Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tone

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tone'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Tone"

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Fong, Ivan, Fenqi Wang, Kira Chan, Tyne Johnson-Dhillon, Jadeyn Trasolini, Dawn Behne, Allard Jongman, Joan Sereno, and Yue Wang. "Phonetic adaptation in conversation: The case of Cantonese tone merging." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027635.

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Phonetic adaptation occurs when one interlocutor adjusts their speech to converge to or diverge from that of their conversation partner to enhance intelligibility. While most research investigates segmental adaptations, our study focuses on suprasegmentals, specifically Cantonese tone merging. Some Cantonese speakers (“mergers”) are found to merge certain lexical tones (e.g., mid-level Tone3 and low-level Tone6), which may cause confusions when interacting with non-merger speakers. Previous research has shown that a merger may unmerge a level tone pair (Tone3/Tone6) when shadowing a non-merger. However, still unclear is whether such changes result from automatic acoustic mimicking or reflect goal-oriented adaptations for intelligibility benefits. This study uses an unscripted conversation task involving a merger and a non-merger playing a video game, where productions of merged tones may cause confusions, thus motivating goal-oriented adaptations. Initial acoustic analyses focus on average F0 and F0 taken at 10 points along the contour in target Tone3 and Tone6 productions by mergers. Differences in these values for Tone3 versus Tone6 provide evidence that a merger is unmerging the tone pair. Preliminary results show increasing unmerging trends as the task progresses, suggesting progressive alignment toward a non-merger’s productions for intelligibility gains.
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Gbeto, Flavien. "Esquisse de la tonologie synchronique de Wemɛgbe dialecte Gbe du sud-Benin". Studies in African Linguistics 33, № 1 (1 червня 2004): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v33i1.107339.

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In this paper I show that Wemegbe, a language spoken in southern Benin, has two underlying tones, H and L, and that the surface tones M, LH and HL are derived by phonological rules. A H tone is inserted after an initial prevocalic voiceless obstruent (occurring in non verbals), creating a HL contour tone, when the vowel of the syllable is L toned. The LH tone is derived through a rightspreading rule from a L' prefix tone, which is postulated for all verbs in their imperative forms and for all nouns. Of particular interest is the fact that the rightward spreading rule for L' is blocked by a voiceless obstruent. Finally, the M tone is derived through a L-Raising rule. This analysis shows that not only can vowels be TBUs in the world's languages, but also initial root consonants can be.
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Rolle, Nicholas, and Otelemate Harry. "Why spread? Kalabari clitics spread their tone due to word-minimality, prosodic constituency, and *LHH tonotactics." Phonological Data and Analysis 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2025): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.3765/pda.v7art2.82.

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Why do certain morphemes spread their tones, while other morphemes do not? We address this funda-mental question in Kalabari (Kalaḅarị-Ịjọ), where certain clitics trigger a process of ‘low tone spread’ targeting following high tones (e.g. à ‘I’ in /à páḅụ́rụ́tẹ́ꜜẹ́/→[à pàḅụ̀rụ̀tẹ́ꜜẹ́]‘I have stammered’). We provide a comprehensive description of this process, establishing that its only triggers are a small class of prosodically-deficient pronominal clitics, all of which are low-toned, monosyllabic, and onsetless. We claim that these properties together prevent it from being parsed as a separate phonological word, and instead, the low tone of these clitics must tonally incorporate into a neighboring prosodic domain. We argue that the domain for low tone spread is the phonological phrase and show independent evidence for this exact constituent from grammatical tone. Finally, low tone spread is unbounded and targets a contiguous string of high tones within the relevant domain. We attribute its unboundedness to a conse-quence of tonal incorporation: this creates new LHH sequences which are independently marked in the language and consequently repaired by low tone spread. In total, our study demonstrates that tone spread-ing can profitably be decomposed into several sub-operations triggered by multiple interacting factors (here, word-minimality, prosodic constituency, and *LHH tonotactics).
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Myers, Scott. "Tone association and F₀ timing in Chichewa." Studies in African Linguistics 28, no. 2 (June 15, 1999): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v28i2.107375.

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In Chichewa (Bantu, Malawi), a high tone is realized as a peak in fundamental frequency (fO). In this study, the timing of fO peaks relative to the duration of the high-toned syllable was measured for high tones in phrase-medial, -penultimate and -final positions. No phonetic support was found for the assumption in the literature that a phrase-medial high tone is spread over two syllables. Instead, it was found that such a high tone is realized with a significantly later fO peak than a high tone in the last two syllables. On the other hand, support was found for Kanerva's proposal that a phrase-final high tone is shifted in phonological representation to the phrase-penultimate syllable.
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Teeranon, Phanintra, and Rungwimol Rungrojsuwan. "Change in the Standard Thai High Tone: An Acoustic Study." MANUSYA 12, no. 3 (2009): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01203003.

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Lin, Hui-shan. "Indirect tone-prominence interaction in Kunming tone sandhi." Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 45, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 44–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.00003.li.

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Abstract Kunming exhibits a special kind of interaction between tone and prominence whereby the prosodic headedness is shown to play an indirect role in tone sandhi. Due to higher-ranked tonal faithfulness constraints, lower tones, which are universally unfavored in the head position, do not change to higher tones, and higher tones, which are universally unfavored in the non-head position, do not change to lower tones. Nonetheless, though the unfavored tone-(non-)head correlation does not directly trigger tone sandhi, it indirectly decides whether tone sandhi will take place. Falling tones, inter-syllabic tone segment disagreement, and tonal combinations with identical contours are marked tonal structures in the language. But not all these structures result in tone sandhi. The penalization of these structures is tied to an unfavored tone-(non-)head correlation; only when an undesired tone-(non-)head correlation is involved are the marked tonal structures penalized. The indirect tone-(non-)head interaction observed in Kunming is special but not unique to the language as a similar correlation is found in the Chinese dialects of Dongshi Hakka and Beijing Mandarin.
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Tu, Jung-Yueh. "Analysis of errors in Mandarin disyllabic tones produced by Vietnamese speakers." Global Chinese 9, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2023-0017.

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Abstract This study investigates the tone production of Mandarin disyllabic words by Vietnamese speakers. It aims to provide insights into the challenges Vietnamese speakers face when producing Mandarin tones in disyllabic words. In the study, there were 30 Vietnamese L2 learners of Mandarin, who were requested to produce 80 (4 tones × 4 tones × 5 words of each tonal combination) disyllabic words in Mandarin. The overall results showed that Tone 4 was the most difficult among the four lexical tones. In the first syllable, most errors were found for Tone 3 when followed by another Tone 3 (where the first Tone 3 should be pronounced as a rising tone, similar to Tone 2, but mispronounced as Tone 3), which indicated that Vietnamese speakers tend to underapply Mandarin third tone sandhi. In the second syllable, most errors were found for Tone 4 when preceded by Tone 4 (the second Tone 4 mispronounced as Tone 1). The findings can help explore how L2 production models can account for L2 production of Mandarin tones by considering effects of phonetic/phonological nature of Mandarin lexical tones as well as the interference arising from the L1 phonology of learners.
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Yang, Chunsheng. "Tone errors in scripted conversations of L2 Mandarin Chinese." Chinese as a Second Language Research 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2016-0003.

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AbstractThis study examines the acquisition of Mandarin tones by American English speaking second language (L2) learners. Three types of tone sequences, namely, compatible tone sequences, conflicting tone sequences, and other tone sequences, were used. The analysis of tone errors in different tone sequences showed that, while learners seemed to have acquired the Tone 3 and its sandhi, they tended to over-apply the sandhi rule in inappropriate contexts and produced tone errors. More importantly, the low and rising tones, which are generally difficult for L2 learners to produce, were the most frequent tones produced to replace other tones. More specifically, the low tone errors tended to occur at the phrase-medial position, while the rising tone errors tended to occur at the phrase-initial position. The low and rising tone errors were attributed to the difficulty in quickly changing tone targets and F0 direction in tone production, which is the product of the superimposition of English prosody.
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Wu, Han, Yixiao Zhang, Yiru Liu, Shijun Zhang, Linjun Zhang, Hua Shu, and Yang Zhang. "The Neural Development of Chinese Lexical Tone Perception: A Mismatch Negativity Study Across Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood." Brain Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 19, 2025): 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010093.

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Background/Objectives: In a tonal language like Chinese, phonologically contrasting tones signify word meanings at the syllable level. Although the development of lexical tone perception ability has been examined in many behavioral studies, its developmental trajectory from childhood to adulthood at the neural level remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the issue by measuring the mismatch negativity (MMN) response to a Chinese lexical tonal contrast in three groups. Methods: The MMN response to a flat-falling tonal contrast (Tone1 versus Tone4) were recorded from children (25 participants aged 6–8), adolescents (26 participants aged 12–14), and young adults (20 participants aged 18–24). Nonsense speech stimuli were also used by superimposing Tone1 and Tone4 on an English syllable. Results: All three groups demonstrated typical early MMN responses in both the meaningful and nonsense syllable conditions. However, the MMN amplitudes varied significantly across groups, with the child group showing smaller responses compared to the adolescent and adult groups, while the latter two groups had similar MMN amplitudes. Conclusions: Neural sensitivity to tonal contrasts is not fully mature in children and reaches a more adult-like level during adolescence, with no significant difference in sensitivity to meaningful versus nonsense syllables. These results provide new insights into the neural development of lexical tone perception in a tonal language, highlighting its maturation during adolescence in this process.
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Li, Yuqing, and Feng Yang. "A Study on the Tone Perception of Mandarin by Native Speakers of Shaoxing Dialect." Philosophy and Social Science 1, no. 4 (April 2024): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.62381/p243407.

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This article studies how native speakers of Shaoxing dialect perceive Mandarin tones, and whether there is a perceptual correspondence between the tone system of Shaoxing dialect and Mandarin tone system. Ten participants from the Shaoxing dialect area were selected to create six pairs of Mandarin tone opposition groups, with a total of 60 Mandarin perception samples. The perception experiment was conducted using E-Prime software. The subjects determine which tone in the dialect is similar to the Mandarin tone they hear, and then input the similar tone category. Finally, statistical analysis is conducted to calculate the similarity of tone classes between two tone systems and establish a tone perception model. The corresponding relationship between the perceived Mandarin tones by 10 native speakers of Shaoxing dialect and their own dialect tone system indicates that the Gaoping 55 tone in Mandarin is perceived as the Shaoxing dialect 33 tone, and the Mandarin tortuous 214 tone is perceived as the Shaoxing dialect 35 tone. There is a similar correspondence between the perception of tones in different tone systems, which has reference value for phonetic teaching.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tone"

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Zhang, Zheng-sheng. "Tone and tone sandhi in Chinese." online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 1988. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?8907344.

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Pham, Hoa T. "Vietnamese tone, tone is not pitch." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63689.pdf.

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Hartmann, Katharina. "Focus and Tone." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1972/.

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Tone is a distinctive feature of the lexemes in tone languages. The information-structural category focus is usually marked by syntactic and morphological means in these languages, but sometimes also by intonation strategies. In intonation languages, focus is marked by pitch movements, which are also perceived as tone. The present article discusses prosodic focus marking in these two language types.
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Banterle, Francesco. "Inverse tone mapping." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55447/.

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The introduction of High Dynamic Range Imaging in computer graphics has produced a novelty in Imaging that can be compared to the introduction of colour photography or even more. Light can now be captured, stored, processed, and finally visualised without losing information. Moreover, new applications that can exploit physical values of the light have been introduced such as re-lighting of synthetic/real objects, or enhanced visualisation of scenes. However, these new processing and visualisation techniques cannot be applied to movies and pictures that have been produced by photography and cinematography in more than one hundred years. This thesis introduces a general framework for expanding legacy content into High Dynamic Range content. The expansion is achieved avoiding artefacts, producing images suitable for visualisation and re-lighting of synthetic/real objects. Moreover, it is presented a methodology based on psychophysical experiments and computational metrics to measure performances of expansion algorithms. Finally, a compression scheme, inspired by the framework, for High Dynamic Range Textures, is proposed and evaluated.
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Chan, Lee Lee L. "Fuzhou Tone Sandhi /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9935444.

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Emonts, Michael William. "Memory-based Tone Recognition of Cantonese Syllables." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/60.

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Speech recognition has only recently been applied to Cantonese. Considerable effort, however, has been spent in recognizing Mandarin, the standard dialect of Chinese. Prior to this thesis, the only published work on monosyllabic Cantonese tone recognition is from Tan Lee et al. (1993,1995). This thesis is the first of its kind in that it explores memory-based learning as a viable approach for Cantonese tone recognition. The memory-based learning algorithm employed in this thesis outperforms the highly respected and widely used neural network approach. Various numbers of tones and features are modeled to find the best method for feature selection and extraction. To further optimize this approach, experiments are performed to isolate the best feature weighting method, best class voting weights method, and the best number of k-values to implement. A detailed error analysis is also reported. This thesis will prove valuable as a future reference for memory-based learning in application to more complex tasks such as continuous speech tone recognition.
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Karlsson, Christoffer, and Lukas Schachtschabel. "Legible Tone Mapping : An evaluation of text processed by tone mapping operators." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för kreativa teknologier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-12748.

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Context. Tone mapping operators (TMO) are designed to reduce the dynamicrange of high dynamic range images so that they can be presented onstandard dynamic range display devices. Many operators focus on creatingperceptually similar images. Objectives. This thesis aims to investigate how dierent TMOs reproducephotographed text. The underlying reason being to test the contrast reproductionof each TMO. Methods. An experiment has been performed in order to investigate thelegibility of photographed and tone mapped text. A user study was conducted,in which 18 respondents partook, where respondents were to ratehow much of the text in each photograph that they found to be legible. Results. Due to low participation, the results of the experiment are mostlyinconclusive. However, some tendencies have been observed and analyzedand they fall in line with previous work within the area. Conclusions. The main conclusion that can be drawn from the results isthat the TMO presented by Kuang [11] is rated as better than the TMOsby Fattal [7] and Kim and Kautz [10].
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D'Oyley, Heather M. "Vasodilators and venous tone." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27871.

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The objective of these experiments was to investigate the effects of various membrane receptor-mediated and receptor-independent vasodilators on the resistance and capacitance vessels of conscious, unrestrained rats by measuring mean arterial pressure (MAP) and mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP), an index of total body venous tone. ln the first set of experiments the dose-response effects of the directly-acting vasodilators nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine were determined in intact rats as well as in rats treated with the ganglionic blocker, hexamethonium. The effects of these drugs were compared with those of the vehicle, normal saline, in control rats. In intact rats, iv infusion of nitroglycerin did not alter MAP while iv infusions of nitroprusside and hydralazine caused dose-dependent decreases in MAP. In intact rats, nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside did. not affect MCFP while hydralazine increased MCFP. After treatment with hexamethonium all three drugs decreased MCFP, though the decreases in MCFP caused by hydralazine were not significantly different from the corresponding changes in saline-treated rats. Therefore, sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine but not nitroglycerin were effective arteriolar dilators in intact rats; all three drugs dilated arterioles in ganglionic-blocked rats, ln intact rats, the direct venodilator actions of nitroprusside and nitroglycerin were masked by endogenous sympathetic tone. When sympathetic nerve activity was attenuated, both drugs had venodilatory effects. Hydralazine, on the other hand, hao insignificant venodilatory effects both in the presence and absence of the sympathetic reflexes. In the second set of experiments we determined the dose-response effects of hexamethonium, phentolamine, prazosin and rauwolscine — the latter being non-selective ⍺, ⍺₁-selective, and ⍺₂-selective adrenoceptor antagonists, respectively — in intact rats. Prazosin and rauwolscine were also administered to rats with reflexly increased venous tone induced by the infusion of hydralazine. In intact rats iv infusions of prazosin, phentolamine and rauwolscine all caused dose-dependent decreases in MAP; only rauwolscine reduced MCFP to levels slightly below control. Hexamethonium caused a aecrease in MAP as well as a markea reduction in MCFP. After venous tone was raised by the infusion of hydralazine, both prazosin and rauwolscine dose-dependently decreased MCFP. Therefore, the resistance and capacitance vessels contain both ⍺₁- and ⍺₂-adrenoceptors. in the intact rat, however, the capacitance vessels are somewhat resistant to the effects of postjunctionally acting ⍺-antagonists in contrast to the effects of hexamethonium which acts at the level of the ganglion.<br>Medicine, Faculty of<br>Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of<br>Graduate
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Bao, Zhiming. "The structure of tone /." New York [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 1999. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0602/99019275-d.html.

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Ighoroje, Ahbor Dolly Awani. "pH and vascular tone." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293493.

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Books on the topic "Tone"

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Zhang, Jingfen. Tono-types and Tone Evolution. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4870-7.

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Yip, Moira Jean Winsland. Tone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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Garō, Ishikawa, and Gallery Aoi (Nagoya Japan), eds. Tone Fink ten: Tone Fink. Tōkyō: Ishikawa Garō, 1994.

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Bax, Arnold. Tone poems. London: Chandos, 1985.

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McMahon, Sean. Wolfe Tone. Cork: Mercier, 2001.

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Vigeland, Tone. Tone Vigeland. London: Electrum Gallery, 1990.

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McMahon, Seán. Wolfe Tone. Cork: Mercier, 2001.

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Bax, Arnold. Tone poems. London: Chandos, 1985.

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Rivers, Olivia. Tone deaf. New York: Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2016.

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1892-1958, Tone Valdemars, ed. Valdemārs Tone. Rīga: Neputns, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tone"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Tone." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 754. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11945.

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Weik, Martin H. "tone." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1795. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_19721.

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Markham, Peter. "Tone." In What’s the Story? The Director Meets Their Screenplay, 49–54. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367815363-9.

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Block, Bruce. "Tone." In The Visual Story, 127–44. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315794839-5.

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Abrams, Michael C. "Tone." In The Art of City Sketching, 211–65. 2nd ed. Names: Abrams, Michael (Michael C.) author. Title: The art of city sketching : a field manual / Michael Abrams. Description: 2nd edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003026037-6-8.

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Marlo, Michael R., and David Odden. "Tone." In The Bantu Languages, 150–71. Second edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge language family series: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315755946-5.

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Zhang, Jie. "Tones, Tonal Phonology, and Tone Sandhi." In The Handbook of Chinese Linguistics, 443–64. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118584552.ch17.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Continuous Tone." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 169. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2875.

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Leman, Marc. "Tone Semantics." In Music and Schema Theory, 3–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85213-8_2.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Self-Tone." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 653. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10444.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tone"

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Kumar, R. Jegadeesh, M. Lohith, S. Navienvijayaraj, S. Vignesh, and D. Akash. "Link Tone Home Automation." In 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), 1–6. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt61001.2024.10724684.

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Yuan, Yi, and Hongli Deng. "An Experimental Analysis of Monosyllabic Tone and Disyllabic Tone in Wuming Mandarin." In 2024 International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (CLNLP), 78–82. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/clnlp64123.2024.00022.

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Thompson, Napier Guy Ian. "Tone sandhi between complex tones in a seven-tone southern Thai dialect." In 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1998). ISCA: ISCA, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1998-101.

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Demaidi, Mona Nabil, and Mohamed Medhat Gaber. "TONE." In the ArabWIC 6th Annual International Conference Research Track. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3333165.3333179.

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Palomino, Daniel, Muhammad Shafique, Altamiro Susin, and Jörg Henkel. "TONE." In ISLPED'14: International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2627369.2627628.

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Zhang, Yong, Xinran Xiong, and Oana Balmau. "TONE." In EuroSys '22: Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3503646.3524295.

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Qin, Zhen, and Peggy Mok. "The perception of speech and non-speech tones by tone and non-tone language listeners." In Speech Prosody 2012. ISCA: ISCA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2012-93.

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Matias, Vitor Pereira, and João Batista Neto. "Enhancing Fairness in Machine Learning: Skin Tone Classification Using the Monk Skin Tone Scale." In Anais Estendidos da Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images, 76–81. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5753/sibgrapi.est.2024.31648.

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In the machine learning era, unethical errors from poorly curated datasets are a pressing issue, especially in fields related to skin tone recognition in which imbalanced datasets lead to biased results. Developing a skin tone classification algorithm helps identify such imbalances. Existing methods range from classic computer vision pipelines to deep learning CNNs that typically employs controlled environment datasets with limited class diversity (two to six classes). Our work focuses on classifying skin tones using the 10-class Monk Skin Tone (MST) scale. To this end, we created the SkinTone in The Wild (STW) dataset by merging well-known face recognition datasets and labelling it according to the MST. This dataset comprises 39,605 images of 2,183 individuals, mostly captured in uncontrolled environments. To overcome this scenario, we evaluated different approaches which resulted in 74% accuracy and 92% off-by-one accuracy (OOAcc) with a RandomForest model, and 68% accuracy along with 86% OOAcc using a DenseNet121 CNN. Furthermore we discussed the sheer power of CNNs and showed that the DenseNet121 architecture learned to predict skin tones by focusing on the background of images. These results highlight the potential for accurate skin tone classification in machine learning which leads to better curated datasets.
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Cooper, Angela, and Yue Wang. "Cantonese tone word learning by tone and non-tone language speakers." In Interspeech 2010. ISCA: ISCA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2010-533.

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Schwanhäußer, Barbara, and Denis Burnham. "Lexical tone and pitch perception in tone and non-tone language speakers." In Interspeech 2005. ISCA: ISCA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2005-278.

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Reports on the topic "Tone"

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Ebeling, Martin, and Gerald Langner. Differences in Spectral and Fundamental Hearing between Absolute and Relative Pitch. Carl Stumpf Gesellschaft, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61712/hnpk7403.

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Consider a stimulus consisting of three sine tones with the same frequency spacing. For some listeners such a stimulus elicits a residual tone. Obviously, their hearing system interprets the three sine tones as three adjacent partials of a complex tone with a fundamental frequency equal to the frequency spacing. On the other hand, some subjects easily hear out some or even all single sine tones. One can therefore distinguish between two hearing modes: the case of the residue pitch is referred to as fundamental hearing, whereas the ability to resolve single partials is called spectral hearing or overtone hearing. Subjects may differ considerably in their capability for fundamental or spectral hearing. Depending on factors as the frequency region of the stimuli or the frequency of the residue pitch (missing fundamental) or depending on psychological factors as attention or individual hearing dispositions, subjects may even change between both modes of hearing. The present study demonstrates that possessors of absolute pitch show significant differences in spectral versus fundamental hearing compared to possessors of relative pitch. In some frequency regions, possessors and non-possessors of absolute pitch prefer either fundamental hearing or spectral hearing quite individually and often may change between both modes of hearing. However, statistically, possessors of absolute pitch show a significantly higher preference for perceiving a residue tone than possessors of relative pitch do.
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Hale, Jay H. Setting the Moral Tone in Operational Level Commands,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada331142.

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D. Rockwell, J.C. Lin, P. Oshkai, M. Reiss, and M. Pollack. Shallow Cavity Flow Tone Experiments: Onset of Locked-On States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821945.

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Larson, G. W., H. Rushmeier, and C. Piatko. A visibility matching tone reproduction operator for high dynamic range scenes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/486125.

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Camarillo, G., and H. Schulzrinne. Early Media and Ringing Tone Generation in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). RFC Editor, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3960.

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Lee, Bomi, and Michelle L. Childs. Ideal Beauty Standards: A Preliminary Analysis of Ethnicity and Skin Tone Features. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa.8298.

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Ahle, Neil W. Endothelial Mediation of Coronary Vascular Tone: Nitric Oxide Attenuation of Cholinergic Vasospastic Challenge. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1011160.

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Kapelyushnyi, Anatolyi. Феноменологічний інструментарій ефективності девіатологічного контролювання впливу телевізійного тексту на формування емоційного тонусу суспільства. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, березень 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11740.

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Main objectives of the study are the phenomenological tools of the effectiveness of deviatological control of the influence of television text on the formation of emotional tone of society. Particular attention is paid to the additional emotional meanings that arise when speaking live due to lack of time to understand them. Because of this, emotional nuances, and often the emotional background in general, arise involuntarily, against the wishes of the author. Emphasis is placed on making appropriate recommendations to TV journalists. During the Russian aggression in the Ukrainian media, the responsibility for maintaining the proper emotional tone of society is growing. Television plays an important role in Ukraine in this regard. Deviatological control of society is weakened, so more attention should be paid to professional organizations. Since we are talking about the effectiveness of deviatological control of the influence of television text on the formation of emotional tone of society, we must first keep in mind the phenomenological tools of this influence. Recently, phenomenological tools have been used more and more often during the analysis of journalistic texts in terms of the effectiveness of their impact on the mass audience. The methods of phenomenology prove to be the most effective when it comes to various aspects of spontaneous speech, which is represented in the mass media by live television broadcasting. Additional emotional meanings arise when speaking live because of the lack of time to understand them. Because of this, emotional nuances, and often in general the emotional background, which consists, at first glance, it is unknown what, arises involuntarily, against the wishes of the author. Most often, so involuntarily and contrary to out of nowhere negative color and negative emotional background. Thus, it is not a question of creating a positive emotional background in society. Even more, it is not even about an emotionally neutral perception of reality with elements of objectivity. Everything is extremely bad in our house and in the world. Results/findings and conclusions of my research: in order to improve live broadcasting, such application of phenomenological methods in the evaluation of the text from a deviatological point of view should take place at an early stage, and may precede it (the text) utterance. Key words: television, live broadcast, TV journalist, broadcast of television journalists, phenomenological tools, deviatological control, emotional tone of society.
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Bandula-Irwin, Tanya, Max Gallien, Ashley Jackson, Vanessa van den Boogaard, and Florian Weigand. Beyond Greed: Why Armed Groups Tax. Institute of Development Studies, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.044.

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Armed groups tax. Journalistic accounts often have a tone of surprise about this fact, while policy reports tend to strike a tone of alarm, highlighting the link between armed group taxation and ongoing conflict. Policymakers often focus on targeting the mechanisms of armed group taxation as part of their conflict strategy, often described as ‘following the money’. We argue that what is instead needed is a deeper understanding of the nuanced realities of armed group taxation, the motivations behind it, and the implications it has for an armed group’s relationship with civilian and diaspora populations, as well as the broader international community. We build on two distinct literatures, on armed groups and on taxation, to provide the first systematic exploration into the motivation of armed group taxation. Based on a review of the diverse practices of how armed groups tax, we highlight that a full account of the groups’ motivations needs to go beyond revenue motivations, and engage with key themes around legitimacy, control of populations, institution building, and the performance of public authority. Summary of Working Paper 131.
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Lavoie, Kimberly. High Frequency Pure Tone Audiometry and High Frequency Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions: A Correlational Analysis. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1688.

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