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Journal articles on the topic 'Tomatoes Plant tissue culture'
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1
Davis, Jeanine M., Douglas C. Sanders, Paul V. Nelson, Laura Lengnick, and Wade J. Sperry. "Boron Improves Growth, Yield, Quality, and Nutrient Content of Tomato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 3 (May 2003): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.3.0441.
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Boron deficiency in fresh-market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is a widespread problem that reduces yield and fruit quality but is often not recognized by growers. Tomatoes were grown in field and hydroponic culture to compare the effects of foliar and soil applied B on plant growth, fruit yield, fruit quality, and tissue nutrient levels. Regardless of application method, B was associated with increased tomato growth and the concentration of K, Ca, and B in plant tissue. Boron application was associated with increased N uptake by tomato in field culture, but not under hydroponic culture. In field culture, foliar and/or soil applied B similarly increased fresh-market tomato plant and root dry weight, uptake, and tissue concentrations of N, Ca, K, and B, and improved fruit set, total yields, marketable yields, fruit shelf life, and fruit firmness. The similar growth and yield responses of tomato to foliar and root B application suggests that B is translocated in the phloem in tomatoes. Fruit from plants receiving foliar or root applied B contained more B, and K than fruit from plants not receiving B, indicating that B was translocated from leaves to fruit and is an important factor in the management of K nutrition in tomato.
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Sharma, V. K., and J. Nowak. "Enhancement of verticillium wilt resistance in tomato transplants by in vitro co-culture of seedlings with a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (Pseudomonas sp. strain PsJN)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-017.
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The potential utilization of a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas sp. strain PsJN, to enhance the resistance of tomato transplants to verticillium wilt was investigated. Plant growth and disease development were tested on the disease-susceptible cultivar Bonny Best after Verticillium dahliae infection of tissue culture plantlets bacterized in vitro (by co-culturing with the bacterium) and seedlings bacterized in vivo (after 3 weeks growth in the greenhouse). Significant differences in both disease suppression and plant growth were obtained between in vitro bacterized and nonbacterized (control) plants. The degree of protection afforded by in vitro bacterization depended on the inoculum density of V. dahliae; the best and worst protection occurred at the lowest (103 conidia ·mL-1) and highest (106 conidia ·mL-1) levels, respectively. In contrast, the in vivo bacterized tomatoes did not show plant growth promotion when compared to the nonbacterized control plants. When challenged with Verticillium, significant growth differences between in vivo bacterized plants (26.8% for shoot height) and nonbacterized controls were only seen at the 3rd week after inoculation. Compared with the in vitro inoculation, there was no delay in the verticillium wilt symptom expression, even at the lowest concentration of V. dahliae, by in vivo PsJN inoculation. These results suggest that endophytic colonization of tomato tissues is required for the Verticillium-resistance responses. Plant growth promotion preceeds the disease-resistance responses and may depend on the colonization thresholds and subsequent sensitization of hosts.Key words: Pseudomonas sp., plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, Verticillium dahliae, tomato, colonization, plant growth promotion, disease suppression.
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Ikeda, Takashi, Kunio Okano, Yuka Sakamoto, and Shin-ichi Watanabe. "275 Water Relations of Fruit Cracking in Single-truss Tomato Plants." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 489E—489. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.489e.
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This study was undertaken to investigate the water relations of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit cracking for single-truss tomato plants. The tomato plants were cultured on a closed hydroponic system in greenhouse. Water status of culture solution and plant tissues was measured with psychrometers. Water potential of the culture solution for the stressed plant was changed from -0.06 MPa (control plants) to -0.36 MPa at 24 days after anthesis. Hardness of the fruit skin was not different significantly between the stressed plants and the control plants. Fruit cracking occurred frequently in the control plants, but not in the stressed plants. Water potential gradient between the tissue of fruit flesh and water source for the control plants was bigger than that of the stressed plants. Turgors were increased at the tissues of fruit flesh and fruit skin at the control plants between predawn and morning but not at the stressed plants. These results indicated that the water potential gradient and the increased turgor in these tissues might be a trigger for the occurrence of fruit cracking on single-truss tomato plants.
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Rao, Gonella S. R. L., J. H. Martin Willison, and W. M. Nimal Ratnayake. "Suberization of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) locule tissue." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-308.
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It was demonstrated by electron microscopy that wounded and cultured tomato fruit outer placental (locule) tissue generated lamellated (secondary) walls. BF3 – methanol depolymerization of an extract from these walls and its chromatographic analysis showed the presence of the polymer suberin in the tissue adjacent to the wound after 7 days in culture. Quantitative studies using Iatroscan thin-layer chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection showed close similarities between the aliphatics of this wound suberin (which constituted 70% of the total monomers recovered) and that generated by protoplasts isolated from the same tissue, particularly among the monofunctional products, but some striking differences among the difunctional products. It is proposed that the results support the concept that protoplast isolation elicits a wound response similar to that elicited by mechanical wounding of the mother tissue, but that the physiological conditions obtained during protoplast isolation and culture result in a modification of this response.
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Greer, Ann Francine, and Zohreh Tabaeizadeh. "Characterization and plant regeneration of cell suspension cultures of Lycopersicon chilense." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 2257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-283.
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To produce calli for the establishment of a cell suspension, leaf, stem, and petiole explants of Lycopersicon chilense Dun., grown in vitro and in the soil, were cultured on media containing 15 different combinations of benzylaminopurine, kinetin, and indole acetic acid. Among the three types of tissues, leaf explants showed the best response. Cell suspension cultures of L. chilense were established from leaf callus derived from soil grown plants using Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with casein hydrolysate (250 mg/L), coconut water (5%), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 mg/L). Once established, cell suspensions showed a rapid growth rate with no marked lag phase. Shooting via organogenesis occurred from callus derived from cell suspensions on medium containing 2 mg/L benzylaminopurine. Regenerated plants had the same morphology as the original plants. Key words: Lycopersicon chilense, tomato, tissue culture, cell suspensions, organogenesis, plant regeneration.
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Sanjaya, I. Putu Wahyu, Rindang Dwiyani, I. Gede Putu Wirawan, and Bambang Sugiharto. "PRICK AND SOAK Agroacterium tumefaciens-MEDIATED IN PLANTA TRANSFORMATION IN TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ijbb.2018.v05.i02.p05.
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One of the modern plant breedings through genetic engineering is Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation can be performed in vitro or in planta. In planta transformation arises from the weaknesses of the in vitro method such as need high hygiene standard, professional tissue culture experts, and more time to prepare explants and somaclonal variation. In planta transformation is a method to transfer the gene to the plant genome without any tissue culture stages. The aims of this research were to know the possibility of the prick and soak in planta method with the target of tomato seeds and to know the most suitable inoculation time for tomato seeds transformation by prick and soak method the transformation is done by pricking the seeds and soaking them in the A. tumefaciens suspension. The treatments in this study were 1 and 2 days inoculation time to test the efficacy of prick and soak in planta transformation method. Tomato seeds were pricked with a needle on the center once, and then soaked in A. tumefaciens strain LB4404 suspension carrying pKYS-SoSPS1 plasmid with Neomycin Phosphotransferase (NPTII) and Saccharum officinarum Sucrose Phosphate synthase (SoSPS1) genes. Visualization of tomato’s DNA samples after PCR showed that 1-day inoculation sample was positively integrated with NPTII gene and negative in the 2 days inoculation treatment.
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Maas, John L., Gene J. Galletta, and Barbara J. Smith. "529 PB 525 DETERMINING RESISTANCE IN STRAWBERRY TO ANTHRACNOSE USING TOXINS PRODUCED IN FUNGUS CULTURE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 507b—507. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.507b.
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We have determined in tests conducted both at Beltsville and Poplarville that several strawberry isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum, C. gloeosporioides and C. fragariae produce toxin-like compounds in culture. Crude culture filtrates (CFI elicited general and specific responses in tomato and strawberry plants. Tomato plants initially were used because they are highly responsive to toxins in general, whereas the reaction of strawberry plants apparently is greatly affected by environmental and nutritional growing conditions of the test plant. Toxin symptoms included leaf chlorosis and wilting, leaf midvein darkening, and plant death when CF was applied to leaves or if seedlings or petioles were immersed into CF. Juvenile tissues appear to be more susceptible to the effects of the toxins than mature tissue. No differences in response to culture filtrates were apparent among those from the Colletotrichum isolates. The putative toxins appear to act differentially with susceptible or resistant strawberry germplasm.
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Ajenifujah-Solebo, Shakirat Oloruntoyin, Isu N. A., Olorode O., and Ingelbrecht I. "Effect of Cultivar and Explants Type on Tissue Culture Regeneration of Three Nigerian Cultivars of Tomatoes." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 3 (May 2, 2013): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n3p58.
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<p>In order to assess the suitable explant(s) for <em>in-vitro</em> regeneration of three local cultivars of Nigerian tomatoes, Ibadan local (IbL), Ife and JM94/46, cotyledon, hypocotyls and radicle explants were cultured in shoot regeneration medium consisting of<strong> </strong>MS containing 30 g L<sup>-1</sup> sucrose and 8 g L<sup>-1 </sup>agar with no exogenous plant growth hormones. Forty-five of each explant type was cultured on the medium in triplicate experiments and results showed varied percentage survival and shooting for the various explants. Hypocotyl explants had the highest percentage of shooting explants at 13.3% for IbL; 6.67% for Ife and 20% in JM94/46. IbL cotyledon explants had 4.44% of shooting explants with no shoots recorded in Ife and JM94/46 cotyledon explants. IbL radicle explants had 2.22% shooting explants and no shoots recorded in Ife and JM94/46. Student Neuman Keuls (SNK) statistical analysis of cultivar-media interaction showed there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among the three cultivars in number of calli and shooting calli. There was however significant difference among the cultivars in the number of shoots recorded. SNK values for explants-media interaction showed that cotyledon and radicle explants were significantly different (P < 0.05) from hypocotyl explants in the number of shoots produced.</p>
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Hanus-Fajerska, Ewa. "Studies on the reaction in tissue culture of tomato genotypes under biotic stress." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 70, no. 1 (2014): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2001.001.
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Plant regeneration in vitro from virus-infected somatic tomato (<em>Lycopersicon</em> sp.) tissue was performed. Regeneration experiments were started after the determination of virus presence, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in leaves used as a source of explants. Leaf explants infected with selected strains of tomato mosaic <em>Tobamovirus</em> or cucumber mosaic <em>Cucumovirus</em> respectively, were cultured on a standarised MS agar medium to induce adventitious shoots, which were afterwards excised, rooted in vitro and cultured to plants. Explants were also screened for their ability to produce callus. Diverse effects of viral infection, ranging from stimulation to inhibition of callus formation and of morphogenesis rate, were observed. The health condition of the tissue proved to affect regeneration potential of <em>Lycopersicon esculentum</em>, whereas wild accesions did not react in that case so distinctly. In cultivated tomato was encountered the decline in competence to reproduce shoots adventitiously in infected tissue. There was also relationship between donor plant health condition and adventitious root formation in regenerated shoots. Experiments with short-term cultures of <em>L. esculenum</em> reveled also that a certain number of shoots regenerated from diseased tissue can be virus-free.
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Lech, M., K. Miczyński, and A. Pindel. "Comparison of regeneration potentials in tissue cultures of primitive and cultivated tomato species (Lycopersicon sp.)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 65, no. 1-2 (2014): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1996.009.
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Regeneration capacities of two tomato cultivars: Potentat and Rutgers, and of three accessions of wild tomato species: <em>Lycopersicon peruvianum</em> PI 128650, <em>L. peruvianum var. dentatum</em> PI 128655 and <em>L. glandulosum</em> were studied using an universal medium suitable for regeneration of those plants from leaf pieces in tissue culture. Fragments of leaf blades were taken from plants raised in greenhouse conditions and placed on a modified MS medium containing 0.3 mg/l IAA and 3.0 mg/l BAP solidified with 1% agar. The explants were transferred every 4-5 weeks on fresh medium of the same composition. It was shown that all the three primitive tomato species revealed much higher multiplication coefficients than the two cultivars. Appropriate values were: 11 - for <em>L. glandulosum</em>, 8 - for <em>L. peruvianum</em>, 7 - for <em>L. peruvianum var. dentatum</em>, 4 - for <em>L. esculentum</em> cv. Potentat and 2 - cv. Rutgers. Completely regenerated plants were obtained from all the tested species, but organogenesis occurred almost two weeks earlier in wild tomatoes than in the culitivated varieties of <em>L. esculentum</em>.
11
Smallwood, M. F., S. J. Gurr, M. J. McPherson, K. Roberts, and D. J. Bowles. "The pattern of plant annexin gene expression." Biochemical Journal 281, no. 2 (January 15, 1992): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2810501.
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Peptide sequence data derived from a plant annexin, P34 [Smallwood, Keen & Bowles (1990) Biochem. J. 270, 157-161] was used to design amplimers for PCR. A unique fragment of 95 bp, amplified from tomato (Lycopersicon esculertum) genomic DNA, was used in Northern analyses and demonstrated a differential pattern of expression in vegetative tissues of tomato, potato (Solanum tuberosum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). The tissue-specific abundance of the annexin transcript was found to correlate closely with abundance of annexin protein as revealed by their partial purification and analysis with antisera specific for annexins isolated from tomato suspension-culture cells.
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Compton, Michael E., and Richard E. Veilleux. "Variation for genetic recombination among tomato plants regenerated from three tissue culture systems." Genome 34, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-125.
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Shoot morphogenesis was compared among two tomato inbred lines, two mutant lines, and their eight reciprocal F1 hybrids in three tissue culture systems. The number of shoots per explant was greatest on tomato pedicel explants, intermediate on cotyledon calli, and poor on micropropagated shoot tips. Genetic recombination rates of F1 hybrid plants regenerated from three tissue culture systems were analyzed by backcrossing the regenerated plants with mutant parents and comparing the observed crossover frequencies with those expected based on control plants raised from seed. Increased recombination rates and map distance were observed among plants from micropropagated shoot tips (18.8%), cotyledon calli (17.3%), and pedicel explants (13.5%) between the markers sunny (sy) and baby leaf syndrome (bls), which flank the centromere on chromosome 3. Conversely, decreased recombination rates and map distance were observed between bls and the locus solanifolia (sf), which is more distal to the centromere on the same arm of chromosome 3 as bls. Increased recombination rates and map distance among plants from micropropagated shoot tips, cotyledon calli, and pedicel explants were also observed between the loci white virescence (wv) and anthocyanin reduced (are) on chromosome 2.Key words: genetic recombination, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, pedicel explants, micropropagation, callus culture, plant regeneration.
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Kůdela, V., V. Krejzar, and I. Pánková. "Pseudomonas corrugata and Pseudomonas marginalis associated with the collapse of tomato plants in rockwool slab hydroponic culture." Plant Protection Science 46, No. 1 (March 3, 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/44/2009-pps.
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Plant pathogenic species Pseudomonas corrugata and P. marginalis were detected and determined in collapsed tomato plants in rockwool slab hydroponic culture in southern Moravia, Czech Republic. Surprisingly, P. marginalis was also determined before planting in apparently healthy grafted tomato transplants grown in hydroponic culture. Moreover, non-pathogenic P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. synxantha, and Stenotrophomonas malthophilia were identified. The Biolog Identification GN2 MicroPlate™ System System (Biolog, Inc., Hayward, USA) was used for identification of bacterial isolates. Cultures of P. corrugata and P. marginalis were used in a greenhouse pathogenicity experiment. Seven weeks old tomato plants of cv. Moneymaker grown in sterilised perlite were inoculated into the stem with a hypodermic needle at one point above the cotyledon node. In inoculated tomato plants, disease symptoms were observed that included external and internal dark brown lesions around the inoculation site, watering and collapse of pith and sometimes also vascular browning and wilting of leaves. In comparison with P. marginalis, P. corrugata appeared to be a much stronger pathogen. Both tested Pseudomonas species were recovered from inoculated tomato plants. P. corrugata was found to move both upwards to the apex of the stem and downwards from the site of the inoculated stem into roots. When inoculated into potato tuber slices, some tomato strains of P. marginalis, P. fluorescens, P. synxantha, and Pseudomonas sp. produced soft rot. However, other strains of the same species were not able to macerate the potato tissue. It is concluded that P. corrugata and P. marginalis can be associated with the collapse of tomato crop in soilless culture grown in a greenhouse. This is the first report on P. corrugata in tomato plants in the Czech Republic. The role of plant pathogenic bacteria, fungal root rot and vascular pathogens and Pepino mosaic virus in the collapse of tomato plants is discussed.
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Sotirova, Violeta, Lydia Shtereva, Nedjalka Zagorska, Boyan Dimitrov, and Nevena Bogatsevska. "RESISTANCE RESPONSES OF PLANTS REGENERATED FROM TOMATO ANTHER AND SOMATIC TISSUE CULTURES TO CLAVIBACTER MICHIGANENSE SUBSP. MICHIGANENSE." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 47, no. 4 (May 13, 1999): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1999.10676779.
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The production of gametoclonal and somaclonal variants in tomato is of great importance for the genetic improvement of tomato hybrids and cultivars. The possibility to obtain tomato plants resistant to Clavibacter michiganense subsp. michiganense (Cmm) through anther and tissue culture was investigated in the present study. Regenerants from anther and tissue cultures and their progenies (R1-R3) in the cultivars Roma ms and Bella, lines L. 24–13, and L. 6944, as well as the hybrids Roma ms × UC 82A, Roma ms × L. 31, Roma ms × Bella, and Cristy, were tested for resistance to Cmm. The regenerants differed in their resistance to Cmm. All regenerants from the anther culture of the genotype Roma ms and Roma ms × UC 82A are susceptible to the disease, while those from Bella and Roma ms × L. 31 vary from susceptible to resistant. The highest number of regenerants obtained from somatic tissue culture lacking disease symptoms until the end of the vegetation was observed in the genotypes Cristy and L. 24–13. Variation in regenerant resistance is found in R1, Rb, and R3. The results suggest that the gametoclonal and somaclonal variation may be efficiently applied to obtain tomato plants resistant to Cmm.
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Toyoda, Hideyoshi, Kunihiko Shimizu, Kazuyuki Chatani, Nobuhiro Kita, Yoshinori Matsuda, and Seiji Ouchi. "Selection of bacterial wilt-resistant tomato through tissue culture." Plant Cell Reports 8, no. 6 (1989): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00716663.
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Oh, Dae-Geun, and Edward C. Tigchelaar. "CHARACTERIZATION OF SOMACLONAL VARIATION IN TISSUE CULTURE-DERIVED TANGERINE-VIRESCENT LINES OF TOMATO." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1071c—1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1071c.
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The tangerine-virescent (tv) mutation was reported as a single gene somaclonal variant from tissue culture (Evans and Sharp 1963). A replicated field trial was conducted to characterize variation and stability in the phenotype of this tv somaclone and to compare it with the inbred parent from which it was reportedly derived.Heritability and stability of the tv somaclonal variant was measured by comparing R3 end R4 lines of sexual progenies of the original tv variant and with its sexually derived inbred parent UC82B. Several additional variants were observed in these tv lines, including fruit shape, days to first flower, fruit weight, yield, plant type, and fertility. Eight sterile or semi-sterile plants were discovered in 6 of 39 R4 lines. Our results suggest that multiple genetic changes have occurred in the tv somaclonal variant and while the original tv mutant is stably inherited, additional genetic abnormalities occur following sexual reproduction.
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Feng, Jingyu, Zhe Huang, Yongbin Zhang, Wenjing Rui, Xihong Lei, and Zhifang Li. "Beneficial Effects of the Five Isolates of Funneliformis mosseae on the Tomato Plants Were Not Related to Their Evolutionary Distances of SSU rDNA or PT1 Sequences in the Nutrition Solution Production." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091948.
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The symbiosis and beneficial effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) on plants have been widely reported; however, the effects might be unascertained in tomato industry production with coconut coir due to the nutrition solution supply, or alternatively with isolate-specific. Five isolates of AM fungi were collected from soils of differing geographical origins, identified as Funneliformis mosseae and evidenced closing evolutionary distances with the covering of the small subunit (SSU) rDNA regions and Pi transporter gene (PT1) sequences. The effects of these isolates on the colonization rates, plant growth, yield, and nutrition uptake were analyzed in tomato nutrition solution production with growing seasons of spring–summer and autumn–winter. Our result indicated that with isolate-specific effects, irrespective of geographical or the SSU rDNA and PT1 sequences evolution distance, two isolates (A2 and NYN1) had the most yield benefits for plants of both growing seasons, one (E2) had weaker effects and the remaining two (A2 and T6) had varied seasonal-specific effects. Inoculation with effective isolates induced significant increases of 29.0–38.0% (isolate X5, T6) and 34.6–36.5% (isolate NYN1, T6) in the plant tissues respective nitrogen and phosphorus content; the plant biomass increased by 18.4–25.4% (isolate T6, NYN1), and yields increased by 8.8–12.0% (isolate NYN1, A2) compared with uninoculated plants. The maximum root biomass increased by 28.3% (isolate T6) and 55.1% (isolate E2) in the autumn–winter and spring–summer growing seasons, respectively. This strong effect on root biomass was even more significant in an industry culture with a small volume of substrate per plant. Our results reveal the potential benefits of using selected effective isolates as a renewable resource that can overcome the suppressing effects of sufficient nutrient availability on colonization rates, while increasing the yields of industrially produced tomatoes in nutrition solution with coconut coir.
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Minutolo, Maria, Pasquale Chiaiese, Antonio Di Matteo, Angela Errico, and Giandomenico Corrado. "Accumulation of Ascorbic Acid in Tomato Cell Culture: Influence of the Genotype, Source Explant and Time of In Vitro Cultivation." Antioxidants 9, no. 3 (March 7, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030222.
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The production and commercialization of natural antioxidants is gaining increasing importance due to their wide range of biological effects and applications. In vitro cell culture is a valuable source of plant bioactive compounds, especially those highly dependent on environmental factors. Nonetheless, research on the accumulation in plant cultured cells of water-soluble antioxidant vitamins, such as the ascorbic acid (AsA), is very limited. Tomato fruits are a main dietary source of vitamin C and in this work, we explored the potential of in vitro cultured cells for AsA accumulation. Specifically, using a full factorial design, we examined the effect of the source explant, the time in tissue culture and the genetic difference present in two Introgression Line (IL7-3 and IL12-4) that harbor Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for ascorbic acid in fruits. Moreover, we performed an expression analysis of genes involved in AsA metabolism to highlight the molecular mechanisms that can account for the difference between fruit explants and calli. Our work indicated that cultured tomato cells accumulate AsA well beyond the amount present in fruits and that the three factors under investigation and their interaction significantly influence AsA accumulation. The time in tissue culture is the main single factor and, different from the expectations for secondary metabolites, explants from unripe, mature green fruits provided the highest increase in AsA. Moreover, in controlled conditions the genetic differences between the ILs and the control genotype are less relevant for calli cultivated for longer time. Our work showed the potential of tomato cell culture to produce AsA and prompt further refinements towards its possible large-scale exploitation.
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Greiner, Steffen, Ulrike Köster, Katja Lauer, Heiko Rosenkranz, Rolf Vogel, and Thomas Rausch. "Plant invertase inhibitors: expression in cell culture and during plant development." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 9 (2000): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99171.
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This paper originates from a presentation at the International Conference on Assimilate Transport and Partitioning, Newcastle, NSW, August 1999. We have recently cloned cDNAs encoding two invertase inhibitors from Nicotiana tabacum, Nt-inh1, an apoplastic isoform, and Nt-inhh, a vacuolar isoform (Greiner et al. (1998) Plant Phys. 116, 733–742; Greiner et al. (1999) Nature/Biotech. 17, 708–711). A database search revealed the presence of related sequences in other dicot families. Here we report the presence of Nt-inh1-related proteins (INH-RPs) in apoplastic fractions from Chenopodium rubrum and Daucus carota suspension-culture cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, in Lycopersicon esculentum, the expression of INH-RPs is highly regulated during plant development. In immature tomato fruits two INH-RP isoforms are expressed, whereas in mature fruit a single isoform is detected. Sequential extraction of apoplastic and intracellular fractions from mature fruit pericarp tissue revealed that the major portion of invertase and INH-RP are localized in the vacuole. Recovery of the non-glycosylated INH-RP with the glycosylated invertase from the Concanavalin A-bound fraction indicates that INH-RP forms a stable complex with vacuolar invertase. As Nt-inh1 and INH-RP from different species contain four conserved cysteine residues, we have compared the inhibitory activity of oxidized and dithiothreitol (DTT)-treated recombinant Nt-inh1 protein. Only the oxidized form is active as an invertase inhibitor. Its higher mobility during sodium dodecyl sulfate–gel electrophoresis, as compared to DTT-treated Nt-inh1, suggests that disulfide bridge(s) prevent the inhibitor from unfolding. A mechanism is proposed for the post-translational inactivation of cell wall and vacuolar invertases via invertase inhibitors during critical stages of plant development.
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Vallejo, Roger L., and Jane E. Polston. "248 COMPARISON OF MEDIUM, TISSUE TYPE AND GENOTYPE ON IN VITRO PLANT REGENERATION OF TOMATO." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 465b—465. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.465b.
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Cultured cotyledon and leaf pieces of five cultivars of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. were tested in six culture media for their ability to produce shoots for transformation studies. The no. of tissue pieces with callus/total tissue pieces, quality of callus (size and vigor), no. of tissue pieces with shoots/total tissue pieces, and shoot quality (size and vigor) were measured. Cultivars tested were `Campbell 28', `Flora-Dade', `UC82b', and two breeding lines, Fla.7171 and Fla.7324. The six media used were Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with six combinations of indole acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins: A) 1 mg/l IAA + 1 mg/l kinetin, B) 0.5 mg/l IAA + 2 mg/l kinetin, C) 0.02 mg/l IAA + 1 mg/l zeatin, D) 0.2 mg/l IAA + 2 mg/l zestin, E) 1 mg/l IAA + 2.5 mg/l BAP (6-benzyl amino purine), and F) 0.2 mg/l IAA + 1 mg/l BAP. Standard procedures were followed for culturing 4 - 5 mm pieces of cotyledon and leaves. Callus and shoot regeneration were greater, less variable and faster, in cotyledon than in leaf pieces. Media C and F gave the highest rates of callus and shoot production, respectively, in cotyledon tissue. Medium E gave the highest rate for both callus and shoot production in leaf discs. The best rates of shoot production were achieved with cotyledon tissue from cultivar UC82b cultured on media C (85.3%) and F (77.2%).
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Hanus-Fajerska, Ewa, Maria Lech, Anna Pindel, and Kazimierz Miczyński. "Selection for virus resistance in tomato exposed to tissue culture procedures." Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 22, no. 3 (September 2000): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-000-0045-y.
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Powell, M., B. Gundersen, C. A. Miles, J. L. Humann, B. K. Schroeder, and D. A. Inglis. "First Report of Tomato Pith Necrosis (Pseudomonas corrugata) on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Washington." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0265-pdn.
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Tomato pith necrosis was observed on 2.7% of tomatoes grown in rows covered with black polyethylene, various biodegradable plastics, and an experimental spunbond poly(lactic) acid agricultural mulch in high tunnel and open field experimental plots, in western Washington in 2011. Symptoms developed on 3-month-old plants and progressed acropetally until night temperatures dropped to 10°C. Affected plants had chlorotic leaves, produced adventitious roots, and pith tissue was brown and either corrugated or rotted. Similar symptoms were observed again in 2012 on 2.0% of plants, but only in experimental plots with black polyethylene mulch. Diseased stem tissue was homogenized with a mortar and pestle in sterile water and the extract was streaked onto King's medium B (KMB) agar. Colonies were white and smooth initially, and after 5 days had an irregular surface and margin and produced a tan diffuse pigment. One isolate, Pc.Sl.2011, was gram-negative, grew at 37°C on nutrient broth yeast (NBY) agar, did not fluoresce on KMB (3), and was arginine dihydrolase positive. A partial 16S fragment, 1,387 bp, was obtained via PCR with universal 27f and 1492f primers. The resulting sequence exhibited 99% identity to Pseudomonas corrugata Roberts & Scarlett, and has been assigned GenBank Accession KC812729. Pathogenicity of Pc.Sl.2011 was tested in two greenhouse trials with five replications of one tomato plant per treatment. Seeds of ‘Celebrity’ were surface sterilized by soaking in 70% EtOH for 30 s and then 10% NaOCl for 30 s, then rinsed with sterile water and sown into 14 cm diameter pots filled with non-sterile Sunshine Mix #1 (SunGro Horticulture Distribution Inc., Bellevue, WA). Seedlings were inoculated at the four leaf stage using 5 ml NBY broth cultures of Pc.Sl.2011 grown at 28°C for 12 h with agitation. A sterile needle was used to inject 10 μl of either sterile water or a bacterial suspension of 1.0 × 1010 CFU/ml into the axil of the second true leaf. Inoculum concentration was confirmed by NBY dilution plate counts. The plants were incubated in clear polyethylene bags for 4 days and placed in a greenhouse at 21.1 ± 1.2°C with a 14-h photoperiod. The first and second trials were sampled at 8 and 9 weeks after inoculation, respectively. Plants inoculated with sterile water had green pith tissue. However, 60 and 40% of inoculated plants had brown pith tissue around the inoculation site in the first and second trial, respectively, but wilting and adventitious roots were not observed. Stem tissue from the inoculation site of symptomatic plants was homogenized as above, and the extract streaked onto NBY agar plates. Three isolates recovered from inoculated plants from both trials had the same characteristics as the original isolate, including similar colony morphology, ability to grow on NBY at 37°C, and lack of fluorescence on KMB. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report of tomato pith necrosis in Washington. Pith necrosis has been reported previously in high tunnel tomato production (4), where excess nitrogen fertilization occurs with cool evening temperatures (3), and when plastic mulch is utilized (2). In the cool climate of western Washington, successful tomato production requires the use of agricultural mulches and covers that trap heat. Since P. corrugata has been isolated from soil and the tomato seeds of inoculated plants (1), local growers attempting to manage pith necrosis need to select tomato seed lots carefully and avoid applying excess nitrogen, especially when using plastic mulch. References: (1) V. Catara. Mol. Plant Pathol. 8:233, 2007. (2) E. J. Sikora and W. S. Gazaway. Online. ACES.edu ANR-0797, 2009. (3) C. M. Scarlett and J. T. Fletcher. Ann. Appl. Biol. 88:105, 1978. (4) X. Xu et al. Plant Dis. 97:988, 2013.
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Dogan, Mahmut, Rukiye Tıpırdamaz, and Yavuz Demir. "Effective Salt Criteria in Callus-Cultured Tomato Genotypes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, no. 9-10 (October 1, 2010): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2010-9-1014.
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Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, and proline contents, the rate of lipid peroxidation level in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) and chlorophyll content, and the changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR: EC 1.6.4.2), in tissues of five tomato cultivars in salt tolerance were investigated in a callus culture. The selection of effective parameters used in these tomato genotypes and to find out the use of "in vitro" tests in place of "in vivo" salt tolerance tests were investigated. As a material, five different tomato genotypes during a 10-day time period were used, and 150 mM NaCl was applied at callus plant tissue. The exposure to NaCl induced a significant increase in MDA content in both salt-resistant and salt-sensitive cultivars. But the MDA content was higher in salt-sensitive cultivars. The chlorophyll content was more decreased in saltsensitive than in salt-resistant ones. The proline amount was more increased in salt-sensitive than in salt-resistant ones. It has been reported that salt-tolerant plants, besides being able to regulate the ion and water movements, also exhibit a strong antioxidative enzyme system for effective removal of ROS. The degree of damage depends on the balance between the formation of ROS and its removal by the antioxidative scavenging system that protects against them. Exclusion or inclusion of Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ , antioxidant enzymes and MDA concentration play a key protective role against stress, and this feature at the callus plant tissue used as an identifier for tolerance to salt proved to be an effective criterion.
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Bost, S. C. "First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 3 on Tomato in Tennessee." Plant Disease 85, no. 7 (July 2001): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.802d.
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In the summer of 2000, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants in several commercial fields in southeastern and eastern Tennessee exhibited symptoms of Fusarium wilt. All cultivars on which symptoms were observed are classified as resistant to races 1 and 2 of the causal fungus, Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder and H.N. Hansen. Race 3 has been reported from several areas (1), but not from Tennessee, a major producer of fresh market tomatoes. F. oxysporum was consistently isolated from discolored vascular tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Pathogenicity and race determination tests for six isolates representing three counties were conducted by inoculating cultivars susceptible to races 1, 2, and 3 (Rutgers); resistant to race 1 (Bradley, Roma VF); resistant to races 1 and 2 (Conquest, Florida 47); or resistant to races 1, 2, and 3 (Floralina). Inoculum suspensions were obtained from 1-week-old cultures grown on PDA. Seedlings were grown in commercial potting mix for 3 weeks. The roots were rinsed and submerged for 30 s in inoculum suspensions (1 × 107 conidia per ml). Seedlings were then transplanted into potting mix in metal flats and placed in a greenhouse. Natural light conditions provided a 12-h photoperiod, and day and night temperatures averaged 29 and 17°C, respectively. Within 4 weeks after inoculation, all isolates caused symptoms of Fusarium wilt in all cultivars except Floralina, indicating that the isolates were race 3. The pathogen was reisolated from the discolored vascular tissue of diseased plants. Among the cultivars most severely affected by all six isolates was Conquest, which is resistant to F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, the cause of Fusarium crown and root rot. Reference: (1) M. L. Marlatt et al. Plant Dis. 80:1336, 1996.
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ten Have, Arjen, Ester Dekkers, John Kay, Lowri H. Phylip, and Jan A. L. van Kan. "An aspartic proteinase gene family in the filamentous fungus Botrytis cinerea contains members with novel features." Microbiology 150, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 2475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27058-0.
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Botrytis cinerea, an important fungal plant pathogen, secretes aspartic proteinase (AP) activity in axenic cultures. No cysteine, serine or metalloproteinase activity could be detected. Proteinase activity was higher in culture medium containing BSA or wheat germ extract, as compared to minimal medium. A proportion of the enzyme activity remained in the extracellular glucan sheath. AP was also the only type of proteinase activity in fluid obtained from B. cinerea-infected tissue of apple, pepper, tomato and zucchini. Five B. cinerea genes encoding an AP were cloned and denoted Bcap1–5. Features of the encoded proteins are discussed. BcAP1, especially, has novel characteristics. A phylogenetic analysis was performed comprising sequences originating from different kingdoms. BcAP1 and BcAP5 did not cluster in a bootstrap-supported clade. BcAP2 clusters with vacuolar APs. BcAP3 and BcAP4 cluster with secreted APs in a clade that also contains glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteinases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. All five Bcap genes are expressed in liquid cultures. Transcript levels of Bcap1, Bcap2, Bcap3 and Bcap4 are subject to glucose and peptone repression. Transcripts from all five Bcap genes were detected in infected plant tissue, indicating that at least part of the AP activity in planta originates from the pathogen.
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Mellgren, Eve M., Andrew P. Kloek, and Barbara N. Kunkel. "Mqo, a Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzyme, Is Required for Virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Strain DC3000 on Arabidopsis thaliana." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 9 (February 27, 2009): 3132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01570-08.
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ABSTRACT Plant pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000, the causative agent of tomato bacterial speck disease, grow to high levels in the apoplastic space between plant cells. Colonization of plant tissue requires expression of virulence factors that modify the apoplast to make it more suitable for pathogen growth or facilitate adaptation of the bacteria to the apoplastic environment. To identify new virulence factors involved in these processes, DC3000 Tn5 transposon insertion mutants with reduced virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana were identified. In one of these mutants, the Tn5 insertion disrupted the malate:quinone oxidoreductase gene (mqo), which encodes an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. mqo mutants do not grow to wild-type levels in plant tissue at early time points during infection. Further, plants infected with mqo mutants develop significantly reduced disease symptoms, even when the growth of the mqo mutant reaches wild-type levels at late stages of infection. Mutants lacking mqo function grow more slowly in culture than wild-type bacteria when dicarboxylates are the only available carbon source. To explore whether dicarboxylates are important for growth of DC3000 in the apoplast, we disrupted the dctA1 dicarboxylate transporter gene. DC3000 mutants lacking dctA1 do not grow to wild-type levels in planta, indicating that transport and utilization of dicarboxylates are important for virulence of DC3000. Thus, mqo may be required by DC3000 to meet nutritional requirements in the apoplast and may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the important, but poorly understood process of adaptation to the host environment.
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Perry, K. L., L. Miller, and L. Williams. "Impatiens necrotic spot virus in Greenhouse-Grown Potatoes in New York State." Plant Disease 89, no. 3 (March 2005): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0340c.
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Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV; genus Tospovirus) was detected in experimental greenhouse-grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and Nicotiana benthamiana in New York State in July and August of 2003 and 2004. Potato leaves exhibiting necrotic lesions with a concentric pattern similar to those induced by Tomato spotted wilt virus (1) were observed on cvs. Atlantic, Huckleberry, NY115, and Pentland Ivory. The presence of INSV was confirmed using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a rapid ‘ImmunoStrip’ assay (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). INSV-specific sequences were amplified from total RNA extracts using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with ‘Tospovirus Group’ primers (Agdia, Inc.) and two independently amplified DNAs were sequenced. A common sequence of 355 nucleotides (GenBank Accession No. AY775324) showed 98% identity to coding sequences in an INSV L RNA. The virus was mechanically transmitted to potato and N. benthamiana and could be detected in asymptomatic, systemically infected potato leaves. Stems nodes and leaves were removed from infected potato plants, and sterile in vitro plantlets were established (2). None of the regenerated in vitro plantlets of cvs. Pentland Ivory (6 plantlets) or NY115 (5 plantlets) were infected with INSV. Two of ten regenerated cv. Atlantic plantlets initially tested positive, but INSV could not be detected after 6 months in tissue culture. In vitro tissue culture plantlets could not be established from infected cv. Huckleberry plants, even though they were consistently obtained from uninfected plants. Infected greenhouse plants were grown to maturity and the tubers harvested, stored for 6 months at 4°C, and replanted in the greenhouse. INSV could not be detected in plants from 26 cv. Huckleberry, 4 cv. NY115, or 4 cv. Atlantic tubers. Although this isolate of INSV was able to systemically infect potato, it was not efficiently maintained or transmitted to progeny tubers. This might explain why INSV has not been reported as a problem in potato production. Lastly, in both years, dying N. benthamiana provided the first sign of a widespread greenhouse infestation of INSV in a university facility housing ornamental and crop plants. INSV induced a systemic necrosis in N. benthamiana, and this host may be useful as a sensitive ‘trap’ plant indicator for natural infections in greenhouse production. References: (1) T. L. German. Tomato spotted wilt virus. Pages 72–73 in: Compendium of Potato Diseases. W. R. Stevenson et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, 2001. (2) S. A. Slack and L. A. Tufford. Meristem culture for virus elimination. Pages 117–128 in: Fundamental Methods of Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture and Laboratory Operations. O. L. Gamborg and G. C. Philips, eds. Springer-Velag, Berlin, 1995.
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Indriani, Reni, Erma Prihastanti, Rini Budihastuti, and Yulita Nurchayati. "Effect of Subculture Frequency Toward Growth And Carotenoid Content from Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Callus." Jurnal Biodjati 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v5i2.5840.
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Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are a source of carotenoids they are easy to find. These compounds function as precursors of vitamin A, antioxidant, and prevent cancer. The extraction of carotenoid compounds for commercial products usually uses fresh plants, which are less efficient and require a lot of raw materials. The supply of these raw materials can be done through tissue culture. The frequency of subculture or supply of nutrients in tissue culture is very influential on the content of callus carotenoids produced. This study aimed to determine the effect of subculture frequency on growth, development and callus carotenoid content and to find out the right frequency of subculture to produce callus with optimal growth, development and carotenoid content. The design this study was a single Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments of subculture frequency and 5 replications. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA at the 95% test level followed by DMRT in case a significant different was found The results showed subculture frequency affected growth, development and carotenoid content of callus Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill. The most optimal treatment to induce growth and production of carotenoids in this study was treatment of thrice subculture while the most optimal treatment in inducing development was the twice subculture treatment.
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Cherian, S., V. Ramachandran, S. Sudhakaran, and H. Nair. "Cadmium uptake and distribution in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 25, no. 1 (2007): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp07006.
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The growth responses and accumulation of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) was studied in tomato plants. Tomato seedlings were raised in sand-culture and watered with nutrient solution containing cadmium (in the form of CdCl2) at doses ranging from 0 to 7.12 mM. At low concentrations, there was no marked growth reduction in terms of fresh and dry mass. However, the highest concentration (7.12 mM) of cadmium depressed growth in terms of fresh and dry mass and caused reduction in chlorophyll content. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Page Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of proteins showed the expression of low molecular weight proteins (~18, ~30 kDa) in Cd-treated plants when compared to control. Among the different plant parts examined for Cd accumulation, the root tissue showed maximum accumulation. The uptake, distribution and possible implications of cadmium tolerance in tomato plants are discussed.
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Russo, P., and S. A. Slack. "Tissue Culture Methods for the Screening and Analysis of Putative Virus-Resistant Transgenic Potato Plants." Phytopathology® 88, no. 5 (May 1998): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.5.437.
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Following regeneration, putative virus-resistant transgenic plants are usually transferred from tissue culture to a greenhouse or growth chamber to screen for resistance to infection and disease development using mechanical, graft, or insect vector inoculation methods. To reduce initial screening costs and time, we developed mechanical and graft inoculation methods suitable for tissue culture use. The in vitro methods were validated by comparing them with similar greenhouse screens using putative potato virus Y strain o (PVY°) replicase-mediated resistant regenerants of the potato cultivar Atlantic. Five transgenic lines were tested, with similar results obtained from in vitro and greenhouse experiments. Two of the transgenic lines, A1 and A3, showed the greatest resistance to PVY°infection, as indicated by low enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay values and infection rates. In vitro mechanical inoculation methods were also used to infect wild-type tomato and tobacco plants with cucumber mosaic virus and potato virus Y. Potato plants were also infected with the phloem-restricted potato leafroll virus, a low-titer virus, using in vitro graft inoculation methods. These results suggest the potential usefulness of these simple, effective, and economical techniques for screening large numbers of putative virus-resistant plants.
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Lee, Myoung Hui, Jiyoung Lee, Eun Yee Jie, Seung Hee Choi, Lingmin Jiang, Woo Seok Ahn, Cha Young Kim, and Suk Weon Kim. "Temporal and Spatial Expression Analysis of Shoot-Regeneration Regulatory Genes during the Adventitious Shoot Formation in Hypocotyl and Cotyledon Explants of Tomato (CV. Micro-Tom)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 26, 2020): 5309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155309.
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Enhancing the competence for plant regeneration in tissue culture studies is an important issue not only for efficient genetic transformation of commercial crops but also for the reproducibility of scientific reports. In this study, we investigated optimization of several tissue culture conditions including plant growth regulators, types and ages of explants, culture densities, and plant position in order to improve the competence of adventitious shoot formation of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom). In addition, we examined the differential expression of D-type cyclin (CYCD3-1) and several shoot regeneration regulatory genes from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of tomato during shoot organogenesis. A treatment of 1 mg L−1 Zeatin and 0.1 mg L−1 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 3% sucrose was optimal for adventitious shoot formation from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. The younger explants exhibited more shoot formation regardless of explant types. Additionally, those closest to the shoot apical meristem produced more shoots compared to the other regions in the hypocotyl and the cotyledon explants. Gene expression of CYCD3-1, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), and cytokinin dependent WUSCHEL (WUS) was significantly higher in younger explants than in older ones. Furthermore, an increase in CYCD3-1, STM, and WUS expression was evident at the distal part of hypocotyls and the proximal part of cotyledons compared to other regions. These differential gene expression profiles exhibited good agreement with the results of shoot formation obtained from diverse explants of tomato. These results suggest that temporal and spatial gene expression of shoot regeneration regulatory genes plays an important role in enhancing the competence and the reproducibility of adventitious shoot formation from tomato explants.
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Liu, Zong, Julie Howe, Xiao Wang, Xiao Liang, and Troy Runge. "Use of Dry Dairy Manure Pellets as Nutrient Source for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) Growth in Soilless Media." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030811.
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A sustainable dairy manure amendment for soilless crop growth systems was evaluated for its ability to provide nutrients and serve as a major component of the growing media. After manure liquid/solid separation, the solids stream containing organic N and P was pelletized and used as a nutrient source for cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) culture in soilless media. The pellets are low in moisture, odor, and pathogens, and they can be hauled at lower cost over longer distances and more easily stored than raw or composted manure. Manure pellet additions to soilless media were evaluated at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by volume. Manure pellets had a total N content of 3.7%. Fruit size, ripeness, and biomass, plant height, nutrients value in tissue/pellets/media, and time to complete growth cycle were analyzed. Overall, manure pellet treatments improved plant height and growth rate compared to the negative control, especially when pellets were 15% to 50% of the soilless media. This indicates that the nutrients in the manure were being mineralized, and plants were able to utilize the manure-based nutrients for growth. Leaf tissue nutrient analysis revealed that N, K, Zn, and Fe in leaf tissue were not at sufficiency levels at any level of manure pellet addition. Phosphorus and Cu reached sufficiency levels with 10% or greater manure pellet additions. Calcium, Mg, S, Mn, and B were sufficient in all plants, regardless of fertilizer or manure pellet treatment. Manure pellets demonstrate the potential to be used as a substrate and partial growth medium to reduce synthetic fertilizer use for more sustainable soilless container culture.
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Varlamova, Nataliya V., Yuliya I. Dolgikh, Andrey O. Blinkov, Ekaterina N. Baranova, and Marat R. Khaliluev. "Effects of Different β-Lactam Antibiotics on Indirect Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Shoot Organogenesis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens Growth Inhibition In Vitro." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060660.
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A β-lactams that act by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis are one of the most common classes of antibiotics applied to suppress the growth of latent bacterial infection associated with the plant tissue culture, as well as in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation techniques. Plant sensitivity to antibiotics usually is species-, genotype-, or even tissue-specific and mainly depends on concentrations, growth conditions, and culture system. In the presented article, we estimated a comparative effect of four β-lactam antibiotics (Claforan®, timentin, amoxicillin, and Amoxiclav®) at different concentrations in an agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium supplemented with 5 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.1 mg L−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on in vitro callus induction and shoot organogenesis from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of two tomato cultivars (Rekordsmen, Moryana). The role of clavulanic acid in combination with amoxicillin (Amoxiclav®) in the shoot organogenesis frequency and number of shoots per explant has been demonstrated. Additionally, the growth inhibition of Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL0 strain according to agar disk-diffusion assay was studied. As a result, both stimulatory (timentin, amoxicillin, and Amoxiclav®) and inhibitory (Claforan®) effects of β-lactam antibiotics on in vitro morphogenetic responses of tomato were noted. It was found that clavulanic acid, which is part of the commercial antibiotic Amoxiclav®, significantly increased the shoot regeneration frequency from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of Rekordsmen tomato cultivar. Possible reasons for the stimulating effect of clavulanic acid on the induction of shoot organogenesis are discussed. According to agar disk-diffusion assay, the maximum diameter of growth inhibition zones (43.9 mm) was identified using 200 mg L−1 timentin. The in vitro antibacterial activity of tested β-lactam antibiotics was arranged in the following order: timentin > Claforan® > amoxicillin ≥ Amoxiclav®. Thus, to suppress the growth of internal and latent bacterial infection of tomato plant tissue culture, as well as for transformation of Moryana and Rekordsmen cultivars by A. tumefaciens strain AGL0, we recommend adding of 100–200 mg L−1 timentin or 400–800 mg L−1 Amoxiclav® to the shoot induction medium.
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Ruhl, G., E. Twieg, R. DeVries, L. Levy, J. Byrne, D. Mollov, and N. Taylor. "First Report of Bacterial Wilt in Mandevilla (= Dipladenia) splendens ‘Red Riding Hood’ in the United States Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Biovar 3." Plant Disease 95, no. 5 (May 2011): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0858.
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In November of 2007, 6-inch rooted cuttings of Mandevilla (= Dipladenia) splendens ‘Red Riding Hood’ were submitted from a greenhouse in Indiana to the Purdue Plant and Pest Diagnostic Lab. Plants exhibited leaf dieback, wilting, and reduced top growth. Microscopic observation revealed no fungal structures within the roots, stems, and leaves; however bacterial streaming was observed from the cut edge of stem and root tissue using ×100 magnification with phase contrast. A Ralstonia solanacearum ImmunoStrip test (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) was used to determine that the samples (roots and stem) were positive for R. solanacearum, the causal agent of southern wilt. A bacterial suspension was prepared from infected tissue and streaked onto King's Medium B (KB). Gram-negative, nonfluorescent, oxidase-positive bacteria were consistently isolated from the diseased tissues and determined as R. solanacearum by BIOLOG (Hayward, CA) carbohydrate utilization. A culture of R. solanacearum and infected plant material were submitted to USDA APHIS PPQ as per select agent protocol. (3) CPHST NPGBL generated pure cultures and together with submitted plant materials they tested positive for R. solanacearum using Agdia ImmunoStrips. Culture and plant material tested positive for R. solanacearum and negative for biovar 2 using the Fegan conventional PCR (1) and the Central Science Lab (CSL, York, UK) real-time PCR (4). Pure cultures were determined to be negative for biovar 2 but positive for biovar 3 using the biovar carbohydrate utilization plate assay (2). On the basis of these results, the bacteria were identified as R. solanacearum biovar 3 and not as the select agent R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2. Koch's postulates confirmed pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria on tomato, a susceptible host. Three 6-week-old plants were mechanically inoculated with a bacterial suspension of approximately 1 × 108 CFU/ml prepared from cultures grown on KB for 2 days at 28°C. Inoculum (0.1ml of bacterial suspension) was injected into stem axils with a 22-gauge hypodermic needle. Three 6-week-old control plants were inoculated with sterile water. Plants were kept at 24°C with supplemental 400W high-pressure sodium light. Within 5 days, all three inoculated plants exhibited wilt symptoms. No symptoms were observed in control plants. Bacteria were reisolated from symptomatic plants on KB medium as described above, and gram negative, nonfluorescent, oxidase-positive bacteria were obtained. Reisolated strains were identical to R. solanacearum using BIOLOG carbohydrate utilization testing, confirming the causal agent of the disease. Personal correspondence with other diagnosticians also confirms the presence of R. solanacearum biovar 3 in Mandevilla in Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report in the world of R. solanacearum biovar 3 on Mandevilla. References: (1) M. Fegan et al. Page 34 in: Bacterial Wilt Disease Molecular and Ecological Aspects. P. Prior et al., eds. INRA Editions-Springer. Verlag, Germany, 1998. (2) E. R. French et al. Fitopatologia 30:126, 1995. (3) USDA/APHIS/PPQ New Pest Response Guidelines. Ralstonia Solanacearum race3 biovar 2, from http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/ downloads/nprg-ralstonia.pdf , retrieved May 2008. (4) S. A. Weller et al. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 7:2853, 2000.
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Marcinkowska, J. "Septorioza pomidora. II. Morfologia i rozwój grzyba Septoria lycopersici Speg. [Septoria leaf spot of tomato. II. Morphology and development of Septoria lycopersici Speg.]." Acta Agrobotanica 30, no. 2 (2015): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1977.027.
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The hyphae, pycnospores and pycnidia of <i>Septoria lycopersici</i> in infected tissue and in fungal culture on different media were described. Fungus growth and development on 12 media were also studied. The development of the studied fungus on culture media, with different doses of dextrose, hydrogen-ion concentrations and temperature was worked out on the potato dextrose medium. Germination of the pycnospores from the infected plant and fungal culture in the hanging drops in different conditions was observed.
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Tran, Tuan Minh, Jonathan M. Jacobs, Alejandra Huerta, Annett Milling, Jordan Weibel, and Caitilyn Allen. "Sensitive, Secure Detection of Race 3 Biovar 2 and Native U.S. Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum." Plant Disease 100, no. 3 (March 2016): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-14-1327-re.
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Detecting and correctly identifying Ralstonia solanacearum in infected plants is important because the race 3 biovar 2 (R3bv2) subgroup is a high-concern quarantine pathogen, while the related sequevar 7 group is endemic to the southeastern United States. Preventing accidental import of R3bv2 in geranium cuttings demands sensitive detection methods that are suitable for large-volume use both onshore and offshore. However, detection is complicated by frequent asymptomatic latent infections, uneven pathogen distribution within infected plants, pathogen viable-but-not-culturable state, and biosecurity laws that restrict transport of R3bv2 strains for diagnosis. There are many methods to detect R3bv2 strains but their relative utility is unknown, particularly in the realistic context of infected plant hosts. Therefore, we compared the sensitivity, cost, and technical complexity of several assays to detect and distinguish R3bv2 and sequevar 7 strains of R. solanacearum in geranium, tomato, and potato tissue in the laboratory and in naturally infected tomato plants from the field. The sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods in infected geranium tissues was significantly improved by use of Kapa3G Plant, a polymerase with enhanced performance in the presence of plant inhibitors. R3bv2 cells were killed within 60 min of application to Whatman FTA(R) nucleic acid-binding cards, suggesting that samples on FTA cards can be safely transported for diagnosis. Overall, culture enrichment followed by dilution plating was the most sensitive detection method (101 CFU/ml) but it was also most laborious. Conducting PCR from FTA cards was faster, easier, and sensitive enough to detect approximately 104 CFU/ml, levels similar to those found in latently infected geranium plants.
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Zhang, Q., Y. M. Ding, and M. Li. "First Report of Impatiens necrotic spot virus Infecting Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium Orchids in Yunnan Province, China." Plant Disease 94, no. 7 (July 2010): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-7-0915a.
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In November 2007, leaves of 79 Phalaenopsis and two Dendrobium orchid plants in a nursery in Yunnan Province showed large chlorotic/necrotic ringspot symptoms. Eight symptomatic leaves from Phalaenopsis and two from Dendrobium were sampled and tested for Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV), Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), and Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) with double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). All samples were positive for INSV and negative for TSWV, WSMoV, GBNV, TCSV, and GRSV. Total RNA extracts were prepared from all ELISA-positive samples with the RNeasy extraction kit (Huashun Inc., Shanghai, China). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was carried out with specific primers to the INSV N gene (ZI2F, 5′-GTTTAGCCTTACCAAT-3′ and ZI2R, 5′-TACCAACAACCGTGAA-3′), designed from a sequence of GenBank Accession No. AB109100. All ELISA-positive samples yielded an amplification product of the expected 539 bp as observed by gel electrophoresis in 1% agarose. Three clones from each isolate were sequenced and two N gene consensus sequences of the isolates from Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium were determined (GenBank Nos. GU289904 and GU289905, respectively). Nucleotide sequences of these two Chinese orchid isolates were 98 to 99% identical with sequences of isolates from the Netherlands, United States, Italy, and Japan (GenBank Nos. X66972, D00914, DQ425096 and AB109100, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first report of INSV infecting Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium in Yunnan Province, although INSV has been reported in Oncidium in Yunnan Province previously (2), and the first time that INSV has been detected in Dendrobium. An investigation of the orchid nurseries looking for the thrips vector (1) of INSV was performed and a few thrips were found, suggesting that thrips may not be responsible for the observed prevalence of INSV in these nurseries. The orchids were imported from Taiwan and reproduced by tissue culture and it is possible that INSV found to be infecting orchids in these Yunnan nurseries may be from the infected source plant and was not eradicated completely through tissue culture. To reduce spread of INSV, virus-free tissue culture should be a priority for orchid production. References: (1). S. T. Koike and D. E. Mayhew. Orchids. Mag. Am. Orchid Soc. 70:746, 2001. (2). Q. Zhang et al. Plant Quarantine. 22:348, 2008.
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Karpovich-Tate, Natalia, Pietro Spanu, and Frances M. Dewey. "Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Determine Biomass of Cladosporium fulvum in Infected Tomato Leaves." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 7 (July 1998): 710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.7.710.
Full textAbstract:
A monoclonal antibody, OX-CH1, was raised against surface washings of Cladosporium herbarum. This antibody recognizes an epitope that is found in various fungi belonging to the genus Cladosporium, including C. fulvum, the causal agent of tomato leaf mold. The epitope is present at comparable levels in two different races of C. fulvum and in transgenic isolates derived from them. The epitope is heat- and protease-resistant but sensitive to oxidation with periodate and it is constitutively expressed in C. fulvum grown in pure culture and on the plant. C. fulvum can be detected in infected tissues at levels starting from around 1 mg fresh weight of fungus per g fresh weight of leaf tissue. Noninfected tomato leaves do not cross-react with OX-CH1. We have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for fungal biomass in tomato leaves and compared it with the assay based on measurements of β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in tissues infected with a transgenic isolate of C. fulvum race 4 carrying a uidA gene; the two assays give similar results.
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NAMITHA, Kanakapura K., and Pradeep S. NEGI. "Morphogenetic Potential of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cv. ‘Arka Ahuti’ to Plant Growth Regulators." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 2 (May 28, 2013): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb529037.
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A highly reproducible in vitro regeneration method for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivar ‘Arka Ahuti’ was established by using hypocotyl, leaf and cotyledon explants from in vitro raised seedlings on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of hormones 6-Benzylamino purine (2 to 4 mg/L) and Indole-3-acetic acid (0.1 to 1 mg/L). The medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 6-benzylamino purine and 0.1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid was found to be the best for inducing direct shoot regeneration and multiple shoots per explant from hypocotyl explants. Callus induction was observed in all the explants and regeneration of shoots was also promoted by all these combinations. Shoots were transferred to the elongation medium which also induced 100% rooting. After hardening, plants were transferred to soil. Thus, a tissue culture base line was established for ‘Arka Ahuti’ cultivar of tomato for obtaining direct regeneration using hypocotyl, leaf and cotyledon as explants.
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Smith, M. A. L., S. L. Knight, and M. J. Bass. "SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES OF MINIATURE DWARF TOMATO IN A WHOLE PLANT MICROCULTURE EVALUATION SYSTEM." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1149c—1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1149c.
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A whole plant microculture (WPMC) screening system facilitated rapid, quantitative appraisal of salt stress effects on `Micro-Tom' miniature dwarf tomato. Axillary bud explants were micropropagated on a hormone-free control medium (conductivity = 3.3 dS m-1), gradually introduced to treatments with increasing NaCl or Na2SO4 concentrations via biweekly subculture to fresh media (7,6, 12.8, or 18 dS m-1), and monitored over a subsequent 5 week culture period. Non-intrusive video image analysis techniques were adapted to quantify morphometric (shoot growth rate, area, and length; root length and area) and photometric (ruler and tissue quality) plant responses. Shoot growth was only slightly inhibited at 7.6 and 12.8 dS m-1, but was severely stunted and distorted on high salt (18 dS m-1) media. Root growth inhibition (significantly shorter and thinner primary rants) was first evident at 12.8 dS m-1 after 3 weeks of treatment. At 18 dS m-1, conspicuous retardation of root growth relative to controls could be gauged after only one week. Shoot tip chlorosis was observed in the lowest salt-supplemented treatment after three to four weeks of culture, but overall shoot yellowing at the two highest conductivities was marked after only a few days. Chlorosis symptoms were not uniform within treatments. Cell osmotic concentration showed a linear increase with increasing medium salinity. The WPMC system expedited time course observations of stress symptom development, paralleled stress response trends observed in solution culture tests, and provided an excellent vehicle to investigate plant adaptation to saline conditions.
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Colla, Giuseppe, Mariateresa Cardarelli, Paolo Bonini, and Youssef Rouphael. "Foliar Applications of Protein Hydrolysate, Plant and Seaweed Extracts Increase Yield but Differentially Modulate Fruit Quality of Greenhouse Tomato." HortScience 52, no. 9 (September 2017): 1214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12200-17.
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The current research aimed 1) at evaluating the effects of three biostimulants (legume-derived protein hydrolysate, PH; plant and seaweed extract, PE and SWE) on yield performance and nutritional quality, mineral profiling, antioxidant activities, lycopene, total phenols and ascorbic acid of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under soil culture and 2) to assess the economic profitability of biostimulant applications. Plants were sprayed four times during the growing cycle with a solution containing 1, 3, and 3 mL·L−1 of PE, SWE, and PH, respectively. Foliar applications of biostimulants improved the early and total marketable yield of fresh tomato. The increase of total yield by PE, SWE, and PH was 11.7%, 6.6% and 7.0%, respectively, in comparison with untreated plants. Legume-derived PH increased lycopene, total soluble solids, and K and Mg contents, thereby increasing the nutritional value of the fruits. The applications of SWE, and to a lesser degree PH, enhanced the Ca concentration in the fruit tissue. Our findings indicated that the three tested biostimulants, although they increased the total production cost, improved the nutrient status and yield performance of the crop to a level resulting in net economic benefits.
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Yang, Mingming, Dmitri V. Mavrodi, Olga V. Mavrodi, Linda S. Thomashow, and David M. Weller. "Exploring the Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 and Other Strains of the Pseudomonas fluorescens Complex on Tomato." Plant Disease 104, no. 4 (April 2020): 1026–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-19-1989-re.
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Pseudomonas brassicacearum and related species of the P. fluorescens complex have long been studied as biocontrol and growth-promoting rhizobacteria involved in suppression of soilborne pathogens. We report here that P. brassicacearum Q8r1-96 and other 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing fluorescent pseudomonads involved in take-all decline of wheat in the Pacific Northwest of the United States can also be pathogenic to other plant hosts. Strain Q8r1-96 caused necrosis when injected into tomato stems and immature tomato fruits, either attached or removed from the plant, but lesion development was dose dependent, with a minimum of 106 CFU ml−1 required to cause visible tissue damage. We explored the relative contribution of several known plant-microbe interaction traits to the pathogenicity of strain Q8r1-96. Type III secretion system (T3SS) mutants of Q8r1-96, injected at a concentration of 108 CFU ml−1, were significantly less virulent, but not consistently, as compared with the wild-type strain. However, a DAPG-deficient phlD mutant of Q8r1-96 was significantly and consistently less virulent as compared with the wild type. Strain Q8r1-96acc, engineered to over express ACC deaminase, caused a similar amount of necrosis as the wild type. Cell-free culture filtrates of strain Q8r1-96 and pure DAPG also cause necrosis in tomato fruits. Our results suggest that DAPG plays a significant role in the ability of Q8r1-96 to cause necrosis of tomato tissue, but other factors also contribute to the pathogenic properties of this organism.
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Nveawiah-Yoho, Peter, Jing Zhou, Marsha Palmer, Roger Sauve, Suping Zhou, Kevin J. Howe, Tara Fish, and Theodore W. Thannhauser. "Identification of Proteins for Salt Tolerance Using a Comparative Proteomics Analysis of Tomato Accessions with Contrasting Salt Tolerance." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 5 (September 2013): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.5.382.
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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has a wide variety of genotypes differing in their responses to salinity. This study was performed to identify salt-induced changes in proteomes that are distinguishable among tomatoes with contrasting salt tolerance. Tomato accessions [LA4133 (a salt-tolerant cherry tomato accession) and ‘Walter’ LA3465 (a salt-susceptible accession)] were subjected to salt treatment (200 mm NaCl) in hydroponic culture. Salt-induced changes in the root proteomes of each tomato accession were identified using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method. In LA4133, 178 proteins showed significant differences between salt-treated and non-treated control root tissues (P ≤ 0.05); 169 proteins were induced (1.3- to 5.1-fold) and nine repressed (–1.7- to –1.3-fold). In LA3465, 115 proteins were induced (1.3- to 6.4-fold) and 23 repressed (–2.5- to –1.3-fold). Salt-responsive proteins from the two tomato accessions were involved in the following biological processes: root system development and structural integrity; carbohydrate metabolism; adenosine-5′-triphosphate regeneration and consumption; amino acid metabolism; fatty acid metabolism; signal transduction; cellular detoxification; protein turnover and intracellular trafficking; and molecular activities for regulating gene transcription, protein translation, and post-translational modification. Proteins affecting diverse cellular activities were identified, which include chaperonins and cochaperonins, heat-shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes, and stress proteins. Proteins exhibiting different salt-induced changes between the tolerant and susceptible tomato accessions were identified, and these proteins were divided into two groups: 1) proteins with quantitative differences because they were induced or repressed by salt stress in both accessions but at different fold levels; and 2) proteins showing qualitative differences, where proteins were induced in one vs. repressed or not changed in the other accession. Candidate proteins for tolerance to salt and secondary cellular stresses (such as hypo-osmotic stress and dehydration) were proposed based on findings from the current and previous studies on tomato and by the use of the Arabidopsis thaliana protein database. Information provided in this report will be very useful for evaluating and breeding for plant tolerance to salt and/or water deficit stresses.
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Setiaji, Arkan, RR Rifka Annisa, Rumiyati Rumiyati, and Endang Semiarti. "Induction and Growth Kinetics Callus of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 12, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v12i1.21704.
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Plant callus extracts are potential to be developed as ingredient in skincare products. Tomato callus is supposed to contain protein-derivatives and or other components such as secondary metabolites that play a role in skin regeneration. Therefore the production of calli is important to be studied for callus sustainable supply. This research aims to obtain optimum medium for callus induction and to analyze tomato callus development anatomically. In vitro culture response was assessed in tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Permata’) for optimum callus induction. Seeds were grown on ¼ MS medium for 10-15 days. Hypocotyl was excised and cultured on MS medium + 2 mg/l 2,4-D for 15 days as the explants for callus induction. Callus was transferred to MS medium with 8 variations of PGRs including the combination of BAP + NAA, and 2,4-D. Both fresh and dry weight was measured every 5 days over 60 days to establish the growth kinetics and growth efficiency of callus. Anatomic characters of calli were examined through paraffin-embedded method. The result showed of MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l NAA and 0.2 mg/l BAP is optimum for tomato callus induction, based on highest number of the absolute growth rate on fresh weight (73.77% per day), dry weight (3.84% per day), and callus initiation time (5.56 days) achieved by the medium. Cells in the ground tissue of tomato hypocotyl are competent to be dedifferentiated into a callus. This research results were expected to find out suitable methods for tomato callus production in preparation for skincare uses.
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Fernández-Pavía, S. P., G. Rodríguez-Alvarado, and J. M. Sánchez-Yañez. "Buckeye Rot of Tomato Caused by Phytophthora capsici in Michoacan, Mexico." Plant Disease 87, no. 7 (July 2003): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.7.872c.
Full textAbstract:
The state of Michoacan is one of the main fresh pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) producers in Mexico. During the last 5 years, pepper-producing areas in the state have become unproductive due to root-rotting pathogens, mainly Phytophthora capsici Leonian. Growers trying to overcome losses have increased tomato production in areas previously used for pepper production. Field-grown tomato plants with diseased green tomato fruits were observed in Tacambaro, Michoacan, during August 2002. Initially, brown-to-black lesions developed on fruits in contact with soil, followed by infection of the upper fruits in the raceme. Lesions enlarged and dark zonate “buckeye” bands were formed in the affected area. Diseased fruit turned mushy. Symptoms observed were similar to those described for buckeye rot of tomato (1). Diseased fruit were surface disinfested with 70% ethanol, cut into 0.5-cm slices, and incubated in a moist chamber to induce mycelial colonization. Isolation from mycelial tufts growing through the tomato slice was performed 3 days later, and mycelia was transferred to PARP selective medium (corn meal agar (CMA) plus ampicillin, pimaricin, rifampicin, and pentachloronitrobenzene). P. capsici was consistently isolated from diseased tomato fruits. Oomycete identification was based on sporangial and gametangial characteristics of cultures grown on CMA (1). Sporangia microscopically observed were spherical, broadly ellipsoid or obovoid with one papilla (occasionally two papillae), and deciduous with a long pedicel. Chlamydospores were not present (2). The isolates were heterothallic, and oogonia with amphigynous antheridia were observed in pairings with A1 and A2 isolates of P. capsici. Three isolates were A1 and two isolates were A2. To confirm pathogenicity, two experiments were performed using 20 healthy unwounded green tomatoes. One isolate of each mating type was tested. Isolates were grown for 5 days on CMA, and fruits were inoculated by placing P. capsici in contact with the fruit. Inoculated fruits were kept in a moist chamber at room temperature (17 to 20°C). Initial symptoms in the form of brown-to-black lesions appeared 24 h after inoculation. One week after inoculation, symptoms were similar to those observed in field-grown plants, and P. capsici was recovered from the margins of the diseased tissue. All inoculated fruits rotted. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. capsici causing buckeye rot on tomato in Michoacan and of the presence of both mating types in the area. Reference: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul MN, 1996. (2) M. Aragaki and J. Y. Uchida. Mycologia 93:137, 2001.
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Liu, Q., Y. Li, and J. Chen. "First Report of Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum on Mesona chinensis in China." Plant Disease 95, no. 2 (February 2011): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-10-0603.
Full textAbstract:
Jellywort (Mesona chinensis Benth) is an herbaceous plant in the Lamiaceae (mint) family. The plant is referred to as ‘Xiancao’ (weed from angels) in Chinese and primarily used to make grass jelly, a popular refreshing drink. Currently, Xiancao cultivation is a fast-growing industry with a high profit margin in southern China. An estimated 7,000 ha is grown with a value of more than $50 million USD. In June, 2009, a wilting disease of Xiancao was observed in Guangdong and the neighboring Guangxi and Fujian provinces with incidence up to 50% in the severest case. Affected plants initially show withering symptoms on apical leaves during the daytime with recovery at night. As the disease develops, withering leaves spread downward, eventually encompassing the whole plant. Leaves lose vigor but remain green. After 3 to 4 days, wilting becomes irreversible. Roots and basal stem tissues blacken and rot, leading to plant death. Longitudinal sectioning of the basal stem shows browning of vascular tissues with whitish ooze visible when compressed. To investigate the disease etiology, 12 Xiancao plants from three cultivars showing typical wilting symptoms were collected from a production field in Zengcheng City of Guangdong Province in June 2010. A total of 27 bacterial isolates showing large, elevated, and fluidal colonies with a pale red center were isolated from vascular tissue on tripheny tetrazolium chloride medium (3) after incubation at 30° for 2 days. Fifteen 45-day-old Xiancao plants (cv. Zhengcheng 1) were inoculated by injection of 20 μl of bacterial suspension (1 × 108 CFU/ml) into the middle stem. Sterile water was used as a negative control. After 4 to 6 days of incubation in a greenhouse (28 to 30°), all (15 of 15) inoculated plants developed wilting symptoms as described above. The same bacterium was reisolated from inoculated plants. The five negative control plants did not show any wilting symptoms. With the same artificial inoculation procedure, this bacterium also caused similar wilting disease in tobacco, potato, tomato, pepper, and eggplant. An inoculation test with a tomato strain of Ralstonia solanacearum resulted in similar symptoms. On the basis of symptomatology and bacterial culture characteristics, R. solanacearum (formerly Pseudomonas solanacearum) was suspected as the causal agent. For confirmation, the universal bacterial 16S rDNA primer set E8F/E1115R (1) was used to amplify DNA from pure culture. A 1,027-bp DNA sequence was obtained and deposited in GenBank with Accession No. HQ159392. BLAST search against the current version of GenBank database showed 100% similarity with the 16S rDNA sequences of 26 R. solanacearum strains. Furthermore, primer set 759/760 (4) amplified a specific 280-bp fragment. Along with the result from multiplex PCR (2), the bacterium was identified as R. solanacearum Phylotype I. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a disease caused by R. solanacearum on M. chinensis. References: (1) G. Baker et al. J. Microbiol. Methods 55:541, 2003. (2) M. Fegan and P. Prior. Page 449 in Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex. C. Allen et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 2005. (3) A. Kelman, Phytopathology 44:693, 1954. (4) N. Opina et al. Asia Pac. J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. 5:19, 1997.
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Meyer, D. J., C. L. Afonso, and D. W. Galbraith. "Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against plant plasma membrane and cell wall epitopes: identification of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes extensin and analysis of the process of epitope biosynthesis in plant tissues and cell cultures." Journal of Cell Biology 107, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.1.163.
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Membranes from tobacco cell suspension cultures were used as antigens for the preparation of monoclonal antibodies. Use of solid phase and indirect immunofluorescence assays led to the identification of hybridomas producing antibodies directed against cell surface epitopes. One of these monoclonal antibodies (11.D2) was found to recognize a molecular species which on two-dimensional analysis (using nonequilibrium pH-gradient electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE) was found to have a high and polydisperse molecular mass and a very basic isoelectric point. This component was conspicuously labeled by [3H]proline in vivo. The monoclonal antibody cross-reacted with authentic tomato extensin, but not with potato lectin nor larch arabinogalactan. Use of the monoclonal antibody as an immunoaffinity reagent allowed the purification of a tobacco glycoprotein which was identical in amino acid composition to extensin. Finally, immunocytological analyses revealed tissue-specific patterns of labeling by the monoclonal antibody that were identical to those observed with a polyclonal antibody raised against purified extensin. We have concluded that monoclonal antibody 11.D2 recognizes an epitope that is carried exclusively by extensin. Analysis of cellular homogenates through differential and isopycnic gradient centrifugation revealed that biosynthesis of the extensin epitope was found on or within the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi region and plasma membrane. This result is consistent with the progressive glycosylation of the newly-synthesized extensin polypeptide during its passage through a typical eukaryotic endomembrane pathway of secretion. The 11.D2 epitope was not found in protoplasts freshly isolated from leaf tissues. However, on incubation of these protoplasts in appropriate culture media, biosynthesis of the epitope was initiated. This process was not impeded by the presence of chemicals that are reported to be inhibitors of cell wall production or of proline hydroxylation.
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Adkins, Scott, and Erin N. Rosskopf. "Key West Nightshade, a New Experimental Host for Plant Viruses." Plant Disease 86, no. 12 (December 2002): 1310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.12.1310.
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Key West nightshade (Solanum bahamense) is a perennial solanaceous weed found in the extreme southern portion of Florida. It can be propagated by seed and cuttings and is absent from the noxious weed lists of all U.S. states. Its susceptibility to five viruses common to Florida was evaluated by mechanical inoculation of leaves with Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and a putative tobamovirus recently isolated from hibiscus in Florida (HV). TSWV induced chlorotic rings on inoculated leaves and mosaic and malformation of uninoculated leaves. CMV induced necrotic local lesions on inoculated leaves. No symptoms were observed following inoculation with TMV, PMMoV, or HV. TSWV, TMV, and PMMoV systemically infected S. bahamense as determined by the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, viral-associated double-stranded RNA analysis, and/or indicator hosts. Active growth of infected plants continued for 7 months following inoculation, making S. bahamense suitable for long-term maintenance of viruses in planta. We suggest that S. bahamense may be a useful host for virus culture collections and for studies involving large numbers of virus isolates where fresh, infected tissue is continuously required.
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Preiter, Karen, David M. Brooks, Alejandro Penaloza-Vazquez, Aswathy Sreedharan, Carol L. Bender, and Barbara N. Kunkel. "Novel Virulence Gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Strain DC3000." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 22 (November 15, 2005): 7805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.22.7805-7814.2005.
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ABSTRACT Previously, we conducted a mutant screen of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 to identify genes that contribute to virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Here we describe the characterization of one mutant strain, DB4H2, which contains a single Tn5 insertion in PSPTO3576, an open reading frame that is predicted to encode a protein belonging to the TetR family of transcriptional regulators. We demonstrate that PSPTO3576 is necessary for virulence in DC3000 and designate the encoded protein TvrR (TetR-like virulence regulator). TvrR, like many other TetR-like transcriptional regulators, negatively regulates its own expression. Despite the presence of a putative HrpL binding site in the tvrR promoter region, tvrR is not regulated by HrpL, an alternative sigma factor that regulates the expression of many known DC3000 virulence genes. tvrR mutant strains grow comparably to wild-type DC3000 in culture and possess an intact type III secretion system. However, tvrR mutants do not cause disease symptoms on inoculated A. thaliana and tomato plants, and their growth within plant tissue is significantly impaired. We demonstrate that tvrR mutant strains are able to synthesize coronatine (COR), a phytotoxin required for virulence of DC3000 on A. thaliana. Given that tvrR mutant strains are not defective for type III secretion or COR production, tvrR appears to be a novel virulence factor required for a previously unexplored process that is necessary for pathogenesis.
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Roberts, P. D., R. Urs, and R. J. McGovern. "First Report of Aerial Blight Caused by Pythium myriotylum on Tomato in Florida." Plant Disease 83, no. 3 (March 1999): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.3.301a.
Full textAbstract:
In September 1996 and 1997, diseased tomato seedlings were observed with symptoms of an aerial watery rot on leaves, petioles, and stems. Tomato cvs. Sanibel and 10097 from commercial fields in southwest Florida (Collier and Lee counties) and west central Florida (Manatee County) exhibited similar symptoms that occurred at an incidence of 15 to 18% about 4 weeks after transplanting and resulted in plant death. Microscopic examination of symptomatic tissue revealed the presence of mycelium and oogonia typical of Pythium spp. A fungus was consistently isolated from four plants sampled from each site onto a medium selective for Pythium spp. and maintained in pure culture on V8 juice agar at 28°C. The isolates were identified as Pythium myriotylum Drechs. based on the following morphological data: lobate sporangium, 12 to 13 μm wide; vesicle 15.4 to 19.4 μm in diameter; exit tube 54 to 90 μm long, oogonium 23 to 30 μm in diameter; and oospore 21 to 26 μm in diameter (1,2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with two isolates from diverse regions within Florida by spray inoculating the leaves and shoots of 6- to 8-week-old tomato seedlings with a sporangial suspension of 1 × 104 sporangia per ml. Noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants had 24 h of pre- and post-dark period, day/night temperatures of 28/21°C, a 14-h photoperiod, and near 100% relative humidity in a growth chamber. The foliage of inoculated tomato plants exhibited symptoms identical to those observed in field samples 24 h after inoculation and 100% mortality within 72 h. The reisolated fungus was morphologically identical to the original isolate. Noninoculated plants remained asymptomatic. The unusual rainfall recorded at some sites, such as in Manatee County in September 1997, was 36% higher than the 40-year average and may have contributed to the incidence of this previously undescribed foliar blight. References: (1) Anonymous. C.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 118. (2) T. Watanabe. Pictorial Atlas of Soil Fungi. Lewis Pub., London. p. 71.