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Journal articles on the topic 'Tonga language (Tonga Islands)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 February 2023

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1

Kalavite, Telesia. "Tongan translation realities across Tā ('Time') and Vā ('Space')." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00004_1.

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Abstract The kingdom of Tonga known as the Friendly Islands is a bilingual country where the official languages are Tongan (lea faka-Tonga) and English (lea faka-Pilitānia). In a bilingual environment like Tonga, the ability to translate effectively between the two languages is a fundamental skill to communicate well and to achieve academic success. The main focus of this article is to approach translation through a sociocultural lens, and more specifically, through a Tongan-inspired tāvāist perspective: 'Okusitino's Māhina's Tā‐Vā ('Time‐Space') Theory of Reality. This theory has influenced a range of practices from many disciplines and social activities, such as translation. Theorizing translation in and across Tā ('time') and Vā ('space') informs the relationships between languages, cultures and educational backgrounds in the transmission of 'ilo ('knowledge') and poto ('skills') among all members of the society. In exploring the theory this article will consider two translation case studies of English to Tongan literature: Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland (1865) and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince (1943).

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2

Garellek, Marc, and Marija Tabain. "Tongan." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 50, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100318000397.

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Tongan (lea fakatonga, ISO 639-3 code ton) is a Polynesian language spoken mainly in Tonga, where it is one of two official languages (with English). There are about 104,000 speakers of the language in Tonga, with nearly 80,000 additional speakers elsewhere (Simons & Fennig 2017). It is most closely related to Niuean, and more distantly related to West Polynesian languages (such as Tokelauan and Samoan) and East Polynesian languages (such as Hawaiian, Māori, and Tahitian). Previous work on the phonetics and phonology of Tongan includes a general grammar (Churchward 1953), a dissertation with a grammatical overview (Taumoefolau 1998), a phonological sketch of the language (Feldman 1978), two dictionaries (Churchward 1959, Tu‘inukuafe 1992), journal and working papers on stress (Taumoefolau 2002, Garellek & White 2015), intonation (Kuo & Vicenik 2012), as well as the ‘definitive accent’ (discussed below) and the phonological status of identical vowel sequences (Poser 1985; Condax 1989; Schütz 2001; Anderson & Otsuka 2003, 2006; Garellek & White 2010; Ahn 2016; Zuraw 2018). This illustration is meant to provide an overview of the phonetic structures of the language, and includes novel acoustic data on its three-way word-initial laryngeal contrasts, which are cross-linguistically rare. The recordings accompanying this illustration come from Veiongo Hehepoto, a native speaker of Tongan currently living in Melbourne, Australia. Ms. Veiongo was born in 1950 on the island of Vava‘u (northern Tonga), but grew up and was educated in the capital city Nuku‘alofa on Tongatapu (see Figure 1). She moved to Vanuatu when she was 16 years old, and when she was 21 moved to Australia where she trained as a nurse. She continues to speak Tongan every day with family members (including children, who were born in Australia) and friends.

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3

Moala, Kalafi. "The case for Pacific media reform to reflect island communities." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i1.827.

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"The largest number of Tongans outside of Tonga lives in the United States. It is estimated to be more than 70,000; most live in the San Francisco Bay Area. On several occasions during two visits to the US by my wife and I during 2004, we met workers who operate the only daily Tongan language radio programmes in San Francisco. Our organisation supplies the daily news broadcast for their programmes. Our newspapers— in the Tongan and Samoan languages— also sell in the area. The question of what are the fundamental roles of the media came up in one of our discussions..."

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4

McCoy, Mark D., Caroline Cervera, Mara A. Mulrooney, Andrew McAlister, and Patrick V. Kirch. "Obsidian and volcanic glass artifact evidence for long-distance voyaging to the Polynesian Outlier island of Tikopia." Quaternary Research 98 (June 10, 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.38.

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AbstractReconstructing routes of ancient long-distance voyaging, long a topic of speculation, has become possible thanks to advances in the geochemical sourcing of archaeological artifacts. Of particular interest are islands classified as Polynesian Outliers, where people speak Polynesian languages and have distinctly Polynesian cultural traits, but are located within the Melanesian or Micronesian cultural areas. While the classification of these groups as Polynesian is not in dispute, the material evidence for the movement between Polynesia and the Polynesian Outliers is exceedingly rare, unconfirmed, and in most cases, nonexistent. We report on the first comprehensive sourcing (using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) of obsidian and volcanic glass artifacts recovered from excavations on the Polynesian Outlier island of Tikopia. We find evidence for: (1) initial settlement followed by continued voyages between Tikopia and an island Melanesian homeland; (2) long-distance voyaging becoming much less frequent and continuing to decline; and (3) later voyaging from Polynesia marked by imports of volcanic glass from Tonga beginning at 765 cal yr BP (±54 yr). Later long-distance voyages from Polynesia were surprisingly rare, given the strong cultural and linguistic influences of Polynesia, and we suggest, may indicate that Tikopia was targeted by Tongans for political expansion.

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5

Pohiva, S. ‘Akilisi. "Media, justice in Tonga." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2002): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v8i1.733.

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It is to my belief that such a move to form a new media association of the nature of the Pacific Islands Media Association (PIMA) is spear-headed by a group of people who have a common interest and common understanding, and a vision for the future role of media in the region.

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6

Rinke, Dieter. "The status of wildlife in Tonga." Oryx 20, no. 3 (July 1986): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300019980.

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When the author visited ’Eua in the Tonga islands to study the red shining parrot, he took the opportunity to collect information on some other aspects of Tonga's wildlife. During his 18-month survey he also visited several other islands in the group. Here he discusses six rare and threatened animals—four birds and two reptiles.

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7

Robie, David. "REVIEW: Cyberspace, kavabowls and hot news in the Pacific." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 3, no. 2 (November 1, 1996): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v3i2.604.

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Review of Tahiti Pacifique, Tahiti Beach Press, The National, Post-Courier, Samoa Observer, Tonga Chronicle, Matangi Tonga, Uni Tavur, Papua Niugina Nius, Online Journalist's 'Tonga Page', CocoNet Wireless, Pacific Islands Internet services, Cafe Pacific, Rabi Online. From virtually no news website of real substance in the South Pacific in 1995, there are now three daily newspapers with regular Web links, two monthly news magazines, two weekly newspapers, one fortnightly paper, a biannual media journal and a daily news service with websites.

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8

Hooker, Brian. "The European Discovery of the Tonga Islands." Terrae Incognitae 36, no. 1 (June 2004): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tin.2004.36.1.20.

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9

Maseko, Busani, and Davie E. Mutasa. "‘Only Tonga spoken here!’: Family language management among the Tonga in Zimbabwe." Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 37, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2019.1692676.

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10

Joharchi, Omid, Qing-Hai Fan, and Elham Arjomandi. "A new species and a new record of Cosmolaelaps Berlese (Acari: Laelapidae) from the Pacific Islands." Systematic and Applied Acarology 22, no. 6 (May 19, 2017): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.22.6.5.

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The mite family Laelapidae has been little studied in the Pacific Islands. This paper presents a new species and a new record of the genus Cosmolaelaps Berlese, 1903 from Fiji and Tonga. Cosmolaelaps dioscorea sp. nov. was collected from yam (Plantae: Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea sp.) in Fiji and Cosmolaelaps paulista Freire & Moraes, 2007 from taro (Plantae: Araceae: Colocasia Schott) in Fiji and Tonga. The new species is described.

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11

Lovelace, Cheryl E. A., and William G. L. Aalbersberg. "Aflatoxin levels in foodstuffs in Fiji and Tonga islands." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 39, no. 4 (December 1989): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01092077.

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12

Sykes, W. R. "Scaevola gracilis(Goodeniaceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Tonga." New Zealand Journal of Botany 36, no. 4 (December 1998): 671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1998.9512604.

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13

Duffels, J. P., and A. Ewart. "The Cicadas of the Fiji, Samoa and Tonga Islands." Behaviour 107, no. 1-2 (1988): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853988x00250.

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14

Duffels, J. P., and A. Ewart. "The Cicadas of the Fiji, Samoa and Tonga Islands." Behaviour 107, no. 3-4 (1988): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853988x00403.

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15

McCOSKER, JOHN E. "Deepwater Indo-Pacific species of the snake-eel genus Ophichthus (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae), with the description of nine new species." Zootaxa 2505, no. 1 (June 14, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2505.1.1.

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The 19 Indo-Pacific species of the snake-eel genus Ophichthus (family Ophichthidae, subfamily Ophichthinae) that live at or below 200 m are reviewed. Included are: Ophichthus aphotistos, O. brachynotopterus, O. echeloides, O. exourus, O. genie, O. kunaloa, O. megalops, O. mystacinus, O. serpentinus, O. urolophus, and nine new species which are described: O. alleni from 115–200 m off eastern Australia; O. aniptocheilos from 391–421 m off Tonga; O. congroides from 300 m off the Tuamotu Islands; O. hirritus from 600 m off the Seychelle Islands; O. humanni from 254–300 m off Vanuatu; O. ishiyamorum from 258–400 m off the Gulf of Aden, Somalia; O. lentiginosus from 400 m off Vanuatu and New Caledonia; O. microstictus from 362–450 m off Tonga, Fiji, and possibly New Caledonia; and O. tomioi from 300– 423 m off the Philippines, Marquesas, Fiji, and the Seychelle Islands. The range and depth distributions of the following are expanded to include: O. brachynotopterus to New Caledonia and Vanuatu between 541–580 m; O. mystacinus to Tonga, Fiji, and the Philippines between 371–824 m; and O. urolophus to Western Australia and Indonesia between 40– 420 m. An identification key is provided. Characteristics and the behavior of species of the subgenus Coecilophis, to which all treated species except O. aphotistos belong, is discussed. Ophichthys madagascariensis Fourmanoir (1961) is proposed to be a junior synonym of Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson 1848).

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16

Underhill, Steven J. R., Soane Patolo, Yuchan Zhou, and Sarah Burkhart. "The Agriculture–Nutrition–Income Nexus in Tonga: Is Postharvest Loss Undermining Horticulture Market Efficiency in Tonga?" Horticulturae 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6040061.

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The Kingdom of Tonga has one of the highest rates of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the world. Initiatives to promote pro-health dietary behaviour are possibly being compromised by poor or inconsistent consumer accessibility to affordable and safe fresh fruits and vegetables, referred to as the agriculture–nutrition–income nexus. While donors increasingly focus on nutrition-sensitive agriculture across the Pacific, there is little contemporary information concerning Tonga’s domestic horticultural distribution and market system, particularly in regards to food loss. This study surveyed 292 municipal and road-side vendors on Tongatapu and ‘Utu Vava’u Islands, with the aim of mapping and analyzing horticultural markets and farm supply, transport logistics, and quantifying postharvest practice and market loss. Tonga’s domestic horticultural market structure consists of a central municipal market and on Tongatapu Island, a supplementary network of urban and rural based road-side vendors. There is limited inter-island trade, with most farms located within 25 km of the central municipal market. Mean postharvest horticultural loss was very low, at 1.4% to 5.3%, with road-side vendors more vulnerable to loss. This level of loss was thought to reflect short intra-island transport distance, the type of crops being traded, and rapid market throughput, rather than a level of value chain efficiency. Vendors regulated market supply volume and price discounting and were the principal strategies to mitigate postharvest loss. While low levels of postharvest loss, short transport logistics, and fast market throughput are consistent with a relatively efficient horticulture market system, vendor practice may be impeding fresh fruit and vegetable accessibility.

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17

Kulufeinga ‘Anisi Bloomfield, Jayasekhar Somasekharan, Tevita Lautaha,, and ‘Ilaisaane ‘OliviaTu’ itupou Maile Tahafitu Fa’ase’e. "Traversing the topsy-turvy terrains: The coconut sector in Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Plantation Crops 45, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19071/jpc.2017.v45.i2.3303.

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<p>Coconuts are inextricably linked to the culture, tradition and economy of Tonga from time immemorial. Although coconut sector<br />enjoyed a predominant position in the national economy until the late 1980s, thereafter the sector has experienced a downfall. The<br />1990s and 2000s witnessed a stagnant coconut economy in Tonga and in the recent times, the role played by the sector has become<br />insignificant. The comparative position of Tonga with respect to the major Pacific islands, in terms of production, trade and<br />competitiveness is not advantageous to the country. The contribution of coconut sector in the national economy and export<br />earnings has been dwindling in recent years. It was also seen that the export diversification in products and markets are absent.<br />There are only a few exporters operating in the sector, therefore the benefit of perfect competition and economy of scale is not<br />realized. In contrast, the coconut sector in Tonga still has the potential to provide year round income to the farmers. Therefore, the<br />sector needs an adequate impetus in all the nodes from production to the exports, with plausible options and strategies to make it<br />sustainable.</p>

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18

Finsch, Dr O., and Dr G. Hartlaub. "On a small Collection of Birds from the Tonga Islands." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 37, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1869.tb07364.x.

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19

Burley, David V., and Sean P. Connaughton. "First Lapita Settlement and its Chronology in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga." Radiocarbon 49, no. 1 (2007): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041965.

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Beginning approximately cal 1400 BC, Austronesian-speaking Lapita peoples began a colonizing migration across Oceania from the Bismarck Archipelago to western Polynesia. The first point of entry into Polynesia occurred on the island of Tongatapu in Tonga with subsequent spread northward to Samoa along a natural sailing corridor. Radiocarbon measurements from recent excavations at 4 sites in the northern Vava'u islands of Tonga provide a chronology for the final stage of this diaspora. These dates indicate that the northern expansion was almost immediate, that a paucity of Lapita sites to the north cannot be explained as a result of lag time in the settlement process, and that decorated Lapita ceramics disappeared rapidly after first landfalls.

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20

Palu, Ma’afu. "Translating Sexual Taboos." Bible Translator 73, no. 2 (August 2022): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20516770221104477.

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This paper outlines an approach for translating sexual references in the Bible in a culture that considers the subject taboo in public discussions. Such is the case in most Pacific Island cultures, especially in the Tongan culture. We will look at various examples of sex-related language, and conceptual metaphors in particular. For this, a method is proposed for understanding metaphorical expressions based on Lakoff and Johnson's cognitive linguistic view of metaphor. Then, this method is applied to biblical references to sex in the biblical storyline, focusing especially on the Old Testament. Finally, suggestions are offered for how best to translate sexual terms in Tongan Bible translation.

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21

Song, Lili, and Morsen Mosses. "Revisiting Ocean Boundary Disputes in the South Pacific in Light of the South China Sea Arbitration: A Legal Perspective." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 33, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 768–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12333079.

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Abstract This article examines three ocean boundary disputes in the South Pacific in light of the South China Sea arbitration. First, we consider whether the Matthew and Hunter Islands, over which France and Vanuatu have made competing claims, are full-fledged islands or rocks and argue that they are likely to be rocks. Second, we discuss the dispute between Fiji and Tonga over the Minerva Reefs. We submit that, if the Minerva Reefs are low-tide elevations as public information in English generally suggests, Tonga’s historic claim to the maritime area around the Minerva Reefs would be inconsistent with the principle of ‘the land dominates the sea’. Third, we examine Tonga’s historic claim to the maritime area within a rectangle boundary defined in Tonga’s 1887 Royal Proclamation and submit that the main difficulty for Tonga to establish such claim is to prove that it has effectively exercised sovereignty over the relevant area.

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22

De Grave, Sammy, Thomas M. Iliffe, and Magdalini Christodoulou. "Further records of the anchialine shrimp Caridina rubella Fujino & Shokita, 1975 (Decapoda, Atyidae)." Crustaceana 95, no. 5-6 (July 29, 2022): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-bja10210.

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Abstract Based on material collected during the mid- to late 1980s new distributional records for the anchialine shrimp, Caridina rubella Fujino & Shokita, 1975 are presented. Asides from the Ryukyus, Palawan and Sulawesi, the species is now also recorded from Tahiti, Niue, Tonga, Western Samoa, the Loyalty Islands, Solomon Islands, Bohol and Panglao. Attention is drawn to the considerable rostral variation in the species.

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23

STEADMAN, DAVID W., and OONA M. TAKANO. "A new genus and species of pigeon (Aves, Columbidae) from the Kingdom of Tonga, with an evaluation of hindlimb osteology of columbids from Oceania." Zootaxa 4810, no. 3 (July 13, 2020): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4810.3.1.

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The region from New Guinea through Oceania sustains the world’s most diverse set of columbids. We describe osteological characters of the hindlimb (femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus) that divide the Papuan-Oceanic pigeons and doves into three groups based on functional morphology: “arboreal” (Hemiphaga, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Drepanoptila, Gymnophaps), “intermediate” (Columba, Macropygia, Reinwardtoena), and “terrestrial” (Gallicolumba [includes Alopecoenas], Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, Chalcophaps, Geopelia, Henicophaps, Caloenas, Didunculus, Otidiphaps). The arboreal and terrestrial groups are each distinctive osteologically, especially in the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, which are short relative to the femur in the arboreal group, and long relative to the femur in the terrestrial group. The intermediate pigeons are more similar to arboreal than to terrestrial pigeons, but nonetheless fit in neither group. To estimate the phylogenetic relationships among or within these three groups is somewhat tentative using hindlimb osteology alone, although all five genera of arboreal pigeons have independent molecular evidence of relatedness, as do most of the genera of terrestrial pigeons. Using the hindlimb and other osteological data as a framework, we describe a new extinct genus and species of pigeon, Tongoenas burleyi, from Holocene archaeological and Pleistocene paleontological sites on six islands (Foa, Lifuka, `Uiha, Ha`afeva, Tongatapu, and `Eua) in the Kingdom of Tonga. Tongoenas was a large-sized member of the “arboreal” pigeon group, with osteological characters that relate it to Ducula, Gymnophaps, and Hemiphaga (generally canopy frugivores) rather than with the “terrestrial” pigeons (more ground-dwelling and granivorous) such as Gallicolumba, Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, etc. (others listed above). Among volant columbids, living or extinct, only the species of Goura (from New Guinea) are larger than Tongoenas. From most of the same prehistoric sites, we also report new material of the nearly as large, extinct pigeon Ducula shutleri Worthy & Burley, recently described from islands in the Vava`u Group of Tonga. Thus, D. shutleri also was widespread in Tonga before human impact. The prehistoric anthropogenic loss in Tonga of Tongoenas burleyi, Ducula shutleri, and other columbids undoubtedly had a negative impact on the dispersal regimes of Tongan forest trees. At first human contact about 2850 years ago, at least nine species of columbids in six genera inhabited the Tongan islands, where only four species in three genera exist today.

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24

Holland, Elisabeth. "Tropical Cyclone Harold meets the Novel Coronavirus." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v26i1.1099.

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Abstract: COVID-19 began to manifest in the Pacific Islands by early March 2020, starting in the US and French territories, spreading slowly to the independent countries of Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste. All of the independent Pacific countries responded with aggressive measures, closing borders and establishing curfews. Against this background, Tropical Cyclone Harold, formed on April Fool's Day, began its devastating path through four Pacific countries: Solomon Islands with 27 dead in a ferry accident; Vanuatu whose northern islands, including Santo and Malekula were devastated by the cyclone with wind speeds greater than 200 km/h. The devastation continued in Fiji, with two tornadoes and devastation particularly in Kadavu and the southern Lau group. Tropical Cyclone Harold struck Tonga at the height of the king tide. COVID-19 continues to complicate relief efforts, particularly in Vanuatu. As of May 3, 2020, sixteen Pacific countries and territories had yet to report their first confirmed case of COVID-19: American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Pitcairn, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna. The Pacific continues to lead by example motivated by collective stewardship with actions and policies based on science. Pacific leaders continue to work with the World Health Organisation (WHO) to implement COVID-19 management recommendations.

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25

Maryanto, Aditya Dwi, Yuda Munarko, and Yufis Azhar. "Pengelompokan kata berdasarkan kemiripan ucapan pada kamus menggunakan algoritma metaphone pada sistem operasi Android." Jurnal Repositor 1, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/repositor.v1i1.7.

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Indonesia is an archipelagic country consisting of various tribes and cultures and different languages. One of them is the Sumbawa language used by the people of the western part of the island of Sumbawa. Sumbawa language has 4 dialects namely Samawa, Taliwang, Jereweh, and Tongo. In Sumbawa there are also homophonic, homonim, and homograph words. Grouping words based on the similarity of speech to the Sumbawa dictionary used Metaphone algorithm on the android operating system is discussed in this study. Metaphone algorithms can be applied to multiple languages with rules that have been modified according to the desired language characteristic. Based on the results of testing the recall and precision on the new rules Metaphone algorithm can be concluded that the grouping of words based on similarity of speech in Sumbawa language can be said to be effective. The average percentage index of the recall test is 98,97% and the precision is 78,52%.

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26

Starks, Donna. "National and ethnic identity markers." English World-Wide 29, no. 2 (April 23, 2008): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.29.2.04sta.

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The New Zealand (NZ) short front vowels are often considered as a defining feature of New Zealand English (NZE), yet research which has considered data from both the Pakeha (NZ European) and the NZ Maori communities has noted slightly different patterns in the realisations of the vowel in the KIT lexical set in the respective communities (Bell 1997a, b; Warren and Bauer 2004). This paper compares the short front vowel series of NZ Maori students with that of NZ Samoan, Tongan, Cook Island and Niuean students and demonstrates how the NZ short front vowel series mark both similarity and difference across NZ communities. Our findings show that NZ Maori students have a greater degree of centralisation in their KIT vowel and a greater degree of raising of their DRESS and TRAP vowels than their NZ Pasifika counterparts. However, the manner in which the vowels raise and centralise distinguishes NZ Maori and Cook Island students from their NZ Samoan, Tongan and Niuean cohorts. The latter observation highlights problems with the pan-ethnic “Pasifika” label used to distinguish NZ Maori from other NZ Polynesian communities.

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Fuke, Yusuke, and Makoto Sasazuka. "First record of Macrobrachium grandimanus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Guam, Micronesia." Check List 17, no. 3 (May 11, 2021): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/17.3.759.

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The Hawaiian river shrimp Macrobrachium grandimanus (Randall, 1840) is an amphidromous brackish water prawn that inhabits the Hawaiian Islands (type locality), Ryukyu Islands, Melanesia (Fiji, New Caledonia), and Polynesia (Tonga). Here, we report a new record of this species from Guam, Micronesia. Two genetically and morphologically differentiated lineages of this species are known: the Hawaiian and the Ryukyu lineages. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the Guam population is closely related to the Ryukyu lineage.

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28

Singh, Shailendra. "Six Oceania microstates: The genesis of media accountability." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i2.839.

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Media accountability systems (M*A*S) have been slow to take root in Oceania. Apart from Papua New Guinea, Fiji is the trend-setter in the region. Following the establishment of the Fiji Media Council in the mid-1990s, several other South Pacific island countries were keen to the follow the lead. Tonga now has a similar body with a code of ethics and which includes public members empowered to receive and adjudicate on complaints against the media. In Samoa, a study has been carried out in order to establish a media council-type body. The Solomons Islands Media Council (SIMC) is an industry organisation that does not yet have a complaints procedure. It is considering including this mechanism in line with the Papua New Guinea Media Council with which it shares a website and has a cooperative agreement. This article examines the debate in six South Pacific island countries that have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, self-regulatory M*A*S mechanisms following government pressure. They are the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The article also argues that there are other M*A*S that regional media can adopt besides media councils and this action would make it harder for governments to intervene and introduce regulation.

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Robie, David. "NOTED: Lost in translation." Pacific Journalism Review 20, no. 1 (May 31, 2014): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v20i1.205.

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Reviewed book by Tim HoganNew Zealand media and journalists largely equate the ‘Pacific’ with Polynesia. The focus of reportage and understanding the region begins with the Cook islands and ends with Niue, Samoa and Tonga, with a limited grasp of Fiji. Anything west of Nadi, the Melanesian nations, gains cursory attention and Tahiti Nui (Polynesian) and Kanaky (Melanesian) are all but ignored.

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Singh, Shailendra, and Som Prakash. "Politics, democracy and the media: Case studies in Fiji, Tonga and the Solomon Islands." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2006): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v12i2.863.

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This article looks at three South Pacific Island nations—Fiji, Tonga and the Solomon Islands—in terms of some landmark changes occurring in their political arenas. Fiji, beset by racial and political problems culminating in three coups, is experimenting with a multiracial, multiparty cabinet that could be emulated by other multiethnic countries. Tonga, a Polynesian monarchy, has recently seen an unprecedented number of protest marches against the ruling elite, the death of its King, and is in experiencing palpable democratic changes. In the Solomons, the strong desire for a fairer political system was manifested in the 2006 riots in Honiara. It caught the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) napping and brought into question the sufficiency and focus of Australia’s intervention policy in the country. The media has been a key player in these events. Regularly accused of adding fuel to fire in its coverage of crises, the media faces constant government pressure in all three countries. This article argues that rather than the media, the sources of discontent and instability are self-serving leaders clinging to outdated political systems. The authors believe political reform, not media control, is needed.

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Chilala, Cheela, and Hambaba Jimaima. "The Tonga Art of Kulibanda: A Literary and Linguistic Analysis." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.3.1.450.

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Framed within the broader context of two not so related theoretical lenses – literary theory and linguistic theory – the paper seeks to characterise Tonga practice of kulibanda as a language-based artistic expression for its sociocultural, literary and linguistic significance among the Tonga people. Couched within Austin’s speech act theory, Levison’s politeness principle and literary theory, this brief assessment attempts to bring into the spotlight unique characteristics of kulibanda, which in ordinary speech would be judged as flouting the maxims of politeness, deference and cultural appropriateness. Having considered the material potency of kulibanda collected from online platforms and occurring in real-life situation, it is insightful to conclude that the artistic clamour, stylistic flexibility and the linguistic sensibilities of kulibanda transform this piece of art beyond its traditional theoretical enclave of oral literature into the structured linguistic materiality for a shared sociocultural knowledge, histories and meaning making enterprise among the Tonga people.

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Yousefzadeh, Moslem, Manfred Lenzen, and Muhammad Arsalan Tariq. "Cooling and Power from Waste and Agriculture Residue as a Sustainable Strategy for Small Islands—A Case Study of Tonga." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010537.

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Identifying local energy sources and devising a circular economy could improve self-sufficiency in many Pacific Islands. On the islands with significant agriculture, the residue from the cultivation of plants has promising energy potential. The waste stream is another potential source of energy that otherwise should undergo proper treatment. Additionally, cold-storage capacity improves the preservation of crops and increases the agricultural exports of these islands. This study proposes a combined cooling and power (CCP) system driven by biomass from agriculture residue and waste streams as fuel for different districts in Tonga. The units supply a fraction of the districts’ electricity demand and provide sufficient cold-storage capacity to preserve the prospective yield of a fraction of fallow lands. The technical and economic performance of the CCP units was analysed for different fractions of electricity demand and fallow land exploitation in each district during a year of operation. The results show that the optimum combination of the CCP units supplies 38% of the total electricity demand of Tonga and prevents the annual consumption of 7.4 million litres of diesel and emission of 20 kilotonnes of CO2. In addition, it provides 3700 m2 of cold-storage area, which is sufficient for preserving the prospective yield of the exploitation of 27% of the total fallow land of Tonga. Annual export revenue of about AU$10 million is expected from such a cold-storage capacity for Tongan farmers. Furthermore, the units consume 10,000 tonnes of annual waste, significantly reducing waste management costs. This study presents an example of a comprehensive circular-economy solution for a remote island state that improves its socioeconomic and environmental condition by supplying the community’s local needs from its available and abundant resources under a viable business model. The solution presented in this study can be adapted to many island communities with significant agriculture in the economy and crucial energy and cooling needs.

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Maseko, Busani, and Sandile Mlilo. "Family language policy, school language practices and language socialisation among the Tonga." South African Journal of African Languages 42, no. 2 (May 4, 2022): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2022.2094077.

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Johnston, Ingrid. "Traditional warning signs of cyclones on remote islands in Fiji and Tonga." Environmental Hazards 14, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2015.1046156.

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Fonua, L., K. Bissell, P. Vivili, S. Gounder, and P. C. Hill. "Sputum smear microscopy referral rates and turnaround time in the Tonga Islands." Public Health Action 4, no. 1 (June 21, 2014): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.13.0087.

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Keppel, Gunnar. "Low genetic variation in a Pacific cycad: conservation concerns for Cycas seemannii (Cycadaceae)." Oryx 36, no. 1 (January 2002): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000078.

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The conservation status of Cycas seemannii, native to Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga, is assessed based on isozyme analysis, abundance estimates and factors affecting the survival of the species. Genetic variation in the species is low and genetic differentiation between populations is high, as compared to plants in general and to other cycads. Lower genetic variation was detected in a fragmented population as compared to less disturbed populations. Low gene flow was also detected, implying little contact between the various populations. A conservative estimate of 17,000 individuals remaining in the wild was obtained, with more than half of these located on the islands of Vanuatu. Accounts of past abundance suggest declining population sizes, most likely the result of repeated burning. Other factors that may be contributing to the decline are decreasing importance to and protection by humans, habitat alteration for agricultural and developmental purposes, and poor dispersal and recolonisation potential. An assessment based on the present estimated abundance and what is known of recent declines in numbers, indicates that the species should be categorised as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. On some of the densely populated islands, such as Viti Levu in Fiji and Nukualofa in Tonga, the species is locally Endangered or Critically Endangered. Possible conservation measures are suggested, and it is emphasised that populations on different islands must be considered separately because of their genetic differentiation.

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Mckenzie, K. G. "A comparative study of collections from the S.W. Pacific (Saipan to Tonga), with the descriptions of <i>Gambiella caudata</i> (Brady, 1890) and a new species of <i>Pterobairdia</i> (Ostracoda)." Journal of Micropalaeontology 5, no. 1 (April 1, 1986): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.5.1.91.

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Abstract. Gambiella caudata (Brady, 1890) and Pterobairdia briggsae sp. nov. are described from collections made in the S. W. Pacific (Saipan, Onotoa, Ontong-Java/Kula Gulf, Noumea, Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga); and the lectotypes of several species described in a major early paper by Brady (1890) are illustrated. The carbonate compensation depth in this region lies at around 4500 m. Comparison of the Ontong-Java in Kula Gulf samples reinforces consideration of depth as a factor of ecological importance. A similarity matrix for the several faunas shows factors in common at species level ranging from 22% (Onotoa/Noumea) to nearly 60% (Samoa/Onotoa); while endemism ranges from 8.5% (Samoa) to nearly 33% (Tonga). Most endemic species belong in a limited number of podocopid families, in particular Bairdiidae, Trachyleberididae, Paradoxostomatidae and Leptocytheridae. These results appear consistent with an hypothesis that continued tectonics-driven changes in the regional marine topography and sedimentation, i.e. niche development, could have triggered speciation along the regional plate margins.

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OKUMURA, YOSHIHIRO, KENJI HARADA, and YOSHIAKI KAWATA. "EVACUATION BEHAVIOR IN THE 29 SEPTEMBER 2009 SAMOA ISLANDS REGION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05, no. 03 (September 2011): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343111100108x.

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A large earthquake of Mw 8.0 occurred in Samoa Islands region in the early morning of 29 September 2009 (local time). A large tsunami generated by the earthquake hit Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga. The field investigation on evacuation behavior was carried out in Tutuila Island, American Samoa. The death ratio was low against the tsunami magnitude. This feature of this disaster resulted from waveform of tsunami, land use, residents' call, mayor's call, and so on.

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Grijp, Paul. "Kerstening, staatsvorming en geweld op de Tonga-eilanden." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 148, no. 1 (1992): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003166.

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Joseph, Sarah. "Human Rights and the WTO: Issues for the Pacific." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 40, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v40i1.5393.

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In the Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tonga are World Trade Organization members. This article examines the human rights concerns regarding the WTO, in particular the impact of WTO rules regarding trade liberalisation on poverty and development within developing states. The author comments on the costs of conditional WTO membership and the possible consequences of free trade and globalisation in the Pacific region.

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White, Ian, Tony Falkland, and Taaniela Kula. "Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply." Hydrology 7, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7040081.

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UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 challenges small island developing states such as the Kingdom of Tonga, which relies on variable rainwater and fragile groundwater lenses for freshwater supply. Meeting water needs in dispersed small islands under changeable climate and frequent extreme events is difficult. Improved governance is central to better water management. Integrated national sustainable development plans have been promulgated as a necessary improvement, but their relevance to island countries has been questioned. Tonga’s national planning instrument is the Tonga Strategic Development Framework, 2015–2025 (TSDFII). Local Community Development Plans (CDPs), developed by rural villages throughout Tonga’s five Island Divisions, are also available. Analyses are presented of island water sources from available census and limited hydrological data, and of the water supply priorities in TSDFII and in 117 accessible village CDPs. Census and hydrological data showed large water supply differences between islands. Nationally, TDSFII did not identify water supply as a priority. In CDPs, 84% of villages across all Island Divisions ranked water supply as a priority. Reasons for the mismatch are advanced. It is recommended that improved governance in water in Pacific Island countries should build on available census and hydrological data and increased investment in local island planning processes.

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Mumpande, Isaac, and Lawrie Barnes. "Revitalisation of the Tonga Language in Zimbabwe: The Motivational Factors." Language Matters 50, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 46–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2019.1691634.

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Mumpande, Isaac, and Lawrie Barnes. "The Revitalisation of the Tonga Language in Zimbabwe: The Strategies." Language Matters 51, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2020.1839122.

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W. Steadman, David, Janet Franklin, Donald R. Drake, Holly B. Freifeld, Leslie A. Bolick, Darren S. Smith, and Timothy J. Motley. "Conservation status of forests and vertebrate communities in the Vava`u Island Group, Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990191.

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Based on field work in 1995 and 1996, we assess the distribution, relative abundance, and habitat preferences of forest plants, lizards, birds, and mammals on 17 islands in the Vava'u Group, Kingdom of Tonga. The islands vary in habitat composition, land area (0.02-96 km2), elevation (20-215 m), and distance (0-10.1 km) from the largest island of 'Uta Vava'u. Two major forest types are recognized - coastal and lowland. They are similar in composition to forest communities described for the southern Tongan island group and for lowland Samoa, but with unique patterns of species dominance. The most mature category of lowland forest persists mainly in areas too steep for cultivation and covers about 10% of the land area. The greatest variation in plant species composition appears to be related to the degree of human disturbance. Among lizards, six species are widespread and at least locally common, whereas three others are localized and typically rare. Among landbirds, 11 species are widespread and at least locally common, one (West Polynesian Ground-Dove Gallicolumba stain) is extremely rare, and three others have been extirpated in the past century. The overall species richness and relative abundance of indigenous plants and vertebrates among islands in Vava'u have been affected more by deforestation and other human activities than by the classic physical variables of island biogeography - area, elevation, or isolation. Small islands (<1 km2) may be very important for conservation purposes, especially given the propensity for secondary succession to indigenous forests following agricultural abandonment.

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Helweg, David A., Nina Eriksen, Jakob Tougaard, and Lee A. Miller. "Cultural change in the songs of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from Tonga." Behaviour 142, no. 3 (2005): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539053778283.

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Some humpback whales migrate annually from Antarctic feeding grounds to the seas around the Tongan Islands to give birth and mate. The Tongan humpbacks are considered part of Southern Hemisphere Group V that splits during migration, some swimming to Eastern Australia and others to various Polynesian Islands. During this time long complex songs are produced. The song is thought to be a male breeding display and may serve either as an intra-sexual or an inter-sexual signal or both. It is in a constant state of change that occurs every season. Since these changes are directional they cannot be described by drift, and singers incorporate changes as they occur, thus song must be shared through cultural transmission. This investigation describes the cultural changes that occurred in 158 songs recorded from Tongan humpbacks through the 1990s. The rate of change differed within years, some themes were retained for as much as five years and others were lost after only two years. The farther apart the years the less similar are the songs, as in the humpback songs of the Northern Hemisphere. The largest number of changes seems to have occurred in the early 1990s where all themes seemed to have been lost and new ones originated. What initiates these changes remains speculative, but we assess some hypotheses in relation to humpback whale behaviour and cultural transmission in avian song.

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Poloniati, Penisimani, Ana Akauola, Sela K. Fusi, Yutaro Setoya, Kaloafo Tavo, and Sean T. Casey. "Tonga’s National EMT Response to the Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha’apai Volcanic Eruption and Tsunami." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, S2 (November 2022): s80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x22001790.

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Background/Introduction:The Tonga Emergency Medical Assistance Team (TEMAT) responded to the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcano and tsunami in early 2022. The HTHH volcano erupted violently on January 15, 2022 triggering a tsunami that struck many of Tonga’s 169 islands.1 84% of the country’s population was affected.2 Tonga’s undersea internet cable was cut, stopping most communication. At the time of the eruption/tsunami, Tonga was COVID-19-free with its borders effectively closed, forcing reliance on national emergency resources, including TEMAT.Objectives:Describe TEMAT’s response to the 2022 HTHH volcano eruption and tsunami.Method/Description:TEMAT deployed four rotations of clinical and public health teams in response to the eruption/tsunami. Team members included clinicians from the Ministry of Health, with logistics support from His Majesty’s Armed Forces. TEMAT carried out emergency assessments, facilitated medical evacuations, aided in the evacuation of an entire island’s population, and provided essential health services.Results/Outcomes:From January 17 through March 4, 2022, TEMAT cared for 381 patients including patients with non-communicable diseases (>50), psychosocial complaints (39), communicable diseases (27), and traumatic injuries (13). The team supported five referrals to higher level care, conducted patients home visits, aided in health center repairs, and responded to a boat sinking during their deployment.Conclusion:TEMAT’s deployment demonstrates that deployment-ready and self-sufficient national EMTs are essential for response to sudden-onset disasters in vulnerable countries. A trained and well-prepared national EMT can respond independently, quickly, and effectively to emergencies, despite limited resources and high-impact events.

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Siakavuba, John Bwana. "Our Elders Never Lie: The Metaphor Power Base of Proverbs among the Tonga Speaking People of Zambia And Zimbabwe." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.3.1.444.

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This article seeks to explore ways through and extent to which the use of proverbs inspires confidence in the youth towards their elders in the African society in general and the Valley Tonga of Zambia and Zimbabwe in particular. The Achebean saying that ‘proverbs are the palm oil with which words are eaten,’ does not only point to the fact that proverbs make ordinary speech aesthetically pleasant to the ear but also that the wisdom contained therein is culturally/socially accepted. The effective and efficient deployment of proverbs in this regard earns the user respect from targets of his address. The article analyses various ways in which proverbs are incorporated in everyday speech and how these in turn, enhance chances of delivering the intended message successfully among the Valley Tonga communicators. In most cases, when a Tonga speaker wishes to delegate presentation of a complex matter to the proverb, they attribute the wisdom to the Tonga society of yester years. This tendency, the article concludes, removes personalities from the proverb while promoting objective analysis of the situation by those addressed. The article examines selected proverbs in terms of structure, pattern of usage, types of images/metaphors used and their expected impact. The article applies a triangulation theoretical framework of Appraisal, Ethnopoetics and Afrocentricity theories to delineate the communicative intent of the proverber. Together, the theories look at social functions of the language rendered by performers of the oral arts.

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GON, OFER, and GERALD R. ALLEN. "Revision of the Indo-Pacific cardinalfish genus Siphamia (Perciformes: Apogonidae)." Zootaxa 3294, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3294.1.1.

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The Indo-Pacific apogonid genus Siphamia Weber 1909 is unique among cardinalfishes in having a bacterial biolumines-cent system and spinoid scales. Light is produced by luminous bacteria found in a small pocket connected to the gut in theabdominal cavity and in a sac on each side of the tip of the tongue. Siphamia consists of 23 small species many of whichare associated with invertebrates such as sea urchins, crown-of-thorns starfish and coral. Species of this genus fall intotwo main groups with different dark pigment pattern of the longitudinal translucent muscle acting as a light organ thatdiffuses light along the ventral edge of the body. The S. tubifer group, with a striated light organ, includes S. arabica, newspecies, from the Gulf of Oman; S. argentea from the Philippines and northern Western Australia; S. fraseri, new species,from New Caledonia, Tonga and Fiji; S. fuscolineata from the Marshall and Line islands; S. goreni, new species, from thesouthern Red Sea; S. guttulata from Darnley Island, Queensland; S. jebbi from the western Pacific, ranging from the Phil-ippines to Western Australia and east to the Caroline Islands, Fiji, and Tonga; S. majimai from the Ryukyu and Ogasawaraislands to northwestern Australia, ranging eastward to New Caledonia and Tonga; S. mossambica from the western IndianOcean; S. randalli, new species, from the Society and Cook islands; S. spinicola, new species, from Biak in eastern Indo-nesia, Papua New Guinea, Woleai Atoll, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Chesterfield Islands; S. stenotes, new species,from the Triton Bay area of Irian Jaya Barat Province of Indonesia; and S. tubifer ranging widely in the Indo-West Pacificfrom the Red Sea to Madagascar and east to Vanuatu. The S. tubulata group, with a dark-dotted light organ, includes S.brevilux, new species, from Papua New Guinea; S. cephalotes from southern Australia; S. corallicola from Indonesia, Sa-bah, and Timor Sea; S. cuneiceps from Western Australia and the east coast of Queensland; S. cyanophthalma, new species,from the Philippines, Palau, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea; S. elongata from the Philippines and Brunei; S. fistulosafrom Java, Sumbawa and Komodo, Indonesia, and Brunei; S. roseigaster from Western Australia, ranging along the north-ern and eastern coast of Australia south to Sydney Harbour, New South Wales; S. senoui, new species, from the RyukyuIslands, Japan; and S. tubulata from the Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, south coast of Papua New Guinea, northern Western Australia and Queensland.

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Child, C. Allan. "Pycnogonida of the Western Pacific Islands, XIV. A Shallow-water Collection from Tonga." Species Diversity 3, no. 2 (1998): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.3.289.

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Pratt, Stephen. "A Gross Happiness Index for the Solomon Islands and Tonga: an Exploratory Study." Global Social Welfare 3, no. 1 (January 3, 2016): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40609-015-0041-1.

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