Journal articles: 'Tonga Islands'

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L. Burns, Emma, Brian H. Costello, and Bronwyn A. Houlden. "Three evolutionarily significant units for conservation in the iguanid genus Brachylophus." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (2006): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060064.

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We examined phylogenetic relationships within the genus Brachylophus, which comprises two endangered iguana species endemic to the South Pacific islands of Fiji and Tonga. Genetic variation among Fijian Crested Iguanas B. vitiensis and Fijian and Tongan Banded Iguanas B. fasciatus was analysed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (cyt b) characterized from 35 individuals from island populations. Three distinct clades of Brachylophus were identified. The most divergent clade comprised B. fasciatus from Tonga, which supports the recognition of Tongan iguanas as a separate species. Molecular clock estimates suggested that the average sequence divergence (6.4%) between Tongan and Fijian B. fasciatus clades equated to 7 - 15.8 MY of separation, confirming that extant Brachylophus species have a long history of evolution in situ in the Fijian and Tongan archipelago. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that Fijian B. fasciatus and B. vitiensis iguana populations were not reciprocally monophyletic. One clade comprised two mtDNA haplotypes from the Fijian islands of Monu, Monuriki, Devuilau, Waya and Yadua Taba. The other clade comprised B. fasciatus haplotypes from Kadavu and Gau, which was divergent from both the aforementioned Fijian clade (dA = 3.5%), and the Tongan clade (dA = 6.4%). In addition to mtDNA data, variation was assessed at microsatellite loci, and significant differentiation between iguana populations was detected. Based on both mtDNA and microsatellite analysis, the conservation priorities for these endangered lizards must be reassessed to protect iguanas as three distinct evolutionarily significant units.

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Kalavite, Telesia. "Tongan translation realities across Tā ('Time') and Vā ('Space')." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00004_1.

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Abstract The kingdom of Tonga known as the Friendly Islands is a bilingual country where the official languages are Tongan (lea faka-Tonga) and English (lea faka-Pilitānia). In a bilingual environment like Tonga, the ability to translate effectively between the two languages is a fundamental skill to communicate well and to achieve academic success. The main focus of this article is to approach translation through a sociocultural lens, and more specifically, through a Tongan-inspired tāvāist perspective: 'Okusitino's Māhina's Tā‐Vā ('Time‐Space') Theory of Reality. This theory has influenced a range of practices from many disciplines and social activities, such as translation. Theorizing translation in and across Tā ('time') and Vā ('space') informs the relationships between languages, cultures and educational backgrounds in the transmission of 'ilo ('knowledge') and poto ('skills') among all members of the society. In exploring the theory this article will consider two translation case studies of English to Tongan literature: Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland (1865) and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince (1943).

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Rinke, Dieter. "The status of wildlife in Tonga." Oryx 20, no. 3 (July 1986): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300019980.

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When the author visited ’Eua in the Tonga islands to study the red shining parrot, he took the opportunity to collect information on some other aspects of Tonga's wildlife. During his 18-month survey he also visited several other islands in the group. Here he discusses six rare and threatened animals—four birds and two reptiles.

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Pohiva, S. ‘Akilisi. "Media, justice in Tonga." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2002): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v8i1.733.

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It is to my belief that such a move to form a new media association of the nature of the Pacific Islands Media Association (PIMA) is spear-headed by a group of people who have a common interest and common understanding, and a vision for the future role of media in the region.

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W. Steadman, David, Janet Franklin, Donald R. Drake, Holly B. Freifeld, Leslie A. Bolick, Darren S. Smith, and Timothy J. Motley. "Conservation status of forests and vertebrate communities in the Vava`u Island Group, Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990191.

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Based on field work in 1995 and 1996, we assess the distribution, relative abundance, and habitat preferences of forest plants, lizards, birds, and mammals on 17 islands in the Vava'u Group, Kingdom of Tonga. The islands vary in habitat composition, land area (0.02-96 km2), elevation (20-215 m), and distance (0-10.1 km) from the largest island of 'Uta Vava'u. Two major forest types are recognized - coastal and lowland. They are similar in composition to forest communities described for the southern Tongan island group and for lowland Samoa, but with unique patterns of species dominance. The most mature category of lowland forest persists mainly in areas too steep for cultivation and covers about 10% of the land area. The greatest variation in plant species composition appears to be related to the degree of human disturbance. Among lizards, six species are widespread and at least locally common, whereas three others are localized and typically rare. Among landbirds, 11 species are widespread and at least locally common, one (West Polynesian Ground-Dove Gallicolumba stain) is extremely rare, and three others have been extirpated in the past century. The overall species richness and relative abundance of indigenous plants and vertebrates among islands in Vava'u have been affected more by deforestation and other human activities than by the classic physical variables of island biogeography - area, elevation, or isolation. Small islands (<1 km2) may be very important for conservation purposes, especially given the propensity for secondary succession to indigenous forests following agricultural abandonment.

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Hooker, Brian. "The European Discovery of the Tonga Islands." Terrae Incognitae 36, no. 1 (June 2004): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tin.2004.36.1.20.

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7

STEADMAN, DAVID W., and OONA M. TAKANO. "A new genus and species of pigeon (Aves, Columbidae) from the Kingdom of Tonga, with an evaluation of hindlimb osteology of columbids from Oceania." Zootaxa 4810, no. 3 (July 13, 2020): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4810.3.1.

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The region from New Guinea through Oceania sustains the world’s most diverse set of columbids. We describe osteological characters of the hindlimb (femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus) that divide the Papuan-Oceanic pigeons and doves into three groups based on functional morphology: “arboreal” (Hemiphaga, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Drepanoptila, Gymnophaps), “intermediate” (Columba, Macropygia, Reinwardtoena), and “terrestrial” (Gallicolumba [includes Alopecoenas], Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, Chalcophaps, Geopelia, Henicophaps, Caloenas, Didunculus, Otidiphaps). The arboreal and terrestrial groups are each distinctive osteologically, especially in the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, which are short relative to the femur in the arboreal group, and long relative to the femur in the terrestrial group. The intermediate pigeons are more similar to arboreal than to terrestrial pigeons, but nonetheless fit in neither group. To estimate the phylogenetic relationships among or within these three groups is somewhat tentative using hindlimb osteology alone, although all five genera of arboreal pigeons have independent molecular evidence of relatedness, as do most of the genera of terrestrial pigeons. Using the hindlimb and other osteological data as a framework, we describe a new extinct genus and species of pigeon, Tongoenas burleyi, from Holocene archaeological and Pleistocene paleontological sites on six islands (Foa, Lifuka, `Uiha, Ha`afeva, Tongatapu, and `Eua) in the Kingdom of Tonga. Tongoenas was a large-sized member of the “arboreal” pigeon group, with osteological characters that relate it to Ducula, Gymnophaps, and Hemiphaga (generally canopy frugivores) rather than with the “terrestrial” pigeons (more ground-dwelling and granivorous) such as Gallicolumba, Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, etc. (others listed above). Among volant columbids, living or extinct, only the species of Goura (from New Guinea) are larger than Tongoenas. From most of the same prehistoric sites, we also report new material of the nearly as large, extinct pigeon Ducula shutleri Worthy & Burley, recently described from islands in the Vava`u Group of Tonga. Thus, D. shutleri also was widespread in Tonga before human impact. The prehistoric anthropogenic loss in Tonga of Tongoenas burleyi, Ducula shutleri, and other columbids undoubtedly had a negative impact on the dispersal regimes of Tongan forest trees. At first human contact about 2850 years ago, at least nine species of columbids in six genera inhabited the Tongan islands, where only four species in three genera exist today.

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8

Underhill, Steven J. R., Soane Patolo, Yuchan Zhou, and Sarah Burkhart. "The Agriculture–Nutrition–Income Nexus in Tonga: Is Postharvest Loss Undermining Horticulture Market Efficiency in Tonga?" Horticulturae 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6040061.

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The Kingdom of Tonga has one of the highest rates of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the world. Initiatives to promote pro-health dietary behaviour are possibly being compromised by poor or inconsistent consumer accessibility to affordable and safe fresh fruits and vegetables, referred to as the agriculture–nutrition–income nexus. While donors increasingly focus on nutrition-sensitive agriculture across the Pacific, there is little contemporary information concerning Tonga’s domestic horticultural distribution and market system, particularly in regards to food loss. This study surveyed 292 municipal and road-side vendors on Tongatapu and ‘Utu Vava’u Islands, with the aim of mapping and analyzing horticultural markets and farm supply, transport logistics, and quantifying postharvest practice and market loss. Tonga’s domestic horticultural market structure consists of a central municipal market and on Tongatapu Island, a supplementary network of urban and rural based road-side vendors. There is limited inter-island trade, with most farms located within 25 km of the central municipal market. Mean postharvest horticultural loss was very low, at 1.4% to 5.3%, with road-side vendors more vulnerable to loss. This level of loss was thought to reflect short intra-island transport distance, the type of crops being traded, and rapid market throughput, rather than a level of value chain efficiency. Vendors regulated market supply volume and price discounting and were the principal strategies to mitigate postharvest loss. While low levels of postharvest loss, short transport logistics, and fast market throughput are consistent with a relatively efficient horticulture market system, vendor practice may be impeding fresh fruit and vegetable accessibility.

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9

White, Ian, Tony Falkland, and Taaniela Kula. "Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply." Hydrology 7, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7040081.

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UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 challenges small island developing states such as the Kingdom of Tonga, which relies on variable rainwater and fragile groundwater lenses for freshwater supply. Meeting water needs in dispersed small islands under changeable climate and frequent extreme events is difficult. Improved governance is central to better water management. Integrated national sustainable development plans have been promulgated as a necessary improvement, but their relevance to island countries has been questioned. Tonga’s national planning instrument is the Tonga Strategic Development Framework, 2015–2025 (TSDFII). Local Community Development Plans (CDPs), developed by rural villages throughout Tonga’s five Island Divisions, are also available. Analyses are presented of island water sources from available census and limited hydrological data, and of the water supply priorities in TSDFII and in 117 accessible village CDPs. Census and hydrological data showed large water supply differences between islands. Nationally, TDSFII did not identify water supply as a priority. In CDPs, 84% of villages across all Island Divisions ranked water supply as a priority. Reasons for the mismatch are advanced. It is recommended that improved governance in water in Pacific Island countries should build on available census and hydrological data and increased investment in local island planning processes.

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10

Taufa, Taitusi, Ramesh Subramani, Peter Northcote, and Robert Keyzers. "Natural Products from Tongan Marine Organisms." Molecules 26, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154534.

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The islands of the South Pacific Ocean have been in the limelight for natural product biodiscovery, due to their unique and pristine tropical waters and environment. The Kingdom of Tonga is an archipelago in the central Indo-Pacific Ocean, consisting of 176 islands, 36 of which are inhabited, flourishing with a rich diversity of flora and fauna. Many unique natural products with interesting bioactivities have been reported from Indo-Pacific marine sponges and other invertebrate phyla; however, there have not been any reviews published to date specifically regarding natural products from Tongan marine organisms. This review covers both known and new/novel Marine Natural Products (MNPs) and their biological activities reported from organisms collected within Tongan territorial waters up to December 2020, and includes 109 MNPs in total, the majority from the phylum Porifera. The significant biological activity of these metabolites was dominated by cytotoxicity and, by reviewing these natural products, it is apparent that the bulk of the new and interesting biologically active compounds were from organisms collected from one particular island, emphasizing the geographic variability in the chemistry between these organisms collected at different locations.

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11

Aldrich, Robert. "The Decolonisation of the Pacific Islands." Itinerario 24, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014558.

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At the end of the Second World War, the islands of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia were all under foreign control. The Netherlands retained West New Guinea even while control of the rest of the Dutch East Indies slipped away, while on the other side of the South Pacific, Chile held Easter Island. Pitcairn, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands comprised Britain's Oceanic empire, in addition to informal overlordship of Tonga. France claimed New Caledonia, the French Establishments in Oceania (soon renamed French Polynesia) and Wallis and Futuna. The New Hebrides remained an Anglo-French condominium; Britain, Australia and New Zealand jointly administered Nauru. The United States' territories included older possessions – the Hawaiian islands, American Samoa and Guam – and the former Japanese colonies of the Northern Marianas, Mar-shall Islands and Caroline Islands administered as a United Nations trust territory. Australia controlled Papua and New Guinea (PNG), as well as islands in the Torres Strait and Norfolk Island; New Zealand had Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. No island group in Oceania, other than New Zealand, was independent.

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12

Singh, Shailendra. "Six Oceania microstates: The genesis of media accountability." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i2.839.

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Media accountability systems (M*A*S) have been slow to take root in Oceania. Apart from Papua New Guinea, Fiji is the trend-setter in the region. Following the establishment of the Fiji Media Council in the mid-1990s, several other South Pacific island countries were keen to the follow the lead. Tonga now has a similar body with a code of ethics and which includes public members empowered to receive and adjudicate on complaints against the media. In Samoa, a study has been carried out in order to establish a media council-type body. The Solomons Islands Media Council (SIMC) is an industry organisation that does not yet have a complaints procedure. It is considering including this mechanism in line with the Papua New Guinea Media Council with which it shares a website and has a cooperative agreement. This article examines the debate in six South Pacific island countries that have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, self-regulatory M*A*S mechanisms following government pressure. They are the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The article also argues that there are other M*A*S that regional media can adopt besides media councils and this action would make it harder for governments to intervene and introduce regulation.

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13

Robie, David. "REVIEW: Cyberspace, kavabowls and hot news in the Pacific." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 3, no. 2 (November 1, 1996): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v3i2.604.

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Review of Tahiti Pacifique, Tahiti Beach Press, The National, Post-Courier, Samoa Observer, Tonga Chronicle, Matangi Tonga, Uni Tavur, Papua Niugina Nius, Online Journalist's 'Tonga Page', CocoNet Wireless, Pacific Islands Internet services, Cafe Pacific, Rabi Online. From virtually no news website of real substance in the South Pacific in 1995, there are now three daily newspapers with regular Web links, two monthly news magazines, two weekly newspapers, one fortnightly paper, a biannual media journal and a daily news service with websites.

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14

Burley, David V., and Sean P. Connaughton. "First Lapita Settlement and its Chronology in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga." Radiocarbon 49, no. 1 (2007): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041965.

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Beginning approximately cal 1400 BC, Austronesian-speaking Lapita peoples began a colonizing migration across Oceania from the Bismarck Archipelago to western Polynesia. The first point of entry into Polynesia occurred on the island of Tongatapu in Tonga with subsequent spread northward to Samoa along a natural sailing corridor. Radiocarbon measurements from recent excavations at 4 sites in the northern Vava'u islands of Tonga provide a chronology for the final stage of this diaspora. These dates indicate that the northern expansion was almost immediate, that a paucity of Lapita sites to the north cannot be explained as a result of lag time in the settlement process, and that decorated Lapita ceramics disappeared rapidly after first landfalls.

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15

Winterbottom, Richard, and Mary Burridge. "Revision of Indo-Pacific Priolepis species possessing a reduced transverse pattern of cheek papillae, and predorsal scales (Teleostei; Gobiidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2056–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-291.

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There are 10 Indo-Pacific species of Priolepis with a reduced transverse pattern of sensory papillae and scales in the predorsal midline. Nine of these, including three new species, are described here. Priolepis aureoviridis is known from the Hawaiian, Johnston, and Caroline islands; P. cinctus ranges from South Africa and the Red Sea to Japan and Tonga; P. eugenius is endemic to the Hawaiian islands; P. inhaca is found from the East African coast to Taiwan and the Society Islands; P. limbatosquamis is confined to the Hawaiian islands and Johnston Island; and P. squamogena is known from Howland Island southeastwards through the Society and Marquesas islands to Pitcairn Island. Of the three new species, P. agrena is known from the Philippine Islands and the northern Great Barrier Reef and P. pallidicincta ranges from Sulawesi through Guam and the Gilbert Islands to Fiji, whereas P. triops is known only from Fiji and the Society Islands. The remaining species, P. RW sp. 20, is known from the Austral and Easter islands and Lord Howe Island. This species will be described by D.F. Hoese and H.K. Larson. There is currently no information indicating that the species of the P. cinctus grade form a monophyletic assemblage.

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Sykes, W. R. "Scaevola gracilis(Goodeniaceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Tonga." New Zealand Journal of Botany 36, no. 4 (December 1998): 671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1998.9512604.

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17

Duffels, J. P., and A. Ewart. "The Cicadas of the Fiji, Samoa and Tonga Islands." Behaviour 107, no. 1-2 (1988): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853988x00250.

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Duffels, J. P., and A. Ewart. "The Cicadas of the Fiji, Samoa and Tonga Islands." Behaviour 107, no. 3-4 (1988): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853988x00403.

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19

Lovelace, Cheryl E. A., and William G. L. Aalbersberg. "Aflatoxin levels in foodstuffs in Fiji and Tonga islands." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 39, no. 4 (December 1989): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01092077.

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20

Singh, Shailendra. "Investigative journalism: Challenges, perils, rewards in seven Pacific Island countries." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.291.

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This article appraises the general state of investigative journalism in seven Pacific Island countries—Cook Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu—and asserts that the trend is not encouraging. Journalism in general, and investigative journalism in particular, has struggled due to harsher legislation as in military-ruled Fiji; beatings and harassment of journalists as in Vanuatu; and false charges and lawsuits targeting journalists and the major newspaper company in the Cook Islands. Corruption, tied to all the major political upheavals in the region since independence, is also discussed. Threats to investigative journalism, like the ‘backfiring effect’ and ‘anti-whistleblower’ law are examined, along with some investigative journalism success case studies.

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OKUMURA, YOSHIHIRO, KENJI HARADA, and YOSHIAKI KAWATA. "EVACUATION BEHAVIOR IN THE 29 SEPTEMBER 2009 SAMOA ISLANDS REGION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05, no. 03 (September 2011): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343111100108x.

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A large earthquake of Mw 8.0 occurred in Samoa Islands region in the early morning of 29 September 2009 (local time). A large tsunami generated by the earthquake hit Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga. The field investigation on evacuation behavior was carried out in Tutuila Island, American Samoa. The death ratio was low against the tsunami magnitude. This feature of this disaster resulted from waveform of tsunami, land use, residents' call, mayor's call, and so on.

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Joharchi, Omid, Qing-Hai Fan, and Elham Arjomandi. "A new species and a new record of Cosmolaelaps Berlese (Acari: Laelapidae) from the Pacific Islands." Systematic and Applied Acarology 22, no. 6 (May 19, 2017): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.22.6.5.

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The mite family Laelapidae has been little studied in the Pacific Islands. This paper presents a new species and a new record of the genus Cosmolaelaps Berlese, 1903 from Fiji and Tonga. Cosmolaelaps dioscorea sp. nov. was collected from yam (Plantae: Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea sp.) in Fiji and Cosmolaelaps paulista Freire & Moraes, 2007 from taro (Plantae: Araceae: Colocasia Schott) in Fiji and Tonga. The new species is described.

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Singh, Shailendra, and Som Prakash. "Politics, democracy and the media: Case studies in Fiji, Tonga and the Solomon Islands." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2006): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v12i2.863.

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This article looks at three South Pacific Island nations—Fiji, Tonga and the Solomon Islands—in terms of some landmark changes occurring in their political arenas. Fiji, beset by racial and political problems culminating in three coups, is experimenting with a multiracial, multiparty cabinet that could be emulated by other multiethnic countries. Tonga, a Polynesian monarchy, has recently seen an unprecedented number of protest marches against the ruling elite, the death of its King, and is in experiencing palpable democratic changes. In the Solomons, the strong desire for a fairer political system was manifested in the 2006 riots in Honiara. It caught the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) napping and brought into question the sufficiency and focus of Australia’s intervention policy in the country. The media has been a key player in these events. Regularly accused of adding fuel to fire in its coverage of crises, the media faces constant government pressure in all three countries. This article argues that rather than the media, the sources of discontent and instability are self-serving leaders clinging to outdated political systems. The authors believe political reform, not media control, is needed.

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Kirch, P. V., T. L. Hunt, and Jason Tyler. "A Radiocarbon Sequence from the Toaga Site, Ofu Island, American Samoa." Radiocarbon 31, no. 1 (1989): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200044568.

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The Samoan Archipelago occupies a critical position for understanding the dispersal of early Austronesian-speaking peoples into the southwestern Pacific, including the initial colonization by humans of the Polynesian triangle. To date, the most easterly reported site of the Lapita cultural complex (Green, 1979; Kirch, 1984; Kirch & Hunt, 1988) is the Mulifanua site on Upolu Island, Western Samoa (Green & Davidson, 1974). Lapita colonists settled the larger, western Samoan Islands by the end of the second millennium bc. Archaeologic and linguistic evidence also suggest that the islands of Eastern Polynesia (eg, Marquesas, Society and Cook Islands) were settled, at least in part, from Samoa. However, the timing of this movement into Eastern Polynesia has not yet been dated to earlier than ca 150 bc on the basis of radiocarbon dating of cultural materials from the Marquesas Islands (Kirch, 1986; Ottino, 1985). This has raised the issue of whether there was a “long pause” between the settlement of Samoa (and the other islands of Western Polynesia, such as Tonga, Futuna, and ‘Uvea) and that of Eastern Polynesia (Irwin, 1981; Kirch, 1986; Terrell, 1986).

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Finsch, Dr O., and Dr G. Hartlaub. "On a small Collection of Birds from the Tonga Islands." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 37, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1869.tb07364.x.

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Manu, VT, H. Kipton, J. Powell, L. Banks, A. Sheat, and JP Widdowson. "Accession of SO2-4 sulfur from Tongan rainfall." Soil Research 28, no. 5 (1990): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900727.

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Accession of SO42- S from rain in Tonga has been assessed as approximately 6 kg S ha-1 year-1 from analysis of rainwater collected at three sites on two islands over a period of 365 days. The accession is of similar magnitude to crop removal of soil S. This accounts for the absence of S deficiencies in crops grown on andesitic soils which, on the basis of low to very low levels of adsorbed sulfate and low plant yields in glasshouse trials, were considered S-deficient. From consideration of ion ratios, it was established that sea spray/marine aerosol is the major source of SO42- S in Tongan rainwater.

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Holland, Elisabeth. "Tropical Cyclone Harold meets the Novel Coronavirus." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v26i1.1099.

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Abstract: COVID-19 began to manifest in the Pacific Islands by early March 2020, starting in the US and French territories, spreading slowly to the independent countries of Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste. All of the independent Pacific countries responded with aggressive measures, closing borders and establishing curfews. Against this background, Tropical Cyclone Harold, formed on April Fool's Day, began its devastating path through four Pacific countries: Solomon Islands with 27 dead in a ferry accident; Vanuatu whose northern islands, including Santo and Malekula were devastated by the cyclone with wind speeds greater than 200 km/h. The devastation continued in Fiji, with two tornadoes and devastation particularly in Kadavu and the southern Lau group. Tropical Cyclone Harold struck Tonga at the height of the king tide. COVID-19 continues to complicate relief efforts, particularly in Vanuatu. As of May 3, 2020, sixteen Pacific countries and territories had yet to report their first confirmed case of COVID-19: American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Pitcairn, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna. The Pacific continues to lead by example motivated by collective stewardship with actions and policies based on science. Pacific leaders continue to work with the World Health Organisation (WHO) to implement COVID-19 management recommendations.

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Kowalenko, Nick, Odille Chang, Monica Hagali, Myrielle Allen, Jimmy Obed, Alistair Bush, and Paul Robertson. "Child and Adolescent Psychiatry International Relations (CAPIR): building bridges for psychiatry workforce capacity with Pacific Island nations." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219875058.

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Objective: To describe the span of work of child and adolescent psychiatrists in Australia and New Zealand in recent years aimed at collaborative efforts to build mental health capacity in the Pacific Island nations of Fiji, Samoa, Cook Islands, Tonga, Kiribati, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. Method: Steps taken to coordinate resourcing, networking, delivery of appropriate initiatives, establishing and maintaining key relationships with partners are described. Results: Engagement with Pacific nations mental health professionals, ministries of health, NGOs, universities, multilateral agencies and professional and international organisations has expanded and strengthened since 2013. Conclusions: Planned and staged implementation of initiatives can harness RANZCP (and its faculties and interest groups) goodwill to effectively contribute to psychiatry and mental health capacity building in partnerships with Pacific Island nations to address mental health needs over the life-span.

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McCOSKER, JOHN E. "Deepwater Indo-Pacific species of the snake-eel genus Ophichthus (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae), with the description of nine new species." Zootaxa 2505, no. 1 (June 14, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2505.1.1.

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The 19 Indo-Pacific species of the snake-eel genus Ophichthus (family Ophichthidae, subfamily Ophichthinae) that live at or below 200 m are reviewed. Included are: Ophichthus aphotistos, O. brachynotopterus, O. echeloides, O. exourus, O. genie, O. kunaloa, O. megalops, O. mystacinus, O. serpentinus, O. urolophus, and nine new species which are described: O. alleni from 115–200 m off eastern Australia; O. aniptocheilos from 391–421 m off Tonga; O. congroides from 300 m off the Tuamotu Islands; O. hirritus from 600 m off the Seychelle Islands; O. humanni from 254–300 m off Vanuatu; O. ishiyamorum from 258–400 m off the Gulf of Aden, Somalia; O. lentiginosus from 400 m off Vanuatu and New Caledonia; O. microstictus from 362–450 m off Tonga, Fiji, and possibly New Caledonia; and O. tomioi from 300– 423 m off the Philippines, Marquesas, Fiji, and the Seychelle Islands. The range and depth distributions of the following are expanded to include: O. brachynotopterus to New Caledonia and Vanuatu between 541–580 m; O. mystacinus to Tonga, Fiji, and the Philippines between 371–824 m; and O. urolophus to Western Australia and Indonesia between 40– 420 m. An identification key is provided. Characteristics and the behavior of species of the subgenus Coecilophis, to which all treated species except O. aphotistos belong, is discussed. Ophichthys madagascariensis Fourmanoir (1961) is proposed to be a junior synonym of Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson 1848).

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Wimalasiri, Jayantha S. "A cross‐national study on children's purchasing behavior and parental response." Journal of Consumer Marketing 21, no. 4 (June 1, 2004): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363760410542183.

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Children use various influencing tactics to persuade the parents to comply with their requests. Parents' responses vary from outright denial to total acceptance. A sample of 255 parents selected from the Fiji Islands, Tonga and the Cook Islands were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to measure the effects of children's influence on the parental decision making process. This preliminary investigation suggests that the children in the Pacific Islands have not moved from parent‐centered family environment to the modern, mostly Western, child‐centered family environment. The second part of the research was designed to identify the demonstrated influence tactics used by the children in the island nations. The findings indicate that the children are less demanding and more persuasive in their attempt to obtain parental approval. Details of statistical analysis of the study are given. The implications of the findings for marketing management are also discussed in the paper.

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GON, OFER, and GERALD R. ALLEN. "Revision of the Indo-Pacific cardinalfish genus Siphamia (Perciformes: Apogonidae)." Zootaxa 3294, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3294.1.1.

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The Indo-Pacific apogonid genus Siphamia Weber 1909 is unique among cardinalfishes in having a bacterial biolumines-cent system and spinoid scales. Light is produced by luminous bacteria found in a small pocket connected to the gut in theabdominal cavity and in a sac on each side of the tip of the tongue. Siphamia consists of 23 small species many of whichare associated with invertebrates such as sea urchins, crown-of-thorns starfish and coral. Species of this genus fall intotwo main groups with different dark pigment pattern of the longitudinal translucent muscle acting as a light organ thatdiffuses light along the ventral edge of the body. The S. tubifer group, with a striated light organ, includes S. arabica, newspecies, from the Gulf of Oman; S. argentea from the Philippines and northern Western Australia; S. fraseri, new species,from New Caledonia, Tonga and Fiji; S. fuscolineata from the Marshall and Line islands; S. goreni, new species, from thesouthern Red Sea; S. guttulata from Darnley Island, Queensland; S. jebbi from the western Pacific, ranging from the Phil-ippines to Western Australia and east to the Caroline Islands, Fiji, and Tonga; S. majimai from the Ryukyu and Ogasawaraislands to northwestern Australia, ranging eastward to New Caledonia and Tonga; S. mossambica from the western IndianOcean; S. randalli, new species, from the Society and Cook islands; S. spinicola, new species, from Biak in eastern Indo-nesia, Papua New Guinea, Woleai Atoll, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Chesterfield Islands; S. stenotes, new species,from the Triton Bay area of Irian Jaya Barat Province of Indonesia; and S. tubifer ranging widely in the Indo-West Pacificfrom the Red Sea to Madagascar and east to Vanuatu. The S. tubulata group, with a dark-dotted light organ, includes S.brevilux, new species, from Papua New Guinea; S. cephalotes from southern Australia; S. corallicola from Indonesia, Sa-bah, and Timor Sea; S. cuneiceps from Western Australia and the east coast of Queensland; S. cyanophthalma, new species,from the Philippines, Palau, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea; S. elongata from the Philippines and Brunei; S. fistulosafrom Java, Sumbawa and Komodo, Indonesia, and Brunei; S. roseigaster from Western Australia, ranging along the north-ern and eastern coast of Australia south to Sydney Harbour, New South Wales; S. senoui, new species, from the RyukyuIslands, Japan; and S. tubulata from the Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, south coast of Papua New Guinea, northern Western Australia and Queensland.

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Song, Lili, and Morsen Mosses. "Revisiting Ocean Boundary Disputes in the South Pacific in Light of the South China Sea Arbitration: A Legal Perspective." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 33, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 768–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12333079.

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Abstract This article examines three ocean boundary disputes in the South Pacific in light of the South China Sea arbitration. First, we consider whether the Matthew and Hunter Islands, over which France and Vanuatu have made competing claims, are full-fledged islands or rocks and argue that they are likely to be rocks. Second, we discuss the dispute between Fiji and Tonga over the Minerva Reefs. We submit that, if the Minerva Reefs are low-tide elevations as public information in English generally suggests, Tonga’s historic claim to the maritime area around the Minerva Reefs would be inconsistent with the principle of ‘the land dominates the sea’. Third, we examine Tonga’s historic claim to the maritime area within a rectangle boundary defined in Tonga’s 1887 Royal Proclamation and submit that the main difficulty for Tonga to establish such claim is to prove that it has effectively exercised sovereignty over the relevant area.

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Fuke, Yusuke, and Makoto Sasazuka. "First record of Macrobrachium grandimanus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Guam, Micronesia." Check List 17, no. 3 (May 11, 2021): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/17.3.759.

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The Hawaiian river shrimp Macrobrachium grandimanus (Randall, 1840) is an amphidromous brackish water prawn that inhabits the Hawaiian Islands (type locality), Ryukyu Islands, Melanesia (Fiji, New Caledonia), and Polynesia (Tonga). Here, we report a new record of this species from Guam, Micronesia. Two genetically and morphologically differentiated lineages of this species are known: the Hawaiian and the Ryukyu lineages. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the Guam population is closely related to the Ryukyu lineage.

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Pamell, Kevin. "Pacific Island Landscapes: Landscape and Geological Development of Southwest Pacific Islands, Especially Fiji, Samoa and Tonga." New Zealand Geographer 56, no. 1 (April 2000): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2000.tb00561.x.

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Sharma, Parmendra, Neelesh Gounder, and Dong Xiang. "Level and Determinants of Foreign Bank Efficiency in a Pacific Island Country." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 18, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091515500058.

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This study fills a huge gap in literature by providing some evidence on the level and determinants of bank efficiency in a Pacific island context. DEA results show that overall efficiency levels may be lower than in Australia, the home country of major banks. Dynamic GMM and panel data results show that personnel expenses and bank credit matter for efficiency, but not other bank-specific and macroeconomic factors. These insights substantially improve policy-making capacities for Fiji and other Pacific economies, including Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu where banking and regulatory systems and structures are highly comparable.

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Franklin, Janet, and Sergio J. Rey. "Heterogeneous tree recruitment following disturbance in insular tropical forest, Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 6 (September 9, 2016): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000456.

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Abstract:What factors are related to establishment dynamics following disturbance in late-successional versus second-growth tropical forests of the Pacific islands? Are those relationships robust to interannual fluctuations in establishment? In three sites juveniles were enumerated in 30 (5 × 5-m) subplots within 45 × 50-m tree plots in 2004 and 2005, 2.5 and 3.5 y following a Category-3 tropical cyclone (hurricane), in the Vava'u Island Group, Kingdom of Tonga. Recruitment was almost three-fold greater in the second sample period. Spatial pattern of focal species density was related to density of other juveniles, proximity of conspecific adults and canopy cover in the two years using Seemingly Unrelated Regression. Shade-tolerant species were the most abundant recruits in late-successional sites, establishing near-conspecific adults and other juveniles, while shade-establishing species were recruiting in gaps in second-growth forest where they also constitute the canopy trees. This pattern, observed in both years, reinforces divergent successional trajectories for second-growth and late-successional forest.

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Austin, Christopher C., and George R. Zug. "Molecular and morphological evolution in the south-central Pacific skink Emoia tongana (Reptilia : Squamata): uniformity and human-mediated dispersal." Australian Journal of Zoology 47, no. 5 (1999): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99019.

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Human-mediated and waif dispersal are both responsible for the distribution of lizards on tropical Pacific islands. The component of each of these dispersal modes to the Pacific herpetofauna, however, is unclear. Morphological conservatism of Pacific lizards, the poor paleontological record on tropical Pacific islands, and minimal research effort in the Pacific (compared with other island systems) has hampered our understanding of waif versus human-mediated patterns. We examine morphological and genetic variation of Emoia concolor and E. tongana (formerly E. murphyi), two scincid lizards, from the south-central Pacific, to assess modes of dispersal and population structure. Emoia tongana from Tonga and Samoa is genetically uniform, suggesting that these are synanthropic populations recently introduced, presumably from Fiji. Relatively large genetic divergence is evident for populations of E. concolor within the Fijian archipelago, suggesting prehuman intra-archipelago dispersal and isolation.

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38

Fonua, Sonia M. "The Manulua Framework: how combining multiple research methodologies and theoretical or conceptual frameworks strengthens research with Tongan participants." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11771801211017557.

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When researching with Moana (ocean) or Pacific peoples, a key research consideration is which methodological approach will best acknowledge, engage, and value what is shared. The Manulua (two birds) Framework explores the experiences of successful Tongan science learners in Aotearoa New Zealand and the Kingdom of Tonga. The Manulua Framework draws on four very different theoretical or conceptual frameworks and methods, complementing (1) Tongan and Moana or Pacific approaches to research with aspects of (2) critical realism, (3) relationality through vā (space), and the (4) multiscience framework. Epeli Hau’ofa’s seminal essay Sea of Islands, and the articles of support and critique found in A New Oceania helped situate Oceania as the context, connector, and source of my participants’ stories. This article describes how this combination acknowledged Moana or Pacific values, protocols, knowledge, and beliefs during data collection, analysis, and reflection, offering a way for researchers to consider how to draw upon multiple theoretical or conceptual frameworks and methods in their work.

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McConkey, Kim R., Donald R. Drake, Janet Franklin, and Filipe Tonga. "Effects of Cyclone Waka on flying foxes (Pteropus tonganus) in the Vava'u Islands of Tonga." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001804.

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Severe tropical cyclones are a major cause of episodic mortality for Pacific Island flying foxes (large fruit bats). Many flying foxes starve after forests are stripped of food sources, and hunting by humans may also increase in the post-cyclone period. In December 2001, Cyclone Waka passed directly over the Vava'u Islands in the Kingdom of Tonga, western Polynesia. We visited the islands 6 mo later to survey the flying fox (Pteropus tonganus) population and assess availability of potential food items (fruit and flower) in primary, secondary and plantation forests. Less than 20% of the pre-cyclone bat population (surveyed in 1999–2001) remained 6 mo after the storm. The density of potential food trees in flower or fruit at this time was only 15% of pre-cyclone density, and the main species available were different in the two time periods. The highest density of potential food trees occurred in secondary forest (26 flowering or fruiting trees ha−1) and plantations (23 ha−1); primary forest offered the least food (18 ha−1). Since 65–70% of the land area has been converted to agricultural plantations, this vegetation type had the highest absolute number of food-bearing trees – almost seven times that of primary forest. Flowering coconuts (Cocos nucifera) were the most abundant food source overall and we suggest that this species may be important in sustaining flying foxes following severe storms.

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Fonua, L., K. Bissell, P. Vivili, S. Gounder, and P. C. Hill. "Sputum smear microscopy referral rates and turnaround time in the Tonga Islands." Public Health Action 4, no. 1 (June 21, 2014): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.13.0087.

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Johnston, Ingrid. "Traditional warning signs of cyclones on remote islands in Fiji and Tonga." Environmental Hazards 14, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2015.1046156.

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42

Møller Andersen, N. "The coral bugs, genus Halovelia Bergroth (Hemiptera, Veliidae). I. History, classification, and taxonomy of species except the H. malaya-group." Insect Systematics & Evolution 20, no. 1 (1989): 75–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631289x00519.

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AbstractMarine bugs of the genus Halovelia Bergroth inhabit intertidal coral reefs and rocky coasts along the continents and larger islands bordering the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and western Pacific Ocean as well as on island groups and atolls in these areas. A historical review of the study of the genus is presented and different views upon its classification discussed. The genus Halovelia is redescribed together with its type species, H. maritima Bergroth, and four other previously known species. Fifteen new species are described: H. carolinensis sp.n. (Caroline Islands), H. halophila sp.n. (Sumbawa, Sabah), H. corallia sp.n. (Papua New Guinea, Australia: Queensland), H. esakii sp.n. (Solomon Islands, Irian New Guinea, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Palau Islands, Philippines), H. polhemi sp.n. (Australia: Northern Territory), H. solomon sp.n. (Solomon Islands), H. novoguinensis sp.n. (Papua New Guinea), H. fosteri sp.n. (Fiji Islands), H. tongaensis sp.n. (Tonga Islands), H. heron sp.n. (Australia: S. Queensland), H. fijiensis sp.n. (Fiji Islands), H. inflexa sp.n. (Sudan, Red Sea), H. annemariae sp.n. (Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea), H. lannae sp.n. (Java, Singapore, West Malaysia, Sabah, Philippines), and H. wallacei sp.n. (Sulawesi, Sumbawa). Two names are synonymized: H. marianarum Usinger syn.n. (= H. bergrothi Esaki) and H. danae Herring syn.n. (= H. bergrothi Esaki). The following species are removed from the genus Halovelia: H. papuensis Esaki, H. loyaltiensis China, and H. (Colpovelia) angulana Polhemus. A key to the species is included. The taxonomy of the H. malaya-group will be presented in Part II of this work together with the cladistics, ecology, biology, and biogeography of the genus.

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Jayaraman, Tiru K., Lin Sea Lau, and Cheong Fatt Ng. "Role of Financial Sector Development as a Contingent Factor in the Remittances and Growth Nexus: A Panel Study of Pacific Island Countries." Remittances Review 3, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v3i1.426.

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Except for emergencies and for technical assistance for raising skills and institution building, foreign aid to Pacific island countries (PICs) for budgetary support has been phased out since the late 1990s. Because of the small sized domestic markets, foreign direct investment (FDI) is small and is confined to development of tourism infrastructure. On the other hand, inward remittances received from the rising number of islanders migrating overseas for work are increasing, far exceeding aid and FDI. However, influence of remittances on economic growth depends on financial sector development (FSD) for mobilizing the savings from the remittance receipts for domestic investment. This paper assesses the role of FSD in the nexus between remittances and economic growth through a panel study of five major PICs, namely Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The study findings show that the ongoing efforts for strengthening FSD have to be stepped up by focusing on financial inclusion through spread of branchless banking and promotion of information and communication technology.

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Keppel, Gunnar. "Low genetic variation in a Pacific cycad: conservation concerns for Cycas seemannii (Cycadaceae)." Oryx 36, no. 1 (January 2002): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000078.

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The conservation status of Cycas seemannii, native to Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga, is assessed based on isozyme analysis, abundance estimates and factors affecting the survival of the species. Genetic variation in the species is low and genetic differentiation between populations is high, as compared to plants in general and to other cycads. Lower genetic variation was detected in a fragmented population as compared to less disturbed populations. Low gene flow was also detected, implying little contact between the various populations. A conservative estimate of 17,000 individuals remaining in the wild was obtained, with more than half of these located on the islands of Vanuatu. Accounts of past abundance suggest declining population sizes, most likely the result of repeated burning. Other factors that may be contributing to the decline are decreasing importance to and protection by humans, habitat alteration for agricultural and developmental purposes, and poor dispersal and recolonisation potential. An assessment based on the present estimated abundance and what is known of recent declines in numbers, indicates that the species should be categorised as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. On some of the densely populated islands, such as Viti Levu in Fiji and Nukualofa in Tonga, the species is locally Endangered or Critically Endangered. Possible conservation measures are suggested, and it is emphasised that populations on different islands must be considered separately because of their genetic differentiation.

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Keogh, J. Scott, Danielle L. Edwards, Robert N. Fisher, and Peter S. Harlow. "Molecular and morphological analysis of the critically endangered Fijian iguanas reveals cryptic diversity and a complex biogeographic history." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1508 (September 5, 2008): 3413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0120.

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The Pacific iguanas of the Fijian and Tongan archipelagos are a biogeographic enigma in that their closest relatives are found only in the New World. They currently comprise two genera and four species of extinct and extant taxa. The two extant species, Brachylophus fasciatus from Fiji, Tonga, and Vanuatu and Brachylophus vitiensis from western Fiji, are of considerable conservation concern with B. vitiensis listed as critically endangered. A recent molecular study has shown that Brachylophus comprised three evolutionarily significant units. To test these conclusions and to reevaluate the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within Brachylophus , we generated an mtDNA dataset consisting of 1462 base pairs for 61 individuals from 13 islands, representing both Brachylophus species. Unweighted parsimony analyses and Bayesian analyses produced a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis supported by high bootstrap values and posterior probabilities within Brachylophus . Our data reject the monophyly of specimens previously believed to comprise B. fasciatus . Instead, our data demonstrate that living Brachylophus comprise three robust and well-supported clades that do not correspond to current taxonomy. One of these clades comprises B. fasciatus from the Lau group of Fiji and Tonga (type locality for B. fasciatus ), while a second comprises putative B. fasciatus from the central regions of Fiji, which we refer to here as B . n. sp. Animals in this clade form the sister group to B. vitiensis rather than other B. fasciatus . We herein describe this clade as a new species of Brachylophus based on molecular and morphological data. With only one exception, every island is home to one or more unique haplotypes. We discuss alternative biogeographic hypotheses to explain their distribution in the Pacific and the difficulties of distinguishing these. Together, our molecular and taxonomic results have important implications for future conservation initiatives for the Pacific iguanas.

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Whiteside, Andra, Cécile Dupouy, Awnesh Singh, Robert Frouin, Christophe Menkes, and Jerome Lefèvre. "Automatic Detection of Optical Signatures within and around Floating Tonga-Fiji Pumice Rafts Using MODIS, VIIRS, and OLCI Satellite Sensors." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030501.

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An underwater volcanic eruption off the Vava’u island group in Tonga on 7 August 2019 resulted in the creation of floating pumice on the ocean’s surface extending over an area of 150 km2. The pumice’s far-reaching effects from its origin in the Tonga region to Fiji and the methods of automatic detection using satellite imagery are described, making it possible to track the westward drift of the pumice raft over 43 days. Level 2 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI), and Sentinel-3 Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) imagery of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration, quasi-surface (i.e., Rayleigh-corrected) reflectance, and remote sensing reflectance were used to distinguish consolidated and fragmented rafts as well as discolored and mesotrophic waters. The rafts were detected by a 1 to 3.5 °C enhancement in the MODIS-derived “sea surface temperature” due to the emissivity difference of the raft material. Large plumes of discolored waters, characterized by higher satellite reflectance/backscattering of particles in the blue than surrounding waters (and corresponding to either submersed pumice or associated white minerals), were associated with the rafts. The discolored waters had relatively lower chlorophyll-a concentration, but this was artificial, resulting from the higher blue/red reflectance ratio caused by the reflective pumice particles. Mesotrophic waters were scarce in the region of the pumice rafts, presumably due to the absence of phytoplanktonic response to a silicium-rich pumice environment in these tropical oligotrophic environments. As beach accumulations around Pacific islands surrounded by coral shoals are a recurrent phenomenon that finds its origin far east in the ocean along the Tongan trench, monitoring the events from space, as demonstrated for the 7 August 2019 eruption, might help mitigate their potential economic impacts.

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Robie, David. "NOTED: Lost in translation." Pacific Journalism Review 20, no. 1 (May 31, 2014): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v20i1.205.

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Reviewed book by Tim HoganNew Zealand media and journalists largely equate the ‘Pacific’ with Polynesia. The focus of reportage and understanding the region begins with the Cook islands and ends with Niue, Samoa and Tonga, with a limited grasp of Fiji. Anything west of Nadi, the Melanesian nations, gains cursory attention and Tahiti Nui (Polynesian) and Kanaky (Melanesian) are all but ignored.

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Hallmann, Nadine, Gilbert Camoin, Jody M. Webster, and Marc Humblet. "A standardized database of Marine Isotopic Stage 5e sea-level proxies on tropical Pacific islands." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 2651–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2651-2021.

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Abstract. Marine Isotope Stage 5 deposits have been reported on many tropical Pacific islands. This paper presents a database compiled through the review of MIS 5e (last interglacial – LIG) coral reef records from islands belonging to French Polynesia (Anaa, Niau, Makatea, Moruroa, Takapoto, Bora Bora), the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Lanai, Midway Atoll), Tuvalu, Kiribati (Christmas Island, Tarawa), the Cook Islands (Mangaia, Atiu, Mitiaro, Mauke, Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Rarotonga), Tonga, Samoa, the Federal States of Micronesia, the Mariana Islands, the Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Bikini), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Niue. Studies reporting other sea-level indicators dated to other Pleistocene interglacials and Holocene sea-level indicators were not inserted in the database but are included in this data description paper for completeness. Overall, about 300 studies concerning Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level indicators have been reviewed, and finally 163 age data points and 94 relative sea-level (RSL) data points from 38 studies on the MIS 5e have been inserted in the database. An additional 155 age data points have been reviewed; i.e. the tropical Pacific islands database contains 318 age data points. The main sea-level indicators include emerged coral reef terraces, but also reef units recovered in drill cores from a few islands, thus reflecting the diversity of tectonic settings and sampling approaches. Future research should be directed towards better constrained RSL reconstructions, including more precise chronological data, more accurate elevation measurements and a better refinement of the palaeo-water-depth significance of coralgal assemblages. The database for tropical Pacific islands is available open access at this link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3991672 (Hallmann and Camoin, 2020).

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Kulufeinga ‘Anisi Bloomfield, Jayasekhar Somasekharan, Tevita Lautaha,, and ‘Ilaisaane ‘OliviaTu’ itupou Maile Tahafitu Fa’ase’e. "Traversing the topsy-turvy terrains: The coconut sector in Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Plantation Crops 45, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19071/jpc.2017.v45.i2.3303.

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Coconuts are inextricably linked to the culture, tradition and economy of Tonga from time immemorial. Although coconut sector enjoyed a predominant position in the national economy until the late 1980s, thereafter the sector has experienced a downfall. The 1990s and 2000s witnessed a stagnant coconut economy in Tonga and in the recent times, the role played by the sector has become insignificant. The comparative position of Tonga with respect to the major Pacific islands, in terms of production, trade and competitiveness is not advantageous to the country. The contribution of coconut sector in the national economy and export earnings has been dwindling in recent years. It was also seen that the export diversification in products and markets are absent. There are only a few exporters operating in the sector, therefore the benefit of perfect competition and economy of scale is not realized. In contrast, the coconut sector in Tonga still has the potential to provide year round income to the farmers. Therefore, the sector needs an adequate impetus in all the nodes from production to the exports, with plausible options and strategies to make it sustainable.

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Pratt, Stephen. "A Gross Happiness Index for the Solomon Islands and Tonga: an Exploratory Study." Global Social Welfare 3, no. 1 (January 3, 2016): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40609-015-0041-1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tonga Islands'

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