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1
Arah, Isaac Kojo, Harrison Amaglo, Ernest Kodzo Kumah, and Hayford Ofori. "Preharvest and Postharvest Factors Affecting the Quality and Shelf Life of Harvested Tomatoes: A Mini Review." International Journal of Agronomy 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/478041.
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Tomato production can serve as a source of income for most rural and periurban producers in most developing countries of the world. However, postharvest losses make its production unprofitable in these parts of the world. Postharvest losses in tomatoes can be as high as 42% globally. Postharvest losses in tomatoes can be either quantitative or qualitative. Even though emphasis in crop research nowadays is increasing shifting from quantity to quality of produce, there is still little improvement in the quality of commercially produced tomato varieties, hence resulting in high quality losses. From the study it was discovered that the postharvest quality status of tomatoes partly depended on some preharvest practices carried out during production. Some of these factors are fertiliser application, pruning, maturity stage, cultivar selection, and irrigation. Using best postharvest handling practices or factors such as temperature, relative humidity, gases in storage, postharvest calcium chloride application, and physical handling procedures to maintain the quality after harvest was also critical. It was concluded by this study that understanding and managing both preharvest and postharvest factors properly will reduce the postharvest quality losses in tomatoes.
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Gautam, Shriniwas, Antonio L. Acedo Jr, Pepijn Schreinemachers, and Bhishma P. Subedi. "Volume and value of postharvest losses: the case of tomatoes in Nepal." British Food Journal 119, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 2547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2016-0632.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a straightforward method to quantify volume and value of postharvest losses in the tomato postharvest value chain in Nepal and estimate the monetary loss shouldered by value chain actors. Design/methodology/approach The study combines interview data to quantify volume and prices with produce sampling to quantify quality losses, and does this at four nodes of the tomato value chain in Nepal: farmers, collectors, wholesalers, and retailers to estimate volume and value of postharvest losses. Findings Almost one-fourth of the total tomato harvest weight that enters the value chain is lost before it reaches consumers, and other one-fifth is traded by the value chain actors at reduced price due to quality damage. The total volume of postharvest loss (weight and quality loss) is not the same for all value chain actors and the average monetary loss ranges from 4 percent of gross revenues for farmers to 12 percent for wholesalers. Practical implications A standard method to account for both physical weight losses and quality losses of horticultural produce is lacking in estimates of the monetary value of postharvest losses for horticultural crops. Knowing such losses is essential for postharvest technology generation, promotion, and adoption. This study provides a framework that can be adopted and improved in future loss assessment studies for estimating the volume and value of postharvest losses in a horticultural value chain. Originality/value The uniqueness of the method used in this study is that it combines interview data to estimate price and volume with produce sampling to quantify quality losses, and does this at four nodes of the value chain: farmers, collectors, wholesalers, and retailers. This method could become a standard approach for assessment of postharvest weight and quality losses and to estimate the monetary value of total postharvest losses in the value chain for horticultural crops.
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Showalter, Robert K. "Postharvest Water Intake and Decay of Tomatoes." HortTechnology 3, no. 1 (January 1993): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.1.97.
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Serious, postharvest decay losses occurred in tomatoes when water in which they were submerged was cooler than the fruit. Tomatoes have extensive intercellular air spaces, a heavily cutinized epidermis, and no stomatal openings. When tomatoes with unbroken skins were submerged in packinghouse dump tank water of lower temperatures, the internal air contracted and water plus decay organisms were drawn into the fruits through the stem scar. Heating dump tank water has been successful in limiting this decay problem.
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Kabir, Md Shaha Nur, Mohammod Ali, Wang-Hee Lee, Seong-In Cho, and Sun-Ok Chung. "Physicochemical Quality Changes in Tomatoes during Delayed Cooling and Storage in a Controlled Chamber." Agriculture 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060196.
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The exposure of tomato fruits to unfavorable environments during the postharvest could result in severe losses along the supply chain. In this research, four tomato cultivars were stored in a controlled chamber under three levels of postharvest conditions to investigate the effects of delayed cooling on selected physicochemical quality parameters of the tomatoes. The tomato cultivars were subjected to three postharvest treatments: Immediate storage (IS) at harvest day; delayed storage (DS), leaving tomatoes without cover for one day; and under cover (DSC), separately in a greenhouse, and then stored in a controlled chamber at a temperature of 10 ± 1 °C and relative humidity of 90% ± 3%. Fresh weight, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), and hue angle (h°) were examined over 15 days, every 5 days. Among the tomato cultivars, Cherry (7160), treated under DS showed the highest weight loss (13.01%) and firmness loss (42.14%) after 15 days of storage. Dabol (large) tomatoes treated with DS showed higher changes in TSS (°Bx) values (4.79 to 5.76). Low changes in hue angle values were found in IS-treated Cherry (7160) tomatoes at the end of the storage period. Overall quality changes were slower for all tomato cultivars treated with IS than with other treatments throughout the storage period. This study indicated the importance of reducing cooling delays to maintain the quality during the postharvest and prolong storage of harvested tomatoes.
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Vigneault, Clément, Jerry A. Bartz, and Steven A. Sargent. "Postharvest Decay Risk Associated with Hydrocooling Tomatoes." Plant Disease 84, no. 12 (December 2000): 1314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.12.1314.
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Tomatoes (breaker stage) hydrocooled with a cell suspension of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora containing 50 to 200 mg of free chlorine per liter (ppm) (10°C, pH 7) remained decay free during a 10-day storage at 20°C. Sporadic disease appeared during storage of tomatoes similarly cooled with chlorinated water containing spores of Rhizopus stolonifer. In contrast, when chlorine was omitted from the pathogen suspensions, 50 to 100% of the fruit became diseased. A laboratory-scale shower hydrocooler reduced fruit temperatures from 35 to 15°C within 13.3 min, whereas a flume cooler produced the same temperature reduction in 10.5 min. In both systems, tomatoes increased in weight during cooling, evidence for water uptake. Larger weight increases occurred among tomatoes cooled in the shower than in the flume. An upward instead of downward orientation of stem scars under the shower streams led to significantly larger weight increases, presumably because pores in the stem scar were continuously flooded with water. Tomatoes intermittently submerged in cold water (10 2-min immersions followed by 30-s pauses) absorbed significantly less water than those continuously submerged for 20 min. Hydrocooling appears to be a viable method for rapid cooling of tomatoes. Technical refinements in the hydrocooling process that prevent continuous coverage of fruit surfaces by water should reduce water uptake and the associated risk of pathogen internalization. Maintenance of free chlorine at up to 200 ppm in the cooling water and prevention of direct water pressure on fruit should minimize decay risks. No evidence of phytotoxicity was observed among fruit infiltrated with 200 ppm of chlorine. These tomatoes ripened similarly to those that were not cooled or were cooled in tap water.
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Pols, S., A. Botes, E. Williams, and F. Vries. "Combined treatments of MAP and SO2 to decrease postharvest losses in tomatoes." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1256 (October 2019): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1256.61.
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Ogbuagu, NJ, IA Green, CN Anyanwu, and JI Ume. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A COMPOSITE-PADDED EVAPORATIVE COOLING STORAGE BIN." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.37.
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In tropical regions, postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables induced by high temperatures is a major challenge to agriculture, especially in places with poor or no electric power supply. The present study is on the comparative performance evaluation of a 92kg capacity storage bin for the preservation of fruits and vegetables, operating on the principle of evaporative cooling. A 24V DC, 0.37kW fan attached to the back of the cooler serves to blow in cooling air. The average temperature drop and saturation efficiency in the evaporative cooler during the no-load test were 5°C and 42%, respectively. The facility was able to sustain tomatoes, garden eggs and carrots stored in it for ten days. The weight losses at ambient temperature were found to be 70%, 30%and 45% for tomatoes, garden eggs and carrots, respectively; while those stored at cooler temperature were10%, 25%, and 40% for tomatoes, garden eggs and carrots respectively. The evaporative cooler performed best for storage of tomatoes. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.37
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Tietjen, W. H., M. Maletta, W. P. Cowgill, P. Nitzsche, and S. A. Johnston. "The Effect of Staking vs. Ground Culture on Tomato Postharvest Losses." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 755C—755. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.755c.
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Freshly harvested and graded tomatoes were held for 7 days at 21C in 1993 and 15.5C in 1994. After the holding period, the fruit were examined for decay development. In 1993, decay losses were not significantly different between cultural treatments, possibly due to a very warm and dry growing season. However, decay losses were significantly different during a wet 1994 growing season. Stake-grown fruit decay loss was 10.1% vs. 34.1% loss for ground culture. Losses due to anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes) was significantly higher on the ground culture fruit (8.7%) than on the stake culture fruit (0.5%). Sour/watery rot (Geotrichum candidum), Rhizopus soft rot (Rhizopus stolonifer), bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) and the black mold rot complex (Alternaria, Stemphylium, Pleospora) were the other predominant postharvest decays.
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Peralta-Ruiz, Yeimmy, Carlos David Grande Tovar, Angie Sinning-Mangonez, Edgar A. Coronell, Marcos F. Marino, and Clemencia Chaves-Lopez. "Reduction of Postharvest Quality Loss and Microbiological Decay of Tomato “Chonto” (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Using Chitosan-E Essential Oil-Based Edible Coatings under Low-Temperature Storage." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081822.
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The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the many essential vegetables around the world due to its nutritive content and attractive flavor. However, its short shelf-life and postharvest losses affect its marketing. In this study, the effects of chitosan-Ruta graveolens (CS + RGEO) essential oil coatings on the postharvest quality of Tomato var. “chonto” stored at low temperature (4 °C) for 12 days are reported. The film-forming dispersions (FFD) were eco-friendly synthesized and presented low viscosities (between 0.126 and 0.029 Pa s), small particle sizes (between 1.29 and 1.56 μm), and low densities. The mature index (12.65% for uncoated fruits and 10.21% for F4 coated tomatoes), weight loss (29.8% for F1 and 16.7% for F5 coated tomatoes), and decay index (3.0 for uncoated and 1.0 for F5 coated tomatoes) were significantly different, indicating a preservative effect on the quality of the tomato. Moreover, aerobic mesophilic bacteria were significantly reduced (in five Log CFU/g compared to control) by using 15 μL/mL of RGEO. The coatings, including 10 and 15 μL/mL of RGEO, completely inhibited the mold and yeast growth on tomato surfaces without negatively affecting the consumer acceptation, as the sensorial analysis demonstrated. The results presented in this study show that CS + RGEO coatings are promising in the postharvest treatment of tomato var. “chonto”.
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Tietjen, William H., Winfred P. Cowgill, Martha H. Maletta, Peter J. Nitzsche, and Stephen A. Johnston. "Stake Culture Reduces Foliar Disease and Postharvest Fruit Rot in Tomatoes Grown Under Weekly or Forecaster-generated Fungicide Schedules." HortTechnology 11, no. 2 (January 2001): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.2.230.
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The effect of disease forecasting systems and stake or ground culture on foliar and postharvest disease control for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was evaluated during two growing seasons in northern New Jersey. Foliar disease was reduced and marketable yield increased by stake culture. Percent of postharvest losses, including loss due to anthracnose, was significantly reduced by stake culture. Effectiveness of disease control schedules, weekly or forecaster-generated, was not affected by cultural system. Disease forecasting was shown to have potential for optimizing fungicide use in tomato production by controlling foliar disease and fruit anthracnose with fewer applications than a weekly schedule.
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Kader, Adel A. "655 Role of Postharvest Storage in Meeting World Food Needs." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 511B—511. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.511b.
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Postharvest losses of horticultural perishables between the production and retail distribution sites are estimated to range from 2% to 23%, depending on the commodity, with an overall average of about 12% of what is shipped from U.S. production areas to domestic and export markets. Estimates of postharvest losses in developing countries are two to three times the U.S. estimates. Losses in dried grains, legumes, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and herbs and spices range from 1% to 10%, depending on their moisture content, temperature and relative humidity of transport and storage facilities, and protection against pathogens and insects. Reduction of these losses can increase food availability to the growing population, decrease the area needed for production, and conserve natural resources. Strategies for loss prevention include use of genotypes that have longer postharvest-life, use of an integrated crop management system that results in good keeping quality of the commodity, and use of the proper postharvest handling system that maintains quality and safety of the products. Biological (internal) causes of deterioration include respiration rate, ethylene production and action, rates of compositional changes, mechanical injuries, water loss, sprouting, physiological disorders, and pathological breakdown. The rate of biological deterioration depends on several environmental (external) factors, including temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and concentrations of carbon dioxide, ethylene, and oxygen. Socioeconomic factors that contribute to postharvest losses include governmental regulations and policies, inadequate marketing and transportation systems, unavailability of needed tools and equipment, lack of information, and poor maintenance of facilities. Although minimizing postharvest losses of already produced food is more sustainable than increasing production to compensate for these losses, less than 5% of the funding of agricultural research is allocated to postharvest research areas. This situation must be changed to increase the role of postharvest loss reduction in meeting world food needs.
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Venus, V., D. K. Asare-Kyei, L. M. M. Tijskens, M. J. C. Weir, C. A. J. M. de Bie, S. Ouedraogo, W. Nieuwenhuis, S. L. M. Wesselman, G. A. Cappelli, and E. M. A. Smaling. "Development and validation of a model to estimate postharvest losses during transport of tomatoes in West Africa." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 92 (March 2013): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2012.11.011.
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Wan, Chunpeng, İbrahim Kahramanoğlu, and Volkan Okatan. "Application of plant natural products for the management of postharvest diseases in fruits." Folia Horticulturae 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2021-0016.
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Abstract Prevention of postharvest losses has been a very important concern in the scientific world for many centuries, since adoption of an effective means to curtail such losses is believed to help in reaching sustainability in horticultural production and prevention of hunger around the world. The main means of deterioration in fruits, which may occur after harvest, include physiological changes/losses, physical losses, biochemical changes, changes in enzymatic activities and pathological deterioration. Among these, diseases cover the most important part; the losses due to diseases range from 5% to 20%, and this figure may extend up to >50% in the cases of certain susceptible cultivars. Fungicides have been the most important tool for the management of postharvest diseases for many years, together with hygiene, cold storage and packaging. However, due to the scientifically confirmed hazards of agro-chemicals on environment and human health, the acceptability of agro-chemicals decreased and scientists turned their attention towards natural alternatives. Most tropical and subtropical fruits contain a superficial cuticle, which helps them to regulate respiration and transpiration and protects against microbial decay. However, the waxy cuticle is generally being removed or damaged during washing or other handling practices. Therefore, the application of protective coatings (including wax) has been used in the fruit industry since the twelfth century, against microbial decay and for maintaining an acceptable standard of postharvest quality. This review aims to summarise and discuss the main natural products used for this purpose, to provide a broad-in-scope guide to farmers and the fruit storage sector.
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Aliyu, Adamu, Alkasim Kabiruyunusa, and Nura Abdullahi. "Kinetics of the thermal degradation of lycopene in tomatoes." Croatian journal of food science and technology 12, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2020.12.1.11.
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This research studied the kinetics of the thermal degradation of lycopene in tomatoes using elevated temperature testing. Understanding the nature and the extent of sensitive nutrient degradation in tomatoes will assist in reducing postharvest nutrient losses during storage and processing. Ripe tomatoes were sorted, washed, and blinded. Juice was obtained by filtering the blinded pulp through a muslin cloth. The samples were heated using a water bath at 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C for 20, 40, 60, and 80 minutes. The determination of lycopene was done using spectrophotometric methods at 503 nm, in hexane: ethanol: acetone (2:1:1 v/v/v) lycopene extract. The concentrations of lycopene were determined immediately after processing. The data was found to fit into first order equations. Degradation constants (k), D-value, and half-life for the thermal degradation of lycopene were determined at each processing temperature. Models were also developed for each of the chosen temperatures, which can be used to predict the degradation pattern of lycopene at other processing conditions. Z-value, Q10, and activation energy for the degradation of lycopene were also determined. Analyses showed a considerable decrease in lycopene concentration and decimal reduction time (D-value), and a significant increase in the thermal degradation rate (k) during heating from 70 to 100 °C. The finding shows that the degradation of lycopene in tomatoes followed the first order kinetics and it shows that the lycopene content decreased at 80 to 100 °C.
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Cheng, Yao, Hao Dong, Yuanyue Wu, and Kaijun Xiao. "Preparation of an Amidated Graphene Oxide/Sulfonated Poly Ether Ether Ketone (AGO/SPEEK) Modified Atmosphere Packaging for the Storage of Cherry Tomatoes." Foods 10, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030552.
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The shelf life of cherry tomatoes is short so that new and efficient preservation techniques or procedures are required to reduce postharvest losses. This study focused on the development of a sulfonated poly ether ether ketone (SPEEK) film incorporated with amidated graphene oxide (AGO), for the storage of cherry tomatoes in modified atmosphere packaging. The mechanical properties, gas permeability, and moisture permeability were subsequently tested. The evolution of attributes related to shelf life, such as gas composition, physicochemical properties, and sensory properties were also monitored during storage trials. AGO, as an inorganic filler, increases the thermal stability and mechanical properties of SPEEK-based films, while it reduces the water absorption, swelling rate, and moisture permeability. Importantly, all the AGO/SPEEK films exhibited enhanced gas permeability and selective permeability of CO2/O2 relative to the SPEEK film. Moreover, 0.9% (w/w) AGO/SPEEK film showed an enhanced permeability coefficient of CO2, corresponding to an increase of 50.7%. It could further improve the selective coefficient of CO2/O2 to 67.1%. The results of preservation at 8 °C revealed that: 0.9% (w/w) AGO/SPEEK film was significantly effective at maintaining the quality and extending the shelf life of cherry tomatoes from 15 to 30 days, thereby suggesting the potential for applying AGO-incorporated SPEEK films for food packaging materials.
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Woldemariam, Henock Woldemichael, and Biresaw Demelash Abera. "Development and evaluation of low cost evaporative cooling systems to minimise postharvest losses of tomatoes (Roma vf) around Woreta, Ethiopia." International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation 4, no. 1 (2014): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpti.2014.064165.
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Maletta, M. H., W. P. Cowgill, W. Tietjen, S. A. Johnston, and P. Nitzsche. "Disease Forecasting on Stake Cultured Tomatoes: Defining Decision Thresholds for Use of TOM-CAST in Northern New Jersey." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 676c—676. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.676c.
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Fourteen different fungicide schedules for early blight control, including eight variations of TOM-CAST, were evaluated at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, N.J. Weather data was collected with Sensor Instruments Field Monitors. All calendar-based schedules—weekly, biweekly, grower simulation—reduced foliar disease compared to the untreated control. All forecast generated schedules—TOM-CAST variations, FAST and CUFAST—reduced foliar disease compared to the untreated control. Several of the forecast schedules resulted in disease ratings not significantly different from those following calendar based schedules or from each other. The fourteen different schedules required as many as sixteen to as few as four fungicide applications. Disease control schedule did not affect total yield, marketable yield and postharvest losses. Disease control with a TOM-CAST generated schedule based on weather data from an electronic meteorological service was not different from disease control obtained with a TOM-CAST schedule based on ground station weather data. Potential cost savings of as much as $295 per acre resulting from reduced fungicide schedules were estimated. Chemical name used: tetrachloroisophtalonitrile (chlorothalonil).
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Sobral, Marcelle Leite, Alexandre Passos Oliveira, Pryanka Thuyra Nascimento Fontes, Letícia Ribeiro Pimenta, Daniela Almeida de Assunção, Renata Silva Mann, Marcelo Augusto Gutierrez Carnelossi, and Luiz Fernando Ganassali de Oliveira Júnior. "PME and CaCl2 vacuum infusion maintains the firmness and physicochemical characteristics of tomato fruits." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 12 (September 21, 2021): e288101220574. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20574.
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Tomato is a fruit of great commercial importance and highly cultivated. However, postharvest losses represent one of the main problems of this crop and can be minimized as alternative techniques. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to maintain tomato firmness by applying calcium chloride-associated pectin-methylesterase (PME) by the vacuum infusion method. Tomatoes of cultivar IAP-6 were submitted to vacuum infusion with water, vacuum infusion with 5% calcium chloride and vacuum infusion with PME associated with 5% calcium chloride, fruits without infusion were used as control. Fresh mass loss, fruit firmness, peel color, soluble solids content, pH, total acidity, PME activity and calcium activity were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a 4x5 factorial scheme with three replications for 12 days, evaluated every 3 days. The means were compared using the Tukey test (p <0.05). Data were analyzed graphically with confidence interval (CI p <0.05). Regarding the loss of fresh mass there was an increase over time in all treatments. The PME + CaCl2 5% treatment was the most suitable for reducing firmness loss, as well as presenting the smallest variation of PME activity, as well as low levels of organic acids. Therefore, vacuum infusion with PME + CaCl2 in tomatoes maintains acceptable firmness and physicochemical characteristics as well as CaCl2 infusion.
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Plaisier, Christine, Milindi Sibomana, Johannes Van der Waal, Luud Clercx, Coen P. A. Van Wagenberg, and Youri Dijkxhoorn. "Approach for Designing Context-Specific, Locally Owned Interventions to Reduce Postharvest Losses: Case Study on Tomato Value Chains in Nigeria." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010247.
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Development projects on interventions to reduce postharvest losses (PHL) are often implemented largely independently of the specific context and without sufficient adaptation to the needs of people who are supposed to use them. An approach is needed for the design and implementation of specific, locally owned interventions in development projects. Our approach is based on Participatory Development and includes Living Lab and World Cafés. We applied the approach in a case study on reducing PHL in tomato value chains in Nigeria. The approach consists of nine steps. After scoping the sector, selected value chain stakeholders (case: farmers, transporters, traders, retailers) were gathered in Living Lab workshops. In the workshop, participants analyzed the product, information, and monetary flows in their own value chain, identified causes for PHL, and selected potential interventions to reduce these (case: plastic crates instead of raffia baskets to transport tomatoes). Selected interventions were implemented, tested, and monitored in pilot projects with the workshop participants. This was followed by an evaluation workshop. At the end of the case study, 89% of participants bought crates to keep using them in their value chain. Our approach resulted in context-specific, locally owned interventions to reduce PHL in the case study on tomato value chains in Nigeria. Its application in other countries, commodities, or interventions is needed to determine the effectiveness of the approach in a broader scope.
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Rajashekar, Yallappa, Nandagopal Bakthavatsalam, and Thimmappa Shivanandappa. "Botanicals as Grain Protectants." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/646740.
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Prevention of food losses during postharvest storage is of paramount economic importance. Integrated pest management is now a widely accepted strategy in pest control including postharvest infestation control which involves the use of chemical (contact/residual) insecticides along with fumigants. The use of synthetic chemical insecticides is either not permitted or used restrictively because of the residue problem and health risks to consumers. In view of the above, there is a need for plants that may provide potential alternatives to the currently used insect control agents as they constitute a rich source of bioactive molecules. Available literature indicates that plant could be source for new insecticides. Therefore, there is a great potential for a plant-derived insecticidal compounds. This paper focuses on the current state of the botanical insecticides as grain protectants and its mode of action.
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Porat, Ron, Amnon Lichter, Leon A. Terry, Roger Harker, and Jean Buzby. "Postharvest losses of fruit and vegetables during retail and in consumers’ homes: Quantifications, causes, and means of prevention." Postharvest Biology and Technology 139 (May 2018): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.11.019.
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Macheka, Lesley, Elsbeth Spelt, Jack G. A. J. van der Vorst, and Pieternel A. Luning. "Exploration of logistics and quality control activities in view of context characteristics and postharvest losses in fresh produce chains: A case study for tomatoes." Food Control 77 (July 2017): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.037.
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Vaughn, Steven F., and Gayland F. Spencer. "FRUIT ODOR COMPOUNDS INHIBIT POSTHARVEST FUNGAL DECAY OF STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 677a—677. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.677a.
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The shelf-life of strawberries and raspberries is limited primarily due to losses from fungal decay. During ripening, these fruits release numerous volatile compounds, some of which have been shown to have antifungal activities. We examined fifteen volatiles released by both fruits for the prevention of postharvest fungal decay. Benzaldehyde, 1-hexanol and 2-nonanone completely inhibited all fungal growth on fruit at gas headspace concentrations of 0.1 μl/ml, while causing little damage to the fruit. However, greater levels of these compounds, although completely inhibiting fungi, generally caused some fruit damage. Headspace concentrations of these compounds at 0.04 μl/ml or greater completely inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata in culture but higher levels were required to inhibit Colletotrichum gloeosporoides and Rhizopus stolonifer. These results suggest that these compounds could be used to effectively prevent fungal decay if constant, low levels could be maintained in the headspace surrounding the fruit.
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Brito, Conny, Henrik Hansen, Luis Espinoza, Martín Faúndez, Andrés F. Olea, Sebastián Pino, and Katy Díaz. "Assessing the Control of Postharvest Gray Mold Disease on Tomato Fruit Using Mixtures of Essential Oils and Their Respective Hydrolates." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081719.
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Gray mold disease, which is caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers ex. Fr., results in serious economic losses to Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) crop productivity. In this study, we explored the possibility that mixtures of essential oils (EOs) and their respective hydrolates (HYSs) could be used to control this disease. Thus, EOs and HYSs were obtained from Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limon, and Citrus sinensis by hydrodistillation. In vitro antifungal activities were evaluated, and EC50 values of 15.9 and 19.8 µg/mL were obtained for EOs of thyme and oregano, respectively. These activities are due mainly to volatile compounds, thymol and carvacrol. Results from in vivo assays show that although most tomatoes were infested five days after inoculation, the damage was considerably reduced by the application of an EO/HYS mixture of thyme. The disease incidence indexes of B. cinerea tomato rot, percentage and severity, measured four days after inoculation, were reduced by 70% and 76%, respectively, as compared with the inoculum control. These results suggest that a combination of HYSs and EOs enhances antifungal activity, and that optimization of relative concentrations, volumes, and the nature of the compounds, could design a formulation able to control B. cinerea inoculum on tomato fruits.
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Najdenovska, Elena, Fabien Dutoit, Daniel Tran, Carrol Plummer, Nigel Wallbridge, Cédric Camps, and Laura Elena Raileanu. "Classification of Plant Electrophysiology Signals for Detection of Spider Mites Infestation in Tomatoes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041414.
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Herbivorous arthropods, such as spider mites, are one of the major causes of annual crop losses. They are usually hard to spot before a severe infestation takes place. When feeding, these insects cause external perturbation that triggers changes in the underlying physiological process of a plant, which are expressed by a generation of distinct variations of electrical potential. Therefore, plant electrophysiology data portray information of the plant state. Analyses involving machine learning techniques applied to plant electrical response triggered by spider mite infestation have not been previously reported. This study investigates plant electrophysiological signals recorded from 12 commercial tomatoes plants contaminated with spider mites and proposes a workflow based on Gradient Boosted Tree algorithm for an automated differentiation of the plant’s normal state from the stressed state caused by infestation. The classification model built using the signal samples recorded during daylight and employing a reduced feature subset performs with an accuracy of 80% in identifying the plant’s stressed state. Furthermore, the Hjorth complexity encloses the most relevant information for discrimination of the plant status. The obtained findings open novel access towards automated detection of insect infestation in greenhouse crops and, consequently, more optimal prevention and treatment approaches.
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Yusoff, Siti Fairuz, Farah Farhanah Haron, Norhayu Asib, Mahmud Tengku Muda Mohamed, and Siti Izera Ismail. "Development of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract Emulsion Formulations in Controlling Gray Mold Disease on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020373.
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Postharvest fruits including tomatoes are commonly infected by gray mold disease resulting in significant economic losses in the fruit industry. Therefore, this study aimed to develop botanical fungicide derived from Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract to control gray mold on tomato. The emulsion formulation containing surfactant, oil carrier and water was optimized at different non-ionic alkyl polyglucoside surfactants through eleven combinations of oil to surfactant ratio (0:10, 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2, 9:1 and 10:0 w/w). From eight selected formulations, two formulations, F5 and F7 showed stable in storage, remarkable thermodynamic stability, smaller particle size (66.44 and 139.63 nm), highly stable in zeta potential (−32.70 and −31.70 mV), low in polydispersity index (0.41 and 0.40 PdI), low in viscosity (4.20 and 4.37 cP) and low in surface tension (27.62 and 26.41 mN/m) as compared to other formulations. In situ antifungal activity on tomato fruits showed F5 formulation had a fungicidal activity against B. cinerea with zero disease incidence and severity, whereas F7 formulation reduced 62.5% disease incidence compared to a positive control with scale 1. Based on these findings, F5 formulation exhibited pronounced antifungal activity and may contribute to the development of new and safe antifungal product against gray mold on tomato.
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Rêgo, Elizanilda R., Ana Paula S. Ferreira, Danilo Manoel Pereira, Ariana M. Pereira, Olinto L. Pereira, and Fernando Luiz Finger. "Artificially cooling of onion bulbs stored in brickwork-patterned vertical silos." Horticultura Brasileira 37, no. 2 (June 2019): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620190216.
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ABSTRACT Onion is the third most consumed vegetable worldwide, such as potatoes and tomatoes. Its conservation is influenced by temperature and humidity, and greatest losses occur at postharvest due to lack of storage infrastructure. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of partial cooling in vertical silo on postharvest conservation of cured onion bulbs cultivar Bola Precoce. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replicates, arranged in split plot scheme. Plots consisted of two storage conditions: onion bulbs stored in silo 1 at room temperature (T1) and bulbs stored in silo 2 with artificial cooling (T2). Subplots were two periods of bulb removal from storage (0 and 14 days). We evaluated peel color, using chroma (C*) and internal and external luminosity (L*); relative water content (TRA) of peel and pulp of bulbs and fresh mass loss (PMF) when the experiment was installed and after 14 days for both experiments and at 21 days for T2. The average temperatures obtained in both silos were 30.4 and 16.4°C, respectively. Bulbs of T1 had 14 days shelf life whereas, bulbs of T2 had a shelf life of 21 days. Bulbs of T1 showed lighter peel on day zero. The 14-day storage made the bulbs lighter in T2. In relation to pulp color, storage period made pulp lighter in both treatments. On day 14, bulbs of T1 showed lighter pulp color comparing to bulbs of T2. Both treatments showed similar behavior on day zero for internal chroma. After 14 days storage, internal and external chroma was higher in bulbs of T2. Storage period reduced internal hue only in bulbs of T2 which showed lower internal hue in both evaluation periods. TRA was higher in T1 in both evaluation periods. PMF was higher according to storage period; however loss did not differ between treatments. Storage of onion bulbs in cooled silos increased their viability in 7 days, in relation to storage without refrigeration.
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Stathers, Tanya E., Sarah E. J. Arnold, Corinne J. Rumney, and Clare Hopson. "Measuring the nutritional cost of insect infestation of stored maize and cowpea." Food Security 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00997-w.
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AbstractOur understanding and prevention of postharvest losses are critical if we are to feed a growing global population. Insect infestation-related losses of stored commodities are typically considered only in terms of quantitative, physical weight loss. Insect infestation affects the nutritional value and some nutritional components are impacted more severely than others. We infested maize and cowpea grain with commonly occurring stored product insect pests, and mapped infestation levels against nutritional composition over a 4-to-6 month storage period to analyse how insect infestation relates to different macro- and micro-nutrient contents. Insect infestation decreased the carbohydrate content of the stored grains, causing a relative increase in the proportion of protein and fibre in the remaining grain, and moisture content also increased. Sitophilus zeamais preferentially fed in the floury endosperm of maize, resulting in more carbohydrate loss relative to protein loss. Conversely, Prostephanus truncatus consumed the germ and endosperm, disproportionately reducing the fat, protein, iron and zinc grain contents. Nutrients are distributed more homogenously within cowpea than in maize grains, but Callosobruchus maculatus infestation increased the relative protein, fat, iron and zinc to carbohydrate ratios. This indicates how the nutrient content of insect-infested stored grain depends upon the grain type, the infesting insect, and the infestation level. Insect infestation therefore has consequences for human nutrition beyond those of grain weight loss. Using data collected on the changing nutritional composition of grain over time, with and without insect infestation, we modelled the associations between infestation and nutritional quality to predict estimated nutritional losses that could be associated with consumption of insect-infested stored maize and cowpea.
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Alfaro-Sifuentes, Juan, Meca, Elorrieta, and Valenzuela. "Effectiveness of Chemical and Thermal Treatments on Control Rhizopus Stolonifer Fruit Infection Comparing Tomato Cultivars with Different Sensitivities to Cracking." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152754.
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Tomatoes are among the most important horticultural crops; however, it is estimated that 30% of tomato yield is lost due to postharvest rot due to Rhizopus stolonifer, a fungus which requires lesions to initiate the infectious process. Tomato fruit cracking is a physiopathy which causes significant economic losses, since cracking is the door used by the fungus. In this experiment, 14 cultivars of tomato of different types were used. Fruit sampling was carried out in the middle of the crop cycle, coinciding with the peak of yield; then, the fruits were divided into two groups: one group was inoculated with Rhizopus in order to assess the effectiveness of washing, whilst the other was treated with sterile water. The fruits of each group were divided into lots to be treated with six washing treatments: dipping in hot water at 20, 40 and 60 °C for 20 s; the fruits were then sprayed with the following solutions: 0.6% of Hydrogen Peroxide 23% + Peracetic acid 15%; commercial bleach at 0.5% and 2% of Hydrogen Peroxide 50%. The control sample was not washed. The results show that there was an influence of cultivar on fruit cracking, which was strongly related with Rhizopus infection. Three cultivars were not susceptible to cracking, and therefore, were not sensitive to Rhizopus infection. The effectiveness of different washing treatments of tomato fruits depends on several factors; nonetheless, hot water treatment has been shown to be more effective than the use of chemical products such as commercial bleach or hydrogen peroxide. Another factor, the susceptibility of cultivars to cracking, determines the effectiveness of the washing treatment. The results provide an important basis for making decisions about the washing management of tomato fruits in packaging houses.
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Sta. Iglesia, Ness Marie, Marcelo Quevedo, and Zenaida Gonzaga. "Physico-chemical Changes in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Fruits as Influenced by Cultivation Systems and Modified Atmosphere Packaging." Annals of Tropical Research, April 12, 2013, 74–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32945/atr3516.2013.
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Tomatoes are highly perishable and postharvest losses vary greatly among production areas and seasons of production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of open or protected cultivation system and postharvest modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the physical and chemical changes of tomatoes during ambient storage with temperatures ranging from 20°C to 35°C and relative humidity (RH) of 80% to 90%. The cultivation system had no significant effect on the physicochemical constituents. In contrast, MAP storage significantly influenced some of the storage parameters evaluated. Use of paper bags and 0.02 mm thick low density polyethylene bags with diffusion holes slightly delayed ripening, effectively reduced weight loss, minimized decay incidence and maintained better visual quality throughout the 12 – day storage period relative to fruits stored in the open.
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Amadi, Lawrence O., Eunice J. Udoh, Rebecca U. Thompson, Ruth G. Benjamin, and Felicia W. Nmom. "Antimycotic Potential of Alum on Postharvest Deterioration of Tomato." Microbiology Research Journal International, November 2, 2019, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2019/v29i330165.
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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most economically attractive and widely consumed vegetables globally. Their high water content, perishability, transport and poor storage system predisposes them to spoilage by a broad spectrum of mycoflora resulting in huge postharvest losses. This study investigates antimycotic potential of alum on postharvest deterioration of tomato. Composite samples of deteriorating tomatoes were subjected to standard mycological analysis from which total fungal colony counts obtained ranged from 1.64x106-5.70x109 CFU/g, and the following species were identified; Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium sp, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus stolonifer, Geotrichum candidium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vitro antimycotic activity of alum (1% (w/v) concentration) was determined on some of the isolates by agar well method (AWM) and diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) measured using a metre rule. G. candidum had the highest DIZ (9.0mm (29.0%) followed by A. niger (8.0 mm (25.8%) and 7.0mm (⁓ 22.6%) for Fusarium and Penicillium species respectively. R. stolonifer showed no inhibition or zero. pH values increased from 4.35-4.52 whereas TTA values decreased from 0.13-0.07 within 2days of analysis. However, these results indicate that treatment of postharvest deteriorating tomatoes with alum prior to consumption would enhance food safety as some of these fungi are known to be spoilage, toxigenic or opportunistic pathogens. So, their presence raises concern on storability as well as public health risks associated with consumption of these fruits. Therefore, production of tomato requires an integrated and multidisciplinary research approach not only to reduce economic loss but also create consumers’ awareness on potential public health hazards of consuming relatively cheaper and pathogen contaminated deteriorating tomatoes.
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KABAS, ONDER, Kabas Kabas, Sinan Zengin, Serkan Aydin, Fatih Alpay Vuran, and Can Ertekin. "Effects of ripening stages and storage durations on resistance parameters of beef type tomatoes: part 1: spring period." Bioscience Journal 36, no. 6 (June 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v36n6a2020-49951.
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Following the harvest, agricultural products are subjected various negative impacts throughout the way to consumers. Mechanical damages such as color darkening, abrasion, cuts or punctures over the fruit surface are irreversible damages and such damages ultimately end up with significant quality and economic losses. In modern production systems, only a certain portion of the products directly reach from producer to consumers. Majority of these products are subjected to mechanical damages through crush, squeeze, vibration and similar impacts during the harvest and postharvest processes. In this study, Tybeef tomato cultivar grown over the experimental greenhouses of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) (control) and 14-193 and 14-206 coded candidate cultivars developed through breeding programs of BATEM were used as the plant material. Resistance parameters of tomato cultivars were determined at 4 different ripening stages (green, turning, pink and red) and 4 different storage durations (4, 8, 12 and 16 days). Resistance parameters decreased with the progress of ripening and storage durations. All measurements and assessments revealed that 14-193 coded candidate cultivar was prominent for resistance parameters.
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Mityushev, I. M., V. V. Ognev, and E. I. Korsunov. "Южноамериканская томатная моль Tuta absoluta Meyrick новый опасный вредитель томата в Ростовской области." Kartofel` i ovoshi, no. 11 (November 7, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25630/pav.2019.30.20.002.
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В статье представлена информация о происхождении и распространении южноамериканской томатной моли Tuta absoluta Meyrick в мире. По состоянию на конец 2019 года, южноамериканская томатная моль распространена в большинстве стран Южной Америки, в Центральной Америке вредитель отмечен в КостаРике, Панаме и Гаити. В Африке вредитель отмечен в 25 странах. В Азии южноамериканская томатная моль отмечена в Ираке, Иране, Сирии, Турции, Узбекистане, Киргизии, Таджикистане, Азербайджане, Индии, Бангладеш и Непале. Проникнув впервые в Испанию в 2006 году, T. absoluta к настоящему времени широко распространилась в Европе. В России южноамериканская томатная моль была впервые выявлена в 2010 году в республике Адыгея. Дано описание морфологических и биологических особенностей вредителя. Показано распространение и вредоносность томатной моли в Ростовской области РФ. В 2019 году томатная моль распространилась по всей территории станицы Кривянская. Первые признаки повреждения томатов молью в 2019 году отмечали уже с июня, лишь на некоторых отдаленных фермерских участках с июля. Первые очаги в теплицах отмечаются, как правило, на боковых рядах и в углах теплиц. Предложены меры борьбы с вредителем для сдерживания его распространения. Необходим тщательный карантинный контроль продукции и рассады пасленовых культур из зон распространения вредителя, обеспечение пространственной изоляции теплиц от посадок пасленовых культур открытого грунта. Необходимо регулярно уничтожать поврежденные части растений (листьев с минами, плодов с ходами), послеуборочных остатков и пасленовых сорняков. Следует соблюдать плодосмен с выращиванием неповреждаемых промежуточных культур. В течение вегетации необходимо выявлять вредителя и проводить массовый вылов самцов с использованием феромонных ловушек. Международный комитет по предотвращению развития резистентности к инсектицидам рекомендует к применению против T. absoluta порядка 40 препаратов из 12 классов, включая бактериальные.The article deals with data on origin and world distribution of the South American tomato moth, Tuta absoluta Meyrick. At the end of 2019, the South American tomato moth is common pest in most of South America, in Central America, it is noted in Costa Rica, Panama and Haiti. In Africa, the pest has been recorded in 25 countries. In Asia, the South American tomato moth has been recorded in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, India, Bangladesh and Nepal. Having first penetrated Spain in 2006, T. absoluta has now spread widely in Europe. In Russia, the South American tomato moth was first identified in 2010 in the Republic of Adygea. The description of morphological and biological features of the pest is given. The distribution and harmfulness of tomato moth under conditions of the Rostov Oblast of Russia is shown. In 2019, the tomato moth spread throughout the Krivyanskaya village. The first signs of damage to tomatoes by moths in 2019 have been noted since June, only in some remote farm areas since July. The first foci in greenhouses are noted, as a rule, on the side rows and in the corners of greenhouses. The pest control measures to limit its further spreading are suggested. A thorough quarantine control of products and seedlings of nightshade crops from the pest distribution zones is necessary, ensuring the spatial isolation of greenhouses from planting nightshade crops in the open ground. It is necessary to destroy damaged parts of plants (leaves with mines, fruits with moves), postharvest residues and nightshade weeds regularly. It is necessary crop rotation with the growing of intact intermediate crops. During the growing season, it is necessary to identify the pest and conduct a mass catch of males using pheromone traps. The international Committee for the prevention of insecticide resistance recommends the use of about 40 preparations from 12 classes, including bacterial, against T. absoluta.