To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Tone expansion.
Journal articles on the topic 'Tone expansion'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Tone expansion.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Bist, Cambodge, Rémi Cozot, Gérard Madec, and Xavier Ducloux. "Tone expansion using lighting style aesthetics." Computers & Graphics 62 (February 2017): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2016.12.006.
Full text
2
Kim, Hey-Jung. "The Supplementation and Expansion of Pansori Musical Tone Theory." STUDIES IN KOREAN MUSIC 62 (December 31, 2017): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35983/sikm.2017.62.119.
Full text
3
Cornish, K. G., M. Barazanji, A. Ryberg, and J. P. Gilmore. "Hypotension produced by vagal block in primates." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 254, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): R857—R862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.6.r857.
Full textAbstract:
In many species, the vagus has been reported to contain afferents that inhibit sympathetic tone. Vagal block (VB) increases blood pressure in both the intact and sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) dog. In the present study, VB was produced in intact and SAD monkeys by infiltrating the vagi with a local anesthetic. This was done in conjunction with blood volume expansion or head-out water immersion. The cardiovascular parameters monitored were heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and left atrial pressure (LAP). VB decreased BP (-13 +/- 2.8 mmHg) in the control group and the SAD animals (-47 +/- 6.7 mmHg) without changing HR. Volume expansion decreased BP in the SAD animals (-6 +/- 3.4) but not in the intact monkeys (1.8 +/- 2.27), whereas HR did not change. Volume expansion after VB increased BP in both the SAD and the intact animals while producing a decrease in HR. Volume expansion caused LAP to increase in all groups (SAD 13.9 +/- 6.3; control VB 11.6 +/- 1.8, control 9.3 +/- 0.89, SAD VB 7.66 +/- 3.46). Immersion in the VB SAD animals increased BP to a greater extent than volume expansion. VB in the monkey must be removing input from peripheral receptors, which maintain sympathetic tone. Because immersion with VB increases BP more than volume expansion with VB, it is concluded that VB causes predominantly venous pooling. Because cardiopulmonary receptors generally inhibit sympathetic tone, it is concluded that those receptors responsible for the observed hypotension are located in the venous system, probably in the chest or the abdominal cavity.
4
Brigner, Willard L. "Auditory Illusion Analogous to the Baldwin Figure in Vision." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 2 (October 1987): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.2.527.
Full textAbstract:
An auditory illusion was demonstrated in which there was perceptual shortening of the temporal interval contiguous to a low frequency (large) tone and/or perceptual lengthening of the temporal interval contiguous to a high frequency (small) tone. This auditory analogy to the Baldwin figure was demonstrated after first determining that there was a symmetrical expansion of perceived time during the auditory filled-duration illusion.
5
Huo, Yongqing, Fan Yang, and Vincent Brost. "Inverse Tone Mapping Based upon Retina Response." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/168564.
Full textAbstract:
The development of high dynamic range (HDR) display arouses the research of inverse tone mapping methods, which expand dynamic range of the low dynamic range (LDR) image to match that of HDR monitor. This paper proposed a novel physiological approach, which could avoid artifacts occurred in most existing algorithms. Inspired by the property of the human visual system (HVS), this dynamic range expansion scheme performs with a low computational complexity and a limited number of parameters and obtains high-quality HDR results. Comparisons with three recent algorithms in the literature also show that the proposed method reveals more important image details and produces less contrast loss and distortion.
6
Randles, Clint. "A quest for the perfect tone: Luthiering, pedal boards and curriculum expansion." Journal of Music, Technology and Education 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jmte.8.2.183_1.
Full text
7
Franchini, Kleber G. "Hemodilution mediates changes in renal hemodynamics after acute volume expansion in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): R1670—R1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.6.r1670.
Full textAbstract:
The present study examined the factors responsible for triggering renal hemodynamic adjustments during acute volume expansion. The renal hemodynamic effects of graded volume expansion with 0.9% saline (Sal; 1, 2, and 4% of body wt), 7% BSA solution (0.35, 0.70, and 1.4% body wt), or whole blood from a donor rat (WBL; 0.35, 0.70, and 1.4% body wt) were compared in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Neural influences on the kidney were eliminated by vagus nerves, baro/chemoreceptor afferents, and renal nerves section, and renal perfusion pressure was controlled at constant level (∼120 mmHg) throughout the experiments. In Sal- and BSA-expanded rats, renal blood flow (RBF) increased (Sal: 15, 40, 71%; BSA 17, 49, 107%) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) decreased in parallel with the degree of volume expansion (RVR: Sal 17, 31, 44%; and BSA: 15, 35, 54%). Renal hemodynamics remained unaltered after expansion with WBL. In rats expanded with Sal or BSA, correction of the fall of hematocrit restored RBF and RVR to control levels. Interference with tubuloglomerular feedback by uretheral obstruction had no effect on the decrease in RVR with Sal or BSA. Inhibition of the vascular tone by intrarenal papaverine infusion also did not alter the renal hemodynamic response to volume expansion with Sal or BSA. These findings suggest that the changes in renal hemodynamics after acute expansion are likely mediated by changes in rheologic properties of the blood rather than by changes in active vascular tone.
8
Stuart, Caleb. "Damaged Sound: Glitching and Skipping Compact Discs in the Audio of Yasunao Tone, Nicolas Collins and Oval." Leonardo Music Journal 13 (December 2003): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/096112104322750782.
Full textAbstract:
From the initial release of the CD in 1982, artists have tampered with the system to test it, compose with it and sample from it. The author examines the use of the cracked and manipulated CD in the work of Yasunao Tone, Nicolas Collins and Oval in relation to their differing approaches and the role of the CD in sound expansion. Tone and Collins are interested in indeterminacy and the benevolent catastrophe in composition, while Oval's process has more in common with pop production and studio practices.
9
Martin, Donna. "Toning: An Interview with Eleanor Leatham." International Journal of Yoga Therapy 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17761/ijyt.5.1.b98770u742r86t81.
Full textAbstract:
Toning is the creative power within the voice...a feeling of fulfillment within self; in other words, we have a voice-we have power that comes through this voice-and when its power is released, we experience a feeling of expansion and well-being. So, it isn't just a tone, it's what's within the tone. And our body is, in a sense, an instrument that allows the voice to amplify-to release itself-and whatever is deep within Self can then move to the surface and out.
10
Calver, Alison, Joe Collier, Daniel Green, and Patrick Vallance. "Effect of acute plasma volume expansion on peripheral arteriolar tone in healthy subjects." Clinical Science 83, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0830541.
Full textAbstract:
1. Using venous occlusion plethysmography, we have investigated the forearm blood flow response in healthy subjects to the acute plasma volume expansion caused by a rapid intravenous infusion of saline. The contribution made to this response by nitric oxide has been investigated using local intra-arterial infusions of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine. 2. The infusion of 1000 ml of saline over 25 min caused plasma volume to increase by about 7%, and resulted in a rise in forearm blood flow, with no change in arterial blood pressure. The onset of the blood flow response occurred within 10 min and blood flow remained elevated above baseline 20 mm after the end of the saline infusion. 3. Local intra-arterial infusion of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine alone caused a reduction in forearm blood flow which was maximal at the end of the infusion and gradually recovered to baseline levels over 40 min. 4. When local intra-arterial infusion of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine was followed by plasma volume expansion, the calculated effect of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine was such as to abolish the vasodilator response to saline. 5. The effect of local intra-arterial infusion of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine on forearm blood flow was greater when the drug was given after volume expansion had occurred, than when it was given before the administration of saline. However, in control experiments the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline was also enhanced after the administration of the volume load in comparison with the response to noradrenaline given alone. 6. These results are consistent with the possibility that increased local synthesis of nitric oxide contributes to the vasodilator response to volume expansion.
11
Chiu, Min-Chie, and Ying-Chun Chang. "An Assessment of High-Order-Mode Analysis and Shape Optimization of Expansion Chamber Mufflers." Archives of Acoustics 39, no. 4 (March 1, 2015): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2014-0053.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A substantial quantity of research on muffler design has been restricted to a low frequency range using the plane wave theory. Based on this theory, which is a one-dimensional wave, no higher order wave has been considered. This has resulted in underestimating acoustical performances at higher frequencies when doing muffler analysis via the plane wave model. To overcome the above drawbacks, researchers have assessed a three-dimensional wave propagating for a simple expansion chamber muffler. Therefore, the acoustic effect of a higher order wave (a high frequency wave) is considered here. Unfortunately, there has been scant research on expansion chamber mufflers equipped with baffle plates that enhance noise elimination using a higher-order-mode analysis. Also, space-constrained conditions of industrial muffler designs have never been properly addressed. So, in order to improve the acoustical performance of an expansion chamber muffler within a constrained space, the optimization of an expansion chamber muffler hybridized with multiple baffle plates will be assessed. In this paper, the acoustical model of the expansion chamber muffler will be established by assuming that it is a rigid rectangular tube driven by a piston along the tube wall. Using an eigenfunction (higher-order-mode analysis), a four-pole system matrix for evaluating acoustic performance (STL) is derived. To improve the acoustic performance of the expansion chamber muffler, three kinds of expansion chamber mufflers (KA-KC) with different acoustic mechanisms are introduced and optimized for a targeted tone using a genetic algorithm (GA). Before the optimization process is performed, the higher-order-mode mathematical models of three expansion chamber mufflers (A-C) with various allocations of inlets/outlets and various chambers are also confirmed for accuracy. Results reveal that the STL of the expansion chamber mufflers at the targeted tone has been largely improved and the acoustic performance of a reverse expansion chamber muffler is more efficient than that of a straight expansion chamber muffler. Moreover, the STL of the expansion chamber mufflers will increase as the number of the chambers that separate with baffles increases.
12
Wise, Christi L., and Justin A. Zakis. "Effects of Expansion Algorithms on Speech Reception Thresholds." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 19, no. 02 (February 2008): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19.2.5.
Full textAbstract:
Expansion is commonly used to reduce microphone noise and low-level environmental noises that can be annoying to hearing aid users. It may also improve or reduce the perception of low-level speech. This study assessed the impact of two expansion algorithms, single and multiple channel, on speech reception thresholds (SRT) with 10 hearing impaired listeners wearing hearing aids with ADRO® processing. The single-channel algorithm suppressed sounds below 45 dB A, while the multiple-channel algorithm suppressed sounds below the long-term average spectrum of speech at either 55 or 45 dB SPL. The mean HINT SRTs in quiet were 39.4, 40.7, 40.6, and 41.8 dB A without expansion, with single-channel expansion, and with multiple-channel expansion at expansion thresholds of 45 and 55 dB SPL, respectively. The difference in mean SRT was only statistically significant between no expansion and multiple-channel expansion at a 55 dB SPL threshold. A regression analysis between the change in individual SRT for each expansion condition and pure tone average hearing loss showed no correlation. Our calculations indicate that only those with exceptionally good hearing will find microphone noise audible. The current practice of prescribing expansion algorithms based on hearing thresholds alone is questioned, and other rationales are discussed. La expansión se utiliza comúnmente para reducir el ruido de los micrófonos y los ruidos ambientales de bajo nivel que pueden ser perturbadores para los usuarios de auxiliares auditivos. También puede mejorar o reducir la percepción de lenguaje a bajo voumen. Este estudio evaluó el impacto de dos algoritmos de expansión, de canal múltiple y el canal único, sobre los umbrales de recepción del lenguaje (SRT) con 10 sujetos hipoacúsicos utilizando auxiliares auditivos con procesamiento ADRO®. El algoritmo de canal único suprimió sonidos por debajo de 45 dB A, mientras que el algoritmo de canal múltiple suprimió sonidos por debajo del espectro promedio a largo plazo del lenguaje, a 55 ó 45 dB SPL, respectivamente. La diferencia en el SRT medio fue sólo estadísticamente significativa entre la no expansión y la expansión de canal múltiple a un umbral de 55 dB SPL. Un análisis de regresión no mostró correlación entre el cambio en los SRT individuales para cada condición de expansión y la pérdida auditiva promedio para tonos puros. Nuestros cálculos indican que solamente aquellos con una audición excepcionalmente buena encontrarán audible el ruido del micrófono. Se cuestiona la práctica actual de prescribir algoritmos de expansión con base sólo en umbrales auditivos, y se discuten otros razonamientos.
13
Marnerides, Demetris, Thomas Bashford-Rogers, and Kurt Debattista. "Deep HDR Hallucination for Inverse Tone Mapping." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124032.
Full textAbstract:
Inverse Tone Mapping (ITM) methods attempt to reconstruct High Dynamic Range (HDR) information from Low Dynamic Range (LDR) image content. The dynamic range of well-exposed areas must be expanded and any missing information due to over/under-exposure must be recovered (hallucinated). The majority of methods focus on the former and are relatively successful, while most attempts on the latter are not of sufficient quality, even ones based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). A major factor for the reduced inpainting quality in some works is the choice of loss function. Work based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) shows promising results for image synthesis and LDR inpainting, suggesting that GAN losses can improve inverse tone mapping results. This work presents a GAN-based method that hallucinates missing information from badly exposed areas in LDR images and compares its efficacy with alternative variations. The proposed method is quantitatively competitive with state-of-the-art inverse tone mapping methods, providing good dynamic range expansion for well-exposed areas and plausible hallucinations for saturated and under-exposed areas. A density-based normalisation method, targeted for HDR content, is also proposed, as well as an HDR data augmentation method targeted for HDR hallucination.
14
JORFELDT, Lennart, Torbjörn VEDUNG, Elisabeth FORSSTRÖM, and Jan HENRIKSSON. "Influence of leg position and environmental temperature on segmental volume expansion during venous occlusion plethysmography." Clinical Science 104, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20020257.
Full textAbstract:
Blood flow determinations by venous occlusion plethysmography applying the strain-gauge technique are frequently used. A problem with the strain-gauge technique is that the relationship between venous volume and transmural pressure is not linear and, furthermore, changes with the sympathetic tone. The present study tests the hypothesis that these factors lead to a redistribution of venous blood, which may impair the accuracy of the technique. The relative volume expansion rates of four leg segments were studied with the leg in different positions and at disparate temperatures, thereby inducing varying venous pressures and sympathetic tone (n=6). With elevated leg and relaxed veins (at 50 °C), the distal thigh showed a relatively low expansion rate (25.8±4.5 ml·min-1·l-1), whereas values in the calf segments were higher (34.5–39.0 ml·min-1·l-1). With lower initial transmural pressure, calf segments can increase their volume much more during occlusion compared with the distal thigh. In a higher transmural pressure region (lowered leg), the difference in compliance between limb segments is less. In this case, compliance and volume expansion rate was higher in the distal thigh (14.2, 13.5 and 22.2 ml·min-1·l-1 at 10, 20 and 50 °C respectively) than in the calf segments (for the distal calf: 6.4, 7.7 and 16.2 ml·min-1·l-1 respectively). There was a significant interaction (P<0.001) between temperature and leg position, indicating a higher degree of sympathetic vasoactivity in the calf. It is concluded that blood flow determination by strain-gauge plethysmography is less accurate, due to a potential redistribution of the venous blood. Therefore possible influences of variations in sympathetic tone and venous pressure must be considered even in intra-individual comparisons, especially in interventional studies.
15
Albinsson, Sebastian, Yulia Shakirova, Anna Rippe, Maria Baumgarten, Bert-Inge Rosengren, Catarina Rippe, Rupert Hallmann, Per Hellstrand, Bengt Rippe, and Karl Swärd. "Arterial remodeling and plasma volume expansion in caveolin-1-deficient mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 3 (September 2007): R1222—R1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00092.2007.
Full textAbstract:
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is essential for the morphology of membrane caveolae and exerts a negative influence on a number of signaling systems, including nitric oxide (NO) production and activity of the MAP kinase cascade. In the vascular system, ablation of caveolin-1 may thus be expected to cause arterial dilatation and increased vessel wall mass (remodeling). This was tested in Cav-1 knockout (KO) mice by a detailed morphometric and functional analysis of mesenteric resistance arteries, shown to lack caveolae. Quantitative morphometry revealed increased media thickness and media-to-lumen ratio in KO. Pressure-induced myogenic tone and flow-induced dilatation were decreased in KO arteries, but both were increased toward wild-type (WT) levels following NO synthase (NOS) inhibition. Isometric force recordings following NOS inhibition showed rightward shifts of passive and active length-force relationships in KO, and the force response to α1-adrenergic stimulation was increased. In contrast, media thickness and force response of the aorta were unaltered in KO vs. WT, whereas lumen diameter was increased. Mean arterial blood pressure during isoflurane anesthesia was not different in KO vs. WT, but greater fluctuation in blood pressure over time was noted. Following NOS inhibition, fluctuations disappeared and pressure increased twice as much in KO (38 ± 6%) compared with WT (17 ± 3%). Tracer-dilution experiments showed increased plasma volume in KO. We conclude that NO affects blood pressure more in Cav-1 KO than in WT mice and that restructuring of resistance vessels and an increased responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation compensate for a decreased tone in Cav-1 KO mice.
16
Scholl, Ben, and Michael Wehr. "Disruption of Balanced Cortical Excitation and Inhibition by Acoustic Trauma." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 2 (August 2008): 646–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90406.2008.
Full textAbstract:
Sensory deafferentation results in rapid shifts in the receptive fields of cortical neurons, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying these changes remain unknown. The rapidity of these shifts has led to the suggestion that subthreshold inputs may be unmasked by a selective loss of inhibition. To study this, we used in vivo whole cell recordings to directly measure tone-evoked excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs in auditory cortical neurons before and after acoustic trauma. Here we report that acute acoustic trauma disrupted the balance of excitation and inhibition by selectively increasing and reducing the strength of inhibition at different positions within the receptive field. Inhibition was abolished for frequencies far below the trauma-tone frequency but was markedly enhanced near the edges of the region of elevated peripheral threshold. These changes occurred for relatively high-level tones. These changes in inhibition led to an expansion of receptive fields but not by a simple unmasking process. Rather, membrane potential responses were delayed and prolonged throughout the receptive field by distinct interactions between synaptic excitation and inhibition. Far below the trauma-tone frequency, decreased inhibition combined with prolonged excitation led to increased responses. Near the edges of the region of elevated peripheral threshold, increased inhibition served to delay rather than abolish responses, which were driven by prolonged excitation. These results show that the rapid receptive field shifts caused by acoustic trauma are caused by distinct mechanisms at different positions within the receptive field, which depend on differential disruption of excitation and inhibition.
17
Sorkness, R., J. Clough, and R. F. Lemanske. "Effects of airway parasympathetic tone on responses to intravenous bronchoconstrictor agonists in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 2698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.6.2698.
Full textAbstract:
To test the hypothesis that parasympathetic airway tone may affect airway responsiveness, we measured bronchoconstrictor responses to intravenous bethanechol (BCh) in anesthetized vagotomized rats with and without background vagal nerve stimulation and developed a predictive model based on pharmacological additivity between endogenous and intravenous agonists. A high degree of agreement (r2 = 0.93) between the measured and predicted responses indicated that intravenous BCh and parasympathetic tone had bronchoconstrictor effects that were pharmacologically additive. An expansion of the additive model was used to determine that the percentage of decrease in respiratory system conductance (Grs) would be a measure of airway response independent of background parasympathetic tone. As predicted, the percentage of decrease in Grs after intravenous BCh was minimally affected by background vagal stimulation. However, the percentage of decrease in Grs was augmented by vagal stimulation for intravenous 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrochloride, a known parasympathetic neuromodulator, and for methacholine, an agonist with nicotinic as well as muscarinic activity (P < 0.02 for each agonist). We conclude that airway parasympathetic tone can be a source of variability for airway responsiveness when substances having neuromodulatory activity are involved in the provocative challenge.
18
Chiu, M. C., and Y. C. Chang. "Optimal Design of Side-Inlet/Side-Outlet Expansion Mufflers with Open-Ended Perforated Tubes Using Simulated Annealing." Journal of Mechanics 27, no. 4 (December 2011): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2011.56.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTResearch on new techniques of multi-chamber mufflers equipped with a side inlet and internal nonperforated intruding tubes has been discussed in recent literature; however, the research work of multichamber mufflers in conjunction with side inlet and open-ended perforated intruding tubes which may efficiently increase the acoustical performance has been neglected. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to optimize the best design shape of multi-chamber side mufflers with open-ended perforated intruding tubes within a limited space.In this paper, the four-pole system matrix in evaluating the acoustic performance is also deduced in conjunction with a simulated algorithm (SA). Results reveal that the maximum sound transmission loss (STL) is precisely located at the desired target tone. In addition, the acoustical performance of mufflers conjugated with perforated intruding tubes is superior to those equipped with non-perforated tubes. Additionally, the noise reduction ability for a three-chamber side muffler with a non-perforated intruding tube and a two-chamber side muffler with perforated intruding tubes are equivalent. Moreover, mufflers with more chambers will increase the acoustic performance for both pure tone and broadband noise.
19
Franchini, Kleber G. "Influence of hemodilution on the renal blood flow autoregulation during acute expansion in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): R1662—R1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.6.r1662.
Full textAbstract:
Autoregulation of renal blood flow (RBF) was studied in rats that underwent equivalent blood volume expansion with saline (Sal; 5% body wt), 7% BSA solution (1.4% body wt), and reconstituted whole blood from donor rats (WBL; 1.4% body wt). Renal perfusion pressure (RPP) and renal neural reflexes were prevented by clamping RPP and sectioning the vagus, baro/chemoreceptor, and renal nerves. Sal and BSA expansion increased RBF by ∼60%, whereas no effect was observed with WBL. RBF autoregulation was markedly attenuated after expansion with cell-free solutions, but no change occurred in WBL-expanded rats. Correction of the fall in hematocrit in Sal- and BSA-expanded rats restored RBF and its autoregulation to control levels. Expansion with Sal or BSA after inhibition of renal vascular tone with intrarenal infusion of papaverine still increased RBF and further changed the RBF-RPP relationship. These findings suggest that the hemodilution plays a central role in the reduction of renal vascular resistance and in the attenuation of the autoregulatory efficiency of renal circulation that accompany expansion with cell-free solutions.
20
Yang, Pan Pan, Yan Fang Xu, Na Gao, and Ya Yuan Zhang. "Method for Testing and Analyzing the Printing Performance of Fluorescent Inks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 2779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.2779.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, fluorescent ink, with a unique color performance and the advantages of green non-toxic, fast drying, thin ink, etc., is widely used in packaging printing, security printing, and other fields. What’s more, the luminescent properties and the interaction with paper of fluorescent ink are pained more and more attention. In this experiment, an ultraviolet light source is used to motivate the samples to emit, the fiber spectrophotometer is used to receive the reflected light of the samples in the vertical direction of the samples. The tone rendering curve and dot gain curve are obtained according to the radiation energy data of the sample, the printing indicators of fluorescent ink are obtained by analyzing the reproducing image tone scale and dot expansion characteristics of ink on the paper.
21
Villanova, N., F. Azpiroz, and J. R. Malagelada. "Gastrogastric reflexes regulating gastric tone and their relationship to perception." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 273, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): G464—G469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.2.g464.
Full textAbstract:
Our aim was to investigate in humans the gastrogastric reflexes that regulate gastric tone and their relationship to perception. In nine healthy subjects, liquid distension (in 100-ml steps), warm stimuli (in 3 degrees C increments), and cold stimuli (in 6 degrees C decrements) were randomly applied in the stomach for 3 min at 8-min intervals. Gastric tone was measured as isobaric volume changes of air by a barostat, and perception was scored by a graded (0-6) questionnaire. Liquid accommodation produced an additional expansion of isobaric air maintained by the barostat (51 +/- 13 ml with 100 ml of liquid filling, P < 0.05), but this effect became inconsistent with further filling. An accommodation-like reflex was best evidenced by warm stimulation below the discomfort threshold (58 +/- 13 ml relaxation at 47 +/- 1 degrees C, P < 0.05). By contrast, cooling below discomfort induced a reflex contraction (-62 +/- 22 ml change at 18 +/- 2 degrees C, P < 0.05). In conclusion, gastric tone, i.e., accommodation and contraction, is modulated by a net of reflexes that arise from the proper wall of the stomach below the discomfort threshold.
22
Nevin, James T., Marmar Moussa, William L. Corwin, Ion I. Mandoiu, and Pramod K. Srivastava. "Sympathetic nervous tone limits the development of myeloid-derived suppressor cells." Science Immunology 5, no. 51 (September 11, 2020): eaay9368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aay9368.
Full textAbstract:
Sympathetic nerves that innervate lymphoid organs regulate immune development and function by releasing norepinephrine that is sensed by immune cells via their expression of adrenergic receptors. Here, we demonstrate that ablation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) signaling suppresses tumor immunity, and we dissect the mechanism of such immune suppression. We report that disruption of the SNS in mice removes a critical α-adrenergic signal required for maturation of myeloid cells in normal and tumor-bearing mice. In tumor-bearing mice, disruption of the α-adrenergic signal leads to the accumulation of immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that suppress tumor immunity and promote tumor growth. Furthermore, we show that these SNS-responsive MDSCs drive expansion of regulatory T cells via secretion of the alarmin heterodimer S100A8/A9, thereby compounding their immunosuppressive activity. Our results describe a regulatory framework in which sympathetic tone controls the development of innate and adaptive immune cells and influences their activity in health and disease.
23
Wang, Yue, Joan A. Sereno, Allard Jongman, and Joy Hirsch. "fMRI Evidence for Cortical Modification during Learning of Mandarin Lexical Tone." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903770007407.
Full textAbstract:
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed before and after six native English speakers completed lexical tone training as part of a program to learn Mandarin as a second language. Language-related areas including Broca's area, Wernicke's area, auditory cortex, and supplementary motor regions were active in all subjects before and after training and did not vary in average location. Across all subjects, improvements in performance were associated with an increase in the spatial extent of activation in left superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann's area 22, putative Wernicke's area), the emergence of activity in adjacent Brodmann's area 42, and the emergence of activity in right inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 44), a homologue of putative Broca's area. These findings demonstrate a form of enrichment plasticity in which the early cortical effects of learning a tone-based second language involve both expansion of preexisting language-related areas and recruitment of additional cortical regions specialized for functions similar to the new language functions.
24
Senhadji, Salima, Yassine Mohammed Bendimerad, and Fathi Tarik Bendimerad. "Enhancing PAPR reduction for FBMC-OQAM systems by joint both tone reservation and companding methods." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp919-926.
Full textAbstract:
<span>One of the major problems that faces any wireless communication system that apply multicarrier modulation technology is large Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). There are divers PAPR reduction methods to solve this problem. Tone Reservation (TR) scheme is one of the most famous PAPR reduction techniques in which a peak cancelling signal is added to the original one in such a way that PAPR will reduce. Companding is another easy PAPR reduction technique in which compression of large amplitude samples and expansion of low one. In this paper, we suggest a new PAPR reduction scheme based on combining tone reservation and companding techniques for FBMC-OQAM systems. The simulation results show that the new scheme (TR&Compd) presents better result in term of PAPR reduction compared to TR and Companding methods taken separately.</span>
25
Kilic, Nihat, Ali Kiki, Hüsamettin Oktay, and Erol Selimoglu. "Effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Conductive Hearing Loss." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/050407-217.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objective: To test the null hypothesis that rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with a rigid bonded appliance has no effect on conductive hearing loss (CHL) in growing children. Materials and Methods: Fifteen growing subjects (mean age 13.43 ± 0.86 years) who had narrow maxillary arches and CHL participated in this study. Three pure-tone audiometric and tympanometric records were taken from each subject. The first records were taken before RME (T1), the second after maxillary expansion (T2) (mean = 0.83 months), and the third after retention (mean = 6 months) and fixed appliance treatment (approximately 2 years) periods (T3). The data were analyzed by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference (LSD) tests. Results: Hearing levels of the patients were improved and air-bone gaps decreased at a statistically significant level (P < .001) during active expansion (T2–T1) and the retention and fixed appliance treatment (T2–T3) periods. Middle ear volume increased in all observation periods. However, a statistically significant increase was observed only in the T2–T3 period. No significant change was observed in the static compliance value. Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. RME treatment has a positive and statistically significant effect on both improvements in hearing and normal function of the eustachian tube in patients having transverse maxillary deficiency and CHL.
26
Aramaki, T., and T. Matsuo. "Evaluation model of policy scenarios for basin-wide water resources and quality management in the tone river, Japan." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0436.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the conceptual scenarios of various water resources and quality management on the same level of policy decisions for optimizing river basin management. First, the water and pollutants balance model in the upper reaches of the Tone River is proposed. This model has the following characteristics: (1) Water quantity and quality at various target points of the rivers are estimated simultaneously, with a statistical evaluation for the uncertainty of hydrological events; (2) The management scenarios include selection of water savings in domestic use, reservoir construction, the expansion of sewerage coverage and so on. Several interesting results supporting policy making are obtained as follows: (1) Fifteen percent reduction in domestic use is sufficient as a substitute for new reservoir; (2) the expansion of sewage coverage in the upper reaches has large effects on reduction of BOD and COD, but the nutrient removal process should be introduced in sewage treatment plants for reduction of TN and TP.
27
Georgoulis, George, Argyrios Dinopoulos, and Emmanouil Gkliatis. "Muscle Tone Assessment under General Anesthesia for Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome and Spasticity." Pediatric Neurosurgery 56, no. 2 (2021): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514329.
Full textAbstract:
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Study of muscle tone in individuals with severe spasticity (Modified Asworth Scale – MAS:3) under general anesthesia can confirm or rule out the eventual necessity of the impending spasticity relieving ablative neurosurgery by observing the hypertonia reduction and passive range of motion expansion. Therefore, what we measure under muscle relaxants is practically a fixed deformity. <b><i>Case Presentation:</i></b> The study was performed on a girl with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, presenting with icthyosis and spastic diplegia. Proposed intervention was Dorsal Rhizotomy. Under general anesthesia, with and without muscle relaxants, hypertonia was significantly reduced (MAS:1), but the angle of motion did not increase much. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> We decided not to perform such a neurosurgical procedure. In ambiguous situations, the proposed study can help in decision-making for spasticity treatment.
28
West, Crystal A., Jennifer M. Sasser, and Chris Baylis. "The enigma of continual plasma volume expansion in pregnancy: critical role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 311, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): F1125—F1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00129.2016.
Full textAbstract:
Pregnancy is characterized by avid renal sodium retention and plasma volume expansion in the presence of decreased blood pressure. Decreased maternal blood pressure is a consequence of reduced systemic vascular tone, which results from an increased production of vasodilators [nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins, and relaxin] and decreased vascular responsiveness to the potent vasoconstrictor (angiotensin II). The kidneys participate in this vasodilatory response, resulting in marked increases in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during pregnancy. In women, sodium retention drives plasma volume expansion (∼40%) and is necessary for perfusion of the growing uterus and fetus. For there to be avid sodium retention in the presence of the potent natriuretic influences of increased NO and elevated GFR, there must be modifications of the tubules to prevent salt wasting. The purpose of this review is to summarize these adaptations.
29
Coucha, Maha, Weiguo Li, Sherif Hafez, Mohammed Abdelsaid, Maribeth H. Johnson, Susan C. Fagan, and Adviye Ergul. "SOD1 overexpression prevents acute hyperglycemia-induced cerebral myogenic dysfunction: relevance to contralateral hemisphere and stroke outcomes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 308, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): H456—H466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00321.2014.
Full textAbstract:
Admission hyperglycemia (HG) amplifies vascular injury and neurological deficits in acute ischemic stroke, but the mechanisms remain controversial. We recently reported that ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury impairs the myogenic response in both hemispheres via increased nitration. However, whether HG amplifies contralateral myogenic dysfunction and whether loss of tone in the contralateral hemisphere contributes to stroke outcomes remain to be determined. Our hypothesis was that contralateral myogenic dysfunction worsens stroke outcomes after acute hyperglycemic stroke in an oxidative stress-dependent manner. Male wild-type or SOD1 transgenic rats were injected with saline or 40% glucose solution 10 min before surgery and then subjected to 30 min of ischemia/45 min or 24 h of reperfusion. In another set of animals ( n = 5), SOD1 was overexpressed only in the contralateral hemisphere by stereotaxic adenovirus injection 2–3 wk before I/R. Myogenic tone and neurovascular outcomes were determined. HG exacerbated myogenic dysfunction in contralateral side only, which was associated with infarct size expansion, increased edema, and more pronounced neurological deficit. Global and selective SOD1 overexpression restored myogenic reactivity in ipsilateral and contralateral sides, respectively, and enhanced neurovascular outcomes. In conclusion, our results show that SOD1 overexpression nullified the detrimental effects of HG on myogenic tone and stroke outcomes and that the contralateral hemisphere may be a novel target for the management of acute hyperglycemic stroke.
30
Cipolla, Marilyn J., Julie G. Sweet, Natalia I. Gokina, Sheryl L. White, and Mark T. Nelson. "Mechanisms of Enhanced Basal Tone of Brain Parenchymal Arterioles During Early Postischemic Reperfusion: Role of ET-1-Induced Peroxynitrite Generation." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 33, no. 10 (June 19, 2013): 1486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.99.
Full textAbstract:
The contributions of vasoconstrictors (endothelin-1 (ET-1), peroxynitrite) and endothelium-dependent vasodilatory mechanisms to basal tone were investigated in parenchymal arterioles (PAs) after early postischemic reperfusion. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was induced for 2 hours with 30 minutes reperfusion in male Wistar rats and compared with ischemia alone (permanent MCAO (pMCAO);2.5 hours) or sham controls. Changes in lumen diameter of isolated and pressurized PAs were compared. Quantitative PCR was used to measure endothelin type B (ETB) receptors. Constriction to intravascular pressure (‘basal tone’) was not affected by tMCAO or pMCAO. However, constriction to inhibitors of endothelial cell, small-(SK) and intermediate-(IK) conductance, Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels (apamin and TRAM-34, respectively) were significantly enhanced in PAs from tMCAO compared with pMCAO or sham. Addition of the ETB agonist sarafotoxin caused constriction in PAs from tMCAO but not from sham animals (21±4% versus 3±3% at 1 nmol/L; P<0.01) that was inhibited by the peroxynitrite scavenger FeTMPyP (5,10,15,20-tetrakis (N-methyl-4′-pyridyl) porphinato iron (III) chloride) (100 μmol/L). Expression of ETB receptors was not found on PA smooth muscle, suggesting that constriction to sarafotoxin after tMCAO was due to peroxynitrite and not ETB receptor expression. The maintenance of basal tone in PAs after tMCAO may restrict flow to the ischemic region and contribute to infarct expansion.
31
Stier, Sebastian, Tao Cheng, Randolf Forkert, Christoph Lutz, David M. Dombkowski, Jie Lin Zhang, and David T. Scadden. "Ex vivo targeting of p21Cip1/Waf1 permits relative expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells." Blood 102, no. 4 (August 15, 2003): 1260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-10-3053.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Relative quiescence is a defining characteristic of hematopoietic stem cells. Reasoning that inhibitory tone dominates control of stem cell cycling, we previously showed that mice engineered to be deficient in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21Cip1/Waf1 (p21), have an increased stem cell pool under homeostatic conditions. Since p21 was necessary to maintain stem cell quiescence and its absence sufficient to permit increased murine stem cell cycling, we tested whether reduction of p21 alone in human adult–derived stem cells could affect stem cell proliferation. We demonstrate here that interrupting p21 expression ex vivo resulted in expanded stem cell number and in vivo stem cell function compared with control, manipulated cells. Further, we demonstrate full multilineage reconstitution capability in cells where p21 expression was knocked down. Therefore, lifting the brake on cell proliferation by altering cell cycle checkpoints provides an alternative paradigm for increasing hematopoietic stem cell numbers. This approach may be useful for relative ex vivo human stem cell expansion.
32
Samasilp, Prattana, Kyle Lopin, Shyue-An Chan, Rajesh Ramachandran, and Corey Smith. "Syndapin 3 modulates fusion pore expansion in mouse neuroendocrine chromaffin cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 306, no. 9 (May 1, 2014): C831—C843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00291.2013.
Full textAbstract:
Adrenal neuroendocrine chromaffin cells receive excitatory synaptic input from the sympathetic nervous system and secrete hormones into the peripheral circulation. Under basal sympathetic tone, modest amounts of freely soluble catecholamine are selectively released through a restricted fusion pore formed between the secretory granule and the plasma membrane. Upon activation of the sympathoadrenal stress reflex, elevated stimulation drives fusion pore expansion, resulting in increased catecholamine secretion and facilitating release of copackaged peptide hormones. Thus regulated expansion of the secretory fusion pore is a control point for differential hormone release of the sympathoadrenal stress response. Previous work has shown that syndapin 1 deletion alters transmitter release and that the dynamin 1-syndapin 1 interaction is necessary for coupled endocytosis in neurons. Dynamin has also been shown to be involved in regulation of fusion pore expansion in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells through an activity-dependent association with syndapin. However, it is not known which syndapin isoform(s) contributes to pore dynamics in neuroendocrine cells. Nor is it known at what stage of the secretion process dynamin and syndapin associate to modulate pore expansion. Here we investigate the expression and localization of syndapin isoforms and determine which are involved in mediating fusion pore expansion. We show that all syndapin isoforms are expressed in the adrenal medulla. Mutation of the SH3 dynamin-binding domain of all syndapin isoforms shows that fusion pore expansion and catecholamine release are limited specifically by mutation of syndapin 3. The mutation also disrupts targeting of syndapin 3 to the cell periphery. Syndapin 3 exists in a persistent colocalized state with dynamin 1.
33
Reamy, Jack. "Health Service Regionalization in New Brunswick, Canada: A Bold Move." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 2 (April 1995): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dbrd-3jcw-vyl8-pq2b.
Full textAbstract:
New Brunswick moved swiftly in 1992 to regionalize hospital and physician services along with the reform and expansion of other health care services. The dissolution of 51 hospital and community health services center boards and the establishment of eight region hospital corporations to oversee services in the seven health regions set the tone for regionalization in the province. The plan provides the flexibility to meet specific regional needs. The initial regionalization of hospital services was followed by the determination of the appropriate number, mix, and distribution of physician resources for each region, also to be managed by the region hospital corporation. The provincial government's central role not only guides the regions, but also uses incentives and disincentives to ensure that regional goals are met. While regionalization is not new and some components of the New Brunswick plan have been used elsewhere, the effort offers an integrated model for the regionalization of hospital and physician services, with the expansion of complementary services.
34
Liu, Yuan Sheng, and Ming Lu. "SPC Exchange Experiment System Based on FPGA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.322.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we propose a new type of SPC (Stored Program Control) exchange experiment system, which adapt to the reform of the program-controlled exchange technology experiment teaching. The system uses FPGA chip to complete the core of telephone exchange such as timeslot generation, signal tone generation, user calls, voice data exchange functions, it can also achieve secondary development and teaching function expansion through the online programming downloads. The PC software in the system completes the user calls data statistics and analysis function. The experiment system in use reflects its development and convenient, the function is perfect characteristics, and has good application prospect.
35
Fokou-Ngouo, Arthur Freddy. "Mise en texte d’une ville hybride dans Walaande de Djaïli Amadou Amal*: vers une sociocritique de l’espace urbain." Çédille, no. 18 (2020): 463–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.cedille.2020.18.19.
Full textAbstract:
The colonial event continues to have an important role in literary studies. Thus, this article is part of a context of progressive expansion of the discursive duality coloni-al/post-colonial, Europe/Africa. In her novel Walaande (2010), Djaïli Amadou Amal paints a city of Maroua in the in-between, in the crossing of the European “Modernity” and of the African (peule) “tradition”, with the aim to give a hybrid and more attractive tone to the city of the future in general. Thus, through a sociocriticism of the literary space, we highlight the positive influence of “Modernity” in the implementation of future urban policies.
36
Raison, Denis, Catherine Coquard, Mazène Hochane, Jacques Steger, Thierry Massfelder, Bruno Moulin, Andrew C. Karaplis, et al. "Knockdown of parathyroid hormone related protein in smooth muscle cells alters renal hemodynamics but not blood pressure." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 305, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): F333—F342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00503.2012.
Full textAbstract:
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) belongs to vasoactive factors that regulate blood pressure and renal hemodynamics both by reducing vascular tone and raising renin release. PTHrP is expressed in systemic and renal vasculature. Here, we wanted to assess the contribution of vascular smooth muscle cell endogenous PTHrP to the regulation of cardiovascular and renal functions. We generated a mouse strain ( SMA-CreER T2/ PTHrP L2/L2 or premutant PTHrP SM−/−), which allows temporally controlled, smooth muscle-targeted PTHrP knockdown in adult mice. Tamoxifen treatment induced efficient recombination of PTHrP-floxed alleles and decreased PTHrP expression in vascular and visceral smooth muscle cells of PTHrP SM−/− mice. Blood pressure remained unchanged in PTHrP SM−/− mice, but plasma renin concentration and creatinine clearance were reduced. Renal hemodynamics were further analyzed during clearance measurements in anesthetized mice. Conditional knockdown of PTHrP decreased renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate with concomitant reduction in filtration fraction. Similar measurements were repeated during acute saline volume expansion. Saline volume expansion induced a rise in renal plasma flow and reduced filtration fraction; both were blunted in PTHrP SM−/− mice leading to impaired diuresis. These findings show that endogenous vascular smooth muscle PTHrP controls renal hemodynamics under basal conditions, and it is an essential factor in renal vasodilation elicited by saline volume expansion.
37
Siutkina, Nadezhda P., and Svetlana V. Shustova. "COGNITIVE SCENARIO OF CAUSATIVE VERB "REIZEN" IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE: ON THE ISSUE OF SEMANTIC POTENTIAL EXPANSION." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 1 (2018): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2018_4_1_84_91.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses upon the features of the semantic potential of the emotive causative reizen. Emotive causatives are understood as causative verbs denoting interpersonal interaction resulting in modification of the emotional and psychological state of the subject. There are causatives actualizing positive and negative tone as well as axiological neutral state. The peculiarity of the verb reizen is that it can actualize all the three variants of emotional modification. The research is carried out in the aspect of functional grammar on the example of the semantic categories of causativeness, intensity and instrumentality and the interaction of these three categories. The aim of the article is to consider the cognitive scenario of the emotive causative reizen and expand its semantic potential as a result of intercategory interaction. The object of analysis is the features of the above emotive verb. The focus of our analysis is the semantic potential of this lexeme. Research methods are the following: contextual analysis, generalization and interpretation of the linguistic material...
38
Al-Hassani, Ahmed H., and Alaa R. Al-Badri. "Effects of compressor speed and electronic expansion valve opening on the performance of R410a water chiller system." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 8, no. 1 (July 5, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol8.iss1.151.
Full textAbstract:
Refrigeration and air conditioning systems consume high rates of electrical energy of the total global power consumption. The major part of this energy is used by compressor which is the main equipment in vapor compression refrigeration systems. In this study, the performance of a variable speed chilled water refrigeration system with electronic expansion valve (EEV) is experimentally investigated. The system is composed of variable speed rotary compressor, water cooled condenser, electronic expansion valve, and evaporator with refrigerant R410a for one tone cooling capacity. The results showed that the EEV opening was related to the compressor speed at limits of refrigerant subcool and system stability to achieve better performance. Refrigerant superheats increased with closing the EEV at constant compressor speed. Moreover, the degree of superheat was inversely proportional to the compressor speed at constant EEV opening. The coefficient of performance (COP) was improved by about 2.2 to 4.0% by controlling the EEV at constant compressor speed. Increasing compressor speed from 1200 to 3600 rpm resulted in decreasing system COP from 5.2 to 2.35 due to the increase of the power consumed by compressor.
39
Moragas, G., F. Azpiroz, J. Pavia, and J. R. Malagelada. "Relations among intragastric pressure, postcibal perception, and gastric emptying." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 264, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): G1112—G1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1993.264.6.g1112.
Full textAbstract:
Our aims were to investigate, first, the relationship between gastric tone (measured with a barostat) and gastric emptying (measured by radioscintigraphy with and without barostat) and, second, to determine the effect of a symptomatic intragastric pressure increment on gastric emptying. In 16 healthy subjects we quantified simultaneously gastric tone, emptying, and perception at two different intragastric pressure levels: 2 mmHg (low pressure) or 8 mmHg above intra-abdominal pressure (high pressure). At the low intragastric pressure level, ingestion of the meal induced an additional expansion in intragastric volume of 285 +/- 50 ml (P < 0.001), which reflected a gastric accommodative relaxation. At the high pressure level, intragastric volume expanded further, but neither low nor high pressure levels had significant effects on solid emptying. Interestingly, low and high pressure levels produced a similar, modest but significant, acceleration of liquid emptying (17 +/- 5 and 17 +/- 4%, respectively). However, although the low pressure was largely unperceived (score 1.0 +/- 0.5; NS), the high pressure level produced significant symptomatic perception (score 2.5 +/- 0.9; P < 0.05 vs. low pressure). We conclude that 1) gastric accommodation to a meal prevents volume-dependent wall tension increments and 2) the stomach adapts to increments in postcibal intragastric pressure by a limited acceleration of liquid emptying, but wall stress triggers a symptomatic alert mechanism.
40
Groothuis, J. T., R. A. J. Esselink, J. P. H. Seeger, M. J. H. van Aalst, M. T. E. Hopman, and B. R. Bloem. "Lower vascular tone and larger plasma volume in Parkinson's disease with orthostatic hypotension." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 2 (August 2011): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00069.2011.
Full textAbstract:
The pathophysiology of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease (PD) is incompletely understood. The primary focus has thus far been on failure of the baroreflex, a central mediated vasoconstrictor mechanism. Here, we test the role of two other possible factors: 1) a reduced peripheral vasoconstriction (which may contribute because PD includes a generalized sympathetic denervation); and 2) an inadequate plasma volume (which may explain why plasma volume expansion can manage orthostatic hypotension in PD). We included 11 PD patients with orthostatic hypotension (PD + OH), 14 PD patients without orthostatic hypotension (PD − OH), and 15 age-matched healthy controls. Leg blood flow was examined using duplex ultrasound during 60° head-up tilt. Leg vascular resistance was calculated as the arterial-venous pressure gradient divided by blood flow. In a subset of 9 PD + OH, 9 PD − OH, and 8 controls, plasma volume was determined by indicator dilution method with radiolabeled albumin (125I-HSA). The basal leg vascular resistance was significantly lower in PD + OH (0.7 ± 0.3 mmHg·ml−1·min) compared with PD − OH (1.3 ± 0.6 mmHg·ml−1·min, P < 0.01) and controls (1.3 ± 0.5 mmHg·ml−1·min, P < 0.01). Leg vascular resistance increased significantly during 60° head-up tilt with no significant difference between the groups. Plasma volume was significantly larger in PD + OH (3,869 ± 265 ml) compared with PD − OH (3,123 ± 377 ml, P < 0.01) and controls (3,204 ± 537 ml, P < 0.01). These results indicate that PD + OH have a lower basal leg vascular resistance in combination with a larger plasma volume compared with PD − OH and controls. Despite the increase in leg vascular resistance during 60° head-up tilt, PD + OH are unable to maintain their blood pressure.
41
Brown, R. H., and W. Mitzner. "Effect of lung inflation and airway muscle tone on airway diameter in vivo." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 1581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.5.1581.
Full textAbstract:
How normal airway dimensions change with lung volume is of great importance in determining flow limitation during the normal forced vital capacity maneuver as well as in the manifestation of obstructive lung disease. The literature presents a confusing picture, with some results suggesting that airway diameter increases linearly with the cube root of lung volume and others showing a highly nonlinear relation. The effect of smooth muscle contraction on lung-airway interdependence is even less well understood. Recent morphological work explicitly assumes that airway basement membrane is nondistensible, although the lung volume at which this maximal airway size is reached is unknown. With smooth muscle contraction, folding of the epithelium and basement membrane accounts for the changes in luminal area. In this study, we measured the effect of lung inflation on relaxed and contracted airway areas by using high-resolution computed tomography at different transpulmonary pressures, each held for 2 min. We found that fully relaxed airways are quite distensible up to a pressure of 5-7 cmH2O (P < 0.001), where they reach a maximal size with no further distension up to an airway pressure of 30 cmH2O (P = 0.49). Thus relaxed airways clearly do not expand isotropically with the lung. With smooth muscle tone, the airways in different animals responded differently to lung inflation, with some animals showing minimal airway dilation up to an airway pressure of 20 cmH2O and others showing airways that were more easily dilated with lung expansion. However, maximal diameter of these moderately constricted airways was not usually achieved even up to an airway pressure of 30 cmH2O. Thus a transient deep inspiration in vivo would be expected to have only a small effect on contracted airways.
42
Fuzessery, Z. M., and J. C. Hall. "Role of GABA in shaping frequency tuning and creating FM sweep selectivity in the inferior colliculus." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.1059.
Full textAbstract:
1. We examined the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition in shaping excitatory tuning curves and creating selectivity for frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps in 29 neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the pallid bat, with the use of single-unit recording coupled with the iontophoretic application of bicuculline methiodide (BIC), an antagonist of GABAA receptors. 2. BIC increased response magnitude 2 to 6 times over pretreatment levels in > 80% of neurons tested, and converted > 50% of nonmonotonic intensity-rate functions to monotonic or plateaued functions, demonstrating that GABAergic input normally limited response magnitude and inhibited responses at higher intensities. BIC typically had little effect on response thresholds, except in more specialized neurons that normally responded poorly to tones. In these cases, BIC disinhibited the neurons' responses to tones and lowered excitatory thresholds as much as 25 dB. 3. We examined the effects of BIC application on both excitatory and inhibitory tuning curves (measured with simultaneous 2-tone inhibition) to determine whether inhibitory curves were GABA mediated and whether removal of this inhibition was accompanied by an expansion of the excitatory curve. BIC had variable effects on the width of excitatory curves. In most cases, excitatory curves were at least slightly broadened, and expanded into regions previously occupied by inhibitory curves. In most cases, excitatory curves were at least slightly broadened, and expanded into regions previously occupied by inhibitory curves. However, in a few cases, inhibitory curves could be eliminated without an expansion of the excitatory curve. The greatest effect was seen in neurons with closed excitatory tuning curves; blocking GABAergic input caused the curves to open, allowing the neurons to respond at higher intensities. 4. Approximately 50% of the neurons in the ICC tuned to the spectrum of the bat's downward FM sweeping biosonar pulse respond preferentially to downward FM sweeps and not to upward sweeps, tones, or noise. In all neurons tested, BIC at least partially destroyed selectivity for sweep direction. This destruction could occur, however, without a loss of response exclusivity; in some cases, the neurons still did not respond to tones or noise. These results suggest that response selectivity for a species-specific signal is created by GABAergic input to ICC neurons. These results are used to suggest a mechanism that creates selectivity for FM sweep direction.
43
Borghi, Claudio, Stefano Boschi, Francesco Vittorio Costa, and Ettore Ambrosioni. "Atrial Natriuretic Factor Response to Acute Volume Expansion in Borderline Hypertension. Role of Ace-Inhibition and Changes in Peripheral Venous Tone." Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 15, no. 2 (January 1993): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641969309032938.
Full text
44
Yamaguchi, K., T. Matsumuro, Y. Omura, and D. Nunn. "Ray tracing of whistler-mode chorus elements: implications for generation mechanisms of rising and falling tone emissions." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 4 (April 12, 2013): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-665-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Using a well-established magnetospheric very-low-frequency (VLF) ray tracing method, in this work we trace the propagation of individual rising- and falling-frequency elements of VLF chorus from their generation point in the equatorial region of the magnetosphere through to at least one reflection at the lower-hybrid resonance point. Unlike recent work by Bortnik and co-workers, whose emphasis was on demonstrating that magnetospheric hiss has its origins in chorus, we here track the motion in the equatorial plane of the whole chorus element, paying particular regard to movement across field lines, rotation, and compression or expansion of the wave pulse. With a generation point for rising chorus at the equator, it was found the element wave pulse remained largely field aligned in the generation region. However, for a falling tone generation point at 4000 km upstream from the equator, by the time the pulse crosses the equator the wavefield had substantial obliquity, displacement, and compression, which has substantial implications for the theory of falling chorus generation.
45
Cortes, P., X. Zhao, B. L. Riser, and R. G. Narins. "Regulation of glomerular volume in normal and partially nephrectomized rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 270, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): F356—F370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1996.270.2.f356.
Full textAbstract:
Glomerular extracellular matrix accumulation may derive from the stretching of mesangial cells caused by excessive glomerular dilatation. The relationship of glomerular volume (VG) to intraglomerular pressure, expressed as compliance or as mean VG in the isolated, perfused rat glomerulus, was used to analyze factors that regulate VG. Glomeruli were highly distensible over the normal and relevant abnormal range of pressure. Compliance increased directly with basal VG (P < 0.001), i.e., larger glomeruli dilated more than smaller ones at any given pressure. Perfusion with atrial natriuretic peptide did not alter compliance, and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis exerted only a trivial effect. VG expansion was consistently reduced by angiotensin II, but this effect was small (3.8%, P < 0.001). After subtotal nephrectomy, compliance increased by 59% in the remnant glomeruli (P < 0.001); 22% of this increase was attributable to structural changes, and the remainder was attributable to the large basal VG of the hypertrophied glomeruli. Thus the major determinants of VG expansion include capillary wall tension, basal VG, and intrinsic distensibility, which is markedly influenced by the character of the extracellular matrix and only slightly altered by an angiotensin II-modified mesangial cell tone.
46
Pluznick, Jennifer L., Peilin Wei, Pamela K. Carmines, and Steven C. Sansom. "Renal fluid and electrolyte handling in BKCa-β1−/− mice." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 284, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): F1274—F1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00010.2003.
Full textAbstract:
Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) are composed of pore-forming α-subunits and one of four accessory β-subunits. The β1-subunit, found predominantly in smooth muscle, modulates the Ca2+ sensitivity and pharmacological properties of BKCa. BKCa-β1 null mice (Mβ1−/−) are moderately hypertensive, consistent with the role of BKCa in modulating intrinsic vascular tone. Because BKCa are present in various renal cells including the mesangium and cortical collecting ducts, we determined whether fluid or electrolyte excretion was impaired in Mβ1−/−under euvolemic, volume-expanded, or high-salt diet conditions. Under euvolemic conditions, no differences in renal function were found between Mβ1−/− and Mβ1+/+. However, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and fractional K+excretion were significantly impaired in Mβ1−/− in response to acute volume expansion. In contrast, Mβ1−/−exhibited enhanced Na+ excretion and fractional Na+ excretion responses to acute volume expansion. Differences in renal function between Mβ1+/+ and Mβ1−/− were not observed when chronically treated with a high-salt diet. These observations indicate that the β1-subunit of BKCa contributes to the increased GFR that accompanies an acute salt and volume load and raises the possibility that it is also involved in regulating K+ excretion under these conditions.
47
Susanni, Paolo. "Tonal progression in Bartók's 'Etudes', Op. 18." New Sound, no. 42 (2013): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1342129s.
Full textAbstract:
Bartók's mature musical language was born of both folk and art-music sources which influenced the composer in equal measure. The Three Studies for piano, Op. 18, represent a significant step in the evolution of the composers synthesis of the art-music source. All three etudes are based on equal-interval chains called interval cycles. Each of the three etudes represents a stage in the process of intervallic augmentation the composer named diatonic expansion. This concept, together with that of chromatic compression, is fundamental to all his mature works. The first etude expands the chromatic scale to two whole-tone scales. In the second etude the intervals are expanded to include the minor and major thirds as well as the perfect fourth, while in the third etude the tritone becomes the final step in the expansion process. The interactions of the ever-expanding interval cycles generate an array of diatonic, non-diatonic and abstract pitch collections. Parts of the opus rely on the concept of tonal progression based on axes of symmetry, which reached its perfection in later works such as the Out of Doors Suite and Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta.
48
Eckert, Mark A., Kenneth I. Vaden, and Judy R. Dubno. "Age-Related Hearing Loss Associations With Changes in Brain Morphology." Trends in Hearing 23 (January 2019): 233121651985726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216519857267.
Full textAbstract:
Age-related hearing loss has been associated with varied auditory cortex morphology in human neuroimaging studies. These findings have suggested that peripheral auditory system declines cause changes in brain morphology but could also be due to latent variables that affect the auditory periphery and brain. The current longitudinal study was designed to evaluate these explanations for pure-tone threshold and brain morphology associations. Thirty adults (mean age at Time 1 = 64.12 ± 10.32 years) were studied at two time points (average duration between visits = 2.62 ± 0.81 years). Small- to medium-effect size associations were observed between high-frequency pure-tone thresholds and auditory cortex gray matter volume at each time point. Although there were significant longitudinal changes in low- and high-frequency hearing measures and brain morphology, those longitudinal changes were not significantly correlated across participants. High-frequency hearing measures at Time 1 were significantly related to more lateral ventricle expansion, such that participants with higher measures exhibited larger increases in ventricle size. This ventricle effect was statistically independent of high-frequency hearing associations with auditory cortex morphology. Together, these results indicate that there are at least two mechanisms for associations between age-related hearing loss and brain morphology. Potential explanations for a direct hearing loss effect on brain morphology, as well as latent variables that likely affect both the inner ear and brain, are discussed.
49
Bealer, S. L. "Vascular capacitance following preoptic recess lesions." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 264, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): H560—H566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.2.h560.
Full textAbstract:
Vascular capacitance was studied in anesthetized control (CONT) animals and in rats after electrolytic ablation of the periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third cerebral ventricle (AV3V-X). Blood volume (BV) was determined by use of radiolabeled serum albumin, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and central venous pressure (CVP) were continuously measured. Mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) was calculated by use of MAP and CVP obtained during circulatory arrest induced by inflation of a right atrial balloon during BV expansion and contraction. MCFP-BV relationships were calculated to estimate vascular compliance. CONT and AV3V-X animals were tested after treatment with both vehicle and hexamethonium, a ganglionic blocking agent. BV, MAP, and CVP were similar between CONT and AV3V-X animals. However, MCFP was significantly lower in AV3V-X animals (4.6 +/- 0.3 mmHg) than in CONT rats (6.6 +/- 0.5 mmHg). Furthermore, AV3V ablation caused a significant shift of the MCFP-BV relationship toward the volume axis with no change in compliance, indicating decreased venous tone. Finally, hexamethonium treatment significantly reduced MCFP in CONT animals (3.8 +/- 0.7 mmHg) and shifted the MCFP-BV line toward the BV axis but had no effect on these measures in AV3V-X animals. These data indicate that electrolytic ablation of AV3V periventricular tissue significantly reduces venous tone by decreasing neurally mediated venoconstriction.
50
Kuleshova, E. V., N. V. Kuzmenko, M. G. Pliss, and V. A. Tsyrlin. "Mechanisms of beta-blockers antihypertensive action." "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension") 27, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/1607-419x-2021-27-3-291-299.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents an analysis of data on the mechanisms of antihypertensive effect of β-adrenergic receptor blockers. The article describes the effectiveness of cardiotropic action of drugs to reduce high blood pressure (BP) with short-term and long-term action of compounds, the effect of blockers on the activity of plasma renin. The influence of β-blockers on the central mechanisms of blood circulation regulation is considered. Information on the effect of β-blockers on myogenic mechanisms of vascular tone regulation is presented. The possibilities of blockade of β-adrenergic receptors of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of smooth muscles of resistive arteries, violation of the NO-cGMP pathway and blockade of Ca2+ channel currents as factors providing expansion of resistive vessels and reduction of high BP are analyzed.