Academic literature on the topic 'Tomato ketchup'

The assessment of the competitive advantage is based on the essence of value, which is the source of obtaining an advantage and dependents on its content, the scale of distribution and other conditions. In this case, the use of indicators is the most important condition and understandable for the consumer, because these indicators are the subject of any competition. The analysis of the competitiveness shows that most of the proposed methods are based on the use of various financial coefficients for analyzing the activities of enterprises, the competitiveness of certain types of products. The determination of the competitiveness index allows you to establish the rating strength of the competitive advantages of products trademarks. In order to determine the competitive advantages of ketchup, presented in the trade network of Belarus taking into account the indexes of consumer and economic parameters, 15 studied samples have been calculated. The authors identified the fallowing competitive advantages of ketchups: composition, category, brand, packing, labeling, quality level. Further, the coefficients of the weight of the competitive advantages of the samples were calculated and the assessment of the total value of the competitive advantages was carried out, taking into account the degree of the weight. Based on the calculated indexes of consumer and economic parameters, the competitiveness of the samples has been determined and the rating of ketchup has been also assigned. As a result of the research, the rating is the following: among ketchups of the category «extra» — ketchup of the trademark «Schedro», among ketchups of the category «highest» — ketchup «Gusto», among ketchups of the category «the first» — ketchup «Iam Heppy», among ketchups of the category «the second» — ketchup «Tomato Signor».

<span class="fontstyle0">Tomato ketchup is a product favored by the people of Indonesia. The use of pumpkin as filler<br />substance in the production of tomato ketchup is performed as an alternative to conventional<br />tomato ketchup filler substance. This study aims to determine the right balance between the<br />tomato puree and pumpkin puree to produce a tomato ketchup that can be accepted by<br />consumers, without addition of coloring agents and other food additives. The results showed<br />that the quantity of tomato puree and pumpkin puree in proportion of 85 and 15 produces the<br />best tomato ketchup and has the same characteristics as the standard and is preferred by the<br />panelists, with a viscosity of 40300 cps, the water content of 61.53% and pH of 3.87.</span>

Tomato paste is used as an ingredient for the manufacture of tomato ketchup. This paper deals with the influence that some tomato paste processing variables (finisher screen opening and breaking temperature) and tomato variety exert on the linear viscoelastic properties of tomato ketchup. Two tomato varieties (H-282 and H-282F) were used. H-282 is a commercial variety whilst H-282F is a variety with a lower content in polygalacturonase (PG). Dynamic viscoelastic tests and particle size distribution measurements were carried out. Viscoelastic properties of tomato ketchup were mainly related to their mean volume diameter, tomato paste water-insoluble solids content (that depended on the tomato paste processing) and tomato variety.

The objective of this paper was to determine the rheological properties especially shear stress and apparent viscosity vs. shear strain rate, and density of commercially available but also homemade tomato ketchup. The effect of tomato content of density and apparent viscosity of tomato ketchup was also described. Shear stress and apparent viscosity were observed in shear strain rates range from 0.1 s-1 up to 68 s-1. All measurements were carried out at a constant temperature of 22 °C. Experimental results were modeled using a power-law (also known as Ostwald-de Waele) model (R2 ranged from 0.9508 up to 0.9991). The flow behaviour of all measured tomato ketchup samples exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic (shear thinning) behavior where the flow index (n) showed values between 0 and 1. Flow index (n) and consistency coefficient (K) can be used especially in numerical simulation of the flow behaviour of pseudoplastic (shear thinning) liquids.

Spoilage characterized by bulging as a result of gas formation in bottled ketchup was studied, Samples produced microbial growth on MRS and Rogosa selective Lactobacillus agar. Seventy randomly selected isolates typed by using restriction endonuclease (ClaI, EcoRI, HindIII) analysis were found to have identical DNA fragment patterns in gel electrophoresis. The strain was identified as Lactobacillus fructivorans using morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, combined with the information obtained from ribotyping. Factors affecting growth and survival of this L. fructivorans strain in ketchup production were also studied. An L. fructivorans count of 105 CFU/g resulted in spoilage of inoculated ketchup samples. Spoilage occurred only in samples incubated at 15 to 30°C. The L. fructivorans implicated in causing spoilage demonstrated heat resistance with a D value of 1.2 min at 65°C. The strain did not show resistance to alkaline active chloride-containing detergent sanitizer; alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and alkyldimethylethylbenzylammonium chloride-containing sanitizer were also found to be effective antimicrobial agents.

A set of 20 samples of tomato ketchup purchased on the market were analysed by several rheological procedures (Rheo-Stress 300) and by sensory profiling of both textural and flavour characteristics. A great variance was observed of all characteristics in all sample variables. About a third of plots between two variables were significantly related in the case of two rheological attributes and two sensory attributes, and in that of combinations between rheological and a sensory attributes. Similarly as in the case of lipid dispersions, the sensory texture acceptability was significantly related to the overall flavour acceptability. This proves the importance of texture in the consumption of tomato ketchup.

The article provides a comparative assessment of the requirements for the quality of ketchup in Russia and the United States. Differences in requirements relate to many indicators, including consistency. It is shown that the viscosity of ketchups is achieved in two ways: by the introduction of a certain amount of thickeners, or the development of recipes based on a special tomato paste made using the Hot Break technology. The task of the study was to determine the viscous characteristics of ketchups of different names, to select equipment for determining the viscosity of products in the factory laboratory conditions and to formulate prescriptions with specified parameters.

The set of 12 samples of ketchups with the known NTSS content varying from 4 to 12% was analyzed, the NTSS content was correlated with the content of individual chemical markers (lycopene, β-carotene, pyrrolid-5-one-2-carboxylic acid (PCA, pyroglutamic acid), glucose, fructose, sucrose, citric and malic acid, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, formol number). The effect of processing and storage conditions to the PCA and lycopene content was followed. NTSS correlates well with K⁺, Mg²⁺, PCA, formol number, malic and citric acid content, no correlation was found for carotenoids content. PCA content, which is formed during the ketchup processing, does not depend on the condition of ketchup processing, because all available precursors are changed already in the beginning stages of tomato processing. Contrary to that the content of carotenoids changes during all ketchup processing and storage and therefore its use as authenticity criteria is limited.

Model storage experiments of pasteurised tomato puree and ketchup were carried out. The sets of samples were boiled at 100°C, during the heating the changes of selected markers were followed and correlated with the sensory evaluation, the markers were: furosine, 2-furaldehyde, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) and colour (expressed as: <I>L, a*, b*, a*/b*</I> and &Delta;<I>E</I>). The suitability of selected markers for the assessment of temperature impact on tomato products was evaluated. The correlation matrix for the followed markers of the tomato puree and ketchup was calculated and the courses of changes (expressed as velocity constant) of the markers were compared.

U okviru disertacije su razvijeni postupci za iskorišćenje sporednog produkta prerade paradajza (tropa) kao polazne sirovine za proizvodnju prehrambenih proizvoda sa dodatom vrednošću. Sprovedena istraživanja kretala su se u dva smera: proizvodnja lipofilnih i hidrofilnih ekstrakata od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza, primenom rastvarača koji su dozvoljeni za upotrebu u prehrambenoj industriji (n-heksana i 95% etanola) i njihova karakterizacija u pogledu sadržaja i sastava fitohemikalija i biološke aktivnosti in vitro; razvoj formulacija i tehnoloških postupaka za kreiranje gotovih proizvoda sa povećanim sadržajem prehrambenih vlakana i njihova karakterizacija u smislu nutritivnih, reoloških i senzorskih svojstava. Proizvedena su tri proizvoda sa povećanim sadržajem prehrambenih vlakana: kečap od svežeg tropa paradajza, kečap od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza u prahu i marmelada od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza u prahu.Proizvedeni lipofilni i hidrofilni ekstrakti pokazali su sposobnost redukcije jona gvožđa, kao i antiradikalsku aktivnost na DPPH, azot (II)-oksid i superoksid-anjon radikale. Karotenoidi detektovani u lipofilnim ekstraktima (likopen i β-karoten) povezani su sa višom antiradikalskom aktivnošću na superoksid-anjon radikal, dok su fenolna jedinjenja detektovana u hidrofilnim ekstraktima (hidroksicinamati, flavonoli i dihidrohalkoni) bila efikasnija u redukciji jona gvožđa. Etanolni ekstrakt tropa paradajza pokazao je inhibitornu aktivnost na angiotenzin-konvertujući enzim pri koncentraciji ekstrakta od 10 mg/ml.Kečap proizveden od svežeg tropa paradajza, kečap proizveden od liofilizata tropa paradajza i marmelada proizvedena od liofilizata tropa paradajza su bili okarakterisani povećanim sadržajem prehrambenih vlakana (preko 3 g na 100 g proizvoda), na osnovu kog mogu da se deklarišu kao izvor vlakana. Marmelada je proizvedena od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza bez dodatka hidrokoloida, sa 20% manjim sadržajem šećera u odnosu na komercijalne proizvode.Reološka svojstva kečapa proizvedenog od svežeg tropa paradajza su prevashodno zavisila od koncentracije nerastvorljivih čestica. Rezultati senzorske ocene sprovedene uz primenu panela treniranih ocenjivača, ukazuju da su miris na paradajz i aroma paradajza bili najvažniji za jasno razlikovanje kečapa proizvedenog od svežeg tropa paradajza od komercijalnih proizvoda.Kečap i marmelada proizvedeni od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza se, kao reološki sistemi, mogu opisati modifikovanom frakcionom Kelvin-Voigt-ovom jednačinom kao viskoelastična tela. Ispitivanje model sistema sastavljenih od različitih odnosa liofilizata tropa paradajza i vode tretiranih na temperaturi od 60°C i 100°C ukazalo je da su vrednosti modula elastičnosti (G’) zavisile od koncentracije liofilizata tropa i da su G’ vrednosti niže na 100°C u odnosu na 60°C. Test dopadljivosti kečapa i marmelade od liofilizovanog tropa paradajza, sproveden primenom hedonske skale od 1 do 7, ukazuje da su oba proizvoda prihvaćena od strane potrošača (prosečna ocena za ukupnu dopadljivost veća od 4).
This dissertation describes processes for utilization of tomato processing byproduct (tomato pomace) as raw material for value-added food products. Research was conducted in two directions: one is production of lipophilic and hydrophilic tomato pomace extracts using solvents that are allowed for use in the food industry (n-hexane and 95% ethanol) and their characterization in terms of content and composition of phytochemicals and their in vitro biological activity; the other one is development of formulations and technological processes for the creation of tomato pomace based products with increased content of dietary fiber and their characterization in terms of nutritional, rheological and sensory properties. Three products with increased dietary fiber content were produced: ketchup was produced from fresh tomato pomace, and ketchup and jam were produced from lyophilized tomato pomace powder.Produced lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts showed ferric ion reducing ability, as well as DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. Carotenoids detected in lipophilic extracts (lycopene and β-carotene) were correlated with higher superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, while phenolic compounds detected in hydrophilic extracts (hydroxycinnamates, flavonols and dihydrochalcones) were more effective in ferric ion reduction.Ketchup produced from fresh tomato pomace, ketchup produced from lyophilized tomato pomace, and jam produced from lyophilized tomato pomace were characterized by increased content of dietary fiber (more than 3 g per 100 g of product). Jam was produced from the lyophilized tomato pomace without addition of hydrocolloids, with 20% lower sugar content in comparison with commercial products. Rheological properties of ketchup produced from fresh tomato pomace primarily depended on the insoluble particles content. The results of sensory analysis indicate that tomato odor and flavor were the most important for clear separation of ketchup produced from fresh tomato pomace from commercial products.Ketchup and jam produced from lyophilized tomato pomace could be described, as rheological systems, by the application of modified fractional Kelvin-Voigt model as viscoelastic solids. The examination of model systems comprised of different lyophilized tomato pomace:water ratios heat treated at 60°C and 100°C indicated that storage modulus (G’) values depended on the concentration of lyophilized tomato pomace and that G’ values were lower at 100°C than at 60°C. Preference test for ketchup and jam, conducted by application of 7-point hedonic scale, indicated that both products were accepted by the consumers (average score for overall acceptability higher than 4).

碩士
明志科技大學
化工與材料工程研究所
99
The objective of this study is to extract lycopene from tomato ketchup using aqueous two-phase system(ATPS). Polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) with average molecular weight of 3500, 8000, and 10000 was used in ATPS mixed with various salts, such as sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, di-potassium phosphate and potassium phosphate, at T=15, 25, and 35℃. After the extraction, spectrophotometer was used to determine lycopene concentration in different ATPS. The concentration of lycopene decreased with decreasing the average molecular weight of PVP from 10000, 8000 and 3500, respectively. In addition, the concentration of lycopene increased when the wt% of PVP in ATPS increased. The concentration of lycopene is higher when we used MgSO4 than Na2SO4 as salt. When using K3PO4 as salt, the concentration of lycopene is higher than using K2HPO4. Also, we found it was easier to extract lycopene when the concentration of salt is higher or the ATPS is under higher temperature. The best operation condition of lycopene extraction in ATPS is under 30wt% PVP10000 and 12.5wt% magnesium sulfate at 35℃.

The current study delineates the effect of incubation temperature on mechanical and electrical properties of ketchup. The analysis was done in the temperature range of 5oC and 25oC. Microstructure analysis of ketchup suggested the presence of cell wall components. Mechanical properties of ketchup were analyzed by spreadability and stress relaxation studies. Electrical properties of ketchup were analyzed by measuring the impedance in the frequency range of 100 Hz and 15 KHz. Spreadability study showed a higher firmness and cohesiveness in samples incubated at a lower temperature. The stress relaxation study suggested that inherent mechanical stability of the samples reached a critical lower limit at 15oC. Stability of the electrical equivalent circuit of samples was highest at 5oC. An increase in temperature drastically compromised the stability of electrical equivalent circuit of the samples. In gist, a variation in incubation temperature of the tomato ketchup can allow modulating not only the mechanical and viscoelastic properties, but also the electrical properties of ketchup.