Journal articles on the topic 'Tonga (Zambian people)'

This article examines several decades of cyclical shifts in the political ecology of a Zambian national park buffer zone, where Gwembe Tonga migrants have pioneered land for ambitious livelihood dreams, while repeatedly encountering challenges from the government, development programs, and host populations. The buffer zone is a marginal space where people, land, and animals come together at different moments in time and in different constellations, never definitively secure, and never definitively exiled. In the confusion of recurring cycles of access and alienation, pockets of power form, including governmental and non-governmental organizations that arrive, temporarily create new social elites and then depart. These cycles of access and alienation have normalized socioecological uncertainty and instability, that is, a state of "chronic liminality" that has led to ongoing vulnerability for the region's people and ecosystems. The results are acute socioeconomic differentiation, alarming outbursts of violence, and visible changes in land cover. The article draws on ethnographic and geospatial data collected in the Zambian field site from 1995-2010 and also on the longitudinal Gwembe Tonga Research Project data.

This article seeks to explore ways through and extent to which the use
 of proverbs inspires confidence in the youth towards their elders in the
 African society in general and the Valley Tonga of Zambia and Zimbabwe
 in particular. The Achebean saying that ‘proverbs are the palm oil with
 which words are eaten,’ does not only point to the fact that proverbs make
 ordinary speech aesthetically pleasant to the ear but also that the wisdom
 contained therein is culturally/socially accepted. The effective and efficient
 deployment of proverbs in this regard earns the user respect from targets
 of his address. The article analyses various ways in which proverbs are
 incorporated in everyday speech and how these in turn, enhance chances
 of delivering the intended message successfully among the Valley Tonga
 communicators. In most cases, when a Tonga speaker wishes to delegate
 presentation of a complex matter to the proverb, they attribute the wisdom
 to the Tonga society of yester years. This tendency, the article concludes,
 removes personalities from the proverb while promoting objective analysis
 of the situation by those addressed. The article examines selected proverbs
 in terms of structure, pattern of usage, types of images/metaphors used
 and their expected impact. The article applies a triangulation theoretical
 framework of Appraisal, Ethnopoetics and Afrocentricity theories to
 delineate the communicative intent of the proverber. Together, the theories
 look at social functions of the language rendered by performers of the oral
 arts.

Globally, tourism is becoming one of the cornerstones of national economic growth and as a means of poverty alleviation, especially in the tourist attractions in rural areas. This article assesses the levels of utilization of tourism potentials in Zambia, in general, and the Mukuni village in the Southern province in Zambia, in particular, with reference to poverty reduction. The world famous Victoria Falls is situated in the Southern province and therefore this area is the most visited places in Zambia and attracts more tourists throughout the whole year. The main income of the local people, which includes the Tonga tribe comes from tourism. Even though tourism has brought positive results, including the realization of some local development projects and prosperity to the people, it has also brought some negative effects such as sociocultural change, pollution and waste in the tourist destination areas in Zambia.For the Mukuni people and Zambia as a whole to fully exploit tourism potentials, stricter laws protecting the destruction of the environment and the preservation culture of the indigenous people should be enforced in the tourist destination areas. The government should use the levy from tourism to provide better infrastructure, create job opportunities and create wealth within the tourist areas for sustainable tourism development and poverty reduction.

Culture plays a significant role in conserving the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore the measures that have been employed by the Tonga people of southern Zambia to sustain their local biophysical environment. The research focussed on investigating the strategies which they use to conserve the soil, water, animals, medicinal and fruit plants, and rangeland. A qualitative research design was used in the study. The data were collected through interviews with elderly Tonga people and herbalists, and through observation and personal participation in the daily life of the Tongas. The study reveals that selective harvesting, totemism and taboos, organic farming, crop rotation and intercropping, sacredness of water sources and traditional authority are the main instruments of environmental conservation amongst the Tonga. The article concludes that governments, policymakers and environmentalists need to give the conservation strategies employed by indigenous people the prominence they deserve for environmental sustainability.

Hanne Overgaard Mogensen: A Social
 Response to the Epidemics of Urbanization.
 AIDS Information in Southern
 Zambia
 In Southern Zambia, Tonga people associate
 AIDS with a locally defined disease called
 kahungo which is said to be caused by
 contact with symbolically polluted biood.
 Before the arrival of AIDS, kahungo was
 associated with TB and sexually transmitted
 diseases. In Africa, epidemics of TB and
 STDs were often related to colonization and
 urbanization. Similar to AIDS, they spread
 more rapidly than what was known in
 Europe, and the colonial administration tried
 to explain this with “problems of behaviour”,
 thereby ignoring the miserable
 conditions under which people lived. The
 Tongas’ association of these diseases with
 kahungo should be seen as a social response
 to new epidemics. While the Europeans
 talked about individual problems of adaptation
 to modem life, kahungo concems the
 collective responsibility to maintain order.
 Kahungo, a disease of disorderly biood, has
 become the symbol of the disorder of
 urbanization and modemization.

The first presentation of the Solon T. Kimball Award for Public and Applied Anthropology has been presented to Thayer Scudder. Scudder is Director of the Institute for Development Anthropology and Professor of Anthropology at the California Institute of Technology. The bulletin of the IDA notes that "Scudder is well known for his pioneering work with Elizabeth Colson on the long-term effects of forced relocation on the Gwembe Tonga people of Zambia. Data gathered among the Tonga over a period of more than 25 years have served as bases of comparison for Scudder's examination of relocation in many other areas of the world."

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. Fungi: Basidiomycota: Uredinales. Hosts: soyabean (Glycine max) and other Fabaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Russia (Russian Far East)), Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Arunchal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku), Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam), Africa (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia)), Central America and Caribbean (United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay, Uruguay), Oceania (Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Cook Islands, Federal States of Micronesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Puccinia arachidis Speg. Fungi: Basidiomycota: Pucciniales. Host: groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Japan, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), Africa (Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Texas and Virginia), Central America and Caribbean (Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Amapa, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela) and Oceania (Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Fiji, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) Homoptera: Aphididae Attacks Citrus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Portugal, Madeira, ASIA, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Iran, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Lao, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, AFRICA, Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, St Helena, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Florida, Hawaii, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Golas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Pemambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow and Sydow. Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales: Phakopsoraceae. Hosts: soyabean (Glycine max), kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Russia, Far East), Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Indonesia, Java, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), Africa (Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia), Central America and Caribbean (Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Piaui, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Tocantins, Colombia, Paraguay and Uruguay) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher. Nematode. Hosts: Polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Germany, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Madeira, Mainland Finland, Romania, Russia, Far East, Southern Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain, UK, Ukraine), Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Nei Menggu [Nei Mongol], Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Kazakhstan, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam), Africa (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, St Helena, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Canada, Ontario, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Dakota, Texas), Central America and Caribbean (Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago), South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Acre, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Goias, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Easter Island, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela), Oceania (American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus). Lepidoptera: Sphingidae. Hosts: groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), Ipomoea spp., field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), Indian bean (Lablab purpureus), Vigna spp., and Phaseolus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France (Corsica), Germany, Gibraltar, Greece (Crete), Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy (Sardinia, Sicily), Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), Romania, Russia (Siberia), San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (Balearic Islands, Canary Islands), Sweden, Switzerland, UK (Channel Islands, Northern Ireland), Ukraine), Asia (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Menggu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizhang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Cocos Islands, India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman, Delhi, Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago), Kazakhstan, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen), Africa (Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, St. Helena, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Oceania (American Samoa, Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu).