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Sara, Solomon I. "Phonetics and phonology 1949–1989." Historiographia Linguistica 17, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.15sar.
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Summary Phonetics and Phonology have had noticeable developments in the last forty years: phonetics from the articulatory descriptions of sounds of Pike’s Phonetics (1943), to a physiological set of distinctive features of Chomsky & Halle’s The Sound Pattern of English (1968); the acoustic displays of Potter’s Visible Speech (1947) to a set of acoustic distinctive features in Jakobson, Fant, Halle’s Preliminaries (1951). Suprasegmental characterizations have developed from impressionistic labels of tone, stress, length and intonation to an experimentally quantifiable set of parameters characterizing these aspects of speech in a unified manner in Lehiste’s Suprasegmentals (1970). Phonology progressed from the autonomous to the integrated, and from the structural to the transformational/generative, from Pike’s Phonemics (1947), and Trubetzkoy’s Grundzüge (1939) to a complex system of levels/tiers/strata that represent speech in a more detailed, holistic and integrated manner. Current approaches recognize not only the features and segments of the speech continuum, but the rules that organize these into the phonological system. Approaches to the explanation of this organization have been many: the segmental/sequential approach of American phonemicists, Praguian phonologists and early generativists developed into a phonological component that consists of segments, organized into syllables that pattern into rhythmic feet which constitute the geometry of the sequence as a multi level/tier/stratum. These developments are all considered generative, but labelled Natural-Generative, Autosegmental-Genera-tive, Non-Linear-Generative, Metrical-Generative, etc. ‘Generative’ is kept to maintain the twin characteristics of being integrated and rule governed. There has been a shift in the paradigm: from segments to features and from structural to transformational with significant developments in both paradigms in the last forty years.
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Lin, Yen-Hwei. "San Duanmu (2000). The phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xv+300." Phonology 18, no. 3 (December 2001): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675701004195.
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This new addition to the series on the phonology of the world's languages edited by Jacques Durand is the most comprehensive study of the synchronic phonology of Standard Chinese (or Standard Mandarin) since the publication of Cheng's (1973) monograph. Duanmu provides a detailed description of the phonological facts in Standard Chinese (henceforth SC), some of which are new or little studied before, offers new perspectives on old problems and proposes a theoretical analysis of these facts in current frameworks such as feature geometry, metrical phonology and Optimality Theory. The main innovation and, in my opinion, the most significant contribution of this book is the extensive coverage of stress (or metrical structure) and its influence on the order and length of compound words. The role of metrical structure is also extended to the analysis of some long-standing problems of the well-known tone 3 sandhi process. Claiming the existence of stress and its importance to understanding the interaction of phonology and morphosyntax in SC may come as a surprise to some readers since SC is not a stress language and its phonetic stress is notoriously difficult to detect. The proposed metrical analysis, nonetheless, is innovative and convincingly argued, and has clearly established the phonological relevance of metrical structure for SC.
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GUSSENHOVEN, CARLOS, and PETER VAN DER VLIET. "The phonology of tone and intonation in the Dutch dialect of Venlo." Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 1 (March 1999): 99–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226798007324.
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The Dutch dialect of Venlo has a lexical tone opposition comparable to the distinction between Accent I and Accent II in Scandinavian. The two word tone patterns are realised in a variety of different ways, depending on the intonation contour, on whether the word has a focus tone, and on whether it occurs finally or nonfinally in the intonational phrase (IP). Twelve such contexts are identified, and an autosegmental-metrical analysis is presented of the contours for the word tones in each of these. The analysis is instructive because of its clear illustration of the distinction between the phonological underlying representation and the phonological surface representation, as well as of the distinction between the latter representation and the phonetic realisation. In addition, because of the complexity of its tonal phonology, the dialect is of considerable typological interest for the study of word prosody and intonation.
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Archibald, John. "SECOND LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY, PHONETICS, AND TYPOLOGY." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20, no. 2 (June 1998): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263198002046.
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In this paper, I address the nature of the mental representation of an interlanguage grammar. The focus will be on the necessity of positing some sort of hierarchical constituent structure to account for L2 phonology. I discuss relevant data from the domains of the acquisition of segments, syllables, moras, and metrical structure. The interaction of these domains is discussed.In addition, I look at the acquisition of onset clusters and argue that the acquisition of liquids is correlated with the acquisition of consonantal sequences. Evidence from language change, language typology, and language acquisition suggests that there is a causal relationship between the two. The theoretical framework of feature geometry and derived sonority gives us the apparatus to explain what the second-language learners are doing.
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Coupe, Alexander R. "Northern Sangtam phonetics, phonology and word list." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 43, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 147–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.19014.cou.
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Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive phonetic and phonological description of Northern Sangtam, an essentially undescribed Tibeto-Burman language of central Nagaland belonging to the Aoic subgroup. It is a noteworthy language from a number of phonological perspectives, not least because its phoneme inventory contains two of the world’s rarest phonemes: a pre-stopped bilabial trill, and a doubly-articulated labial-coronal nasal. These unique segments are described in detail, and an attempt is made to determine how they might have developed their phonemic status. The tone system is also of interest, as it demonstrates evidence of debuccalization resulting in the development of a new high tone. Following a systematic description of the syllable and word structure, the tone system, and the segmental phonology, some observed age-related differences in the phoneme inventory are discussed. The paper is linked to an online repository containing the audio-visual data and transcribed word lists of approximately 900 items, based on the recorded utterances of eight speakers.
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Rose, Phil. "Phonetics and phonology of Yang tone ; phonation types in Zhenhai." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 18, no. 2 (1989): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.1989.1304.
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Rose, Phil. "PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF YANG TONE PHONATION TYPES IN ZHENHAI." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 18, no. 2 (March 12, 1989): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000316.
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L'auteur donne une description perceptuelle, acoustique et physiologique des modes phonatoires - chuchottement, voix chuchottée, et "grondement", qui caractérisent les syllabes aux tons yang du dialecte Wu de Zhenhai. Il en discute également les implications phonologiques.
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Gil, Juana. "The binarity hypothesis in phonology: 1938–1985." Historiographia Linguistica 16, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1989): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.16.1-2.05gil.
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Summary This paper presents a short history of what has been one of the central hypotheses of phonological theory for many years. The binarity problem has been one of most discussed issues of distinctive feature theory since it was first formulated. In structural phonology (more precisely, the Jakobsonian system) binarism has always been a fundamental concept, and most phonological systems have been based on it. Similarly, all the underlying representations postulated in the SPE framework are thought of as being binary. In current phonology, however, the main interest of many investigators has moved to the suprasegmental level or to metrical phonology, and consequently, the binarity problem remains unresolved. There have been numerous and varied opinions regarding binarism in distinctive feature theory. Some authors argue that binarity proposals are not compatible with phenomena such as coarticulation, but others claim that the non-positivist nature of phonological analysis and the indisputable usefulness of binary features are arguments strong enough to maintain the hypothesis. Finally, other linguists (working from different perspectives) propose a somewhat more relaxed conception of binarity adopting its basic implications. It seems, therefore, time for a review of this classic problem in modern phonology. At the same time, it is also worth restating the question and trying to get some insight into it using the instrumental methods that phonetics provide. This seems to be the construct truly corresponding to the speaker’s mind.
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Turnbull, Rory. "The phonetics and phonology of lexical prosody in San Jerónimo Acazulco Otomi." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, no. 3 (October 18, 2016): 251–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000384.
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San Jerónimo Acazulco Otomi (SJAO) is an underdescribed and endangered Oto-Manguean language spoken in central Mexico. This paper provides an analysis of the phonology of tonal contrasts in SJAO and the phonetics of their realization based on pitch pattern data derived from audio recordings of citation forms of SJAO words. Each SJAO lexical word has one and only one tonal sequence – either /H/ or /HL/. This sequence is underlyingly associated with one syllable in the word. Other syllables are not specified for tone, and their phonetic realization is predictable depending on their position relative to the tonal syllable. A phonetic analysis revealed that underlyingly-tonal syllables are phonetically distinct from non-tonal syllables: those with /H/ are produced with greater vocal effort (measured by spectral tilt), and those with /HL/ are longer, louder, and bear a higher f0 (fundamental frequency), compared with non-tonal syllables. This analysis differs from previous accounts of lexical prosody in other Otomi varieties, which have either described a three-way system of high, low, and rising tones contrasting on every stem syllable, or a system where one syllable per word is assigned a stress-like ‘accent’. This difference from previous analyses suggests that there is a third possible characterization of lexical prosody for Otomi, which is appropriate for SJAO and potentially other understudied varieties.
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Jaker, Alessandro, and Paul Kiparsky. "Level ordering and opacity in Tetsǫ́t’ıné: a Stratal OT account." Phonology 37, no. 4 (November 2020): 617–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675720000299.
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Dene (Athabaskan) verbs are widely known for their complex morphophonology. The most complex patterns are associated with two conjugation markers, /s/ and /n/, which are associated with a floating H tone to their immediate left. In this paper, we provide an analysis of /θe/ and /ɲe/, the reflexes of the /s/ and /n/ conjugations in Tetsǫ́t’ıné. Whereas previous accounts of these conjugations have relied heavily on morphological conditioning, we show that, once level ordering, autosegmental phonology and metrical phonology are brought to bear on the problem, morphological conditioning is not required. Within the framework of Stratal OT, we propose the Domain Reference Hypothesis, by which phonological constraints may only refer to morphological domains and their edges. In addition, we show that in Tetsǫ́t’ıné there is a correlation between phonological opacity and morphological structure, as predicted by the Stratal OT model.
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Fujisaki, Hiroya. "The command‐response model for F0 contours and its application to phonetics and phonology of tone." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (November 2006): 3086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4787458.
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A., Oladimeji Olaide, and Opoola Bolanle T. "Ikhin Tone and Nasality: Autosegmental Effects." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1204.11.
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In generative phonology, tone and nasality are described as suprasegmental phonological units. This implies that their survival depends on the segments on which they are grounded. Thus, when a tone bearing unit or nasality bearing unit disappears, any of these segments also disappears. In autosegmental theory, however, tone or nasality survives after the deletion of segment to which it is attached. This phenomenon is termed ‘stability’ which is the foundation for autosegmental phonological theory. Stability is the survival of tone and nasality after the deletion of segments on which they are grounded. Tone and nasality exhibit stability in Ikhin, a North-Central Edoid language spoken in Edo State, South-South, Nigeria. Previous study on Ikhin dwells mainly on the phonetics of the language. This study, therefore, investigates phonological processes such as vowel elision, glide formation and nasalization with a view to determining the stability or otherwise of tone and nasality. This paper confirms that in Ikhin, any process that involves the removal of a tone bearing unit must relate to stability and relate to the creation of contour tones. The study further confirms that nasality remains stable even in the absence of segment to which it is linked. Based on available data, it is argued that the deletion of a Tone Bearing Unit (TBU) or a Nasality Bearing Unit (NBU) does not necessarily involve the deletion of tone or nasality. Infact, it usual does not. The study concludes that tone and nasality are independent segments. They are as independent as consonant and vowel.
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Musta'in, Musta'in. "The Stylistics of Al-qu’ran: The Symbolic Meaning and Function of the Art of Reading Al-qur’an on the Context of Communication." Ijtimā'iyya: Journal of Muslim Society Research 3, no. 2 (September 28, 2018): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/ijtimaiyya.v3i2.1923.
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The study the stylistics of the Qur'an cannot be separated from the concept of i'jaz al-Quran as a form of uniqueness and privilege of the language of Qur'an. When Qur'an was delivered to the Arab society, they had used high language and literature. By the emergence of the art of reading the Quran (nagham al-Quran) around the world, and it is believed as one of the forms of appreciation of the Qoran, Muslims in Indonesia receive and appreciate it with pleasure. The Musabaqoh Tilawatil Quran (MTQ), whish is held by the governments and non-governmental institutions of all levels, has been carried out on a regular and continuous basis. As a religious text, the Qur'an has a very high literary dimension. The Quran also has some aesthetic and musical-messaging dimensions. This paper attempts to discuss the stylistic styles of language in the aspects of the art of reading the Qoran with a single voice, without the accompaniment of musical instruments, and unrelated to musical tone. This is specifically used for tazyin al-Saut bi tilawah al-Quran. The approach used in this study is Al-Uslub al-Adabi or Literary Stilistica, which focuses on the level of persistence or phonology, which includes phonetics and phonemics. Phonetics is divided into three parts, namely; articulatory phonetic, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. The discussion on literary stylistics is cannot be separated from emotional aspects, not logical aspects. The analysis of literary stylistics in the art of reading al-Quran (nagham al-Quran) produces the effect of the reader's feelings, sensational feelings and spiritual feeling. Spiritual feeling is divided into religious, ethical, aesthetic, intellectual, social, and personal feeling. Meanwhile, in the aspects of communication generate understanding and scientific knowledge about the principles of transcendent communication, the principle of spiritual communication, the principle of human communication, and finally lead to the Principle of Quranic Communication.
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Seara, Izabel Christine, and Juan Manuel Sosa. "A identidade dialetal do “manezinho” com foco em características entonacionais." Letras de Hoje 52, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-7726.2017.1.25401.
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O falar “manezinho” é um dialeto não urbano do português brasileiro falado na Ilha de Santa Catarina que apresenta certas propriedades segmentais e suprassegmentais que o definem. Neste artigo, investigamos uma dessas propriedades suprassegmentais caracterizada pelo uso de um contorno declarativo particular, que exibe uma acentuada subida tonal até a sílaba tônica final, seguida por uma queda do tom alto para a parte inferior do registro do falante. Usamos dados provenientes do Projeto VARSUL como corpora de pesquisa, analisando esses dados a partir de uma metodologia da fonética experimental. Por meio de dois experimentos de percepção, mostramos que o contorno em questão, em notação autossegmental métrica (LH) ¡HL%, é reconhecido por um número muito significativo de ouvintes como sendo efetivamente o falar “manezinho”. As implicações para a sociofonética são os detalhes fonéticos quantitativos da queda tonal final, que dão a este contorno sua singularidade frente a outros dialetos.********************************************************************The "Manezinho" dialectal identity and its intonational featuresAbstract: "Manezinho" is a non-urban dialect of Brazilian Portuguese spoken in the Island of Santa Catarina, which has certain defining segmental and suprasegmental properties. This paper investigates one of these suprasegmental properties characterized by the use of a particular declarative contour, which shows a sharp tonal rise up to the final stressed syllable, followed by a drop from the high tone to the lower part of the speaker's range. We used datafrom the VARSUL Project as research corpus, analyzing these data with the methodology of experimental phonetics. By means of two perception tests, we show that the contour in question, in autosegmental-metrical notation (LH) ¡HL%, is recognized by a very significant number of listeners as being effectively “Manezinho”. The implications for sociophonetics are the quantitative phonetic details of the final tonal fall, which give this contour its uniquenessover other dialects.Keywords: Intonation; Brazilian Portuguese; “Manezinho”dialect; Sociophonetics
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Mahanta, Shakuntala, Kalyan Das, and Amalesh Gope. "On the Phonetics and Phonology of Focus marking in Boro." Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology 3 (June 21, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/amp.v3i0.3668.
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It is discussed widely in the literature on tone and intonation that both these phenomenon make use of changes in the f0. It is often assumed that intonation in tone languages is only slightly more limited than it is in non-tonal ones (Yip 2002). This paper addresses the question of tone assignment in Boro and investigates how it operates as a function of focus. This paper studies both the phonetics and phonology of intonation in Boro and delineates the way in-situ and morphological focus markers influence sentence prosody. The results show that in-situ focus does not result in any change of the f0 value of the target word. The only consistent acoustic correlate for focus marking is found to be post focus compression. The morphological focus marker leads to discrete downstepping of the following High tone and also emerges with an H* by deleting the neighboring H tones. One of the significant results of this experiment is that while H tones were realized at a higher f0 while co-occurring with the H* of the MF marker, L tones did not lead to any changes unless the stem were disyllabic, showing that there are phonological factors constraining sentential prosody.
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Poser, William J. "The Phonetics and Phonology of Tone and Intonation in Japanese." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-1990-0120.
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Simonet, Miquel. "Nuclear Pitch Accents in Majorcan Catalan Declaratives: Phonology, Phonetics, Diachrony." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2009-1036.
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AbstractThe present paper reports on the findings of an acoustic study of nuclear pitch accents in Majorcan Catalan. A total of 10 speakers participated in a production experiment. Nuclear pitch accents were investigated by measuring relative pitch changes between several sequential temporal landmarks in and around nuclear stressed syllables in read-aloud declaratives. The results provide evidence for the presence of a low (L) tone associated with the nuclear stressed syllable for 9 of the 10 participants, and that of a high (H) trailing tone for only 4 of the participants. The implications of these results for a phonological analysis of Majorcan Catalan nuclear pitch accents, as well as the diachrony of nuclear pitch accents in Iberian Romance, are discussed.
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Kasonde, A., and M. Dunham. "A Pedagogical Study of Tone Neutralization in Cibemba Phonetics and Phonology." African Research Review 3, no. 1 (June 23, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v3i1.43589.
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Kaldhol, Nina Hagen, and Björn Köhnlein. "North Germanic Tonal Accent is Equipollent and Metrical: Evidence from Compounding." Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology 9 (May 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/amp.v9i0.4913.
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For the North Germanic opposition between two tonal accents, it has been claimed that Accent 2 has a lexical tone, that Accent 1 has a lexical tone, that both accents are marked tonally in the lexicon, or that the accent opposition is based on two types of feet. Based on evidence from compounding, we argue that the opposition between Accent 1 and Accent 2 is equipollent, and that this is best expressed in a foot-based approach since each lexical item will necessarily receive a foot. Elaborating on previous metrical work on tonal accent, we assume that binary feet can be built on moras (= Accent 1) or syllables (= Accent 2) and show how this successfully captures compound accentuation in Central Swedish and Urban East Norwegian. Our foot-based analysis is in line with recent work on tonal accent that calls into question the claim that all tonal contrasts within syllables must be due to the presence of lexical tone. In addition, our analysis addresses issues surrounding the phonology of compounds in general, and prosodic effects of compounding in particular.
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McPherson, Laura. "The role of music in documenting phonological grammar: Two case studies from West Africa." Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology 7 (June 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/amp.v7i0.4493.
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Though the study of metrics and poetic verse has long informed phonological theory, studies of musical adaptation remain on the fringe of linguistic theory. In this paper, I argue that musical adaptation provides a unique window in speakers’ knowledge of their phonological system, which can provide crucial evidence for phonological theory. I draw on two case studies from my fieldwork in West Africa: tonal textsetting of sung folk music in Tommo So (Dogon, Mali) and the balafon surrogate language in Seenku (Mande, Burkina Faso). I show how results of these studies provide evidence for different levels of phonological grammar, the phonetics-phonology interface, and incomplete application of grammatical tone. Further, the case of the balafon surrogate language shows how studying music can be a valuable tool in language documentation and phonological description. Finally, preliminary study of Seenku tonal textsetting suggests important differences in the level of phonological encoding in vocal music vs. instrumental surrogate speech.