useful for biotechnological applications, such as biomass hydrolysis. A variety of biophysical techniques were used to study the interaction of the CBMs with various substrates and the data obtained clearly indicate that CBEL's CBM1-1 exhibits much greater cellulose binding ability than CBM1-2. Engineering of the family 11 xylanase from Talaromyces versatilis (TvXynB), an enzyme that naturally bears a family 1 CBM, has produced two variants. The first one lacks a CBM, whereas the second contains the CBEL CBM1-1 in the place of the natural CBM1. The study of these enzymes has revealed that wild type TvXynB binds to cellulose, probably via its CBM1, and that the substitution of its CBM by oomycetal CBM1-1 does not affect its activity on this substrate. Moreover, the presence of CBEL during the hydrolysis of wheat straw actually potentiates the action of TvXynB, a result that is consistent with the hypothesis that CBM1-1 can alter cellulose surface fibres rather like some other members of CBM family 1
Paris, Franck. "Modification chimique de la laminarine en vue d’améliorer son efficacité d’inducteur de résistance contre le mildiou de la vigne. Importance et caractérisation de la biodisponibilité foliaire." Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCR0029.
Full textIn order to decrease the amount of chemical fungicides to control grapevine downy mildew, an attractive alternative is the use of resistance inducers to activate plant defences. This strategy implies the detection of highly conserved molecular patterns called MAMPs (Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern) by PRR (Pattern-Recognition Receptors) located on the plant cell plasma membranes. Laminarin, a β-(1→3)-glucan extracted from the brown algae Laminaria digitata is a MAMP, known to elicit defence reactions in grapevine. However, protection provided against downy mildew by foliar treatment of laminarin remains inconsistent for its use in vineyard. We hypothesized that this insufficient efficacy was mainly due to a poor penetration of the polysaccharide through the hydrophobic leaf cuticle leading to a lack of in planta bioavailability. Thus only a small amount of resistance inducer could reach its cellular targets. This study highlights the importance i- of using a suitable penetration enhancer and ii- of treating the lower leaf surface to increase laminarin penetration rates and consequently its efficacy in grapevine. For the first time, we show that the penetration of saccharides mainly occur via stomata, only located on the lower surface of grapevine leaves. Moreover, the synthesis of chemically modified laminarins with various degrees of hydrophobicity allows us to show that this penetration pathway seems to be preponderant regardless of the polysaccharide modification. Our results also indicate that certain chemical modifications of laminarin lead to an increase in its efficacy but that this increase is probably due to fungicide properties against the pathogen instead of a better bioavailability
Roeder, Vincent. "Recherche et étude de marqueurs moléculaires de la réponse au stress chez l'algue brune Laminaria digitata." Rennes 1, 2006. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01115470.
Full textCamps, Céline. "Etude transcriptomique de la réponse de la vigne (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) au champignon ascomycète vasculaire Eutypa lata, responsable de l' eutypiose." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Camps-Celine/2008-Camps-Celine-These.pdf.
Full textThree growth conditions, in vitro, in greenhouse and in vineyards, were used to produce control plants and plants infected with Eutypa lata. Each sample was characterised by the symptom notation, the re-isolation of the fungus located in the lignified parts, and the formal identification of Eutypa lata mycelium by PCR. The characterisation led to the identification of three types of plants: infected and showing symptoms (S+R+), infected and showing no symptoms (S-R+) and healthy (S-R-). Microarray analysis on leaf samples from these plants enabled the following of the transcriptomic expression of 15000 grapevine genes. The comparison between S+R+ and S-R- plants showed that 44% of the genes differentially expressed and common to at least two of the three growth conditions are known to be involved in plant/fungus interaction and that 21% of the over-expressed genes in the plants S+R+ are involved in defense functions. The comparison between S-R+ and S-R- plants, in greenhouse and in vineyards, enabled to identify 17 genes potentially useful for the development of of an early and non-destructive diagnosis tool. The combined analysis of microarray data obtained for the comparisons S+R+/S-R-, S-R+/S-R-, and S+R+/S-R+, in greenhouse and/or in vineyard, led to the identification of genes that may be more specifically associated with the response to infection, or with the absence or presence of symptoms. The expression profiles of several candidate genes were confirmed by RT-PCR and completed by the analyses of leaves from grapevines infected with other fungal pathogens
Hervé, Cécile. "Bases moléculaires de la réponse au stress et à la défense chez l'algue rouge Chondrus crispus et caractérisation d'une nouvelle classe de glutathion S-transférases." Rennes 1, 2006. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01115423.
Full textPetit, Anne-Noëlle. "Effets de fongicides anti-Botrytis sur les organes végétatifs et reproducteurs de la vigne." Reims, 2008. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000827.pdf.
Full textIn the vineyard, the use of fungicides is necessary to control grey mould caused by the phytopathogenic Botrytis cinerea. Three applications of botryticides are recommended: at the end of flowering (stage A), at bunch closure (stage B), and at the beginning of berry ripening (stage C). Fludioxonil and fenhexamid belong to two different chemical classes and are commonly used as botryticides. To reduce pesticide use, it’s necessary to improve the knowledge about chemical effects on plant physiology. Therefore, effects of these botryticides have been evaluated on grapevine vegetative and reproductive organs. Indeed, photosynthesis performed in vegetative organs provides the energy and structural substrates for plant growth. Considering reproductive organs, their development is related to the yield. Therefore, the photosynthesis was used as a physiological parameter to study stress caused by fungicides on vegetative organs. Plant defense responses have also been analysed because chemical stress induced by botryticides could activate these responses. Considering the fungicide effects on reproductive organs, various factors which could influence their efficacy were followed: (i) treatment stage, (ii) fungicide mode of action, (iii) selection pressure exerted by fungicides on B. Cinerea and (iv) grapevine defense responses
Vourc'h, Gwenaël. "Interactions entre plantes longévives et grands mammifères : défense chimique du thuya géant et herbivorie par le cerf-à-queue-noire en Colombie Britannique (Canada)." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20189.
Full textGrondin, Josée. "Effet de phytohormones sur les réactions de défense de l'érable à sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.) suite à l'entaillage et à d'autres types de blessure mécanique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21571/21571.pdf.
Full textBelhadj, Assia. "Stimulation des défenses naturelles de la vigne par le méthyl jasmonate : impact sur la biosynthèse des polyphénols et sur la résistance aux champignons." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21272.
Full textPlant treatment with signaling molecules named elicitors leads to the stimulation of their natural defence mechanisms. In order to improve grapevine (Vitis vinifera) tolerance against fungal pathogens, this plant was treated with natural exogenous elicitors : methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethylene (ET). Gamay Fréaux cell suspensions, Cabernet Sauvignon foliar cuttings and grapevine plants (Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) react to elicitation with an accumulation of transcripts coding pathogenesis-related proteins and with the production of phytoalexins (antimicrobial compounds). Protection tests on grapevine foliar cuttings and in vineyard confirm eliciting activity of these compounds by triggering enhanced plant tolerance against powdery and downy mildews. These experiments revealed that MeJA and ET act as efficient elicitors in a strategy of grapevine protection
Morel, Arry. "Etude du rôle lors de l'infection et sur la défense des plantes hôtes des effecteurs de type III RipH1,2,3 et RipAX2 de Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0134.
Full textOne of the major virulence determinants of plant pathogenic Ralstonia species is the type III secretion system that enables it to inject proteins (also called “Ralstonia Injected Proteins” or Rip) into the host cells. The RipH1,2,3 type III effectors are conserved in different strains of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. The role of these effectors during infection has been studied, taking as an entry point the tomato proteins they interact with. Using yeast-two-hybrid screenings we have identified 19 tomato targets of these three RipH. Reverse genetics methods have then been used to study the role of orthologous genes of these targets in other model plants. Virus induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that the orthologous genes of TOM3 were involved in plant response to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, as the bacterial multiplication was diminished in plants silenced for these genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutants of the TOM9 orthologous gene which is described as involved in chromatin remodelisation were more tolerant to infection. In a second chapter corresponding to a published article, the role of RipAX2 has been studied. This effector triggers specific resistance in AG9125 eggplant which carry the major resistance locus EBWR9. This eggplant accession AG9125 is resistant to the wild type R. pseudosolanacearum strain GMI1000, while a ripAX2 defective mutant of this strain can cause wilt. The addition of ripAX2 from GMI1000 to the naturally pathogenic strain PSS4 suppresses its pathogenicity, demonstrating that RipAX2 causes AG9125 resistance. Moreover, a zinc binding motif described as necessary to induce defenses on the eggplant wild relative Solanum torvum upon RipAX2 recognition is not necessary for AG91-25 resistance. The conservation of RipAX2 has been studied in the different strains of the bacteria in order to determine the potential of this resistance source against various strains for breeding
Kati, Djamel Edine. "Mécanismes de défense chez les végétaux et notion d'élicitation : cas de Cucumis melo et d'un Stimulateur des Défenses Naturelles le «FEN560»." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20007.
Full textThis work is a comparative study between defense mechanisms in melon plant induced by biotic elicitor and treatment by plant extract having simulative proprieties of plant defense mechanisms. The studied pathosystème is Cucumis melo - Fusarium oxysporum fsp melonis. The used plant extract elicitor is named FEN560, it is from fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum). The main works were: 1) Analysis of the enzymatic activities relating to the stress and characterization of PR-proteins sch as peroxidases and chitinases. The lipoxygenase (LOX), the key enzyme of oxylipins biosynthesis and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, the key enzyme of the phenylpropanoids pathway, were also studyed. 2) The study of the metabolites of the secondary metabolism, in particular accumulation of volatile organic compounds (VOC). 3) A study of expression candidate genes implied in the production of Pr-proteins and the induced resistance pathways is also undertaken. The main results: (i) precocity and intensity of enzymatic activities induction for the two varieties after inoculation of pretreated plants (ii) the priming is generally observed in the site of the second elicitation with a remarkable induction of PR-proteins. (iii) The elicitation induced by FEN560 is systemic; because induction is transmitted between roots and shoots (iv) The modification of VOC emissions coincides with the induction of the LOX activity. It is also noticed the emission of new molecules known for their antibiotic properties or repulsive of the insects herbivorous or attractive of predatory of herbivorous insects. The results on the genes candidates' expression are in general correlated with the enzymatic activities and the production of the volatile organic compounds through LOX activity. In brief, the induction of resistance by the treatment by FEN560 is similar to the phenomenon of "primig" in induced systemic resistance
Bordiec, Sophie. "Interaction entre la vigne (Vitis vinifera L. ) et une bactérie PGPR, Burkholderia phytofirmans souche PsJN : mécanismes de défense impliqués lors de la perception de la bactérie par la plante, et lors de l’établissement de la protection contre le froid et la pourriture grise." Reims, 2010. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/sciences/2010REIMS030.pdf.
Full textThe PGPR Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN is able to colonize grapevine roots and to diffuse to leaves, inflorescences and berries. The present work aimed to better characterize this interaction. Firstly, our results showed that interaction between grapevine cell suspensions and this bacterium induced plant defense responses. This demonstrated that strain PsJN was locally recognized by the plant cells, which triggered plant immunity modifications. Interaction between grapevine and strain PsJN also confers to the plant a protection against Botrytis cinerea and cold stress (4°C). In order to better characterize this protection, induced defense responses were analyzed in fully bacterized plantlets submitted to these stress. The bacterium induced a protection against cold stress. This protection is correlated with priming of some stress-related gene expressions, an accumulation of proline, and a faster activation of H2O2 and aldehyde scavenging systems. Moreover, it was demonstrated that B. Phytofirmans strain PsJN protects grapevine against B. Cinerea. Analysis of defense-related gene expressions showed no priming of their expressions. Nevertheless, the observed protection was correlated with a higher phytoalexin accumulation. Thus, this work demonstrated that the beneficial relationship between grapevine and strain PsJN induced a protection against cold exposure (4°C) or B. Cinerea attacks, which was correlated with priming phenomenon. Nevertheless, preliminary studies showed that the presence of strain PsJN locally seemed to be an important factor for resistance establishment, since no protection against these stresses was observed in a systemic context
Grosjean, Kevin. "Microdomaines ordonnés de la membrane plasmique végétale : caractérisation et rôle dans la signalisation associée à la défense." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS089/document.
Full textRecent studies have shown the existence of lateral sub-compartmentalization of plant plasmamembrane similar to that of animal cells and yeasts. The aim of this thesis was to provide newelements to characterize this compartmentalization (physical properties of specific domains,mechanisms of their formation, determination of their size, etc...) and to study its role in thephysiology of plant cells.The development spectral confocal microscopy coupled with the use of an environment-sensitiveprobe enabled to obtain the first description at the submicron scale of plasma membrane organizationinto domains exhibiting various physical properties. These domains coexist at the plasma membranesurface of tobacco suspension cells as well as the membrane of vesicles composed of models lipids orcell plasma membrane lipids, purified plasma membrane vesicles, and protoplasts. However,differences in the lateral organization observed in these membranes have shown the importance ofphytosterols which are, through specific interactions with neighboring plant lipids such as GIPCs,essential for local formation of ordered domains. The huge diversity of plant lipids drives thecompartmentalization of the plasma membrane allowing the dynamic segregation of membranecomponents. Sterols greatly increase membrane order, whereas proteins tends to decrease it.Cytoskeleton and cell wall do alter neither presence nor organization of ordered domains of the plasmamembrane. We have also shown that the organization of these domains is transiently modified duringthe early stages of defense signaling cascade. In fact, we have identified changes in overall physicalproperties and fine lateral organization of the membrane caused by various elicitors of defensereactions, including cryptogein, a protein secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea. We haveshown that these changes are a generic element of defense signaling cascade and depend onphosphorylation processes; oxidative burst being also a major actor of the control of the increase ofmembrane order observed during the very early stages of the signalling process. Cryptogein, whichexhibits the particular ability to trap sterols, also showed a specific capacity to increase membranefluidity and amplify the intensity of the signalling cascade, as measured by the production of reactiveoxygen species.These results open new perspectives in the understanding of cell-elicitin interactions and provide anew view on the central role of sterol composition in the lateral organization of plant plasmamembrane. They also identify membrane dynamics as a new player in the signalling cascade occurringduring plant defense
Pierron, Romain. "Esca et vigne : compréhension des mécanismes de défense précoces du bois de la vigne Vitis vinifera L. suite à la maladie, colonisation des champignons in planta et proposition de moyens de lutte pour une viticulture durable." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14651/1/Pierron.pdf.
Full textNivault, Aurelia. "Diversité et traits d’histoire de vie des Botryosphaeriaceae et évaluation du potentiel de défense de différents cultivars de Vitis." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0811/document.
Full textVitis vinifera L. is largely cultivated in countries producing wine but an increase in grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have been observed due to the attack of several fungal pathogens including those belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family (Botryosphaeria dieback). Seven species were isolated in the French vineyards B. dothidea, D. intermedia, D. mutila, D. seriata, Do. viticola, N. parvum and L. viticola. Nowadays, no efficient products are available to control these diseases. Studying, different life traits of 65 strains of different genotypes of the Botryosphaeriaceae’s family, known to have members displaying different aggressiveness, would lead to a better understanding of these wood pathogens. Their in planta aggressiveness, their adaptation towards environmental pressures (temperature, fungicides), and the detection of mycoviruses were carried out. In order to have a better comprehension of the interaction within the plant, the expression analysis of genes involved in the plant defense were assayed upon 3 cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Ugni-Blanc) but also on two species (N. parvum and D. seriata). L. viticola, and N. parvum, were shown to be more aggressive than D. seriata and. L. viticola is more adapted to higher temperature (33°C). Moreover, the strains tested with 9 different fungicides (mitochondrial respiratory, sterol biosynthesis, cytoskeleton or multisite inhibitors, etc.) showed lower sensitivity within some species, (with a resistance factor reaching a 1000). In addition, at least 6 mycoviruses were characterized. Amongst them, two mycoviruses were isolated from a N. luteum strain and were fully sequenced (Neofusicoccum luteum mitovirus 1 and Neofusicoccum luteum fusavirus 1). The three cultivars infected with either N. parvum or D. seriata showed different gene responses between themselves but also between the different strains inoculated. These different studies are giving us more information upon these Botryospheriaceae fungi, to find out new efficient or complementary methods in order to control GTDs
Adam, Thibaud. "Etude de l'implication de l'endocytose à clathrine dans les réactions de défense déclenchées par la cryptogéine chez le tabac." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS019.
Full textCryptogein, a protein secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea, is an elicitor of defense reaction in tobacco. Cryptogein binding to an unidentified receptor of the plasma membrane triggers a signaling cascade that leads to changes in gene expression, production of a systemic acquired resistance signal, and cell death. Our lab previously reported a stimulation of endocytosis a few minutes after elicitation. Electron microscopy and pharmacological studies evidenced that this endocytosis is clathrin-mediated. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a fundamental eukaryotic cell process that ensures plasma membrane homeostasis. It also plays two antagonistic roles in extracellular signal transduction either by producing endosomes that convey the signal into the heart of the cell, or by downregulating plasma membrane receptors to attenuate cellular responsiveness and prepare the cell for subsequent signals.The aim of my thesis was to confirm clathrin dependence of cryptogein-induced endocytosis and to find out whether endocytosis is involved in cryptogein signaling and defense reactions. I established a tobacco cell suspension expressing clathrin light chain fused to GFP to follow CME in living cells. Biochemical and microscopic characterization of the cell suspension confirmed that cryptogein-induced endocytosis is clathrin-mediated. I also developed a dominant-negative strategy to inhibit CME by expressing a truncated form of clathrin heavy chain, the hub domain, which prevents clathrin-coated pit formation at the plasma membrane. Characterization of a cell line co-expressing GFP-CLC and the hub domain showed that it is possible to hinder cryptogein-induced CME without significantly altering constitutive endocytosis. This selective inhibition strategy revealed that cryptogein-induced early signaling events such as alkalinisation of the extracellular medium and reactive oxygen species production are CME-independent.Consequences of induced-CME inhibition on later responses to cryptogein were studied in cell suspension and in tobacco plants. My results showed that endocytosis contributes in a minor way to transcriptome reprogramming and cell death induction. Moreover, preliminary results suggested that hub expression increases the plant’s sensitivity to several pathogens. Altogether these results open up the prospect of addressing the role of CME during tobacco-cryptogein interaction in a more integrative view
Bouscaut, Jérôme. "Diversité des systèmes de défenses induites de la vigne et efficacité sur le mildiou et l'oïdium." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21263.
Full textThe major pathogens of grape, Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola, are biotrophic microorganisms against which the protection of vineyards relies on an intensive use of fungicides. No standardised methods are available to assess the effectiveness of inducers of grapevine defences on pâthogen development. A methodology, specific for each pathogen, has thus been developed. The results show that Plasmopara viticola is more sensitive than Erysiphe necator to a direct elicitation of grapevine's defences, except in the case of milsana®. Moreover, intergroup diversity of the powdery mildew shows that strains belonging to biotype B are more sensitive that strains of the biotype A. Biochemical analyses of polyphenolic extracts of stimulated and/or inoculated leaves have led to the identification of three compounds that can potentially be associated with the state of defence of the grapevine : catechin, trans-astringin and amino acid. In response to the stimulation of two-month-old grapevine plants by acibenzolar-S-methyl, the induction of the expression of genes takes place locally in less than 24 hours. A period of 48 hours is however necessary for the activation of PR1, an acquired systemic resistance gene marker. All biological, biochemical, and molecular analyses indicate that to the grapevine response is specific to each elicitor. The different results obtained indicate that both the intra and inter-variability of pathogens, and the specific responses of grapevine to different inducers (BTH, fosetyl-aluminium), are factors that must be considered for a better development of the use of grapevine defence stimulators
Lebon, Audrey. "La compensation dans les interactions plantes-insectes : modélisation, simulation et expérimentation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20161/document.
Full textResistance and tolerance, which is the ability of plants to endure a pest attack, are two different aspects of plants defenses. Tolerance is strongly linked to a compensation process which is a positive response of plants to the presence of pests (in terms of reproduction and / or growth). In order to bring new knowledges in the field of plants-insects interactions, we conducted three different studies on compensation in plants. In the first one, we developed a generic mathematical model, whose the study revealed the existence of threshold parameters that determine the co-existence or not of different types of compensation equilibria. The second study, which was experimental, aimed to test the hypothesis of a compensation response in tomato undet the attack of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta. In our experiment, the tomato cultivar presented trends in compensation for two levels of infestation, and trend of reproductive overcompensation for low infestation. Finally, our last study is based on a "Structure-Function" computer model, still on the case of tomato and T. absoluta. This model was used to test and visualize different situations (dates and positions of the attack) on a more realistic representation of the plant. In conclusion, we have shown that compensation may have a significant impact on the effectiveness of strategies for crop protection and must be taken into account in their development
Benchekroun, Mohammed Nabil. "La résistance pléiotropique aux médicaments anticancéreux : intervention des radicaux libres, de leurs produits de peroxydation et des moyens de défense antiradicalaire dans le mode d'action de la doxorubicine et dans la résistance des cellules tumorales à cet anticancéreux." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR22027.
Full textAkuesson, Ernest Tonawa. "Les exceptions de procédure dans le procès civil." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D005/document.
Full textThe false qualification of "defense" awarded by tradition to the procedural objection led the legislator to submit it to a totally inconsistent and unsuitable regime. The illustration is given by the failure noticed by the exclusivity of competence awarded to the judge of the enabled on the procedural objections, failure materializing by the numerous dispensations which the jurisprudence continues bringing to their regime. It is also translated by the quasi-impossibility for the applicant in the main action to claim it in whole contradiction with the spirit of Law. This incoherence is finally illustrated by the opportunist confusions between procedural objection, refusal of the action's receving, incident and defense in fact. The procedural objection is not a defense but an incidental request relative to the step of the procedure which in term of logical order must be examined by prerequisite in fact. It thus interests only the procedural relationships that is to say the instance which the opening and the conduct (driving) in compliance with the articles 1 and 2 of the Code of civil procedure belong to the parties. The classification and the regime of the procedural objections have to take it into account. It is thus necessary to distinguish the procedural objections on the contrary to the opening of the authority of those who are set against its continuation. Only the first ones have to be a matter of the exclusive competence of the judge of the enabled of whom we have to manage to make a real judge of the introduction of the instance. The procedural objections opposed to the continuation, on the other hand, must be able to be suggested according to their emergence or to their revelation except the possibility for the judge ruling out them or pronouncing pecuniary condemnations against the party which would have abstained in a delaying or unfair intention to raise them earlier
Picard, Karine. "Lutte biologique par Pythium oligandrum en culture hors-sol : dynamique des populations, antagonisme et rôle d’une protéine dans l’induction de résistance chez la tomate." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES0001.
Full textLarronde, Fabienne. "Régulation de la biosynthèse des anthocyanes et des stilbènes par les sucres et le méthyl jasmonate chez Vitis vinifera : induction des défenses naturelles de la vigne." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28796.
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