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Journal articles on the topic 'Tonga – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Vikilani, Sione Fatanitavake. "Media freedom and state control in Tonga." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 16, no. 2 (October 1, 2010): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v16i2.1035.

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The Tongan Constitution guarantees free speech and media freedom but this guarantee has often been misunderstood and misinterpreted by the media industry, the government and politicians alike. Freedom of speech was integrated into the Constitution from the beginning in 1875. However, as history has shown, this freedom has often been altered to silence opposition and critics’ voices. As early as 1882, the Tongan media had their first confrontation with the government and in 2003 saw a parallel incident unfolding. This article examines the influence of state control on the media in Tonga through an analysis of two case studies from different eras in Tongan history: the Niuvakai newspaper in 1882 and the Taimi ‘o Tonga newspaper in 2003.

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2

Kaeppler, Adrienne L. "Early photographers encounter Tongans." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00038_1.

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Four early photographers are examined here in relation to their encounters with Tongans and Tonga. These photographers are Andrew Garrett, Gustav Adolph Riemer, Clarence Gordon Campbell and Walter Stanhope Sherwill. Garrett, an American natural historian who specialized in shells and fish, took two ambrotypes of Tongans in Fiji in 1868, which are two of the earliest Tongan photographs known. Riemer, born in Saarlouis, Germany, was a marine photographer on S.M.S. Hertha on an official diplomatic visit and took at least 28 photographs in Tonga in 1876. Campbell, a tourist from New York, took 25 culturally important photographs in 1902. Sherwill, a British subject born in India, moved to Tonga about the time of the First World War. He probably took many photographs with more modern equipment, but only two have been identified with certainty. This article presents information about the photographers and those depicted, where the original photographs can be found and the research that made it possible to glean cultural information from them. These early photographers are placed in the context of other more well-known early photographers whose works can be found in archives and libraries in New Zealand, Australia, Hawai‘i and Germany. In addition, summary information about two Tongan-born photographers is presented, as well as where their photographs/negatives can be found.

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3

L. Burns, Emma, Brian H. Costello, and Bronwyn A. Houlden. "Three evolutionarily significant units for conservation in the iguanid genus Brachylophus." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (2006): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060064.

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We examined phylogenetic relationships within the genus Brachylophus, which comprises two endangered iguana species endemic to the South Pacific islands of Fiji and Tonga. Genetic variation among Fijian Crested Iguanas B. vitiensis and Fijian and Tongan Banded Iguanas B. fasciatus was analysed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (cyt b) characterized from 35 individuals from island populations. Three distinct clades of Brachylophus were identified. The most divergent clade comprised B. fasciatus from Tonga, which supports the recognition of Tongan iguanas as a separate species. Molecular clock estimates suggested that the average sequence divergence (6.4%) between Tongan and Fijian B. fasciatus clades equated to 7 - 15.8 MY of separation, confirming that extant Brachylophus species have a long history of evolution in situ in the Fijian and Tongan archipelago. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that Fijian B. fasciatus and B. vitiensis iguana populations were not reciprocally monophyletic. One clade comprised two mtDNA haplotypes from the Fijian islands of Monu, Monuriki, Devuilau, Waya and Yadua Taba. The other clade comprised B. fasciatus haplotypes from Kadavu and Gau, which was divergent from both the aforementioned Fijian clade (dA = 3.5%), and the Tongan clade (dA = 6.4%). In addition to mtDNA data, variation was assessed at microsatellite loci, and significant differentiation between iguana populations was detected. Based on both mtDNA and microsatellite analysis, the conservation priorities for these endangered lizards must be reassessed to protect iguanas as three distinct evolutionarily significant units.

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4

Van der Grijp, Paul. "Early economic encounters in the Pacific or, proto-globalization in Tonga." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 166, no. 2-3 (2010): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003620.

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This article aims to demonstrate the degree and nature of local autonomy in long term processes of globalization in Tonga. Tonga is exceptional in that it has never been officially colonized and in the continuity of its political (paramount chiefly) system. Also, but this is less exceptional, it has never had a pure modernistic, capitalist economy. Globalization is a specific, contemporary configuration in the relationship between capital and the nation-state or, in the words of William Greider (1997), it is like ‘a runaway horse without a rider’. Global capital is characterized by strategies of predatory mobility. However, the global and the national are not necessarily exclusive but are interacting and overlapping. Social scientists work with the nation-state as a container which would represent a unit in time and space, a ‘unified spatiotemporality’ according to the sociologist Saskia Sassen (2000). She adds that much history failed to confirm the latter hypothesis. The author may add from his part that anthropologists, although alike ‘social scientists’, rather work with the notions of culture and society which, in the case of more recent Tongan history, overlap with that of the nation-state. Although the notion of globalization is a rather recent invention with an exclusive contemporary application, we may discern the roots of its practice already in the early trading contacts between Europeans and Tongans.

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5

Fonua, Sonia M. "The Manulua Framework: how combining multiple research methodologies and theoretical or conceptual frameworks strengthens research with Tongan participants." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11771801211017557.

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When researching with Moana (ocean) or Pacific peoples, a key research consideration is which methodological approach will best acknowledge, engage, and value what is shared. The Manulua (two birds) Framework explores the experiences of successful Tongan science learners in Aotearoa New Zealand and the Kingdom of Tonga. The Manulua Framework draws on four very different theoretical or conceptual frameworks and methods, complementing (1) Tongan and Moana or Pacific approaches to research with aspects of (2) critical realism, (3) relationality through vā (space), and the (4) multiscience framework. Epeli Hau’ofa’s seminal essay Sea of Islands, and the articles of support and critique found in A New Oceania helped situate Oceania as the context, connector, and source of my participants’ stories. This article describes how this combination acknowledged Moana or Pacific values, protocols, knowledge, and beliefs during data collection, analysis, and reflection, offering a way for researchers to consider how to draw upon multiple theoretical or conceptual frameworks and methods in their work.

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6

Siikala, Jukka. "Hierarchy and power in the Pacific." Anthropological Theory 14, no. 2 (June 2014): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499614534116.

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Looking at recent turmoil in political processes in the Pacific, the article discusses the relationship of socio-cosmic holism and hierarchy in Tonga, Samoa and Fiji to western ideologies of democracy and individualism. Incorporation of traditional chieftainship into colonial and postcolonial state structures has had different outcomes in each case. The structural arrangements, which according to Dumont are seen as intermediary forms, are looked at using material from the recent history of the societies. Thus the riots in Nukuʻalofa orchestrated by the Tongan democracy movement, the military coup in Fiji and the multiplication of chiefly titles in Samoa are seen as results of the interplay of local and western ideologies culminating in notions of holism and individualism.

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7

Keogh, J. Scott, Danielle L. Edwards, Robert N. Fisher, and Peter S. Harlow. "Molecular and morphological analysis of the critically endangered Fijian iguanas reveals cryptic diversity and a complex biogeographic history." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1508 (September 5, 2008): 3413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0120.

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The Pacific iguanas of the Fijian and Tongan archipelagos are a biogeographic enigma in that their closest relatives are found only in the New World. They currently comprise two genera and four species of extinct and extant taxa. The two extant species, Brachylophus fasciatus from Fiji, Tonga, and Vanuatu and Brachylophus vitiensis from western Fiji, are of considerable conservation concern with B. vitiensis listed as critically endangered. A recent molecular study has shown that Brachylophus comprised three evolutionarily significant units. To test these conclusions and to reevaluate the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within Brachylophus , we generated an mtDNA dataset consisting of 1462 base pairs for 61 individuals from 13 islands, representing both Brachylophus species. Unweighted parsimony analyses and Bayesian analyses produced a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis supported by high bootstrap values and posterior probabilities within Brachylophus . Our data reject the monophyly of specimens previously believed to comprise B. fasciatus . Instead, our data demonstrate that living Brachylophus comprise three robust and well-supported clades that do not correspond to current taxonomy. One of these clades comprises B. fasciatus from the Lau group of Fiji and Tonga (type locality for B. fasciatus ), while a second comprises putative B. fasciatus from the central regions of Fiji, which we refer to here as B . n. sp. Animals in this clade form the sister group to B. vitiensis rather than other B. fasciatus . We herein describe this clade as a new species of Brachylophus based on molecular and morphological data. With only one exception, every island is home to one or more unique haplotypes. We discuss alternative biogeographic hypotheses to explain their distribution in the Pacific and the difficulties of distinguishing these. Together, our molecular and taxonomic results have important implications for future conservation initiatives for the Pacific iguanas.

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8

Ellem, Elizabeth Wood. "Chief justices of Tonga 1905–40." Journal of Pacific History 24, no. 1 (April 1989): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223348908572599.

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9

Gunson, Niel. "The Tonga‐Samoa connection 1777–1845." Journal of Pacific History 25, no. 2 (December 1990): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349008572634.

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10

Lātūkefu, Sione. "The pro‐democracy movement in Tonga." Journal of Pacific History 28, no. 3 (December 1993): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349308572750.

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11

Burley, David V. "As a prescription to rule: the royal tomb of Mala'e Lahi and 19th-century Tongan kingship." Antiquity 68, no. 260 (September 1994): 504–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047013.

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The tangled dynastic history of Tonga, celebrated kingdom of western Polynesia, offers a rare chance to study the place of monumental burial-places in a chieftains’ society. Disentangling the story, at a remove of not many centuries, is not a simple business.

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12

Ogan, Eugene, Edwin N. Ferdon, and Christine Ward Gailey. "Early Tonga: As the Explorers Saw It, 1616-1810." Ethnohistory 37, no. 2 (1990): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482551.

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13

Hughes, Shirley. "Elizabeth Morey: Castaway in Tonga, 1802–1804." Journal of Pacific History 34, no. 1 (June 1999): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572890.

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14

Keppel, Gunnar. "Notes on the Natural History of Cycas seemannii (Cycadaceae)." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 19, no. 1 (2001): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp01007.

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Cycas seemannii occurs in several habitats in Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga, but is mostly coastal. Growth rates are about 5-15cm.yr-1 and sex ratios observed were almost neutral. Mechanisms to survive in adverse environments are discussed. Female plants were found to produce, on average, longer leaves with more leaflets than male plants. Larvae of an unidentified moth, which are parasitised by at least two species of wasps, mine the leaflets of C. seemannii. Reproduction occurs mainly by seeds and bulbils. Wind appears to be the major pollination agent. Seed dispersal, other than oceanic, appears to be inefficient.

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15

Myers, Alan A. "Amphipoda from the South Pacific: Tonga." Records of the Australian Museum 38, no. 5 (December 31, 1986): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.38.1986.183.

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16

Ellem, Elizabeth Wood. "Queen Sālote Tupou of Tonga as Tu'i Fefine." Journal of Pacific History 22, no. 4 (October 1987): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223348708572569.

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17

Gausset, Quentin, and Hanne O. Mogensen. "Sida et pollutions sexuelles chez les Tonga de Zambie." Cahiers d’études africaines 36, no. 143 (1996): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cea.1996.1425.

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18

Weeks,, Charles J. "The United States Occupation of Tonga, 1942-1945: The Social and Economic Impact." Pacific Historical Review 56, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3638665.

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19

Clark, Sam, Elizabeth Colson, James Lee, and Thayer Scudder. "Ten Thousand Tonga: A Longitudinal Anthropological Study from Southern Zambia, 1956–1991." Population Studies 49, no. 1 (March 1995): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000148266.

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20

Campbell, I. C. "The demise of the Tu'i Kanokupolu Tonga 1799–1827." Journal of Pacific History 24, no. 2 (October 1989): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223348908572612.

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21

Finau, Sitaleki A. "Community priorities following disaster: A case study from Tonga." Social Science & Medicine 24, no. 11 (January 1987): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(87)90289-9.

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22

ÖGER, Adem. "Alp Er Tonga In Turkish Cultural History And Some Narratives On It In Uighur." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 3 Issue 7, no. 3 (2008): 508–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.516.

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23

Franklin, Janet, Susan K. Wiser, Donald R. Drake, Larry E. Burrows, and William R. Sykes. "Environment, disturbance history and rain forest composition across the islands of Tonga, Western Polynesia." Journal of Vegetation Science 17, no. 2 (February 24, 2006): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02442.x.

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24

Howe, K. R., and Stephanie Lawson. "Tradition versus Democracy in the South Pacific: Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa." American Historical Review 102, no. 5 (December 1997): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171209.

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25

Steadman, David W., Aimée Plourde, and David V. Burley. "Prehistoric Butchery and Consumption of Birds in the Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific." Journal of Archaeological Science 29, no. 6 (June 2002): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0739.

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26

Clark, Geoffrey, Phillip Parton, Christian Reepmeyer, Nivaleti Melekiola, and David Burley. "Conflict and State Development in Ancient Tonga: The Lapaha Earth Fort." Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 13, no. 3 (June 28, 2017): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2017.1337658.

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27

Campbell, I. C. "Tonga since the 1990 election: Things change but stay the same." Journal of Pacific History 27, no. 3 (December 1992): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349208572717.

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28

Filihia, Meredith. "Rituals of Sacrifice in Early Post‐European Contact Tonga and Tahiti." Journal of Pacific History 34, no. 1 (June 1999): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572888.

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29

Wendt, Reinhard. "Deutsche Gräber auf dem europäischen Friedhof in Neiafu, Vava’u, Tonga-Inseln. Erinnerungsort zu Auswanderung und Transkulturation." Saeculum 64, no. 1 (January 2014): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/saeculum-2014-0109.

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30

Vaughan, Megan. "Successful Peasants on the Tonga Plateau - Black and White in Southern Zambia: The Tonga Plateau Economy and British Imperialism, 1890–1939. By Kenneth P. Vickery. New York, Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press, 1986. Pp. 248 29.95." Journal of African History 29, no. 2 (July 1988): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700023896.

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31

Bounoure, Gilles. "Compte rendu de A History of Tonga as recorded by Rev. John Thomas…, de Nigel Statham." Journal de la société des océanistes, no. 140 (June 15, 2015): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/jso.7310.

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32

James, Kerry. "The Recent Elections in Tonga: Democratic Supporters Win but Does Democracy Follow?" Journal of Pacific History 37, no. 3 (December 2002): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022334022000047858.

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33

Campbell, I. C. "The doctrine of accountability and the unchanging locus of power in Tonga." Journal of Pacific History 29, no. 1 (June 1994): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349408572761.

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34

Perez, Christine. "Mythopoiétique et colonisation des îles et archipels du Grand Océan austral : l'épopée des Maui des Tonga." Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 24, no. 1 (1998): 195–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/dha.1998.2384.

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35

Wright, Marcia, and Kenneth P. Vickery. "Black and White in Southern Zambia: The Tonga Plateau Ecconomy and British Imperialism, 1890-1939." American Historical Review 93, no. 4 (October 1988): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1863652.

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36

Chipungu, Samuel, and Kenneth P. Vickery. "Black and White in Southern Zambia: The Tonga Plateau Economy and British Imperialism, 1890-1939." African Economic History, no. 15 (1986): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601551.

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37

Perminow, Arne Aleksej. "Captain cook and the roots of precedence in Tonga “leading”; and “following”; as naturalised concepts." History and Anthropology 12, no. 3 (March 2001): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2001.9960936.

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38

Luker, Vicki, and Sioana Faupula. "MANUSCRIPT XL: Koe taimi kovi ‘i Toga – A Bad Time in Tonga: The Journal of J. Fekau ‘Ofahemo‘oni, 18 January to 27 March 1887." Journal of Pacific History 56, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 472–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2021.1988847.

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39

Olson, Storrs L. "Birds, including extinct species, encountered by the Malaspina Expedition on Vava'u, Tonga, in 1793." Archives of Natural History 33, no. 1 (April 2006): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2006.33.1.42.

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Four drawings and a short manuscript reference from the Spanish Malaspina Expedition provide certain records of five species of birds on the island of Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga, in 1793. Three of these are extant species known historically on Vava'u: Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio), Purple-capped Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus porphyraceus), and Blue-crowned Lorikeet (Vini australis). Also depicted is what is believed to be an extinct rail, probably flightless, of the genus Gallirallus, with possible relatives known from bones on ‘Eua, Tongatapu Group, and from an historical account on Tahiti. Another drawing appears to represent a male of the extinct parrot Eclectus infectus, recently described from bones from ‘Eua and from Lifuka and ‘Uiha in the Ha'apai Group. Thus, this parrot and an extinct rail appear to have survived on Vava'u as late as the end of the eighteenth century.

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40

Gunson, Niel. "Manuscript XIV part 2 A further view from a cousular verandah: Tonga 1885–86." Journal of Pacific History 31, no. 2 (December 1996): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349608572820.

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41

Houghton, P. "Comment on the human skeletal material from Pea, Tonga, Site To.1." Records of the Australian Museum 41, no. 3 (November 30, 1989): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.41.1989.149.

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42

Mizinga, Flexon M. "Marriage and Bridewealth in a Matrilineal Society: The Case of the Tonga of Southern Zambia: 1900-1996." African Economic History, no. 28 (2000): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601649.

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43

Robie, David. "Pacific Media Watch and protest in Oceania: An investigative free media case study." Pacific Journalism Review 20, no. 1 (May 31, 2014): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v20i1.186.

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In the past three decades, global and regional media freedom advocacy and activist groups have multiplied as risks to journalists and media workers have escalated. Nowhere has this trend been so marked as in the Oceania region where some four organisations have developed a media freedom role. Of these, one is unique in that while it has had a regional mission for almost two decades, it has been continuously based at four university journalism schools in Australia, Fiji, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Pacific Media Watch was founded as an independent, non-profit and non-government network by two journalism academics in the Australian Centre for Independent Journalism (ACIJ) at the University of Technology, Sydney. Its genesis was the jailing of two Taimi ‘o Tonga journalists, ‘Ekalafi Moala and Filokalafi ‘Akau’ola, and a ‘whistleblowing’ pro-democracy member of Parliament in Tonga, ‘Akilisi Pohiva, for alleged contempt in September 1996. PMW played a role in the campaign to free the three men. Since then, the agency has developed an investigative journalism strategy to challenge issues of ethics, media freedom, industry ownership, cross-cultural diversity and media plurality. One of PMW’s journalists won the 2013 Dart Asia-Pacific Centre for Journalism and Trauma Prize for an investigation into torture and social media in Fiji. This article presents a case study of the PMW project and examines its history and purpose as a catalyst for independent journalists, educator journalists, citizen journalists and critical journalists in a broader trajectory of Pacific protest.Figure 1: A Pacific Media Watch Fiji torture and social media investigation series won the Dart Asia-Pacific Centre trauma journalism prize in 2013.

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44

Falloon, Trevor J., Sebastien Meffre, Anthony J. Crawford, Kaj Hoernle, Folkmar Hauff, Sherman H. Bloomer, and Dawn J. Wright. "Cretaceous fore-arc basalts from the Tonga arc: Geochemistry and implications for the tectonic history of the SW Pacific." Tectonophysics 630 (September 2014): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.007.

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45

Bessant, Leonard Leslie, and Kenneth P. Vickery. "Black and White in Southern Zambia: The Tonga Plateau Economy and British Imperialism, 1890-1939." International Journal of African Historical Studies 20, no. 3 (1987): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219731.

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46

Quanchi, Max. "Maʻafu, Prince of Tonga, Chief of Fiji: the life and times of Fiji's first Tui Lau." Journal of Pacific History 51, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2016.1159119.

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47

Short, Jessie, and Anna Metaxas. "Gregarious settlement of tubeworms at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the Tonga–Kermadec arc, South Pacific." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 1 (July 6, 2010): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410000676.

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Despite the importance of early life-history processes in regulating population assemblages of benthic invertebrates at hydrothermal vents, they remain poorly understood, mainly because of the inaccessibility of these habitats. Vestimentiferan tubeworms provide an excellent system to study settlement in these habitats; they inhabit tubes that remain intact for some period even after the occupants die, and thus provide a proxy for rates of settlement and post-settlement mortality. In 2007, we collected rocks supporting populations of Lamellibrachia sp. using a TV-grab, from Mussel Ridge hydrothermal vent field on Monowai Volcanic Complex, at the Tonga–Kermadec arc. Twenty-two discrete patches of similarly sized individuals and of discrete length–frequency distributions were identified and quantified. Mean length of individual tubeworms ranged from <0.5 to 6.38 cm, and abundance per patch ranged from 6.8 to 108 ind cm−2. Post-settlement mortality was ~5%. These results suggest that gregarious settlement of pulses of larvae is likely occurring by Lamellibrachia sp., a process that has not yet been described in deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworms. The abundance of adult tubeworms on Monowai was low, and allochthonous larval supply from neighbouring seamounts unlikely. Consequently, gregarious settlement can increase the probability of maintenance and expansion of the existing populations.

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48

Scott, Matthew. "Strings attached: New Zealand’s climate aid in the South Pacific." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 27, no. 1and2 (September 30, 2021): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v27i1and2.1186.

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Commentary: Throughout New Zealand’s history, the nation has maintained a close and privileged relationship with its island neighbours in the South Pacific, exemplified by centuries of trade and migration. As the effects of climate change encroach on South Pacific nations such as the Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa and Tonga, New Zealand has implemented an aid programme via the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in order to mitigate the effects of the changing climate on these countries economically and socially. However, research depicts an aid programme that may do harm alongside good—by prioritising climate change mitigation over more sustainable and community-centred strategies, New Zealand has created a situation in which these countries become dependent on our solutions to their problems. By researching the controversial record of climate adaptation and mitigation strategies funded by developed nations across the South Pacific, it becomes evident that New Zealand’s programme of climate aid in the region is neocolonial and unsustainable.

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49

Aldrich, Robert. "The Decolonisation of the Pacific Islands." Itinerario 24, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014558.

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At the end of the Second World War, the islands of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia were all under foreign control. The Netherlands retained West New Guinea even while control of the rest of the Dutch East Indies slipped away, while on the other side of the South Pacific, Chile held Easter Island. Pitcairn, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands comprised Britain's Oceanic empire, in addition to informal overlordship of Tonga. France claimed New Caledonia, the French Establishments in Oceania (soon renamed French Polynesia) and Wallis and Futuna. The New Hebrides remained an Anglo-French condominium; Britain, Australia and New Zealand jointly administered Nauru. The United States' territories included older possessions – the Hawaiian islands, American Samoa and Guam – and the former Japanese colonies of the Northern Marianas, Mar-shall Islands and Caroline Islands administered as a United Nations trust territory. Australia controlled Papua and New Guinea (PNG), as well as islands in the Torres Strait and Norfolk Island; New Zealand had Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. No island group in Oceania, other than New Zealand, was independent.

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Magee, Andrew D., Danielle C. Verdon-Kidd, Anthony S. Kiem, and Stephen A. Royle. "Tropical cyclone perceptions, impacts and adaptation in the Southwest Pacific: an urban perspective from Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2016): 1091–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1091-2016.

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Abstract. The destruction caused by tropical cyclone (TC) Pam in March 2015 is considered one of the worst natural disasters in the history of Vanuatu. It has highlighted the need for a better understanding of TC impacts and adaptation in the Southwest Pacific (SWP) region. Therefore, the key aims of this study are to (i) understand local perceptions of TC activity, (ii) investigate impacts of TC activity and (iii) uncover adaptation strategies used to offset the impacts of TCs. To address these aims, a survey (with 130 participants from urban areas) was conducted across three SWP small island states (SISs): Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga (FVT). It was found that respondents generally had a high level of risk perception and awareness of TCs and the associated physical impacts, but lacked an understanding of the underlying weather conditions. Responses highlighted that current methods of adaptation generally occur at the local level, immediately prior to a TC event (preparation of property, gathering of food, finding a safe place to shelter). However higher level adaptation measures (such as the modification to building structures) may reduce vulnerability further. Finally, we discuss the potential of utilising weather-related traditional knowledge and non-traditional knowledge of empirical and climate-model-based weather forecasts to improve TC outlooks, which would ultimately reduce vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity. Importantly, lessons learned from this study may result in the modification and/or development of existing adaptation strategies.

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