Journal articles: 'Tomatoes – Processing'

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Iswari, Retno Sri, and R. Susanti. "Antioxidant Activity from Various Tomato Processing." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 8, no. 1 (April 21, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v8i1.4722.

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Tomato is one of the high antioxidant potential vegetables. Nowadays, there are many techniques of tomato processings instead of fresh consumption, i.e. boiled, steamed, juiced and sauteed. Every treatment of cooking will influence the chemical compound inside the fruits and the body's nutrition intake. It is important to conduct the research on antioxidant compound especially lycopene, β-carotene, vitamin C, α-tocopherol, and its activity after processing. This research has been done using the experimental method. Tomatoes were cooked into six difference ways, and then it was extracted using the same procedure continued with antioxidant measurement. The research results showed that steaming had promoted the higher antioxidant numbers (lycopene. α-tocopherol, β-carotene and vitamin C) and higher TCA and antioxidant activities in the tomatoes than other processings. It was indicated that steaming was the best way to enhance amount, capacity and activities of antioxidants of the tomatoes.

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Thomas, R., J. O'Sullivan, A. Hamill, and C. J. Swanton. "Conservation Tillage Systems for Processing Tomato Production." HortScience 36, no. 7 (December 2001): 1264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.7.1264.

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Processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are grown on ≈6000 ha in southwestern Ontario. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 at two locations to explore the potential of alternative tillage practices (conventional, disked, zone-till, and no-till) on growth, development, yield and quality of tomatoes. Growth measurements of leaf number, plant height, stem diameter, total aboveground dry weight, and LAI did not differ with tillage system. Rye (Secale cereale L.) used as a cover crop did not influence tomato growth or development. Yield differences (P < 0.05) were not observed for red and green tomato fruit harvested in the conventional, disked or zone-tillage treatments. Yield reductions (P < 0.05) were observed however, for both red and green fruit with no-tillage. The delay in crop maturity associated with no-till reduced the potential for the application of this tillage practice for tomato production. Tomato postharvest quality did not differ among tillage systems. Zone-tillage was found to be a viable alternative to the moldboard plow as a primary tillage practice for the production of processing tomatoes.

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Johnston, Russell, Vernon Shattuck, and John Seliga. "THE EFFECTS OF CROP ROTATIONS AND NITROGEN RATES ON PROCESSING TOMATO YIELDS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 622f—622. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.622f.

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The influence of various crop rotations on the marketable yield of processing tomatoes (Lvcopersicon esculentum) in southwestern Ontario was investigated. The study was conducted for three years using nine and eight crop rotations at Leamington and Dresden, respectively. Four rates of nitrogen, 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg/ha were applied to each rotation. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot experimental design. Tomato yields were generally higher at both locations for all rotations compared to continuously grown tomatoes (control). The highest yields were obtained when tomatoes were grown in an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) rotation and rotations involving rye (Secale cereale) or winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Tomato yields from the soybean (Glycine max) rotation and from continuously grown tomatoes were similar. At both locations, yields from continuously grown tomatoes increased with increasing rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Optimal yields for each rotation varied with each individual rate of nitrogen. Tomatoes grown in the alfalfa rotation showed the least response to higher rates of applied nitrogen. Our data indicates that certain crop rotations and nitrogen fertilization rates can be used together to enhance the yield of processing tomatoes.

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Porretta, Sebastiano, and Giovanna Poli. "Tomato purèe quality from transgenic processing tomatoes." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 32, no. 6 (December 1997): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb02127.x.

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5

Elkins, Edgar R. "Effect of Commercial Processing on Pesticide Residues in Selected Fruits and Vegetables." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 3 (May 1, 1989): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.3.533.

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Abstract Commercial food processing operations such as washing, blanching, and cooking remove major portions of the pesticide residues that are currently permitted on the raw agricultural crop. These unit operations are reviewed for selected products, along with degree of residue removal at each step. For example, washing plus peeling removes 99% of carbaryl and malathion residues from tomatoes. Washing removes 83% of benomyl residue from tomatoes and further processing reduces the residue by 98% in tomato puree and catsup. Even in the most concentrated fraction from tomatoes (tomato paste), residues were below the initial level in the raw product.

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Fisher, K. J., P. R. Johnstone, and M. A. Nichols. "NUTRITION OF PROCESSING TOMATOES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 571 (February 2002): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.571.3.

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Lina Asnamawati, Timbul Rasoki, Herry Novrianda, Dwi Kristanti, and Ana Nurmalia. "Pengenalan Nilai Tambah Melalui Pengolahan Dan Pemasara Saos Tomat Di SMK Agribisnis Dangau Datuk Bengkulu." Dinamisia : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/dinamisia.v5i2.4846.

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The Dangau Datuk Bengkulu Agribusiness Vocational Middle School has practicum facilities for cultivating various types of vegetables, one of which is tomatoes, which are sold directly at outlets provided to meet the daily needs of students. However, the characteristics of agricultural products are not durable,perishable, and rotten if they are not immediately sold. This problem has attracted the interest of proposers to help introduce value added analysis through processing tomatoes into tomato sauce which of course can lasta long time, have added value and high selling value. Students and some teachers have received value-added introduction training through sauce processing, operational management, training on determining the cost ofgoods sold (HPP). The ratio of added value from processing tomatoes into tomato sauce is obtained by 40% and the added value is obtained by subtracting the output value from other input prices and the raw materialprice of Rp. 6,666.67, meaning that every 1 kg of tomatoes costs Rp. creating added value of Rp. 6,666.67, - per Kg after being processed into tomato sauce.

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8

Zalom, Frank, Craig Weakley, Michael P. Hoffmann, L. T. Wilson, James Grieshop, and Gene Miyao. "IPM: Monitoring tomato fruitworm eggs in processing tomatoes." California Agriculture 44, no. 5 (September 1990): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v044n05p12.

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Engindeniz, Sait, and Gorkem Ozturk Cosar. "An Economic Comparison of Pesticide Applications for Processing and Table Tomatoes: A Case Study for Turkey." Journal of Plant Protection Research 53, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0035.

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Abstract In many circumstances, pesticides are the only effective means of controlling disease organisms, weeds, or insect pests. Yet, pesticides are toxic and potentially hazardous to humans, other animals and organisms, and the environment. Therefore, people who use pesticides or regularly come in contact with them must understand the relative toxicity, potential health effects, and preventative measures to reduce the exposure to the products they use. Today, farm-level costs include the costs of the pesticides, and their application. This study was conducted to analyse the farm-level economics of pesticide use on the processing and table tomato growing in selected regions of Turkey. Data was collected from 59 processing tomato farmers and 30 table tomato farmers. These farmers were willing to have their data recorded. According to the results of the study, the average usage concerning the active ingredient of pesticides for the processing and table tomatoes were 4,825.02 and 5,273.86 g/ha. Average pesticide and pesticide application costs of the processing and table tomatoes were determined to be $445/ha and $502/ha, respectively. The breakeven yields for the processing and table tomatoes were calculated to be 3,708 and 3,138 kg/ha, repectively.

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10

Bi, Xin Sheng, Wei Jiang Mei, and Jin Zhang. "Study on the Relationship between Fruit-Stem Separation Force and Fruit Shape of Processing Tomato." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.573.

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In order to provide a theoretical basis for the research on processing tomato harvester, three kinds of processing tomatoes which were largely cultivated and suitable for mechanization harvest in Xinjiang location of China were sampled, and after measuring the red-ripe fruit weight, fruit transverse and longitudinal diameter, the regression equations about the fruit weight and the fruit transverse diameter, fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit shape were established, and the fruit-stem separation force test on the samples was carried out, so the regression equations about the processing tomato fruit-stem separation force and the fruit weight were established. Finally, the mathematical models about fruit-stem separation force and fruit shape of processing tomatoes were built.

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11

Cahn, M. D., R. L. Snyder, and B. R. Hanson. "ESTIMATING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN PROCESSING TOMATOES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 487 (March 1999): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.487.82.

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12

Manfredi, E. "MECHANICAL HARVESTING TOMATOES FOR PROCESSING." Acta Horticulturae, no. 277 (August 1990): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.277.6.

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13

Cuartero, J., and A. Rodriguez. "SOWING SCHEDULES FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 376 (December 1994): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.376.29.

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14

Barrett, Diane M., Elisabeth Garcia, and Jo Ellen Wayne. "Textural Modification of Processing Tomatoes." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 38, no. 3 (April 1998): 173–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408699891274192.

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15

Osipitan, O. Adewale, Bradley D. Hanson, Yaakov Goldwasser, Matthew Fatino, and Mohsen B. Mesgaran. "The potential threat of branched broomrape for California processing tomato: A review." California Agriculture 75, no. 2 (July 2021): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.2021a0012.

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Branched broomrape (Phelipanche ramosa), a parasitic weed that was the focus of a $1.5 million eradication effort four decades ago in California, has recently re-emerged in tomato fields in several Central Valley counties. Processing tomatoes are important to the California agricultural economy; the state produced over 90% of the 12 million tons of tomatoes grown in the United States in 2018. Branched broomrape is listed as an “A” noxious weed by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA); discovery of broomrape in California tomato fields leads to quarantine and crop destruction without harvest, resulting in significant economic loss to growers. In countries where broomrape is common, yield reductions caused by this parasitic weed can range from moderate to 80%, depending upon the infestation level, host and environmental conditions. Developing a detailed understanding of the biology of this weed under local conditions is an important step towards developing effective management plans for California. In this review, we discuss branched broomrape in the context of California production systems, particularly of tomato. We also discuss the potential management practices that could help to prevent or reduce the impacts of branched broomrape in tomatoes and other host crops.

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16

Batuman, Ozgur, Thomas A. Turini, Michelle LeStrange, Scott Stoddard, Gene Miyao, Brenna J. Aegerter, Li-Fang Chen, Neil McRoberts, Diane E. Ullman, and Robert L. Gilbertson. "Development of an IPM Strategy for Thrips and Tomato spotted wilt virus in Processing Tomatoes in the Central Valley of California." Pathogens 9, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080636.

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Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus; genus Orthotospovirus; family Tospoviridae) is a thrips-transmitted virus that can cause substantial economic losses to many crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Since 2005, TSWV emerged as an economically important virus of processing tomatoes in the Central Valley of California, in part due to increased populations of the primary thrips vector, western flower thrips (WFT; Frankliniella occidentalis). To develop an understanding of the epidemiology of TSWV in this region, population densities of WFT and incidence of TSWV were monitored in California’s processing tomato transplant-producing greenhouses and associated open fields from 2007 to 2013. Thrips were monitored with yellow sticky cards and in tomato flowers, whereas TSWV incidence was assessed with indicator plants and field surveys for virus symptoms. All thrips identified from processing tomato fields were WFT, and females were three-fold more abundant on sticky cards than males. Symptoms of TSWV infection were observed in all monitored processing tomato fields. Incidences of TSWV ranged from 1 to 20%, with highest incidence found in late-planted fields. There was no single primary inoculum source, and inoculum sources for thrips/TSWV varied depending on the production region. These results allowed us to develop a model for TSWV infection of processing tomatoes in the Central Valley of California. The model predicts that low levels of primary TSWV inoculum are amplified in early-planted tomatoes and other susceptible crops leading to highest levels of infection in later-planted fields, especially those with high thrips populations. Based upon these findings, an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for TSWV in processing tomatoes in California was devised. This IPM strategy focuses on strategic field placement (identification of high-risk situations), planting TSWV- and thrips-free transplants, planting resistant varieties, monitoring for TSWV symptoms and thrips, roguing infected plants, thrips management targeting early generations, extensive sanitation after harvest, and strategic cropping to avoid overlap with winter bridge crops.

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17

Weaver, Susan E., Nancy Smits, and Chin S. Tan. "Estimating Yield Losses of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) Caused by Nightshade (Solanumspp.) Interference." Weed Science 35, no. 2 (March 1987): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450007898x.

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Reductions in yields of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘H2653’ and ‘Earlirouge′) caused by interference from eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun. # SOLPT) and hairy nighthsade (S. sarrachoidesSendt. # SOLSA) were estimated for transplanted and seeded tomatoes at two locations in southern Ontario. Tomato yield losses were significantly greater in seeded than in transplanted tomatoes. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rates of seeded tomatoes decreased more rapidly with increased nightshade density than did those of transplanted tomatoes. Percent yield losses also differed between sites. Seeded tomatoes grown at high density in twin rows (33 300 and 45 000 plants/ha) had higher yields and lower percent yield losses than did tomatoes grown at low density in single rows (12 500 to 22 500 plants/ha). Nightshade dry weight and seed production decreased per plant but increased per unit area with increasing nightshade density. Nightshade dry weights and seed production did not vary with site or method of tomato establishment. A hyperbolic model provided an excellent fit to data on both tomato yield losses and nightshade seed production as a function of nightshade density.

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Andrei, Corina, and Felicia Tarca. "Evaluation of the Content of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic, Tin, Copper and Zinc during the Production Process Flow of Tomato Broth." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology 70, no. 1 (November 13, 2013): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:9366.

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Heavy metals are among the largest contaminants of food products. Once metals are present in vegetables, their concentrations are rarely modified by industrial processing techniques, although in some cases washing may decrease the metal content. The main objective of this study was to quantify the effect of industrial processing on the content of lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, tin, copper and zinc in tomatoes and products resulting on flow technology of tomato broth. For the determination of essential elements and/or potentially toxic was use atomic absorption spectrometry. The analytical results for quantitative evaluation the concentrations of the investigated elements on the samples of tomatoes taken from the technological process of the production of tomato broth indicated the presence of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn but with a level of concentration that significantly decreased in the finished product and the absence of metals Hg and As in all investigated samples. Effect of industrial processing on the content of tin in tomato samples analyzed was characterized by fluctuations in the residual content that led to a significant increase in concentration of 0.100 ± 0.041 mg kg-1 (tomatoes - unprocessed) to 0.200 ± 0.041 mg kg-1 (tomato broth).

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McGiffen, Milton E., John B. Masiunas, and John D. Hesketh. "Competition for Light Between Tomatoes and Nightshades (Solanum nigrumorS. ptycanthum)." Weed Science 40, no. 2 (June 1992): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450005726x.

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The effect of black and eastern black nightshade on the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by a processing tomato canopy was studied along with the correlation between PAR and tomato growth and yield. During 1989 and 1990, black and eastern black nightshade were established at densities of 0 to 4.8 m−2within rows of transplanted, irrigated processing tomatoes. Increasing the density of either nightshade species decreased the number of tomato fruit; however, eastern black nightshade reduced tomato yield more than black nightshade. Eastern black nightshade was taller than the tomatoes, reducing PAR reaching the top of the tomato canopy. PAR reaching the top of the tomato canopy was positively correlated with yield and negatively correlated with eastern black nightshade density. Eastern black nightshade intraspecific competition decreased both stem and berry weight. Black nightshade was never taller than tomatoes and did not affect PAR reaching the top of the crop canopy. Increasing the density of black nightshade decreased berry dry weight but increased the weight of stems and leaves.

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Phene, C. J., R. B. Hutmacher, and K. R. Davis. "Two Hundred Tons Per Hectare of Processing Tomatoes—Can We Reach It?" HortTechnology 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.2.1.16.

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Processing tomato is an important crop in California, where ≈ 100,000 ha is grown annually. In the past, processing tomatoes have been irrigated mostly by sprinkler and furrow irrigation, although several tests have been conducted with drip irrigation, and a few growers are using subsurface drip irrigation. Yields of tomato have been shown to be sensitive to water management when the amount of irrigation water closely matches plant water use. Tomatoes have been identified as susceptible to drought stress and waterlogging at both ends of the furrow irrigation cycle. Subsurface drip irrigation is a relatively new method in which drip irrigation laterals are buried permanently 20 to 60 cm below the soil surface. This method has provided the control and uniformity of water and fertilizer distribution necessary to maximize the yield of processing tomatoes. A computerized control system maintains nearly constant soil water and nutrient concentration in the root zone by irrigating and fertilizing frequently, thus avoiding small water and nutrient stresses, especially during the critical period between first and peak bloom. During the maturation and ripening stage, irrigation and nutrient concentrations can be adjusted to increase soluble solids and to adjust the maturation rate to coincide with the harvest schedule. Maximum yield levels can be obtained when nearly all the fertilizers (N, P, and K) are injected precisely in time and space through the drip irrigation system to meet the crop nutrient requirement. Water-use efficiency (WUE), defined as the ratio of yield: unit of water used by the plant, can be maximized by using this precise irrigation and fertilization technique. Yields >200 t·ha-1 of red tomatoes were achieved in large field plot research, and commercial yields of 150 t·ha-1 were achieved in large-scale field applications with a lesser degree of control. Therefore, we predict that with further fine-tuning, commercial yields of 200 tons of processing tomatoes/ha could be achieved using a subsurface drip irrigation system with accurate water and fertility management.

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DICK, J., and V. SHATTUCK. "INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON BLOTCHY RIPENING IN PROCESSING TOMATOES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-052.

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The effect of potassium fertilization on blotchy ripening in processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated. Potassium treatments up to 624 and 590 kg ha−1 in 1983 and 1984 decreased the incidence of blotchy fruit. Differences in blotch susceptibility occurred among commercial cultivars. Potassium fertilization and cultivar are factors influencing pericarp color in processing tomatoes.Key words: Tomato, blotchy ripening, potassium

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BENNETT, S. D., K. W. LITTRELL, T. A. HILL, M. MAHOVIC, and C. BARTON BEHRAVESH. "Multistate foodborne disease outbreaks associated with raw tomatoes, United States, 1990–2010: a recurring public health problem." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 7 (August 28, 2014): 1352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814002167.

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SUMMARYWe examined multistate outbreaks attributed to raw tomatoes in the United States from 1990 to 2010. We summarized the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of 15 outbreaks resulting in 1959 illnesses, 384 hospitalizations, and three deaths. Most (80%) outbreaks were reported during 2000–2010; 73% occurred May–September. Outbreaks commonly affected adult (median age 34 years) women (median 58% of outbreak cases). All outbreaks were caused bySalmonella[serotypes Newport (n = 6 outbreaks), Braenderup (n = 2), Baildon, Enteritidis, Javiana, Montevideo, Thompson, Typhimurium (n = 1 each); multiple serotypes (n = 1)]. Red, round (69% of outbreaks), Roma (23%), and grape (8%) tomatoes were implicated. Most (93%) outbreaks were associated with tomatoes served predominantly in restaurants. However, traceback investigations suggested that contamination occurred on farms, at packinghouses, or at fresh-cut processing facilities. Government agencies, academia, trade associations, and the fresh tomato industry should consider further efforts to identify interventions to reduce contamination of tomatoes during production and processing.

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Phene, C. J., R. B. Hutmacher, K. R. Davis, and R. L. McCormick. "WATER-FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT OF PROCESSING TOMATOES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 277 (August 1990): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.277.15.

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24

Zalom, F. G. "PESTS, ENDANGERED PESTICIDES AND PROCESSING TOMATOES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 613 (September 2003): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.613.35.

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BARRETT, DIANE M., ELISABETH GARCIA, and GENE MIYAO. "DEFECTS AND PEELABILITY OF PROCESSING TOMATOES." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 30, no. 1 (January 13, 2006): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2005.00045.x.

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Bilalis, Dimitrios, Magdalini Krokida, Ioannis Roussis, Panayiota Papastylianou, Ilias Travlos, Nikolina Cheimona, and Argyro Dede. "Effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on yield and quality of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." Folia Horticulturae 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2018-0027.

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Abstract The demand for organically grown products is increasing because many people are concerned about the environment and believe that organic products are healthier than conventional ones. Some studies have shown that organically produced tomato fruits contain higher levels of antioxidants, polyphenols and carotenoids than those produced conventionally. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of organic and inorganic fertilization on agronomic and quality characteristics of the processing tomato. The 2-year experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, with three replications and three fertilization treatments (untreated, compost and inorganic fertilizer). The results showed that the highest fruit number per plant (98.5), average fruit weight (63.6 g) and fruit yield (168.0 t ha−1) were obtained under inorganic fertilization. The highest total soluble solids (4.39 °Brix) and total soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio (17.4), L* (43.4) and a* (35.4) values, as well as the highest lycopene content (88.5 mg kg−1 f.w). were achieved through the application of organic fertilizer. Significantly higher total soluble solids and total soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio in organically grown tomatoes are particularly important to the processing tomato industry. Finally, the highest lycopene content produced under organic fertilization as well as the non-significant difference between the organic and conventional tomatoes in terms of lycopene yield make organic processing tomatoes suitable for lycopene production.

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Tokarskyy, Oleksandr, Mykhaylo Korda, and Halyna Lukyantseva. "Transfer efficacy of Escherichia coli O157:H7 between surfaces of green mature tomatoes and common food processing materials." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (October 28, 2020): 1027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1408.

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The objectives of this study were: a) to evaluate E. coli O157:H7 survival on green mature tomatoes and squares of common food processing materials – stainless steel, plastic (HDPE), and vinyl conveyor belt (PVC) – post-drying, stored at 25 ºC in the humidified environment for four days; b) to determine pathogen transfer rates (wet, 90 minutes, or 24-hours drying post-inoculation), from inoculated tomato surfaces to uninoculated steel, plastic, and vinyl conveyor belt squares and conversely. It was shown that E. coli O157:H7 did not survive well on the surface of tomatoes, resulting in a decline from 5.3 log10 CFU.mL-1 90 minutes post-drying to 1.4 log10 CFU.mL-1 on day 4. Similarly, the pathogen did not survive well on the surface of food processing squares, with numbers declining over 4 days from 4.04, 4.44, and 4.19 CFU.mL-1 of rinsate 90 minutes squares post-drying to 0.72, 0.50, 0.83 log10 CFU.mL-1, which is close to the detection limit, for the steel, vinyl belt, and plastic, respectively. Successful cross-contamination between tomatoes and food processing surfaces was achieved during wet transfer; while transfer after 90 minutes inoculum post-drying and 24 hours were less successful. This can be explained by both lack of liquid media with suspended bacteria for transfer and fast pathogen die-off after desiccation. Dry transfers, as shown by the percentage of “positive” for pathogen presence tomatoes and squares, as well as bacterial counts, were more successful from tomatoes to squares, but not conversely. Special concern raised vinyl conveyor belt, where the surface picked up the most pathogen cells from the surface of tomatoes, resulting in 100% positive during 90 minute-dry transfers, followed by plastic (66.7% positive) and steel (55.6% positive). To summarize, we presented data on the possibility of cross-contamination between mature green tomatoes and common food processing surfaces, which may be interesting for the processors for risk evaluation.

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Ajayi, Oluseyi Moses, Wayne Martindale, and Mark Swainson. "Impact of salt and sugar reformulation on processing parameters for orange juice and tomatoes using ohmic heating." British Food Journal 122, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2018-0821.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, it aims to investigate how salt and sugar reduction in foods due to the pressure from the emerging food regulations will affect the physico-electrical properties (PEPs) of orange juice and tomatoes during a selected PEP-dependent thermal processing. Second, the authors are keen to understand how variations in salt and sugar ingredients will affect the time-temperature processing requirements. Design/methodology/approach PEPs of the samples (orange juice and tomatoes) were measured using the KD2 thermal analyser and RS conductivity metre. Both samples with varying salt and sugar levels were subjected to ohmic heating processing using a 10 kW ohmic heater. Dehydration rates and processing times for pasteurisation were obtained. Findings Electrical conductivity increases with added salt in tomato puree but decreases with added sugar in orange juice. Statistical evidence confirmed significant changes in heating rates and processing times of tomatoes and orange juice as their relevant salt and sugar levels change. Reduction in salt content in tomato puree led to increase in time and energy for the thermal processes. While reduction in added sugar in orange juice results led to reduction in processing time and energy requirement for the processing operation. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to small change in salt and sugar variations in order to reflect recommended limits. There were therefore no significant changes in thermal conductivity for the range investigated. Also this study is focussed on two food products. Practical implications Current pressure on the need to reduce salt and sugar in foods necessitates research to increase food processing industry insight into the process and product impacts of such recipe changes, with particular regard to processing efficiency and product safety and quality. Originality/value This study represents an attempt to understand the impact of salt and sugar variations on properties and processing requirements of tomato puree and orange juice.

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Silva, Cícero J., Nadson C. Pontes, Adelmo Golynski, Marcos B. Braga, Alice M. Quezado-Duval, and Nikson EP Silva. "Performance of processing tomatoes under different supply levels of crop evapotranspiration." Horticultura Brasileira 36, no. 3 (September 2018): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620180303.

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ABSTRACT Irrigation management is essential to promote appropriate plant growth and guarantee production and quality of the tomatoes for processing, increases the efficiency of nutrients use and contributes to ensure the sustainability of the production chain. This study was installed to evaluate productive performance of two processing tomato hybrids submitted to five water depths under drip irrigation system. Five levels of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) replacement (60%, 100%, 140%, 180% and 220%) and two tomato hybrids (BRS Sena and H 9992) were tested. The experimental design was a 5×2 factorial arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. During the crop cycle, hybrids BRS Sena and H 9992 needed 692.20 and 418.43 mm of water, yielding 80 and 44.06 t ha-1, respectively. For both hybrids, the higher water productivity was observed when lower levels of irrigation were applied. Higher productivities and pulp yields of ‘BRS Sena’ and ‘H 9992’ were noticed when replacing 150-166% and 99-101% ETc, respectively. We observed that improving the performance of processing hybrid tomatoes is possible by adjusting irrigation levels for each hybrid according to growing conditions.

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Benavides, M., M. Cantón-Garbín, J. A. Sánchez-Molina, and F. Rodríguez. "Automatic Tomato and Peduncle Location System Based on Computer Vision for Use in Robotized Harvesting." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 5887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175887.

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Protected agriculture is a field in which the use of automatic systems is a key factor. In fact, the automatic harvesting of delicate fruit has not yet been perfected. This issue has received a great deal of attention over the last forty years, although no commercial harvesting robots are available at present, mainly due to the complexity and variability of the working environments. In this work we developed a computer vision system (CVS) to automate the detection and localization of fruit in a tomato crop in a typical Mediterranean greenhouse. The tasks to be performed by the system are: (1) the detection of the ripe tomatoes, (2) the location of the ripe tomatoes in the XY coordinates of the image, and (3) the location of the ripe tomatoes’ peduncles in the XY coordinates of the image. Tasks 1 and 2 were performed using a large set of digital image processing tools (enhancement, edge detection, segmentation, and the feature’s description of the tomatoes). Task 3 was carried out using basic trigonometry and numerical and geometrical descriptors. The results are very promising for beef and cluster tomatoes, with the system being able to classify 80.8% and 87.5%, respectively, of fruit with visible peduncles as “collectible”. The average processing time per image for visible ripe and harvested tomatoes was less than 30 ms.

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Palacios, Diego, Mario Arzamendia, Derlis Gregor, Kevin Cikel, Regina León, and Marcos Villagra. "Definition and Application of a Computational Parameter for the Quantitative Production of Hydroponic Tomatoes Based on Artificial Neural Networks and Digital Image Processing." AgriEngineering 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3010001.

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This work presents an alternative method, referred to as Productivity Index or PI, to quantify the production of hydroponic tomatoes using computer vision and neural networks, in contrast to other well-known metrics, such as weight and count. This new method also allows the automation of processes, such as tracking of tomato growth and quality control. To compute the PI, a series of computational processes are conducted to calculate the total pixel area of the displayed tomatoes and obtain a quantitative indicator of hydroponic crop production. Using the PI, it was possible to identify objects belonging to hydroponic tomatoes with an error rate of 1.07%. After the neural networks were trained, the PI was applied to a full crop season of hydroponic tomatoes to show the potential of the PI to monitor the growth and maturation of tomatoes using different dosages of nutrients. With the help of the PI, it was observed that a nutrient dosage diluted with 50% water shows no difference in yield when compared with the use of the same nutrient with no dilution.

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Mitchell*, Jeffrey P., Gene M. Miyao, Jim J. Jackson, Lee F. Jackson, Tom Lanini, Charlie G. Summers, and Jim J. Stapleton. "Reduced Tillage Tomato/Wheat Rotations in California's Central Valley." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 749E—750. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.749e.

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Two field comparisons of conservation tillage tomato production alternatives following wheat were conducted in California's Central Valley. Both studies compared: 1) standard tillage; 2) bed disk or permanent bed minimum tillage; and 3) strip-tillage following winter wheat crops that were harvested the previous June. Processing tomatoes were produced at the site in Davis, Calif., and fresh market tomatoes were grown in Parlier, Calif. At both sites, establishing tomatoes using a commercial transplanter or a modified conservation tillage transplanter achieved adequate stands even in the minimally-tilled strip-till system. Timing of the strip till operation, however, is critical so that large chuncks of dry soil are not brought up and so that these do not create very rough bed surfaces that may cause harvest problems, particularly for processing tomatoes. Machine harvesting the crop at the Davis site did not seem to create any mechanical difficulties or generate additional trash going into the harvest trailer. This may have been due to the fact that by harvest time, the majority of the surface residue from the previous wheat crop had already been broken down or at least sufficiently worked into the soil to pose minimal mechanical harvester impedance or contamination. Tomato yields for the reduced till systems equalled yields of the standard till systems at both sites.

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Siskandar, Ridwan, Noer A. Indrawan, Billi Rifa Kusumah, Sesar Husen Santosa, Irmansyah Irmansyah, and Irzaman Irzaman. "PENERAPAN REKAYASA MESIN SORTIR SEBAGAI PENENTU KEMATANGAN BUAH JERUK DAN TOMAT MERAH BERBASIS IMAGE PROCESSING." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v9i3.222-236.

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The embedded systems in the industrial, especially image processing, is increasingly leading to the study of production automation systems such as fruit sorting. Post-harvest sorting system implemented by the industry is manual, so it’s not effective. The solution was to conduct research aimed at modifying post-harvest sorting tools by engineering tomato and orange sorting machines based on their color. The method uses image processing. It’s the most efficient alternative in terms of cost and complexity of hardware design, does not require many sensors, but produces an accurate output. The camera is placed on the mechanical sorting machine system, taking images to determine the sorting execution after the fruit color type are recognized. The results of the research were carried out through several tests, namely: light intensity, color image data, and organoleptics. Light intensity test showed that the position of the tool had a value of 0.78% of the outside light disturbance. Color image shows the range of ripeness values (R/G) for raw tomatoes 0<=1.04; half ripe tomatoes 1.04<=1.39; ripe tomatoes 1.39<=3.59; raw orange 0<=0.92; undercooked oranges 0.92<=0.98; and ripe oranges 0.98<=1.66. Organoleptic test from five observers had the same results as the reading on the fruit sorting tool. Keywords : engineering, fruit maturity, oranges, sorting machines, tomatoes

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Hunt, D. W. A., and G. Whitfield. "POTATO TRAP CROPS FOR CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN TOMATOES." Canadian Entomologist 128, no. 3 (June 1996): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent128407-3.

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AbstractThe use of potato as a trap crop for the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in processing tomatoes was evaluated. The proportion of beetles counted on potato trap rows vs. the tomato crop on a per plant basis was 0.99, 1 week after transplanting, and never fell below 0.93 on any sampling date. In tomato plots that received no insecticides, potato trap rows placed as much as 16 tomato beds apart were effective in reducing beetle numbers on the tomatoes and producing crop yields 61–87% higher than plots without trap rows. Four of six pairs of plots had significantly fewer adult beetles and significantly higher tomato yields when a potato trap crop was present.

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GURTLER, JOSHUA B., NIA A. HARLEE, AMANDA M. SMELSER, and KEITH R. SCHNEIDER. "Salmonella enterica Contamination of Market Fresh Tomatoes: A Review." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 7 (June 25, 2018): 1193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-395.

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ABSTRACT Salmonella contamination associated with market fresh tomatoes has been problematic for the industry and consumers. A number of outbreaks have occurred, and dollar losses for the industry, including indirect collateral impact to agriculturally connected communities, have run into the hundreds of millions of dollars. This review covers these issues and an array of problems and potential solutions surrounding Salmonella contamination in tomatoes. Some other areas discussed include (i) the use of case-control studies and DNA fingerprinting to identify sources of contamination, (ii) the predilection for contamination based on Salmonella serovar and tomato cultivar, (iii) internalization, survival, and growth of Salmonella in or on tomatoes and the tomato plant, in biofilms, and in niches ancillary to tomato production and processing, (iv) the prevalence of Salmonella in tomatoes, especially in endogenous regions, and potential sources of contamination, and (v) effective and experimental means of decontaminating Salmonella from the surface and stem scar regions of the tomato. Future research should be directed in many of the areas discussed in this review, including determining and eliminating sources of contamination and targeting regions of the country where Salmonella is endemic and contamination is most likely to occur. Agriculturalists, horticulturalists, microbiologists, and epidemiologists may make the largest impact by working together to solve other unanswered questions regarding tomatoes and Salmonella contamination.

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Florica, Buşuricu, Anghel Andreea, Margaritti Doina, Tomoş Sirma, and Schroder Verginica. "The Influence of Thermal Processing on Antioxidant Capacity of Tomatoes Based Products." ARS Medica Tomitana 25, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsm-2019-0023.

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Abstract We intend to study the influence of thermal processing on the antioxidant capacity of tomato products. The products were analyzed for lycopene content and antioxidant activity. Lycopene was extracted using a mixture of hexane: ethyl alcohol: acetone, in ration of 1:25 (w: v). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the DPPH method. The obtained results show a higher quantity of lycopene in the processed products (8, 4800 ±0, 48079 - 11,8217 ±0. 37010 mg/100g), compared to the fresh ones (2.9400±0.1510-4.0933±0.16773 mg/100g) and the antioxidant activity registers higher values in the aqueous extracts (21-45%). The thermal processing concentrates the content of lycopene and preserves the antioxidant activity, so that for the optimal nutritional intake of antioxidant phytonutrients, the consumption of processed tomatoes is indicated, to the detriment of the fresh tomatoes.

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Mulatu, B., S. W. Applebaum, Z. Kerem, and M. Coll. "Tomato fruit size, maturity and α-tomatine content influence the performance of larvae of potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 96, no. 2 (April 2006): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2005412.

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AbstractVarious physical and chemical properties of host plants influence insect larval performance and subsequent adult fitness. Tomato plants are relatively new hosts to the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), with the fruit being its preferred feeding site. However, it is unclear how the biochemical and physical properties of tomato fruits relate to potato tuber moth performance. Significant amounts of α-tomatine were detected in maturing green and ripening fruits of cherry (cv. Ceres) and processing (cv. Serio) types of tomatoes whereas none was detected in a fresh market variety (cv. Marglobe), at comparable stages. α-Tomatine is negatively and significantly correlated with development rate (head capsule size) of larvae reared in the fruits of the cherry and processing type tomatoes. Generally, survival, growth and development were significantly superior for larvae reared in the ripening fruits of the fresh market cultivar. At this stage, the fruits of this cultivar are also the largest. Based on these results it is concluded that fruit α-tomatine content, as wellas fruit size and maturity, all affect performance of P. operculella larvae in the fruits of cultivated tomatoes.

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Raffaelli, Michele, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Francesca Sorelli, Marco Ginanni, and Andrea Peruzzi. "Physical weed control in processing tomatoes in Central Italy." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 2 (January 11, 2011): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000578.

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AbstractTomato is a very important vegetable crop in Italy. Improving the means of production for processing organic tomatoes could help guarantee better profits for farmers and, at the same time, enhance environmental management and safeguard consumers’ health. Weed control, in particular within crop rows, is one of the main problems in organic farming, and thus also for the organic cultivation of tomato. The aim of this study was to develop innovative strategies and equipment for effective physical weed control in processing tomatoes. A conventional weed management system incorporating herbicides was compared with an alternative system relying exclusively on physical control during three growing seasons (2006–2008) on a farm located near Pisa, Italy. The crop was transplanted mechanically onto paired rows. The conventional strategy consisted of three different chemical treatments, two post-transplanting PTO-powered rotary hoe passes and several hand-weeding treatments on the paired rows. The alternative system included a stale seedbed technique (performed by a rolling harrow pass and one flaming treatment), two post-transplanting precision hoeing treatments and several hand-weeding treatments. All the machines for the alternative system were adjusted and set up for processing tomatoes transplanted in paired rows. Each physical treatment (mechanical and thermal) within the alternative system allowed an ‘instantaneous’ (just before/just after) weed control from 50 to 100%, while the alternative strategy as a whole achieved values of weed dry biomass at harvest ranging from 22 to 126 g m−2. However, the alternative system required a total labor input that averaged 50% higher than the conventional strategy. The conventional system had on average more effective weed control than the alternative system, but both strategies controlled weeds effectively. Weed biomass at harvest averaged 36 and 68 g m−2 for conventional and alternative strategies, respectively. On the other hand, the alternative system generally led to a significant increase in fresh crop yield (+13% average yield for the 3 years).

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Løvdal, Droogenbroeck, Eroglu, Kaniszewski, Agati, Verheul, and Skipnes. "Valorization of Tomato Surplus and Waste Fractions: A Case Study Using Norway, Belgium, Poland, and Turkey as Examples." Foods 8, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8070229.

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There is a large potential in Europe for valorization in the vegetable food supply chain. For example, there is occasionally overproduction of tomatoes for fresh consumption, and a fraction of the production is unsuited for fresh consumption sale (unacceptable color, shape, maturity, lesions, etc.). In countries where the facilities and infrastructure for tomato processing is lacking, these tomatoes are normally destroyed, used as landfilling or animal feed, and represent an economic loss for producers and negative environmental impact. Likewise, there is also a potential in the tomato processing industry to valorize side streams and reduce waste. The present paper provides an overview of tomato production in Europe and the strategies employed for processing and valorization of tomato side streams and waste fractions. Special emphasis is put on the four tomato-producing countries Norway, Belgium, Poland, and Turkey. These countries are very different regards for example their climatic preconditions for tomato production and volumes produced, and represent the extremes among European tomato producing countries. Postharvest treatments and applications for optimized harvest time and improved storage for premium raw material quality are discussed, as well as novel, sustainable processing technologies for minimum waste and side stream valorization. Preservation and enrichment of lycopene, the primary health promoting agent and sales argument, is reviewed in detail. The European volume of tomato postharvest wastage is estimated at >3 million metric tons per year. Together, the optimization of harvesting time and preprocessing storage conditions and sustainable food processing technologies, coupled with stabilization and valorization of processing by-products and side streams, can significantly contribute to the valorization of this underutilized biomass.

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Zalom, Frank G., and L. T. Wilson. "PREDICTING PHENOLOGICAL EVENTS OF CALIFORNIA PROCESSING TOMATOES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 487 (March 1999): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.487.2.

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van Zijl, J. J. B., S. E. Bosch, and C. P. J. Coetzee. "BREEDING TOMATOES FOR PROCESSING IN SOUTH AFRICA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 194 (December 1986): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.194.6.

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Branthome, X., and Y. Plé. "IRRIGATION FOR MECHANIZED HARVEST OF PROCESSING TOMATOES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 200 (March 1987): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.200.15.

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Phene, C. J., K. R. Davis, R. B. Hutmacher, and R. L. McCormick. "ADVANTAGES OF SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION FOR PROCESSING TOMATOES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 200 (March 1987): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.200.9.

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GARCIA, ELISABETH, and DIANE M. BARRETT. "ASSESSING LYCOPENE CONTENT IN CALIFORNIA PROCESSING TOMATOES." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 30, no. 1 (January 13, 2006): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2005.00047.x.

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X. Li, Z. Pan, S. K. Upadhyaya, G. G. Atungulu, and M. Delwiche. "Three-Dimensional Geometric Modeling of Processing Tomatoes." Transactions of the ASABE 54, no. 6 (2011): 2287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.40642.

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Precheur, R. J. "Management of Fungicide Residues on Processing Tomatoes." Plant Disease 76, no. 7 (1992): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-76-0700.

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Portas, C. M., and C. Correia. "DRIP IRRIGATION OF PROCESSING TOMATOES IN PORTUGAL." Acta Horticulturae, no. 542 (August 2001): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.542.12.

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Mullen, R. J., J. Caprile, T. C. Viss, M. Rego, D. Brunmeier, C. Cancilla, and C. J. Rivara. "NEW WEED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN PROCESSING TOMATOES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 542 (August 2001): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.542.2.

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Ashcroft, W. J., C. D. Aumann, P. D. Fisher, and A. Cass. "SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF PROCESSING TOMATOES IN AUSTRALIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 542 (August 2001): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.542.41.

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Ashcroft, W. J. "DRIP IRRIGATION OF PROCESSING TOMATOES IN AUSTRALIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 542 (August 2001): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.542.9.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tomatoes – Processing'

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