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Journal articles on the topic 'Tomography, electron beam tomography, x-ray tomography'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Fischer, F., D. Hoppe, E. Schleicher, G. Mattausch, H. Flaske, R. Bartel, and U. Hampel. "An ultra fast electron beam x-ray tomography scanner." Measurement Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (July 24, 2008): 094002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/19/9/094002.

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2

Bieberle, M., E. Schleicher, F. Fischer, D. Koch, H. J. Menz, H. G. Mayer, and U. Hampel. "Dual-plane ultrafast limited-angle electron beam x-ray tomography." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 21, no. 3 (September 2010): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2009.12.001.

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3

Stewart, Andrew. "Combing electron diffraction techniques for structure solution." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314096302.

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The last few years have seen a revolution in the field of 3D electron diffraction or diffraction tomography. We have moved from only acquiring a few low index zone axis patterns to full tomographic data sets recording all accessible areas of reciprocal space. These new larger data sets have made it easier for structure solution techniques such as direct methods from the x-ray world to be applied to the electron diffraction data for structure solution. While structure solution with tomographic electron diffraction is non trivial when compared to the x-ray case it is significantly easier than it was a few years ago. Mugnaioli et al. We are now in a situation where the most difficult and time consuming step can be the assignment of the space group to a data set. Electron diffraction has many advantages over the x-ray case in terms of the manner in which we can manipulate the electron beam. This allows the collection to convergent beam diffraction (CBD) or large angle convergent beam diffraction (LACBED) patterns, via the recently developed technique by Beanland et al. These techniques can make the assignment of space group significantly easier affair, and the path to structure solution a lot smoother. We will present the combination of data from tomographic, selected area (SA) and nano-beam (NBD) datasets, with diffraction from tomographic LACBED experiments where using the strengths of each technique can be leveraged for a much quicker route to structure solution.

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4

Eggl, Elena, Simone Schleede, Martin Bech, Klaus Achterhold, Roderick Loewen, Ronald D. Ruth, and Franz Pfeiffer. "X-ray phase-contrast tomography with a compact laser-driven synchrotron source." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 18 (April 20, 2015): 5567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500938112.

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Between X-ray tubes and large-scale synchrotron sources, a large gap in performance exists with respect to the monochromaticity and brilliance of the X-ray beam. However, due to their size and cost, large-scale synchrotrons are not available for more routine applications in small and medium-sized academic or industrial laboratories. This gap could be closed by laser-driven compact synchrotron light sources (CLS), which use an infrared (IR) laser cavity in combination with a small electron storage ring. Hard X-rays are produced through the process of inverse Compton scattering upon the intersection of the electron bunch with the focused laser beam. The produced X-ray beam is intrinsically monochromatic and highly collimated. This makes a CLS well-suited for applications of more advanced––and more challenging––X-ray imaging approaches, such as X-ray multimodal tomography. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first results of a first successful demonstration experiment in which a monochromatic X-ray beam from a CLS was used for multimodal, i.e., phase-, dark-field, and attenuation-contrast, X-ray tomography. We show results from a fluid phantom with different liquids and a biomedical application example in the form of a multimodal CT scan of a small animal (mouse, ex vivo). The results highlight particularly that quantitative multimodal CT has become feasible with laser-driven CLS, and that the results outperform more conventional approaches.

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5

Russo, Paolo, Giovanni Mettivier, Adele Lauria, and Maria Cristina Montesi. "X-ray Cone-Beam Breast Computed Tomography: Phantom Studies." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 57, no. 1 (February 2010): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2009.2034373.

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6

Yao, Zhenwei, Tianzhen Shen, and Xingrong Chen. "Simulate bronchoscope with electron beam computed tomography." Academic Radiology 6 (February 1999): S152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(99)80542-x.

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7

Bieberle, André, Dominic Windisch, Kerolos Iskander, Martina Bieberle, and Uwe Hampel. "A Smart Multi-Plane Detector Design for Ultrafast Electron Beam X-ray Computed Tomography." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 5174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185174.

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In this paper, a smart detector design for novel multi-plane ultrafast electron beam X-ray computed tomography is presented. The concept is based on multi-plane electron beam scanning on a transparent X-ray target and elongated cuboid-shape scintillation detectors for radiation detection over an extended axial scanning range. The optical part of the scintillation detector acts as both an X-ray sensitive scintillator with a fast time response and a light guide. With that, we reduce detector complexity, number of detector elements, overall power consumption, and detector costs. We investigated the performance of this new multi-plane detector design with an evaluation detector setup that is made of cerium doped lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) as scintillation material and an avalanche photodiode (APD) array. Thereby, we assessed two design variants: A monolithic LYSO bar detector and a sandwich detector made of multiple LYSO crystals and glass light-guides. Both types reveal excellent linear detector responses, long-term stabilities, and comparable signal qualities.

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8

Hernández-Nava, Everth, Samuel Tammas-Williams, Christopher Smith, Fabien Leonard, Philip Withers, Iain Todd, and Russell Goodall. "X-ray Tomography Characterisation of Lattice Structures Processed by Selective Electron Beam Melting." Metals 7, no. 8 (August 5, 2017): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met7080300.

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9

Fischer, F., and U. Hampel. "Ultra fast electron beam X-ray computed tomography for two-phase flow measurement." Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, no. 9 (September 2010): 2254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.11.016.

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10

Janssen, C. H. C., P. M. van Ooijen, and M. Oudkerk. "Noninvasive Coronary Imaging Using Electron Beam Computed Tomography." Imaging Decisions MRI 7, no. 2 (July 2003): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1617-0830.2003.70204.x.

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11

Liu, Tianshuai, Junyan Rong, Peng Gao, Wenli Zhang, and Wenlei Liu. "Cone-beam x-ray luminescence computed tomography based on x-ray absorption dosage." Journal of Biomedical Optics 23, no. 02 (February 22, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.23.2.026006.

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12

Piers, L. H., J. Dorgelo, R. A. Tio, G. A. J. Jessurun, M. Oudkerk, and F. Zijlstra. "Assessment of coronary artery bypass graft patency by multidetector computed tomography and electron-beam tomography." International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 21, no. 4 (August 2005): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-004-6136-x.

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13

Gustschin, Alex, Tobias Neuwirth, Alexander Backs, Manuel Viermetz, Nikolai Gustschin, Michael Schulz, and Franz Pfeiffer. "Comparison of Thermal Neutron and Hard X-ray Dark-Field Tomography." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7010001.

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High visibility (0.56) neutron-based multi-modal imaging with a Talbot–Lau interferometer at a wavelength of 1.6 Å is reported. A tomography scan of a strongly absorbing quartz geode sample was performed with both the neutron and an X-ray grating interferometer (70 kVp) for a quantitative comparison. Small scattering structures embedded in the absorbing silica matrix were well resolved in neutron dark-field CT slices with a spatial resolution of about 300 μm. Beneficial effects, such as monochromaticity and stronger penetration power of the used neutron radiation, helped to avoid the beam hardening-related artificial dark-field signal which was present in the X-ray data. Both dark-field modalities show mostly the same structures; however, some scattering features appear only in the neutron domain. Potential applications of combined X-ray and neutron multi-modal CT enabling one to probe both the nuclear and the electron density-related structural properties are discussed. strongly absorbing samples are now accessible for the dark-field modality by the use of thermal neutrons.

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14

Kar, Jyotirmaya, Soumitra Kumar Dinda, Gour Gopal Roy, Sanat Kumar Roy, and Prakash Srirangam. "X-ray tomography study on porosity in electron beam welded dissimilar copper–304SS joints." Vacuum 149 (March 2018): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.12.038.

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15

Stürzel, T., M. Bieberle, E. Laurien, U. Hampel, F. Barthel, H. J. Menz, and H. G. Mayer. "Experimental facility for two- and three-dimensional ultrafast electron beam x-ray computed tomography." Review of Scientific Instruments 82, no. 2 (February 2011): 023702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3529435.

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16

Windisch, Dominic, Martina Bieberle, André Bieberle, and Uwe Hampel. "Control concepts for image-based structure tracking with ultrafast electron beam X-ray tomography." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219858048.

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In this paper, a novel approach for tracking moving structures in multiphase flows over larger axial ranges is presented, which at the same time allows imaging the tracked structures and their environment. For this purpose, ultrafast electron beam X-ray computed tomography (UFXCT) is being extended by an image-based position control. Application is scanning and tracking of, for example, bubbles, particles, waves and other features of multiphase flows within vessels and pipes. Therefore, the scanner has to be automatically traversed with the moving structure basing on real-time scanning, image reconstruction and image data processing. In this paper, requirements and different strategies for reliable object tracking in dual image plane imaging mode are discussed. Promising tracking strategies have been numerically implemented and evaluated.

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17

Hampel, U., M. Speck, D. Koch, H. J. Menz, H. G. Mayer, J. Fietz, D. Hoppe, E. Schleicher, C. Zippe, and H. M. Prasser. "Experimental ultra fast X-ray computed tomography with a linearly scanned electron beam source." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16, no. 2-3 (April 2005): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2005.02.002.

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18

Laloum, D., C. Ribière, M. Gottardi, T. Mourier, F. Lorut, and P. Bleuet. "SEM-based X-ray tomography of sub-micrometer defects in 3D integration." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-wp22.

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3D integration is a promising technology to overcome miniaturization challenges and chips densification. It consists in increasing the number of components by realizing vertical pileups of interconnected chips. Solder balls, through silicon vias (TSVs) and copper pillars are widely used for that purpose. It is essential to characterize these metallic structures in order to validate the fabrication process and to ensure an optimal connection between the different chips. Here, X-ray tomography is proposed as a non-destructive technique to investigate metallic interconnections. In particular, the potential of an innovative computerized tomography (CT) system, the X-ray tomography hosted in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), is presented. Since sample preparation is an important step of the X-ray characterization process, the use of a Plasma Focused Ion Beam (P-FIB) to extract large chunks out of the bulk silicon is reported. We expose an original work towards systematic studies: in order to validate a new copper filling chemistry, five samples containing TSVs at various filling rates have been scanned and the 3D results are shown. Chunks containing completely filled TSVs have then been scanned and their resulting 3D reconstructions demonstrate that the instrument is able to detect 500 nm diameter voids. The advantages and limitations of this characterization method are finally pointed out.

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19

Weyland, M., P. A. Midgley, and J. M. Thomas. "High Angle Annular Dark Field (HAADF) STEM Tomography of Nanostructured Catalysts." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 1104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600031597.

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Progress in the design of catalysts based on nanoparticles supported within a mesoporous silica framework requires structural analysis at high spatial resolution. While bulk analysis by X-ray diffraction and EXAFS can give the structure of active sites they are unable to determine their relative positions and local physical structure. Some success has been achieved using a combination of STEM ADF imaging and EDX mapping to elucidate such structures but these results are limited to giving 2D projections of 3D arrangements. The need exists therefore to analyse specimens in full 3D. A suitable approach is electron tomography where the 3D structure is reconstructed from a tilt series of 2D projections. in conventional electron tomography a tilt series is acquired using bright field (BF) TEM. However the large beam current means such an approach generally cannot be used on specimens based on a mesoporous silica framework as beam damage can develop rapidly.

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20

Zhang, Guanglei, Fei Liu, Jie Liu, Jianwen Luo, Yaoqin Xie, Jing Bai, and Lei Xing. "Cone Beam X-ray Luminescence Computed Tomography Based on Bayesian Method." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 36, no. 1 (January 2017): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2016.2603843.

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21

Chen, Dongmei, Fengjun Zhao, Defu Yang, Shanhui Fan, and Kaihua Wu. "Feasibility study of three-dimensional multiple-beam x-ray luminescence tomography." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 36, no. 10 (September 12, 2019): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.36.001669.

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22

Arad, Yadon, Louise A. Spadaro, Ken Goodman, David Newstein, and Alan D. Guerci. "Prediction of coronary events with electron beam computed tomography." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36, no. 4 (October 2000): 1253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00872-x.

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23

Ferrier, R. P., and Y. Liu. "Determination of writing head fields by electron beam tomography." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 175, no. 1-2 (November 1997): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(97)00591-x.

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24

Neumann, Martin, Martina Bieberle, Michael Wagner, André Bieberle, and Uwe Hampel. "Improved axial plane distance and velocity determination for ultrafast electron beam x-ray computed tomography." Measurement Science and Technology 30, no. 8 (July 1, 2019): 084001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab1ba2.

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25

Dunning, Chelsea A. S., and Magdalena Bazalova-Carter. "X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography Induced by Photon, Electron, and Proton Beams." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 38, no. 12 (December 2019): 2735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2019.2912137.

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26

Arnold, Christopher, Christoph Pobel, Fuad Osmanlic, and Carolin Körner. "Layerwise monitoring of electron beam melting via backscatter electron detection." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 8 (November 12, 2018): 1401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2018-0034.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is the introduction and validation of a new technique for process monitoring during electron beam melting (EBM). Design/methodology/approach In this study, a backscatter electron detector inside the building chamber is used for image acquisition during EBM process. By systematic variation of process parameters, the ability of displaying different topographies, especially pores, is investigated. The results are evaluated in terms of porosity and compared with optical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography. Findings The method is capable of detecting major flaws (e.g. pores) and gives information about the quality of the resulting component. Originality/value Image acquisition by evaluating backscatter electrons during EBM process is a new approach in process monitoring which avoids disadvantages restricting previously investigated techniques.

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27

Scarlett, Nicola Vivienne Yorke, Peter Tyson, Darren Fraser, Sheridan Mayo, and Anton Maksimenko. "Synchrotron X-ray CT characterization of titanium parts fabricated by additive manufacturing. Part I. Morphology." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, no. 4 (June 17, 2016): 1006–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516007359.

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Synchrotron X-ray tomography has been applied to the study of titanium parts fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM). The AM method employed here was the Arcam EBM®(electron beam melting) process which uses powdered titanium alloy, Ti64 (Ti alloy with approximately 6%Al and 4%V), as the feed and an electron beam for the sintering/welding. The experiment was conducted on the Imaging and Medical Beamline of the Australian Synchrotron. Samples were chosen to examine the effect of build direction and complexity of design on the surface morphology and final dimensions of the piece.

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28

Hirano, K. "Application of x-ray image magnifier and demagnifier to parallel beam x-ray computed tomography." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44, no. 5 (January 17, 2011): 055501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/5/055501.

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29

Thilmany, Jean. "Solid X-ray." Mechanical Engineering 129, no. 07 (July 1, 2007): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2007-jul-4.

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This article presents details of research and development in the field of medical treatments using rapid prototyping. Many physicians are turning to rapid prototyping because it can give them models of their patients’ internal organs or bones. The plastic models are essentially printed in three dimensions from a patient’s computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans. The 3D models let doctors see and touch the diseased part of a patient’s anatomy as they will see it in the operating room. A medical team is adding a new technique called electron-beam melting, which relies upon melted titanium powder to produce implantable metal devices from CT-scan information. The technology, from Arcam of Boras, Sweden, builds up the metal parts via rapid prototyping. RP4Baghdad is a humanitarian effort founded in mid-2005 by members of the U.S. rapid prototyping and manufacturing industry. It calls upon rapid prototyping techniques to help treat Iraqi civilians with severe injuries to the head and face.

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30

Kruk, A., G. Cempura, S. Lech, and A. Czyrska -Filemonowicz. "Stem-EDX and FIB-SEM Tomography of ALLVAC 718Plus Superalloy." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0093.

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Abstract Allvac 718Plus (718Plus) is a high strength, corrosion resistant nickel- based superalloy used for application in power generation, aeronautics and aerospace industry. The 718Plus microstructure consists of a γ matrix with γ’-Ni3(Al,Ti) and some δ- Ni3Nb phases as well as lamellar particles (η-Ni3Ti, η*-Ni6AlNb or Ni6(Al,Ti)Nb) precipitated at the grain boundaries. The primary strengthening mechanism for this alloy is a precipitation hardening, therefore size and distribution of precipitates are critical for the performance of the alloy. The aim of this study was to characterize precipitates in the 718Plus superalloy using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) and Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscope (FIB-SEM). The STEM-EDX and FIB-SEM tomography techniques were used for 3D imaging and metrology of the precipitates. Transmission electron microscopy and EDX spectroscopy were used to reveal details of the 718Plus microstructure and allow determine chemical composition of the phases. The study showed that electron tomography techniques permit to obtain complementary information about microstructural features (precipitates size, shape and their 3D distribution) in the reconstructed volume with comparison to conventional particle analysis methods, e.g. quantitative TEM and SEM metallography

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31

Amsterdam, Ezra A. "Electron Beam Tomography Found Not to Motivate Risk Factor Modification." Preventive Cardiology 6, no. 3 (July 2003): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1520-037x.2003.01519.x.

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32

Johnson, Greg, Andrew King, Marcelo Goncalves Honnicke, J. Marrow, and Wolfgang Ludwig. "X-ray diffraction contrast tomography: a novel technique for three-dimensional grain mapping of polycrystals. II. The combined case." Journal of Applied Crystallography 41, no. 2 (March 8, 2008): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889808001726.

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By simultaneous acquisition of the transmitted and the diffracted beams, the applicability of the previously introduced diffraction contrast tomography technique [Ludwig, Schmidt, Lauridsen & Poulsen (2008).J. Appl. Cryst.41, 302–309] can be extended to the case of undeformed polycrystalline samples containing more than 100 grains per cross section. The grains are still imaged using the occasionally occurring diffraction contribution to the X-ray attenuation coefficient, which can be observed as a reduction in the intensity of the transmitted beam when a grain fulfils the diffraction condition. Automating the segmentation of the extinction spot images is possible with the additional diffracted beam information, even in the presence of significant spot overlap. By pairing the corresponding direct (`extinction') and diffracted beam spots a robust sorting and indexing approach has been implemented. The analysis procedure is illustrated on a real data set and the result is validated by comparison with a two-dimensional grain map obtained by electron backscatter diffraction.

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33

Inkson, B. J., and G. Mobus. "3D Determination of Grain Shape in FeAl by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Tomography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 936–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030750.

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Techniques for the 3D analysis of materials at the sub-micron level are of major importance for understanding the structure and performance of new nanoengineered materials. Established techniques for determining 3D shapes of individual grains include X-ray tomography and light microscopy for grains ≫ 1μm, and 3D-atom probe for conducting grains < 50nm size. A new technique of TEM EELS tomography is being developed for particles 2-300nm in a chemically distinct matrix.For the grain size range 200nm-20μm, we have applied a new technique of 3D analysis using focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning to the site-specific analysis of the shape of individual grains in a single phase matrix. in the 3D FIB technique, a sample surface may be serially sectioned using a highly focused beam of Ga+ ions (Fig. 1). A sequential set of 2D secondary electron images through the sample can be aligned in 3D by cross-correlation of the position of reference markers in the 2D images.

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34

Ke, Xiaoxing, Sara Bals, Daire Cott, Thomas Hantschel, Hugo Bender, and Gustaaf Van Tendeloo. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Networks in Interconnects by Electron Tomography without Missing Wedge Artifacts." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2010): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609991371.

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AbstractThe three-dimensional (3D) distribution of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown inside semiconductor contact holes is studied by electron tomography. The use of a specialized tomography holder results in an angular tilt range of ±90°, which means that the so-called “missing wedge” is absent. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample for this purpose consists of a micropillar that is prepared by a dedicated procedure using the focused ion beam (FIB) but keeping the CNTs intact. The 3D results are combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to study the relation between the CNTs and the catalyst particles used during their growth. The reconstruction, based on the full range of tilt angles, is compared with a reconstruction where a missing wedge is present. This clearly illustates that the missing wedge will lead to an unreliable interpretation and will limit quantitative studies.

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Erdelyi, Ralph-Alexandru, Virgil-Florin Duma, Cosmin Sinescu, George Mihai Dobre, Adrian Bradu, and Adrian Podoleanu. "Optimization of X-ray Investigations in Dentistry Using Optical Coherence Tomography." Sensors 21, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 4554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134554.

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The most common imaging technique for dental diagnoses and treatment monitoring is X-ray imaging, which evolved from the first intraoral radiographs to high-quality three-dimensional (3D) Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Other imaging techniques have shown potential, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). We have recently reported on the boundaries of these two types of techniques, regarding. the dental fields where each one is more appropriate or where they should be both used. The aim of the present study is to explore the unique capabilities of the OCT technique to optimize X-ray units imaging (i.e., in terms of image resolution, radiation dose, or contrast). Two types of commercially available and widely used X-ray units are considered. To adjust their parameters, a protocol is developed to employ OCT images of dental conditions that are documented on high (i.e., less than 10 μm) resolution OCT images (both B-scans/cross sections and 3D reconstructions) but are hardly identified on the 200 to 75 μm resolution panoramic or CBCT radiographs. The optimized calibration of the X-ray unit includes choosing appropriate values for the anode voltage and current intensity of the X-ray tube, as well as the patient’s positioning, in order to reach the highest possible X-rays resolution at a radiation dose that is safe for the patient. The optimization protocol is developed in vitro on OCT images of extracted teeth and is further applied in vivo for each type of dental investigation. Optimized radiographic results are compared with un-optimized previously performed radiographs. Also, we show that OCT can permit a rigorous comparison between two (types of) X-ray units. In conclusion, high-quality dental images are possible using low radiation doses if an optimized protocol, developed using OCT, is applied for each type of dental investigation. Also, there are situations when the X-ray technology has drawbacks for dental diagnosis or treatment assessment. In such situations, OCT proves capable to provide qualitative images.

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36

van Genderen, E., M. T. B. Clabbers, P. P. Das, A. Stewart, I. Nederlof, K. C. Barentsen, Q. Portillo, et al. "Ab initiostructure determination of nanocrystals of organic pharmaceutical compounds by electron diffraction at room temperature using a Timepix quantum area direct electron detector." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 72, no. 2 (February 5, 2016): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273315022500.

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Until recently, structure determination by transmission electron microscopy of beam-sensitive three-dimensional nanocrystals required electron diffraction tomography data collection at liquid-nitrogen temperature, in order to reduce radiation damage. Here it is shown that the novel Timepix detector combines a high dynamic range with a very high signal-to-noise ratio and single-electron sensitivity, enablingab initiophasing of beam-sensitive organic compounds. Low-dose electron diffraction data (∼0.013 e− Å−2 s−1) were collected at room temperature with the rotation method. It was ascertained that the data were of sufficient quality for structure solution using direct methods using software developed for X-ray crystallography (XDS,SHELX) and for electron crystallography (ADT3D/PETS,SIR2014).

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37

Marchenkov, Ya V., T. L. Pashkova, A. G. Chuchalin, and V. E. Sinitsin. "Functional evaluation of trachea in patients with COPD." PULMONOLOGIYA, no. 3 (June 28, 2005): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2005-0-3-69-75.

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Severe cough associated with COPD can induce dynamic instability of trachea. It is important to investigate large airways in COPD patients and to create diagnostic program for evaluation of this dynamic changes. Aim: to investigate sensitivity and specificity of different methods for detection of dynamic tracheal instability in COPD patients. Of fifty five patients involved in this study 30 ones were selected according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into 2 groups: 20 COPD stage 2 patients with dynamic tracheal instability detected by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (the 1-st group; 14 females, 6 males; the mean age, 60.9 ± 7.9 yrs; BMI, 28.2 ± 4.3 kg / m2; the smoking history, 35.4 ± 5.2 pack-year) and 10 COPD stage 2 patients without dynamic tracheal instability according to fiberoptic bronchoscopy findings (the 2nd group; 2 females and 8 males; the mean age, 55.2 ± 4.8 yrs; BMI, 26.8 ± 2.6 kg/m2; the smoking history, 28.2 ± 3.4 pack-year). Clinical examination, flow-volume curve, body plethysmography, impulse oscillometry, X-ray examination of trachea, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and electron-beam tomography were used in our work. As a result, the most sensitive functional method was impulse oscillometry (Se = 85 %). Electron-beam tomography is more sensitive (Se = 90 %) than X-ray examination of trachea (Se = 65 %) while diagnosing dynamic tracheal instability in the COPD patients.

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ARONOVA, M. A., A. A. SOUSA, G. ZHANG, and R. D. LEAPMAN. "Limitations of beam damage in electron spectroscopic tomography of embedded cells." Journal of Microscopy 239, no. 3 (August 16, 2010): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03376.x.

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Zhu, Zheyuan, Ryan A. Ellis, and Shuo Pang. "Coded cone-beam x-ray diffraction tomography with a low-brilliance tabletop source." Optica 5, no. 6 (June 5, 2018): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.5.000733.

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Donis-González, Irwin R., Daniel E. Guyer, Anthony Pease, and Frank Barthel. "Internal characterisation of fresh agricultural products using traditional and ultrafast electron beam X-ray computed tomography imaging." Biosystems Engineering 117 (January 2014): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.07.002.

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Bieberle, M., F. Fischer, E. Schleicher, D. Koch, H. J. Menz, H. G. Mayer, and U. Hampel. "Experimental two-phase flow measurement using ultra fast limited-angle-type electron beam X-ray computed tomography." Experiments in Fluids 47, no. 3 (January 30, 2009): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0617-6.

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Budoff, Matthew, Bryan O. Grassmann, Hamid Bakhsheshi, Bruce C. Friedman, and Bruce H. Brundage. "Rates of progression of coronary calcification by electron beam computed tomography." Academic Radiology 6 (February 1999): S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(99)80525-x.

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Sandwell, Julie C., Deborah L. Wingard, Gail A. Laughlin, and Elizabeth Barrett‐Connor. "Electron Beam Computed Tomography Screening and Heart Disease Risk Factor Modification." Preventive Cardiology 9, no. 3 (June 2006): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1520-037x.2006.04862.x.

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Dall’Ava, Lorenzo, Harry Hothi, Johann Henckel, Anna Di Laura, Sean Bergiers, Paul Shearing, and Alister Hart. "Dimensional analysis of 3D-printed acetabular cups for hip arthroplasty using X-ray microcomputed tomography." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 3 (January 2, 2020): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2019-0175.

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Purpose Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly used to produce orthopaedic components for hip arthroplasty, such as acetabular cups, which show complex lattice porous structures and shapes. However, limitations on the quality of the final implants are present; thus, investigations are needed to ensure adequate quality and patients safety. X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) has been recognised to be the most suitable method to evaluate the complexity of 3D-printed parts. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of a micro-CT analysis method comparing it with reference systems, such as coordinate measuring machine and electron microscopy. Design/methodology/approach 3D-printed acetabular components for hip arthroplasty (n = 2) were investigated. Dimensions related to the dense and porous regions of the samples were measured. The micro-CT scanning parameters (voltage – kV, current – µA) were optimised selecting six combinations of beam voltage and current. Findings Micro-CT showed good correlation and agreement with both coordinate measuring machine and scanning electron microscopy when optimal scanning parameters were selected (130 kV – 100 µA to 180 kV – 80 µA). Mean discrepancies of 50 µm (± 300) and 20 µm (± 60) were found between the techniques for dense and porous dimensions. Investigation method such as micro-CT imaging may help to better understand the impact of 3D printing manufacturing technology on the properties of orthopaedic implants. Originality/value The optimisation of the scanning parameters and the validation of this method with reference techniques may guide further analysis of similar orthopaedic components.

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Gu, Lixin, Nian Wang, Xu Tang, and H. G. Changela. "Application of FIB-SEM Techniques for the Advanced Characterization of Earth and Planetary Materials." Scanning 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8406917.

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Advanced microanalytical techniques such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atom probe tomography (APT), and synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) enable one to characterize the structure and chemical and isotopic compositions of natural materials down towards the atomic scale. Dual focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) is a powerful tool for site-specific sample preparation and subsequent analysis by TEM, APT, and STXM to the highest energy and spatial resolutions. FIB-SEM also works as a stand-alone technique for three-dimensional (3D) tomography. In this review, we will outline the principles and challenges when using FIB-SEM for the advanced characterization of natural materials in the Earth and Planetary Sciences. More specifically, we aim to highlight the state-of-the-art applications of FIB-SEM using examples including (a) traditional FIB ultrathin sample preparation of small particles in the study of space weathering of lunar soil grains, (b) migration of Pb isotopes in zircons by FIB-based APT, (c) coordinated synchrotron-based STXM characterization of extraterrestrial organic material in carbonaceous chondrite, and finally (d) FIB-based 3D tomography of oil shale pores by slice and view methods. Dual beam FIB-SEM is a powerful analytical platform, the scope of which, for technological development and adaptation, is vast and exciting in the field of Earth and Planetary Sciences. For example, dual beam FIB-SEM will be a vital technique for the characterization of fine-grained asteroid and lunar samples returned to the Earth in the near future.

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Raggi, Paolo. "Electron beam tomography as an endpoint for clinical trials of antiatherosclerotic therapy." Current Atherosclerosis Reports 2, no. 4 (July 2000): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11883-000-0060-x.

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Li Jing, 李镜, 刘文杰 Liu Wenjie, 朱佩平 Zhu Peiping, and 孙怡 Sun Yi. "Reconstruction Algorithm of Fan-Beam Helical X-Ray Computer Tomography Based on Grating Imaging." Acta Optica Sinica 30, no. 2 (2010): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20103002.0421.

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Chen Xin, 陈欣, 孙怡 Sun Yi, and 朱佩平 Zhu Peiping. "Reconstruction Algorithm of Cone-Beam Phase X-Ray Computer-Tomography Based on Grating Imaging." Acta Optica Sinica 28, no. 6 (2008): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20082806.1079.

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Bandi, Bharath, Soumitra Kumar Dinda, Jyotirmaya Kar, Gour Gopal Roy, and Prakash Srirangam. "Effect of weld parameters on porosity formation in electron beam welded Zircaloy-4 joints: X-ray tomography study." Vacuum 158 (December 2018): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.09.060.

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Janzen, A., M. Schubert, F. Barthel, U. Hampel, and E. Y. Kenig. "Investigation of dynamic liquid distribution and hold-up in structured packings using ultrafast electron beam X-ray tomography." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 66 (April 2013): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2013.01.008.

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