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1
Grant, Gilbert S. "Population status of Pteropus tonganus in Tonga." Atoll Research Bulletin 454 (1998): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.454.1.
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DUARTE, Natalia L., Stephen COLAGIURI, Taniela PALU, Xing L. WANG, and David E. L. WILCKEN. "Obesity, Type II diabetes and the β2 adrenoceptor gene Gln27Glu polymorphism in the Tongan population." Clinical Science 104, no. 3 (January 28, 2003): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1040211.
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As there is a high prevalence of obesity in Tonga, we aimed to determine the distribution of the β2 adrenoceptor gene Gln27Glu polymorphism and to assess its relevance to obesity and to Type II diabetes, known to be prevalent in that population. A random sample of 1022 individuals from Tonga were genotyped for the Gln27Glu polymorphism in the β2 adrenoceptor gene. To assess the prevalence of obesity we measured body-mass index (BMI), fat-free mass, percentage fat and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). To assess glucose metabolism we measured HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, and 1- and 2-h glucose; we also measured serum lipid and creatinine levels. We found that 84% of the Tongan men and 93% of the women were overweight or obese (BMI⩾25kg/m2) and 15.1% had Type II diabetes. Genotype frequencies among the 1022 Tongans were: Gln/Gln 90.3% and Gln/Glu 9.6%; we found one Glu/Glu homozygote. The mean BMI (±S.D.) for men was not significantly different for those who were homozygous (30.2±5.4kg/m2) or heterozygous (30.1±5.5kg/m2) for the Gln allele; this was also true for women (33.7±6.2kg/m2 for homozygous and 34.0±5.6kg/m2 for heterozygous). The Glu allele was not associated with other measures of obesity or abnormal glucose metabolism in this generally overweight population. There is a unique frequency of the Gln/Glu β2 adrenoceptor polymorphism among Tongans. We found no association of the polymorphism with obesity measures or Type II diabetes-related variables in the Tongan population among whom we documented a high prevalence of obesity and Type II diabetes and a low frequency of the Glu allele.
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Wilson, James P. A., Kareen E. Schnabel, Ashley A. Rowden, Rachael A. Peart, Hiroshi Kitazato, and Ken G. Ryan. "Bait-attending amphipods of the Tonga Trench and depth-stratified population structure in the scavenging amphipod Hirondellea dubia Dahl, 1959." PeerJ 6 (December 7, 2018): e5994. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5994.
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Background The hadal zone encompasses the deepest parts of the world’s ocean trenches from depths of ∼6,000–11,000 m. The communities observed at these depths are dominated by scavenging amphipods that rapidly intercept and consume carrion as it falls to the deepest parts of the trenches. New samples collected in the Tonga Trench provide an opportunity to compare the amphipod assemblages and the population structure of a dominant species, Hirondellea dubia Dahl, 1959, between trenches and with earlier data presented for the Tonga Trench, and other trenches in the South Pacific. Methods Over 3,600 individual scavenging amphipods across 10 species were collected in seven baited traps at two sites; in the Horizon Deep site, the deepest part of the Tonga Trench (10,800 m) and a site directly up-slope at the trench edge (6,250 m). The composition of the bait-attending amphipods is described and a morphometric analysis of H. dubia examines the bathymetric distribution of the different life stages encountered. Results The amphipod assemblage was more diverse than previously reported, seven species were recorded for the first time from the Tonga Trench. The species diversity was highest at the shallower depth, with H. dubia the only species captured at the deepest site. At the same time, the abundance of amphipods collected at 10,800 m was around sevenfold higher than at the shallower site. H. dubia showed clear ontogenetic vertical structuring, with juveniles dominant at the shallow site and adults dominant at the deep site. The amphipods of the deeper site were always larger at comparable life stage. Discussion The numbers of species encountered in the Tonga Trench is less than reported from the New Hebrides and Kermadec trenches, and six species encountered are shared across trenches. These findings support the previous suggestion that the fauna of the New Hebrides, Tonga and Kermadec Trenches may represent a single biogeographic province. The ontogenetic shift in H. dubia between the two Tonga Trench sites supports the hypothesis of interspecific competition at the shallower bathymetric range of the species, and the presence of competitive physiological advantages that allow the adults at the trench axis to exploit the more labile organic material that reaches the bottom of the trench.
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Pandiangan, Robert Paulus, Pulumun Peterus Ginting, and Wiflihani. "The Form and Meaning of Gondang Si Boru Nauli Basa in Batak Toba Traditional Ceremony." Lakhomi Journal Scientific Journal of Culture 2, no. 3 (October 9, 2021): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/lakhomi.v2i3.508.
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This study aims to determine the form and meaning of the gondang Siboru Nauli Basa in traditional ceremonies of the Toba Batak people in the village of Salaon Tonga-tonga. The theoretical basis in this study discusses about gondang, gondang siboru nauli basa, gondang hasapi, traditional ceremonies, the form of gondang siboru nauli basa, the meaning of gondang siboru nauli basa. November 2020 to December 2020. This study determined the population of the Community who attended the hahomion ceremony in the village of Salaon Tonga-tonga, and set a sample of 7 people. The data collection techniques used in this study included observation, library research, interviews, documentation, and analysis. with data reduction techniques, data presentation, drawing conclusions. From this study, the results obtained include: The form of gondang siboru nauli basa, served using musical instruments hasapi, garantung, sullim, sarune hetek, hesek, and gondang siboru nauli basa is an instrumental music played to summon the spirits of deceased ancestors, this event still carried out until now (2020) especially in the silalahi clan as a tradition in the Toba Batak tribe, the function of the gondang siboru nauli basa in the hahomion ceremony is as a function of emotional expression, a function of cultural continuity, and an entertainment function.
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Keppel, Gunnar. "Low genetic variation in a Pacific cycad: conservation concerns for Cycas seemannii (Cycadaceae)." Oryx 36, no. 1 (January 2002): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000078.
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The conservation status of Cycas seemannii, native to Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga, is assessed based on isozyme analysis, abundance estimates and factors affecting the survival of the species. Genetic variation in the species is low and genetic differentiation between populations is high, as compared to plants in general and to other cycads. Lower genetic variation was detected in a fragmented population as compared to less disturbed populations. Low gene flow was also detected, implying little contact between the various populations. A conservative estimate of 17,000 individuals remaining in the wild was obtained, with more than half of these located on the islands of Vanuatu. Accounts of past abundance suggest declining population sizes, most likely the result of repeated burning. Other factors that may be contributing to the decline are decreasing importance to and protection by humans, habitat alteration for agricultural and developmental purposes, and poor dispersal and recolonisation potential. An assessment based on the present estimated abundance and what is known of recent declines in numbers, indicates that the species should be categorised as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. On some of the densely populated islands, such as Viti Levu in Fiji and Nukualofa in Tonga, the species is locally Endangered or Critically Endangered. Possible conservation measures are suggested, and it is emphasised that populations on different islands must be considered separately because of their genetic differentiation.
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Poloniati, Penisimani, Ana Akauola, Sela K. Fusi, Yutaro Setoya, Kaloafo Tavo, and Sean T. Casey. "Tonga’s National EMT Response to the Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha’apai Volcanic Eruption and Tsunami." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, S2 (November 2022): s80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x22001790.
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Background/Introduction:The Tonga Emergency Medical Assistance Team (TEMAT) responded to the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcano and tsunami in early 2022. The HTHH volcano erupted violently on January 15, 2022 triggering a tsunami that struck many of Tonga’s 169 islands.1 84% of the country’s population was affected.2 Tonga’s undersea internet cable was cut, stopping most communication. At the time of the eruption/tsunami, Tonga was COVID-19-free with its borders effectively closed, forcing reliance on national emergency resources, including TEMAT.Objectives:Describe TEMAT’s response to the 2022 HTHH volcano eruption and tsunami.Method/Description:TEMAT deployed four rotations of clinical and public health teams in response to the eruption/tsunami. Team members included clinicians from the Ministry of Health, with logistics support from His Majesty’s Armed Forces. TEMAT carried out emergency assessments, facilitated medical evacuations, aided in the evacuation of an entire island’s population, and provided essential health services.Results/Outcomes:From January 17 through March 4, 2022, TEMAT cared for 381 patients including patients with non-communicable diseases (>50), psychosocial complaints (39), communicable diseases (27), and traumatic injuries (13). The team supported five referrals to higher level care, conducted patients home visits, aided in health center repairs, and responded to a boat sinking during their deployment.Conclusion:TEMAT’s deployment demonstrates that deployment-ready and self-sufficient national EMTs are essential for response to sudden-onset disasters in vulnerable countries. A trained and well-prepared national EMT can respond independently, quickly, and effectively to emergencies, despite limited resources and high-impact events.
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CHAKRABORTY, RABINDRA NATH. "Sharing rules and the commons: evidence from Ha'apai, Tonga." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 4 (August 2004): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001597.
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This paper argues that sharing rules have served to reduce the inefficiency caused by common pool externalities in many developing societies. To this end, a two-sector model of renewable resource use is employed where sharing rules are interpreted as implicit resource taxes. The model is applied to the island economy of Lofanga in the Kingdom of Tonga. The model generates a growth pattern which is consistent with the observed time paths of population and the resource stock. Cyclical fluctuations are weak even in the absence of resource taxation because the intrinsic growth rate of the resource is high.
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Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "Status of the Polynesian Megapode Megapodius pritchardii on Niuafo'ou (Tonga)." Bird Conservation International 5, no. 1 (March 1995): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002975.
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SummaryFrom October 1991 to January 1993, the Polynesian Megapode or Malau Megapodius pritchardii on the island Niuafo'ou, Kingdom of Tonga, was studied as part of a conservation project. The reproductive population was estimated at 188–235 pairs. Owing to an apparent lack of juveniles, the total population is not expected to be much larger. Compared to previous assessments this estimate gives evidence for a serious decline, but the methodologies used in all estimates differ considerably. However, a decline is also indicated by the fact that two of the 11 communal nesting grounds have been abandoned since 1979, while no new sites have been reported. Additionally, the Malau has disappeared from the vicinity of villages during the last 15 years. On a cat-free and undisturbed islet in the crater lake the density of Malaus is 1.29 pairs per ha. In other areas, where access for humans, dogs and cats was easy, the density of the Malau was only 0.16 pairs per ha. The main reason for the decline isover-harvesting of eggs by the local people. Habitat destruction or degradation are not responsible, and rats and domestic pigs seem to have no negative influence.
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Huish, Ryan D., Tevita Faka'osi, Heimuli Likiafu, Joseva Mateboto, and Katherine H. Huish. "Distribution, population structure, and management of a rare sandalwood (Santalum yasi, Santalaceae) in Fiji and Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 1 (2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14902.
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The aromatic heartwood of Santalum yasi has been harvested extensively in Fiji and Tonga over the past two centuries for international trade in the medicinal, perfume, and incense industry and other cultural purposes. Field surveys and a review of historic and modern documents reveal a sparse and scattered distribution and indicate that the natural distribution of S. yasi has fluctuated over time, even declining to local extinction in the wild in some areas, while S. album has been introduced and naturalisation of S. yasi × S. album hybrids is evident. Population data collected along transects in three in situ S. yasi populations show discontinuous size-class structures, indicating regenerative stress. The population densities at study sites ranged from 19 to 63 adult trees (≥5 cm dbh) per hectare and less than two heartwood-bearing trees (≥15 cm dbh) per hectare. Though S. yasi trees may attain up to 40 cm dbh, no trees greater than 23 cm dbh were found in any of the studied populations. Low density and small size of adult trees and human-induced bole damage are suggestive of frequent, premature, and defensive harvesting patterns and indicate the need for ongoing adaptive comanagement in recognition of underlying economic and sociocultural pressures.
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FUKUYAMA, SHOKO, CHIHO WATANABE, MASAHIRO UMEZAKI, and RYUTARO OHTSUKA. "TWENTY YEARS’ DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN SEDENTES AND MIGRANTS OF AN INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT-SENDING COMMUNITY IN TONGA." Journal of Biosocial Science 41, no. 1 (January 2009): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932008002770.
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SummaryIn the Kingdom of Tonga, migration to overseas developed countries has prevailed. To elucidate the effects of migration on population dynamics, an interview survey was conducted in the migrant-sending community of Kolovai, in the outer region of Tongatapu Island. All births, deaths, marriages and in- and out-migrations that took place between 1983 and 2002 were recorded for all members of the ‘Kolovai population’, consisting of persons who had lived in this community for at least a one-year period during this 20 years. The ‘Kolovai population’ members, numbering 1184 (564 males and 620 females), were divided into three groups based on residence at the end of each year, i.e. Kolovai (called KK), other places in Tonga (KT) or overseas countries (KO). The KK population decreased from 774 in 1982 to 570 in 2002, owing mostly to an increase of 167 persons as the natural balance and a decrease of 324 persons as the balance of international migration. Comparison of total fertility rate (TFR) between KK and KO women revealed that the mean TFR of the former decreased from 3·460 in the earlier 10-year period (1983–1992) to 2·240 in the later 10-year period (1993–2002), while that of the latter was more than 3·5 in both 10-year periods. This difference was largely due to the decrease in the proportion married among KK women. If the current trends of international migration and fertility continue, the population of Kolovai will be reduced and its age composition will become cylinder-shaped in the near future.
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Andrews, Kimberly R., Joshua M. Copus, Christie Wilcox, Ashley J. Williams, Stephen J. Newman, Corey B. Wakefield, and Brian W. Bowen. "Range-Wide Population Structure of 3 Deepwater Eteline Snappers Across the Indo-Pacific Basin." Journal of Heredity 111, no. 5 (July 2020): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esaa029.
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Abstract Deep-sea habitats may drive unique dispersal and demographic patterns for fishes, but population genetic analyses to address these questions have rarely been conducted for fishes in these environments. This study investigates the population structure of 3 tropical deepwater snappers of the genus Etelis that reside at 100–400 m depth, with broad and overlapping distributions in the Indo-Pacific. Previous studies showed little population structure within the Hawaiian Archipelago for 2 of these species: Etelis coruscans and E. carbunculus. Here we extend sampling to the entire geographic range of each species to resolve the population genetic architecture for these 2 species, as well as a recently exposed cryptic species (Etelis sp.). One goal was to determine whether deepwater snappers are more dispersive than shallow-water fishes. A second goal was to determine whether submesophotic fishes have older, more stable populations than shallow reef denizens that are subject to glacial sea-level fluctuations. Both goals are pertinent to the management of these valuable food fishes. A total of 1153 specimens of E. coruscans from 15 geographic regions were analyzed, along with 1064 specimens of E. carbunculus from 11 regions, and 590 specimens of E. sp. from 16 regions. The first 2 species were analyzed with mtDNA and 9–11 microsatellite loci, while E. sp. was analyzed with mtDNA only. Etelis coruscans had a non-significant microsatellite global FST, but significant global mtDNA Ф ST = 0.010 (P = 0.0007), with the isolation of Seychelles in the western Indian Ocean, and intermittent signals of isolation for the Hawaiian Archipelago. Etelis carbunculus had a non-significant microsatellite global FST, and significant global mtDNA Ф ST = 0.021 (P = 0.0001), with low but significant levels of isolation for Hawaiʻi, and divergence between Tonga and Fiji. Etelis sp. had mtDNA Ф ST = 0.018 (P = 0.0005), with a strong pattern of isolation for both Seychelles and Tonga. Overall, we observed low population structure, shallow mtDNA coalescence (similar to near-shore species), and isolation at the fringes of the Indo-Pacific basin in Hawaiʻi and the western Indian Ocean. While most shallow-water species have population structure on the scale of biogeographic provinces, deepwater snapper populations are structured on the wider scale of ocean basins, more similar to pelagic fishes than to shallow-water species. This population structure indicates the capacity for widespread dispersal throughout the Indo-Pacific region.
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Fuke, Yusuke, and Makoto Sasazuka. "First record of Macrobrachium grandimanus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Guam, Micronesia." Check List 17, no. 3 (May 11, 2021): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/17.3.759.
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The Hawaiian river shrimp Macrobrachium grandimanus (Randall, 1840) is an amphidromous brackish water prawn that inhabits the Hawaiian Islands (type locality), Ryukyu Islands, Melanesia (Fiji, New Caledonia), and Polynesia (Tonga). Here, we report a new record of this species from Guam, Micronesia. Two genetically and morphologically differentiated lineages of this species are known: the Hawaiian and the Ryukyu lineages. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the Guam population is closely related to the Ryukyu lineage.
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Austin, Christopher C., and George R. Zug. "Molecular and morphological evolution in the south-central Pacific skink Emoia tongana (Reptilia : Squamata): uniformity and human-mediated dispersal." Australian Journal of Zoology 47, no. 5 (1999): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99019.
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Human-mediated and waif dispersal are both responsible for the distribution of lizards on tropical Pacific islands. The component of each of these dispersal modes to the Pacific herpetofauna, however, is unclear. Morphological conservatism of Pacific lizards, the poor paleontological record on tropical Pacific islands, and minimal research effort in the Pacific (compared with other island systems) has hampered our understanding of waif versus human-mediated patterns. We examine morphological and genetic variation of Emoia concolor and E. tongana (formerly E. murphyi), two scincid lizards, from the south-central Pacific, to assess modes of dispersal and population structure. Emoia tongana from Tonga and Samoa is genetically uniform, suggesting that these are synanthropic populations recently introduced, presumably from Fiji. Relatively large genetic divergence is evident for populations of E. concolor within the Fijian archipelago, suggesting prehuman intra-archipelago dispersal and isolation.
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Mei, Adelina. "PENGARUH PEMBERIAN CINCAU HIJAU TERHADAP PENURUNAN TEKANAN DARAH PADA LANSIA PENDERITA HIPERTENSI DI DESA HUTA TONGA." Jurnal Kesehatan Ilmiah Indonesia (Indonesian Health Scientific Journal) 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51933/health.v6i2.566.
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Hipertensi sering ditemukan pada lansia dan biasanya tekanan sistoliknya yang meningkat. Upaya pengobatan hipertensi secara tradisional dapat dilakukan dengan konsumsi cincau hijau. Kasus hipertensi pada lansia ditemukan sebesar 185.857 jiwa di Indonesia, dan sebesar 55 orang di desa huta Tonga. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Pemberian Cincau Hijau Terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Darah Pada Lansia Penderita Hipertensi Di Desa Huta Tonga. Metode menggunakan desain quasi eksperimen. Dengan rancangan one grup pretest-postest. Populasi penelitian yaitu lansia penderita hipertensi sebanyak 55 orang. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 17 orang menggunakan tehnik consecutive sampling. Uji statistik yang digunakan yaitu wilcoxon dengan derajat signifikan (p<0.05). Hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai P-value (0.000). Hasil penelitiaan rata-rata MAP tekanan darah lansia sebelum adalah 121 mmHg (Stadium 2) dan setelah perlakuan adalah 115 mmHg (Stadium 1), Sehingga ada selisih 6 mmHg. Maka terdapat pengaruh pemberian cincau hijau terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pada lansia penderita hipertensi. Sehingga responden lebih aktif dan termotivasi untuk melakukan cara pencegahan hipertensi dengan pemberian Cincau hijau.
Hypertension is common found for the elderly and it is caused by the increasing of systolic pressure. One tradition health-effort on this condition is having gress jelly-green. The case of elderly with hypertension is about 185.857 people in indonesian, and there are 55 people in desa huta tonga. The aims of this research is to know the effect of giving grass jelly-green toward decreasing blood pressure for the elderly with hypertension in desa huta tonga. Then this research uses quasi eksperimen design to cover methodof the research with one group pretest-posttest. The population belongs to the elderly with hipertension about 55 people. The sample is taken about 17 people with consecutive sampling. Then the statistical test is gained with willcoxon test on significant degree (p<0.05). the result is gained about p-value (0.000). the other result, the MAP of blood preesure of the elderly previously is about 121 mmHg stadium 2 then they get 115 mmHg stadium 1 after having the experiment. Thus, there is 6 point of difference. By having that, itcan besaid that there is an effect of giving grass jelly-green toward decreasing blood pressure for the elderly with hipertension. The suggestion, the hipertension sufferers should have more motivation and be active in checking their condition, especially havean effort to decreasethe hypertension with having thegrass jellu-green.
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Short, Jessie, and Anna Metaxas. "Gregarious settlement of tubeworms at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the Tonga–Kermadec arc, South Pacific." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 1 (July 6, 2010): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410000676.
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Despite the importance of early life-history processes in regulating population assemblages of benthic invertebrates at hydrothermal vents, they remain poorly understood, mainly because of the inaccessibility of these habitats. Vestimentiferan tubeworms provide an excellent system to study settlement in these habitats; they inhabit tubes that remain intact for some period even after the occupants die, and thus provide a proxy for rates of settlement and post-settlement mortality. In 2007, we collected rocks supporting populations of Lamellibrachia sp. using a TV-grab, from Mussel Ridge hydrothermal vent field on Monowai Volcanic Complex, at the Tonga–Kermadec arc. Twenty-two discrete patches of similarly sized individuals and of discrete length–frequency distributions were identified and quantified. Mean length of individual tubeworms ranged from <0.5 to 6.38 cm, and abundance per patch ranged from 6.8 to 108 ind cm−2. Post-settlement mortality was ~5%. These results suggest that gregarious settlement of pulses of larvae is likely occurring by Lamellibrachia sp., a process that has not yet been described in deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworms. The abundance of adult tubeworms on Monowai was low, and allochthonous larval supply from neighbouring seamounts unlikely. Consequently, gregarious settlement can increase the probability of maintenance and expansion of the existing populations.
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Michele Lolita, Yotat, Agbor Ashu Michael, Ntumba Hubert, Djachechi Florence, and Bolenge Jacques. "Oral Health Status of the Elderly at Tonga, West Region, Cameroon." International Journal of Dentistry 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/820416.
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Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the oral health status of elderly persons in Tonga, West Region of Cameroon.Methodology. This is a cross-sectional study of persons of at least 65 years, living in Tonga village, West Region of Cameroon.Results. A total of 183 persons aged between 65 and 94 years, mean age of 73 years ±7 s.d., 83 (45,4%) males, and 100 (54,6%) females participated in the study. The most represented age range was 65–74 years (60.1%); 86 (47.3%) and elders above 65 constituted 1.8% of the total population. More than a third 117 (41.4%) had visible dental plaque, 117 (48,6%) had periodontal pockets >4 mm, 153 (54,1%) had teeth with total crown destruction, 70 (38.3%) had not lost a tooth, 23 (12.6%) had lost 1 tooth, 19 (10.4%) have lost at least 2 teeth, 100 (55.7%) were partially edentulous at the maxilla and 98 (53.6%) at the mandible, 2 (1.1%) were completely edentulous at the maxilla and 3 (1.6%) at the mandible, and 3.8% had removable dentures. The mean DMF index was 6.11 and 69.4% had dental caries. Risk factors to dental caries were toothbrushing and tobacco consumption while dental plaque was associated to pocket depth of 4–6 mm. Barriers to oral health care included ignorance 47 (25.7%), financial difficulties 124 (67.8%), and distance to the nearest clinic 12 (6.5%).Conclusion.The oral status of the elderly was generally poor.
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Lazli, Amel, Ammar Boumezbeur, Nadia Moali-Grine, and Aissa Moali. "Évolution de la population nicheuse de l’Érismature à tête blanche Oxyura leucocephala sur le lac Tonga (Algérie)." Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie) 66, no. 2 (2011): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/revec.2011.1584.
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McConkey, Kim R., Donald R. Drake, Janet Franklin, and Filipe Tonga. "Effects of Cyclone Waka on flying foxes (Pteropus tonganus) in the Vava'u Islands of Tonga." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001804.
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Severe tropical cyclones are a major cause of episodic mortality for Pacific Island flying foxes (large fruit bats). Many flying foxes starve after forests are stripped of food sources, and hunting by humans may also increase in the post-cyclone period. In December 2001, Cyclone Waka passed directly over the Vava'u Islands in the Kingdom of Tonga, western Polynesia. We visited the islands 6 mo later to survey the flying fox (Pteropus tonganus) population and assess availability of potential food items (fruit and flower) in primary, secondary and plantation forests. Less than 20% of the pre-cyclone bat population (surveyed in 1999–2001) remained 6 mo after the storm. The density of potential food trees in flower or fruit at this time was only 15% of pre-cyclone density, and the main species available were different in the two time periods. The highest density of potential food trees occurred in secondary forest (26 flowering or fruiting trees ha−1) and plantations (23 ha−1); primary forest offered the least food (18 ha−1). Since 65–70% of the land area has been converted to agricultural plantations, this vegetation type had the highest absolute number of food-bearing trees – almost seven times that of primary forest. Flowering coconuts (Cocos nucifera) were the most abundant food source overall and we suggest that this species may be important in sustaining flying foxes following severe storms.
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L. Burns, Emma, Brian H. Costello, and Bronwyn A. Houlden. "Three evolutionarily significant units for conservation in the iguanid genus Brachylophus." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (2006): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060064.
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We examined phylogenetic relationships within the genus Brachylophus, which comprises two endangered iguana species endemic to the South Pacific islands of Fiji and Tonga. Genetic variation among Fijian Crested Iguanas B. vitiensis and Fijian and Tongan Banded Iguanas B. fasciatus was analysed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (cyt b) characterized from 35 individuals from island populations. Three distinct clades of Brachylophus were identified. The most divergent clade comprised B. fasciatus from Tonga, which supports the recognition of Tongan iguanas as a separate species. Molecular clock estimates suggested that the average sequence divergence (6.4%) between Tongan and Fijian B. fasciatus clades equated to 7 - 15.8 MY of separation, confirming that extant Brachylophus species have a long history of evolution in situ in the Fijian and Tongan archipelago. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that Fijian B. fasciatus and B. vitiensis iguana populations were not reciprocally monophyletic. One clade comprised two mtDNA haplotypes from the Fijian islands of Monu, Monuriki, Devuilau, Waya and Yadua Taba. The other clade comprised B. fasciatus haplotypes from Kadavu and Gau, which was divergent from both the aforementioned Fijian clade (dA = 3.5%), and the Tongan clade (dA = 6.4%). In addition to mtDNA data, variation was assessed at microsatellite loci, and significant differentiation between iguana populations was detected. Based on both mtDNA and microsatellite analysis, the conservation priorities for these endangered lizards must be reassessed to protect iguanas as three distinct evolutionarily significant units.
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Stevenson, Anthony C., Jamie Skinner, G. Edward Hollis, and Michael Smart. "The El Kala National Park and Environs, Algeria: An Ecological Evaluation." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 4 (1988): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029830.
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The structure of the El Kala National Park, its aims, zonation scheme for conservation and development, and boundaries, are described. Those ecobiomes and ecosystems which merit the highest classification and protection within the National Park are described and evaluated along with the numerous sites of similar importance outside the Park. A summary evaluation table (Table III) of the habitats, the species, and the resources for sustainable utilization, is presented.Three wetlands within the Park—Lake Oubeïra (perennial freshwater lake: a Ramsar Convention site important for wintering waterfowl), Lake Tonga (semi-perennial freshwater lake with surrounding marsh and earn a Ramsar Convention site with significant numbers of breeding waterbirds), and the Bou Redim marsh (freshwater carr with open water and a breeding colony of herons) are placed in the highest category of protection for the National Park. Four wetlands outside the National Park—the Mkhada marsh (8,900 ha of seasonally-flooded freshwater marsh), Lake Fetzara (15,000 ha freshwater lake now refilled with water in winter), Lac des Oiseaux (40 ha perennial freshwater lake), and the Cheffia Reservoir (3,000 ha)—are considered as important and consequently deserving of legislative protection. A marine section of the Park needs further study.The highest level of protection is recommended for the coastal dunes, including alder carrs, within and outside the Park; for the pristine low-montane Cork Oak woodlands, including the last remnants of Pinus pinaster ssp. renoui in Algeria; for the rare Lusitanian Oak forests including the small and declining Algerian population of Barbary Deer (Cervus elephas barbarus); and for some of the last remaining riverine woodland in North Africa. In addition, the healthy and diverse population of raptors is noted. The megalithic and later archaeological remains are extensive, valuable, and little-known.MEcological improvements to Lakes Tonga and Fetzara, which were drained in the 1930s, have recently developed from the operation of the old sluices to hold water back in the lakes, although at Lake Tonga some of the marginal vegetation and alder forest appears to be suffering from the prolonged inundation. The construction of the large Mexanna Dam within the National Park will desiccate the Mkhada Marsh, and Lake Oubeïra may have its ecological character changed if it is used for regulatory storage. The dune ecosystems are being affected by agriculture, groundwater pumping, industrial forestry (including perhaps a pulp mill), and the new road which is being driven into the heart of the dunes. Fishing and aquaculture may further reduce the suitability of Lakes Oubeïra and Melah for wintering waterfowl, and deliberate fires continue to ravage the Cork Oak forests.
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Fediras, Samira, Rachid Rouag, Nadia Ziane, Anthony Olivier, Arnaud Béchet, and Slim Benyacoub. "Population Structure and Morphometrics of the European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)) at Lake Tonga, Algeria." Russian Journal of Herpetology 25, no. 2 (November 9, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2018-25-2-88-96.
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Fediras, Samira, Rachid Rouag, Nadia Ziane, Anthony Olivier, Arnaud Béchet, and Slim Benyacoub. "Population Structure and Morphometrics of the European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)) at Lake Tonga, Algeria." Russian Journal of Herpetology 25, no. 2 (November 9, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2019-25-2-88-96.
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Leung, Doris Y. P., Hui-Lin Cheng, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Angel S. K. Tang, Justina Y. W. Liu, Mimi M. Y. Tse, Claudia K. Y. Lai, and Alex Molassiotis. "Magnitude, Temporal Trends, and Inequalities in the DALYs and YLDs of Nutritional Deficiency among Older Adults in the Western Pacific Region: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2019." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 4421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124421.
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The population in the Western Pacific region is aging rapidly. Nutritional deficiency is prevalent in older adults; however, information regarding nutritional deficiency in this population is scarce. Using the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) results, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs) from nutritional deficiency were estimated between 1990 and 2019 for this population. Average annual percentage change (AAPC) was used to assess temporal trends, and linear mixed-effects models were used to examine socioeconomic and sex inequalities. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized DALYs of nutritional deficiency in this population decreased from 697.95 to 290.95 per 100,000, and their age-standardized YLDs decreased from 459.03 to 195.65 per 100,000, with the greatest declines seen in South Korea (AAPCs < −5.0). Tonga had the least decline in DALYs (AAPC = −0.8), whereas Fiji experienced an increase in YLDs (AAPC = 0.1). Being female and having a lower sociodemographic index score was significantly associated with higher age-standardized DALYs and YLDs. The magnitude and temporal trends of the nutritional deficiency burden among older adults varied across countries and sex in the region, indicating that health policies on nutritional deficiency among older adults must be crafted to local conditions.
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Devi, Riteshma, Prayna P. P. Maharaj, and Surendra Prasad. "Comparative investigation of body mass index of tertiary students of the South Pacific origin." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 36, no. 1 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp18003.
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The body mass index (BMI) trends in the South Pacific Island Countries (PICs) have been analysed. Five South Pacific countries, namely; Fiji, Tonga, Nauru, Kiribati and Solomon Islands have been analysed based on the population that have stayed in Fiji at some point (mean age 25.20±5.27). Standard BMI threshold defined as underweight (2), normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) overweight (25–30 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2) was used to study the BMI trends. The data collection was carried out by randomly selecting the subject of study and manually recording their heights (in meters) and weight (in kg). These measurements were done during the period of 2014–2015. The data showed that only Fiji had an average BMI with normal weight of 23.74±4.63 kg/m2 while other countries’ population were either overweight (Solomon Islands) or obese (Nauru) in the range of 25.29±4.37 kg/m2 to 37.24±12 kg/m2. Cohen’s d and eta square test were performed to see differences in height and weight where large differences were found primarily in the male population compared to female. The average BMI for gender within a country did not show variation (p>0.001) but variation was seen among the PICs (p
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Brown, Edwin H., and George E. Gehrels. "Detrital zircon constraints on terrane ages and affinities and timing of orogenic events in the San Juan Islands and North Cascades, Washington." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 1375–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-040.
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Detrital zircon geochronology of this report pertains to Cretaceous orogeny in northwest Washington, an event that involved blueschist metamorphism and emplacement of nappes in the San Juan Islands – northwest Cascades thrust system and continental arc magmatism and associated Barrovian metamorphism in the neighboring Coast Plutonic Complex. Structurally low in the thrust system, quartzose gneiss of the Yellow Aster Complex yields an entirely Precambrian suite of detrital zircons, with an age pattern that is similar to that of Ordovician miogeoclinal rocks and the outboard Yukon–Tanana, Yreka, and Shoo Fly terranes elsewhere in the Cordillera. Midway in the nappe pile of the northwest Cascades, sandstone in the Bell Pass Mélange has a zircon age population of 110 Ma, an age that together with the spectrum of exotic materials associated with the sandstone suggests the mélange was a major zone of dislocation during mid-Cretaceous nappe emplacement. At a high level in the thrust system are nappes of the Fidalgo Complex, Lummi Formation, Constitution Formation, and Easton Metamorphic Suite, all with a prominent age peak in the range of 148–155 Ma. These units appear to be mutually related, represent inter-arc marginal basins, and are correlative with terranes in the western Klamath Mountains. The Nooksack Formation, footwall to nappes in the Cascades, has a zircon population at 114 Ma, providing a maximum age of nappe emplacement. The Tonga Formation of the Coast Plutonic Complex bears zircons that indicate a depositional age of <125 Ma, thus yielding a maximum age for the beginning of Barrovian metamorphism and continental arc plutonism in this region.
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Pauuvale, Alvina F., Mark H. Vickers, Soana Pamaka, Dorothy Apelu, ‘Anaseini Fehoko, Malakai ‘Ofanoa, and Jacquie L. Bay. "Exploring the Retail Food Environment Surrounding Two Secondary Schools with Predominantly Pacific Populations in Tonga and New Zealand to Enable the Development of Mapping Methods Appropriate for Testing in a Classroom." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 15941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315941.
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Rates of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are disproportionately high among people of Pacific ethnicity. Nutrition-related environmental exposures including food access and quality contribute to the matrix of factors impacting risk. Preventative interventions in adolescence and the opportunity to integrate health promotion into school-based learning are often overlooked. This study tested the potential of a low-cost method to map the retail food environment in a 1 km radius of two secondary schools in low socioeconomic communities with predominantly Pacific populations, in Tonga and New Zealand (NZ). Mapping utilized Google Earth, Google Maps, government maps, and observations. A rubric was developed to categorize food quality. Outlets within a 1 km radius of each school, (Tonga, n = 150; NZ, n = 52) stocked predominantly unhealthy foods. The NZ data compared favorably to previous studies, indicating the method was valid. The Tongan data is novel and indicates that alternative strategies can be used when access to GIS-type tools is limited. The method produced visual data that has the potential to be analyzed using strategies appropriate for secondary schools. The method should now be tested in classrooms to assess its potential to support school-age students to engage in mapping and critiquing the retail food environment.
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Pugach, Irina, Alexander Hübner, Hsiao-chun Hung, Matthias Meyer, Mike T. Carson, and Mark Stoneking. "Ancient DNA from Guam and the peopling of the Pacific." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): e2022112118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022112118.
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Humans reached the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific by ∼3,500 y ago, contemporaneous with or even earlier than the initial peopling of Polynesia. They crossed more than 2,000 km of open ocean to get there, whereas voyages of similar length did not occur anywhere else until more than 2,000 y later. Yet, the settlement of Polynesia has received far more attention than the settlement of the Marianas. There is uncertainty over both the origin of the first colonizers of the Marianas (with different lines of evidence suggesting variously the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, or the Bismarck Archipelago) as well as what, if any, relationship they might have had with the first colonizers of Polynesia. To address these questions, we obtained ancient DNA data from two skeletons from the Ritidian Beach Cave Site in northern Guam, dating to ∼2,200 y ago. Analyses of complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences and genome-wide SNP data strongly support ancestry from the Philippines, in agreement with some interpretations of the linguistic and archaeological evidence, but in contradiction to results based on computer simulations of sea voyaging. We also find a close link between the ancient Guam skeletons and early Lapita individuals from Vanuatu and Tonga, suggesting that the Marianas and Polynesia were colonized from the same source population, and raising the possibility that the Marianas played a role in the eventual settlement of Polynesia.
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Sanders, Michael, Natasha Houghton, Ofa Dewes, Judith McCool, and Peter Thorne. "Estimated prevalence of hearing loss and provision of hearing services in Pacific Island nations." Journal of Primary Health Care 7, no. 1 (2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc15005.
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INTRODUCTION: Hearing impairment (HI) affects an estimated 538 million people worldwide, with 80% of these living in developing countries. Untreated HI in childhood may lead to developmental delay and in adults results in social isolation, inability to find or maintain employment, and dependency. Early intervention and support programmes can significantly reduce the negative effects of HI. AIM: To estimate HI prevalence and identify available hearing services in some Pacific countries — Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga. METHODS: Data were collected through literature review and correspondence with service providers. Prevalence estimates were based on census data and previously published regional estimates. RESULTS: Estimates indicate 20–23% of the population may have at least a mild HI, with up to 11% having a moderate impairment or worse. Estimated incidence of chronic otitis media in Pacific Island nations is 3–5 times greater than other Australasian countries in children under 10 years old. Permanent HI from otitis media is substantially more likely in children and adults in Pacific Island nations. Several organisations and individuals provide some limited hearing services in a few Pacific Island nations, but the majority of people with HI are largely underserved. DISCUSSION: Although accurate information on HI prevalence is lacking, prevalence estimates of HI and ear disease suggest they are significant health conditions in Pacific Island nations. There is relatively little support for people with HI or ear disease in the Pacific region. An investment in initiatives to both identify and support people with hearing loss in the Pacific is necessary. KEYWORDS: Health services; hearing loss; otitis media; Pacific Islands
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Sika-Paotonu, Dianne, Ramona Tiatia, Yun K. Sung, Craig Thornley, Bryan Betty, Ranei Wineera-Parai, Barbara Eddie, et al. "The Benzathine Penicillin G (BPG) reformulation preferences study – the importance of cultural awareness and appropriate governance concerning Rheumatic Fever related research in New Zealand." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 120.39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.120.39.
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Abstract Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) is the autoimmune condition caused by untreated group A streptococcal (GAS) infection of the throat and possibly skin. Repeated or severe untreated attacks of ARF can cause permanent heart damage known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD). ARF/RHD rates in the Pacific (Samoa, Tonga and Fiji) have been reported as being 5 times higher than that found in NZ. Pacific Peoples living in NZ currently comprise ~ 7% of the NZ population so prioritization of ARF/RHD prevention, treatment and management efforts within the Pacific region and NZ is warranted due to high incidence rates and migration between countries. As a GAS vaccine is not yet available, the most effective recommended preventative measure for ARF requires painful monthly injections of Benzathine Penicillin G (BPG) be given intramuscularly for 10 years. Known as secondary prophylaxis, the purpose is to prevent GAS infections that can lead to ARF and cause RHD. A reformulated BPG is desperately needed. To support the generation of a more appropriate BPG reformulation that encourages treatment adherence, this work explored the BPG reformulation preferences of predominantly Māori and Pacific children/teens in New Zealand currently receiving monthly BPG intramuscular injections, their families and healthcare providers. The appropriate governance, cultural leadership and guidance essential for this project work to progress safely by the research team was provided by Pasifika and Māori health researchers, leaders, representatives, scientists and academics with careful considerations integrated into the development of the software applications and into the research work.
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Zuraidah. "Pengetahuan Ibu hamil tentang kebutuhan makanan sehat selama kehamilan di BPM T.H Pematangsiantar Tahun 2020." Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) 16, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/pannmed.v16i3.1190.
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The proportion of malnutrition anemia among pregnant women in several private practices in Medan is 53.3%. The results of Dolok Saribu’s research in the village of maligas Tonga, Simalungun Regency in 2016 found that pregnant women had anemia with proportion of 57.4% Good nutrition for pregnant women is needed so that fetal growth runs rapidly and does not experience obstacles. The research objective was to describe the knowledge of pregnant women about healthy food consumption patterns in accordance with the growth and development of their pregnancy at BPM T.H. Pematangsiantar in 2020.
This research is descriptive with a survey method and uses primary data that has been obtained directly from respondents, the population is 40 pregnant women’s. This data processing by editing, coding, tabulation, entry, cleaning data entry.
Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that pregnant women who check their pregnancies at BPM T.H. Pematangsiantar most aged 20-35 years 34 respondents (85%), high school education 22 respondents (55%), housewives work 30 respondents (37.5%). Based on the knowledge of pregnant women about the notion of healthy food during pregnancy, 31 respondents (77.5%) were not good, knowledge of the need for healthy food consumption patterns during pregnancy was not god 20 respondents (50%), knowledge of the positive impact if the need for food consumption patterns 22 respondents (55%) were not well fulfilled and 27 respondents (67.5%) had bad knowledge of hazardous substances.
Based on this study, it was found that knowledge of the respondents was not good enough, therefore it is recommended that respondents increase their knowledge about the importance of eating healthy food during pregnancy.
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Elafri, Ali, Mouhamed Belhamra, and Moussa Houhamdi. "Comparing habitat preferences of a set of waterbird species wintering in coastal wetlands of North Africa: implication for management." Ekológia (Bratislava) 36, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 158–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2017-0014.
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Abstract Every year, the Coastal wetlands of North Africa support an important wintering waterbird population of many Palearctic and sub-Saharan species of various contrasting habitat requirements. In this study, we describe the habitat use by24 water-obligate species wintering in a coastal wetland of the Northeastern Algeria (the wetland of Lake Tonga), highlighting thereby the ecological mechanisms that support their coexistence and their resources partitioning. The analysis of resource exploitation (Relative frequency, Feinsinger niche breadth, Pianka niche overlap and Ivlev’s electivity indexes) showed that waterbird species inhabiting the lake wetland have several similarities in using the different habitat categories, which lead us to cluster them into 5 guilds (G1: one rails, two grebes and eight ducks; G2: five wading species and one gull; G3: three herons; G4: cormorants, mallards, and on gull; finally, G5: only one species Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis).Almost all the species were specialists in resource utilization patterns (narrow niche breadths, both under 0.3) and therefore, vulnerable to fluctuations in resources, particularly the feeding habitats. Mean niche overlaps for all the pairs of species ranged from 0.05 to 0.68. The overall pattern in the community was higher niche overlaps between the species of a particular guild than those between other species. According to Ivlev’s electivity index, we found that only three microhabitats from seven were the most important for the discussed species, open water body was the most attractive, followed by meadows, muddy areas and floating- leafed vegetation. Similarities on habitat requirements derived from our region can provide important and optimal wetland management at multi-species assemblage level for this wetland and similar area around the African coast.
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Cuthbertson, Joseph, Carol Stewart, Alison Lyon, Penelope Burns, and Thompson Telepo. "Health Impacts of Volcanic Activity in Oceania." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35, no. 5 (July 16, 2020): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x2000093x.
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AbstractVolcanoes cause a wide range of hazardous phenomena. Close to volcanic vents, hazards can be highly dangerous and destructive and include pyroclastic flows and surges, ballistic projectiles, lava flows, lahars, thick ashfalls, and gas and aerosol emissions. Direct health impacts include trauma, burns, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. Far-reaching volcanic hazards include volcanic ashfalls, gas and aerosol dispersion, and lahars. Within Oceania, the island arc countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tonga, and New Zealand are the most at-risk from volcanic activity. Since 1500ad, approximately 10,000 lives have been lost due to volcanic activity across Oceania, with 39 lives lost since 2000. While volcano monitoring and surveillance save lives, residual risks remain from small, sudden, unheralded eruptions, such as the December 9, 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand which has a death toll of 21 at the time of writing. Widespread volcanic ashfalls can affect the habitability of downwind communities by contaminating water supplies, damaging crops and buildings, and degrading indoor and outdoor air quality, as well as disrupting transport and communication networks and access to health services. While the fatality rate due to volcanic eruptions may be low, far greater numbers of people may be affected by volcanic activity with approximately 100,000 people in PNG and Vanuatu displaced since 2000. It is challenging to manage health impacts for displaced people, particularly in low-income countries where events such as eruptions occur against a background of low, variable vaccination rates, high prevalence of infectious diseases, poor sanitation infrastructure, and poor nutritional status. As a case study, the 2017-2018 eruption of Ambae volcano, Vanuatu caused no casualties but triggered two separate mandatory off-island evacuations of the entire population of approximately 11,700 people. On the neighboring island of Santo, a health disaster response was coordinated by local government and provided acute care when evacuees arrived. Involving primary care clinicians in this setting enhanced local capacity for health care provision and allowed for an improved understanding of the impact of displacement on evacuee communities.
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Condevaux, Aurélie. "Touristes, autochtones et fakapale à Tonga." Téoros 29, no. 1 (May 2, 2014): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024758ar.
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Depuis les travaux de MacCannell (1973), un grand nombre de recherches ont souligné que certains touristes sont motivés par une quête d’« authenticité ». Cette dernière, pensent-ils, peut être atteinte en se mêlant aux populations autochtones des lieux visités. Cet article montre, à travers un cas d’étude tongien, que la participation commune d’autochtones et de touristes à une même activité ne suscite pas nécessairement un sentiment d’authenticité chez ces derniers. Les matériaux appuyant cette réflexion ont été recueillis lors d’enquêtes de terrain menées à Tonga, en Polynésie occidentale. Cet archipel, maintenu relativement à l’écart des grandes routes touristiques, est une destination prisée par les touristes désireux de rencontrer les populations locales. Les performances de danses proposées dans divers hôtels sont l’une des occasions, pour les touristes, de participer à une activité commune avec les Tongiens, ces derniers étant également spectateurs de ces représentations. La présence d’autochtones, pourtant recherchée par les touristes dans leur quête d’authenticité, est susceptible d’engendrer plus de malaise et de confusion que de satisfaction.
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Tian, Na, Jin-Xin Zheng, Zhao-Yu Guo, Lan-Hua Li, Shang Xia, Shan Lv, and Xiao-Nong Zhou. "Dengue Incidence Trends and Its Burden in Major Endemic Regions from 1990 to 2019." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080180.
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Background: Dengue has become one of the major vector-borne diseases, which has been an important public health concern. We aimed to estimate the disease burden of dengue in major endemic regions from 1990 to 2019, and explore the impact pattern of the socioeconomic factors on the burden of dengue based on the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2019 (GBD 2019). Methods: Using the analytical strategies and data from the GBD 2019, we described the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of dengue in major endemic regions from 1990 to 2019. Furthermore, we estimated the correlation between dengue burden and socioeconomic factors, and then established an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict the epidemic trends of dengue in endemic regions. All estimates were proposed as numbers and age-standardized rates (ASR) per 100,000 population, with uncertainty intervals (UIs). The ASRs of dengue incidence were compared geographically and five regions were stratified by a sociodemographic index (SDI). Results: A significant rise was observed on a global scale between 1990 and 2019, with the overall age-standardized rate (ASR) increasing from 557.15 (95% UI 243.32–1212.53) per 100,000 in 1990 to 740.4 (95% UI 478.2–1323.1) per 100,000 in 2019. In 2019, the Oceania region had the highest age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 population (3173.48 (95% UI 762.33–6161.18)), followed by the South Asia region (1740.79 (95% UI 660.93–4287.12)), and then the Southeast Asia region (1153.57 (95% UI 1049.49–1281.59)). In Oceania, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, increase trends were found in the burden of dengue fever measured by ASRs of DALY which were consistent with ASRs of dengue incidence at the national level. Most of the countries with the heaviest burden of dengue fever occurred in areas with low and medium SDI regions. However, the burden in high-middle and high-SDI countries is relatively low, especially the Solomon Islands and Tonga in Oceania, the Maldives in South Asia and Indonesia in Southeast Asia. The age distribution results of the incidence rate and disease burden of dengue fever of major endemic regions showed that the higher risk and disease burden are mainly concentrated in people under 14 or over 70 years old. The prediction by ARIMA showed that the risk of dengue fever in South and Southeast Asia is on the rise, and further prevention and control is warranted. Conclusions: In view of the rapid population growth and urbanization in many dengue-endemic countries, our research results are of great significance for presenting the future trend in dengue fever. It is recommended to policy makers that specific attention needs to be paid to the negative impact of urbanization on dengue incidence and allocate more resources to the low-SDI areas and people under 14 or over 70 years old to reduce the burden of dengue fever.
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Sasaki, Matthew, Sydney Hedberg, Kailin Richardson, and Hans G. Dam. "Complex interactions between local adaptation, phenotypic plasticity and sex affect vulnerability to warming in a widespread marine copepod." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 182115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182115.
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Predicting the response of populations to climate change requires an understanding of how various factors affect thermal performance. Genetic differentiation is well known to affect thermal performance, but the effects of sex and developmental phenotypic plasticity often go uncharacterized. We used common garden experiments to test for effects of local adaptation, developmental phenotypic plasticity and individual sex on thermal performance of the ubiquitous copepod,Acartia tonsa(Calanoida, Crustacea) from two populations strongly differing in thermal regimes (Florida and Connecticut, USA). Females had higher thermal tolerance than males in both populations, while the Florida population had higher thermal tolerance compared with the Connecticut population. An effect of developmental phenotypic plasticity on thermal tolerance was observed only in the Connecticut population. Our results show clearly that thermal performance is affected by complex interactions of the three tested variables. Ignoring sex-specific differences in thermal performance may result in a severe underestimation of population-level impacts of warming because of population decline due to sperm limitation. Furthermore, despite having a higher thermal tolerance, low-latitude populations may be more vulnerable to warming as they lack the ability to respond to increases in temperature through phenotypic plasticity.
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Matallah, Mohamed Elhadi, Djamel Alkama, Atef Ahriz, and Shady Attia. "Assessment of the Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Oases Settlements." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020185.
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Oases throughout the world have become important ecosystems to replenish food and water supplies. The Saharan Oases exist above the largest underground water supplies in the World. In North Africa, oases witness significantly growing populations in the oasis towns and receive thousands of tourists yearly. In oasis settlements, the majority of the population spends most of the time outdoors, in extremely hot conditions; however, few studies have investigated urban outdoor thermal comfort conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to assess thermal comfort in the Tolga Oasis Complex and test the validity of the ‘oasis effect’ concept. The methodology is based on comparative field measurement and calculation approaches in the heart of Tolga Palm Grove and in different urban settlements. Results indicate highest heat stress levels (Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index) in the oases Palm Grove in July, PET = 41.7 °C, and urban settlements, PET = 40.9 °C. Despite the significant difference between the old and new settlement fabrics, our measurements and calculation did not identify any noticeable variation of thermal comfort. Thus, the oasis effect on the outdoor thermal comfort was insignificant (during July and August 2018). Finally, the study discusses ways to improve outdoor spaces design and relieve heat stress in the settlements of Tolga.
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Hoffmeyer, Mónica S., Anabela A. Berasategui, Débora Beigt, and María C. Piccolo. "Environmental regulation of the estuarine copepods Acartia tonsa and Eurytemora americana during coexistence period." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 2 (July 30, 2008): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408001987.
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The seasonal dynamics of Acartia tonsa and the invader Eurytemora americana were analysed in relation to the environmental variability occurring from April to November in the Bahía Blanca Estuary. Twice a month, the abundance of eggs, nauplii, copepodites and adults was examined and some environmental variables were recorded. Multivariate statistics (CCA) was applied to analyse the data of variables. Acartia tonsa eggs and nauplii diminished from April–May and they were almost absent between June and September, although a small larval peak could be detected from the end of July to October. All the stages of this species increased in number through spring. Eurytemora americana was registered as from June and only nauplii larvae were observed, with a peak increase during September. Copepodites and adults were observed as from July, increasing in number until peaking at the end of September. The number of all stages of this species decreased abruptly, the whole population disappearing from the plankton. The A. tonsa developmental stages were most positively correlated with temperature, photoperiod and other light variables whereas those of E. americana showed positive correlations with chlorophyll-a and salinity. The gradients of the main environmental factors likely give rise to a certain niche separation facilitating the coexistence of the two copepod populations within the period studied.
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Paul, Sourav, and Danilo Calliari. "Sampling estuarine copepods at different scales and resolutions: a study in Rio de la Plata." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 5 (December 18, 2018): 1059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541800108x.
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AbstractIn the Rio de la Plata salinity, temperature, chlorophyll a (chl a), and densities (ind. m−3) of the copepods Acartia tonsa and Paracalanus parvus were measured from January to November in 2003 by following a nested weekly and monthly design. Such sampling yielded two separate datasets: (i) Yearly Dataset (YD) which consists of data of one sampling effort per month for 11 consecutive months, and (ii) Seasonal Weekly Datasets (SWD) which consists of data of one sampling effort per week of any four consecutive weeks within each season. YD was assumed as a medium-term low-resolution (MTLR) dataset, and SWD as a short-term high-resolution (STHR) dataset. The hypothesis was, the SWD would always capture (shorter scales generally captures more noise in data) more detail variability of copepod populations (quantified through the regression relationships between temporal changes of salinity, temperature, chl a and copepod densities) than the YD. Analysis of both YD and SWD found that A. tonsa density was neither affected by seasonal cycles, nor temporal variability of salinity, temperature and chl a. Thus, compared to STHR sampling, MTLR sampling did not yield any further information of the variability of population densities of the perennial copepod A. tonsa. Analysis of SWD found that during summer and autumn the population densities of P. parvus had a significant positive relationship to salinity but their density was limited by higher chl a concentration; analysis of YD could not yield such detailed ecological information. That hints the effectiveness of STHR sampling over MTLR sampling in capturing details of the variability of population densities of a seasonal copepod species. Considering the institutional resource limitations (e.g. lack of long-term funding, manpower and infrastructure) and the present hypothesis under consideration, the authors suggest that a STHR sampling may provide useful complementary information to interpret results of longer-term natural changes occurring in estuaries.
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Cass, Philip. "A foreign flower no more: Tongan diasporic media and the 2014 Tongan election." Pacific Journalism Review 22, no. 1 (July 31, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v22i1.14.
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The use of social media and the involvement of diasporic populations in politics is a growing trend among diasporic Polynesian communities and Island politicians. Auckland-based Tongan media, which are the focus of this article, appear to have had an effect on voter behaviour in the 2014 Tongan elections. Using the Auckland-based news site Kaniva News as a case study and drawing on interviews with Tongan journalists, this article sets out to show the links between the development of online media among the Tongan diaspora, the rise of ‘Akilisi Pohiva’s democracy movement and the mediated involvement of New Zealand’s Tongan community in that democratic process. Similar developments have also been noted in Fiji and the Cook Islands where online media played an important part in recent elections.
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Leandro, Sérgio Miguel, Peter Tiselius, and Henrique Queiroga. "Spatial and temporal scales of environmental forcing of Acartia populations (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the Canal de Mira (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal)†." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 3 (February 8, 2013): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst008.
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Abstract Zooplankton and hydrological data were collected from August 2000 and June 2002 at six stations distributed throughout Canal de Mira (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal). The abundance of Acartia clausi and Acartia tonsa adults and juveniles of Acartia spp. for each station and month were combined in a three-way data matrix, which was decomposed into three two-way matrices corresponding to different modes: biological, time, and space. Cluster analysis applied on the space mode revealed the existence of three different zones as a consequence of zooplankton composition. At each mode, principal component analysis showed strong seasonal variations in zones 1 and 2. A different spatial pattern was found between the periods November 2000–April 2001 and November 2001–April 2002, with the displacement of the highest abundance levels from the middle estuary to near the mouth. The congeneric populations were segregated in space: the A. clausi population was restricted to downstream stations (zone 1), whereas the A. tonsa population dominated the middle estuary. Significant correlations between hydrological parameters and copepod abundance were found to differ from zone to zone. The statistical methodology was a valuable tool to (i) discriminate spatial and seasonal distribution patterns, (ii) define estuarine sections based on the faunistic composition, and (iii) evaluate delayed effects of phytoplankton.
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Gaedke, Ursula. "Population dynamics of the calanoid copepods Eurytemora affinis and A0cartia tonsa in the Ems Dollart-Estuary: a numerical simulation." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 118, no. 2 (April 27, 1990): 185–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/118/1990/185.
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Mahjoub, Mohamed-Sofiane, Cheng-Han Wu, Alexandra Leeper, Jiang-Shiou Hwang, and Guillaume Drillet. "Population density and mate selection in the copepod Acartia tonsa." Journal of Plankton Research 36, no. 3 (March 6, 2014): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbu017.
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Smith, Julian A. C., Moira Galbraith, Kelly Young, R. Ian Perry, Akash Sastri, and R. John Nelson. "Acartia arbruta (previously A. tonsa) in British Columbia: a bioindicator of climate-driven ecosystem variability in the northeast Pacific Ocean." Journal of Plankton Research 43, no. 4 (June 12, 2021): 546–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbab040.
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Abstract Climate change is driving biogeographic shifts in marine zooplankton. In the northeast (NE) Pacific, the distribution of the estuarine copepod, Acartia tonsa ( Dana, 1849), is generally limited to California except during marine warming events where it is found as far north as British Columbia (BC). Documentation of such events relies on accurate species identification. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Acartia using 768 mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequences collected worldwide demonstrates that NE Pacific A. tonsa is distinct from all conspecifics and congeners. Males of NE Pacific A. tonsa are larger with slight differences in the fifth pair of legs as compared to geographically isolated conspecifics. Accordingly, we propose NE Pacific A. tonsa be reclassified to Acartia arbruta. Analysis of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA DNA sequences from 154 specimens of A. arbruta collected from California, Oregon and BC suggests that A. arbruta detected in BC is a mixture of southern populations. Southern populations are likely driven north during “warm” phases of the oceanographic processes indexed by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which is positively correlated with A. arbruta biomass anomalies on the continental shelf of Vancouver Island, BC. The presence of A. arbruta in BC waters is a useful bioindicator of marine warming events.
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Azikin and Muhammad Yusuf. "Influence of competence and job satisfaction on the performance of the state civil apparatus (ASN) in Tonra district of bone regency." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.3.2.0148.
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One of the main functions of the government is to organize public services as a form of the general duty of government for the welfare of the community, including the government of Tonra District of Bone Regency. Bureaucracy or government services are government instruments to realize efficient, effective, equitable, transparent and accountable public services. The research was conducted at tonra district office of Bone District of South Sulawersi Province. The population in this study is all employees in the tonra district government area numbering 60 people. The type of data in this study is primary data obtained from respondents' answers to a number of questions and statements in questionnaires related to research variable indicators. Research variables consist of independent variables (X1) namely competence, and job satisfaction (X2), as well as dependent variables namely ASN performance (Y). The results of the study obtained that the variables of competence and job satisfaction both partially and simultaneously (together) have a real (significant) effect on the performance of ASN in the scope of the government office of Tonra District of Bone Regency. Thus it can be concluded that the factors of compote and job satisfaction are very important to note in human resource management and institutional/ organizational management, especially in the government office of Tonra District of Bone Regency.
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Cliggett, Lisa. "Access, Alienation, and the Production of Chronic Liminality: Sixty Years of Frontier Settlement in a Zambian Park Buffer Zone." Human Organization 73, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.73.2.2327j3162561461v.
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This article examines several decades of cyclical shifts in the political ecology of a Zambian national park buffer zone, where Gwembe Tonga migrants have pioneered land for ambitious livelihood dreams, while repeatedly encountering challenges from the government, development programs, and host populations. The buffer zone is a marginal space where people, land, and animals come together at different moments in time and in different constellations, never definitively secure, and never definitively exiled. In the confusion of recurring cycles of access and alienation, pockets of power form, including governmental and non-governmental organizations that arrive, temporarily create new social elites and then depart. These cycles of access and alienation have normalized socioecological uncertainty and instability, that is, a state of "chronic liminality" that has led to ongoing vulnerability for the region's people and ecosystems. The results are acute socioeconomic differentiation, alarming outbursts of violence, and visible changes in land cover. The article draws on ethnographic and geospatial data collected in the Zambian field site from 1995-2010 and also on the longitudinal Gwembe Tonga Research Project data.
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Parton, Phillip, and Geoffrey Clark. "Using lidar and Bayesian inference to reconstruct archaeological populations in the Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 45 (October 2022): 103610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103610.
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Peake, Philip, Stephen Colagiuri, Lesley V. Campbell, and Yvonne Shen. "Paradoxically Low Levels of Total and HMW Adiponectin in Relation to Metabolic Parameters in a Tongan Population." ISRN Endocrinology 2013 (July 9, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/873507.
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Aim. Adiponectin has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitising properties, and low circulating levels may be an important risk factor for diabetes. We examined levels of adiponectin and its insulin-sensitising HMW isoform and their relationship with metabolic parameters in Tongans, a population prone to type II diabetes. Methods. Adiponectin and its HMW isoform were quantitated by Elisa in specimens from a randomly recruited, multistage cluster population survey of Tongans and from a group of Caucasians. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data were collected on each subject. Results. Both male and female Tongans had lower levels of total and HMW adiponectin than their Caucasian counterparts. Levels of total and HMW adiponectin were higher in females than males in each group. Adiponectin levels were inversely related to BMI, weight, and HOMA in Tongan males and females, as well as to dyslipidemia in both sexes. Conclusion. Tongans had lower levels of both total and HMW adiponectin than Caucasians population, even after matching Tongans to their Caucasian counterparts based on BMI, age, and sex. These findings may reflect differences in body composition between the populations not adequately assessed by BMI, lifestyle factors, or a genetic variant likely in a genetically homogenous population.
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Cousins, Jenny A., and Steve G. Compton. "The Tongan flying fox Pteropus tonganus: status, public attitudes and conservation in the Cook Islands." Oryx 39, no. 2 (April 2005): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060530500044x.
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In the Cook Islands the population of Pteropus tonganus tonganus is thought to be declining, but a lack of knowledge of its status, feeding and roosting requirements has precluded effective conservation plans. We surveyed P. t. tonganus on the Cook Islands through observations, counts and interviews with local residents. We estimated the population to be c. 1,730 on Rarotonga and 78 on Mangaia. A lack of suitable habitat on Mangaia was the most important factor affecting abundance. Overhunting appears to have reduced the populations on both islands. All roost sites were found in undisturbed forest on steep slopes and ridges in the inner and most inaccessible parts of the islands, with roost preference determined by the relative safety from humans rather than food availability. The residents of the Cook Islands seem generally unaware of the serious threat the bats face, with little thought for sustainable hunting. For successful conservation it will be important to alter people's negative perception of these mammals, promoting the value of the bats both ecologically and as a potential source of income from tourists. Habitat protection and enhancement, particularly on Mangaia, will be essential.
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Maddatuang, Maddatuang, Suprapta Suprapta, and Wildi Winarti. "Seaweed Farmers Perceptions of Children's Formal Education Level in Bulu-Bulu Village, Tonra District, Bone Regency." LaGeografia 20, no. 1 (October 21, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35580/lageografia.v20i1.24243.
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This research is a descriptive study that aims to: 1) Knowing the condition of formal education for the children of seaweed farmers in Bulu-Bulu Village. 2) Know how seaweed farmers' perceptions of the level of formal education of children in Bulu-Bulu Village, Tonra District, Bone Regency. 3) Knowing what factors influence the perceptions of seaweed farmers on the level of formal education of children in Bulu-Bulu Village. The population ini this study was 114 housedhold heads. The sampling technique used the Snowball Sampling technique with a sample size of 30 household heads. Data collection was carried out by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis technique using descriptive statistical analysis techniques.The results of this study indicate that the most of the formal education conditions of the children of seaweed farmers in the village of Bulu-Bulu, Tonra subdistrict, are mostly still continuing their education at the primary and secondary levels. Perception of seaweed farmers on the level of formal education of children in Bulu-Bulu Village, Tonra District is quite good (positive). Seaweed farmers' perceptions of the level of formal education of children are influenced by factors such as education level, income level, and workload.
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Lokpo, Sylvester Yao, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, John Gameli Deku, Verner Ndudiri Orish, Gideon Kye-Duodu, Francis Abeku Ussher, Thomas Boakye, et al. "A Comparative Study of the Epidemiology of Treponemal Infection in the Volta and Oti Regions of Ghana: A Five-Year Multisite Parallel Population-Based Analysis vis-à-vis the Sentinel Survey." BioMed Research International 2021 (November 9, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4462389.
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Treponemal infections can be blood-borne with great public health consequences. This study is aimed at comparatively describing the five-year (2013-2017) regional epidemiology of treponemal infection using pregnant women in the sentinel survey and apparently healthy blood donors as a proxy for the general population at four sentinel sites in the Volta and Oti Regions of Ghana. We analyzed retrospective data from 17,744 prospective blood donors aged 18 to 58 years and 7,817 pregnant women in a sentinel survey with ages from 15 to 49 years at Hohoe, Ho, Tongu, and Krachi West sentinel sites in the Volta and Oti Regions. Laboratory data extracted include variables such as age, gender, date of blood donation, and Treponema pallidum chromatographic immunoassay results from the blood banks of the four study sites. The five-year treponemal infection rate among the pregnant women in the sentinel survey and prospective blood donors was 0.79% and 2.38%, respectively. Site-specific infection rate for population-based/sentinel survey was 4.6%/1.1%, 2.0%/0.5%, 1.3%/1.1, and 1.2%/0.3% for Hohoe, Ho, Krachi West, and Tongu, respectively. Significant gender disparity in Treponemal infection rate exists with a male preponderance. The regional infection rate in the sentinel survey is lower compared to the general population. Therefore, the use of pregnant women as a proxy for population estimates could underestimate the burden in the study jurisdiction.