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Journal articles on the topic 'Tongue development'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Tyagi, Krishan Kumar, Manoj Kumar Upadhyay, Dilpreet Singh Grewa, Khushboo Singh, Debiprasad Ghatak, and Vikas Sharma. "Various discrepancies during development of tongue." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 2016): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2016.3.1.25.

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2

Łabańska, Małgorzata, Patrycja Ciosek-Skibińska, and Wojciech Wróblewski. "Critical Evaluation of Laboratory Potentiometric Electronic Tongues for Pharmaceutical Analysis—An Overview." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 5376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245376.

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Electronic tongue systems equipped with cross-sensitive potentiometric sensors have been applied to pharmaceutical analysis, due to the possibility of various applications and developing new formulations. Many studies already proved the complementarity between the electronic tongue and classical analysis such as dissolution tests indicated by Pharmacopeias. However, as a new approach to study pharmaceuticals, electronic tongues lack strict testing protocols and specification limits; therefore, their results can be improperly interpreted and inconsistent with the reference studies. Therefore, all aspects of the development, measurement conditions, data analysis, and interpretation of electronic tongue results were discussed in this overview. The critical evaluation of the effectiveness and reliability of constructed devices may be helpful for a better understanding of electronic tongue systems development and for providing strict testing protocols.

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3

Masaazi, Fred, Medadi Ssentanda, and Willy Ngaka. "On Uganda government’s commitment to the development and implementation of the mother tongue education policy in post-2015 era." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 12, no. 2 (July 8, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.201809144126.

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The year 2015 was set as deadline to realise the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which were authored in 2000 by 189 states in the world. Language is at the heart of MDGs (Barron, 2012; Romaine, 2013). Some scholars look at language (development) as a measure and/or determinant of development (e.g. Romaine, 2013). This paper examines Uganda’s commitment to the development and employment of mother tongues in education as a way of realising the quality of education in Uganda. It is important to reflect on the trend and level of mother tongue development and employment in education in Uganda to chart the way forward for the post-2015 period. The paper draws from different studies and reports which have focussed on mother tongue education in Uganda. This study faults the government in many ways for failing to sustain the national initiatives of mother tongue education, particularly in terms of poor financing and failure to monitor the implementation of UPE and mother tongue education programmes. The paper proposes a way forward for the realisation of a meaningful Education for All (EFA) in form of Universal Primary Education (UPE) initiative and the mother tongue education policy introduced in Uganda in 1997 and 2006 respectively.

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4

Popel’, S. L., O. V. Baskevich, V. M. Zhurakіvskyi, O. Y. Zhurakіvska, I. V. Melnik, S. Z. Krasnopolskiij, and O. V. Atamanchuk. "Three-dimensional structure of the lingual papillae of healthy rats and rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (in the context of mechanism of development of diabetic glossitis)." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2017): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021711.

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We studied the three-dimensional structure and patterns of distribution of the lingual papillae of healthy rats (the norm) and their changes in the process of development of diabetes mellitus І type. The research was conducted on 65 laboratory rats of the Weestar line. The research investigated the mucus shell and the microcirculatory network of the tongue. The distribution and three-dimensional structure of the papillae of the tongue were studied using a scanning electron microscope. It was found that there are 5 morphological subspecies of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of body of the tongue: true filifom, flattened, thin and giant conical and brush-like. Isolated fungiform papillaе are unevenly distributed between filiform papillaе. The dorso-lateral edge of the dorsal lingual surface is covered by foliate papillae. The unique oval papilla vallate is located in the back-end of the middle line of the root of the tongue. The far back of the root of the tongue lacks papillae, is flattened and covered by squamous formations. The distribution and types of lingual papillae is similar in rats to other rodents. In the process of development of diabetic glossitis a reduction in the height of different types of papillae of the tongue was observed, and an increase in the amount of keratinized mass, which plays a role in the fixation of microflora on the surface of the mucus shell, which as a result may lead to development of inflammatory process in the tongues of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. The stages of morphological and morphometric changes in the mucus shell and microcirculatory network of the tongues of rats with diabetes mellitus were investigated, the characteristic signs of these changes were marked. On the basis of morpho-functional changes of the tongues of rats with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus, two stages of development of pathomorphological changes were distinguished: 1) reactive changes (2–4th week) and 2) destructive processes (6–8th week). At the end of the first stage there was a reduction in height of the filiform papillae and width of mushroom-like papillae in the mucus shell of the tongue, an increase in its keratinization, a considerable reduction in the number of cells in the deeper layers of the epithelium of the tongue and the adsorption capacity of superficial epіtheliocites diminished, a significant reduction in the diameter of path clearance of all departments of the microcirculatory network is traced here. At the end of the secondary stage, there was a reduction in the sizes of all papillae of the back of the tongue, in all links of the microcirculatory network there was a development of diabetic microangiopathy which is characterized: by narrowing of the arterial and exchange links on a background expansion of capacity link. The question of influencing the pathological process in the vessels of the microcirculatory network on the state of the mucus shell of the tongue in animals with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus is discussed.

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5

Saad, A. Yousef, Ali A. Abdelazim, Mostafa M. El-Khashab, and Mohamed A. Mansour. "Effect of Gamma-Irradiation on Prenatal Development of the Tongue in CD-1 Mice." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 31, no. 4 (July 1994): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1994_031_0246_eogiop_2.3.co_2.

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Development of the tongue in murine fetuses, in which the dams were exposed to whole body γ-Irradiation (400 rads) on the 12th day postcoitum, was studied and compared with unirradiated controls. Experimental and control groups were killed on day 18 of gestation and the fetuses were removed via laparotomy. The fetal heads were excised, fixed in Bouin's solution, prepared for paraffin sectioning, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for light microscopic examination. Histologic examination of serial coronal sections demonstrated that all of the experimental fetuses possessed malformed, poorly developed tongues, when compared to those of the control group. It was concluded that γ-irradiation has an adverse effect on tongue development in mouse fetuses.

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6

Kim, Jinsung, Ga-Jin Han, Bin-Hye Choi, Jae-Woo Park, Kyungmo Park, In-Kwon Yeo, and Bong-Ha Ryu. "Development of differential criteria on tongue coating thickness in tongue diagnosis." Complementary Therapies in Medicine 20, no. 5 (October 2012): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2012.03.004.

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7

Bassey, Christopher E., and Mary C. Bassey. "Electronic Tongue Development using Dielectric Spectroscopy." Biophysical Journal 114, no. 3 (February 2018): 175a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.978.

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8

Ishikawa, Ryuichi, Maiko Kawasaki, Katsushige Kawasaki, Akane Yamada, Supaluk Trakanant, Fumiya Meguro, Atsushi Kitamura, Takehisa Kudo, Takeyasu Maeda, and Atsushi Ohazama. "Sox Genes Show Spatiotemporal Expression during Murine Tongue and Eyelid Development." International Journal of Dentistry 2018 (October 9, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1601363.

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The tongue is a critical organ, involved in functions such as speaking, swallowing, mastication, and degustation. Although Sox genes are known to play critical roles in many biological processes, including organogenesis, the expression of the Sox family members during tongue development remains unclear. We therefore performed a comparative in situ hybridization analysis of 17 Sox genes (Sox1–14, 17, 18, and 21) during murine tongue development. Sox2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 21 were found to be expressed in the tongue epithelium, whereas Sox2, 4–6, 8–11, 13, and 21 showed expression in the mesenchyme of the developing tongue. Expression of Sox1, 4, 6, 8–12, and 21 were observed in the developing tongue muscle. Sox5 and 13 showed expression only at E12, while Sox1 expression was observed only on E18. Sox6, 8, 9, and 12 showed expression at several stages. Although the expression of Sox2, 4, 10, 11, and 21 was detected during all the four stages of tongue development, their expression patterns differed among the stages. We thus identified a dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern of the Sox genes during murine tongue development. To understand whether Sox genes are involved in the development of other craniofacial organs through similar roles to those in tongue development, we also examined the expression of Sox genes in eyelid primordia, which also contain epithelium, mesenchyme, and muscle. However, expression patterns and timing of Sox genes differed between tongue and eyelid development. Sox genes are thus related to organogenesis through different functions in each craniofacial organ.

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9

Kabakoff, Heather, Daphna Harel, Mark Tiede, D. H. Whalen, and Tara McAllister. "Extending Ultrasound Tongue Shape Complexity Measures to Speech Development and Disorders." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 2557–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00537.

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Purpose Generalizations can be made about the order in which speech sounds are added to a child's phonemic inventory and the ways that child speech deviates from adult targets in a given language. Developmental and disordered speech patterns are presumed to reflect differences in both phonological knowledge and skilled motor control, but the relative contribution of motor control remains unknown. The ability to differentially control anterior versus posterior regions of the tongue increases with age, and thus, complexity of tongue shapes is believed to reflect an individual's capacity for skilled motor control of speech structures. Method The current study explored the relationship between tongue complexity and phonemic development in children (ages 4–6 years) with and without speech sound disorder producing various phonemes. Using established metrics of tongue complexity derived from ultrasound images, we tested whether tongue complexity incrementally increased with age in typical development, whether tongue complexity differed between children with and without speech sound disorder, and whether tongue complexity differed based on perceptually rated accuracy (correct vs. incorrect) for late-developing phonemes in both diagnostic groups. Results Contrary to hypothesis, age was not significantly associated with tongue complexity in our typical child sample, with the exception of one association between age and complexity of /t/ for one measure. Phoneme was a significant predictor of tongue complexity, and typically developing children had more complex tongue shapes for /ɹ/ than children with speech sound disorder. Those /ɹ/ tokens that were rated as perceptually correct had higher tongue complexity than the incorrect tokens, independent of diagnostic classification. Conclusions Quantification of tongue complexity can provide a window into articulatory patterns characterizing children's speech development, including differences that are perceptually covert. With the increasing availability of ultrasound imaging, these measures could help identify individuals with a prominent motor component to their speech sound disorder and could help match those individuals with a corresponding motor-based treatment approach. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14880039

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10

Leclair, Daniel, Lorry B. Forbes, Sandy Suppa, and Alvin A. Gajadhar. "Evaluation of a Digestion Assay and Determination of Sample Size and Tissue for the Reliable Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Walrus Meat." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, no. 2 (March 2003): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500217.

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A digestion assay was validated for the detection of Trichinella larvae in walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus) meat, and appropriate samples for testing were determined using tissues from infected walruses harvested for food. Examination of muscles from 3 walruses showed that the tongue consistently contained approximately 2–6 times more larvae than the pectoral and intercostal muscles. Comparison of numbers of larvae in the root, body, and apex of the tongue from 3 walruses failed to identify a predilection site within the tongue, but the apex was considered an optimal tissue because of the high larval density within the tongue and the ease of collection. All 31 spiked samples weighing 50 g each and containing between 0.1 and 0.4 larvae per gram (lpg) were correctly identified as infected, indicating that the sensitivity of this procedure is adequate for diagnostic use. A sample size of 10 g consistently detected larvae in 2 walrus tongues containing ≥0.3 lpg ( n = 40), and until additional data are available, sample sizes from individual walrus tongues should be a minimum of 10 g. This study provides the preliminary data that were used for the development of a food safety analytical protocol for the detection of Trichinella in walrus meat in arctic communities.

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11

Ingram, Jenny, Debbie Johnson, Marion Copeland, Cathy Churchill, Hazel Taylor, and Alan Emond. "The development of a tongue assessment tool to assist with tongue-tie identification." Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 100, no. 4 (April 15, 2015): F344—F349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-307503.

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12

Small, Hailey C., Tara McAllister, and Maria I. Grigos. "Investigating the Use of a Nonspeech Task to Measure Tongue–Jaw Differentiation: Findings Across Typical Development." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 1030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0089.

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Purpose Clinically, a task of alternating tongue lateralization has been used to evaluate the ability to independently control the tongue and jaw, with jaw movement interpreted as a sign of poor tongue–jaw differentiation. However, there is a lack of normative data regarding jaw movement during this task and whether this changes over the course of development. This study quantified relative tongue and jaw movement during alternating tongue lateralization for typical speakers across age ranges and examined whether degree of jaw movement varies as a function of age. Method Participants were 39 typical children, adolescents, and adults ranging from 6 to 29 years old. A motion capture system was used to track tongue and jaw movement during an alternating tongue lateralization task, and the average relative contribution of the jaw to tongue lateralization was determined for each participant. Results Age did not correlate significantly with the average relative contribution of the jaw to tongue lateralization. Typical children, adolescents, and adults exhibited wide variability in the degree of jaw movement during this task. Conclusion Variability among typical speakers in alternating tongue lateralization performance makes it challenging to determine if/when performance should be considered atypical. Clinical findings from this task must be interpreted with caution. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6626222

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13

Dubey, PK, A. Chaudhary, MK Pandey, M. Chaudhary, P. Gupta, and A. Kumar. "Tongue: An Unusual Site of Abscess Development." International Journal of Preventive and Clinical Dental Research 3, no. 4 (2016): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10052-0069.

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14

Liu, Hong-Xiang, Ann M. Staubach Grosse, Katherine D. Walton, Daniel A. Saims, Deborah L. Gumucio, and Charlotte M. Mistretta. "WNT5a in Tongue and Fungiform Papilla Development." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1170, no. 1 (July 2009): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04369.x.

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15

Kawasaki, Katsushige, Thantrira Porntaveetus, Shelly Oommen, Sarah Ghafoor, Maiko Kawasaki, Yoko Otsuka-Tanaka, James Blackburn, John A. Kessler, Paul T. Sharpe, and Atsushi Ohazama. "Bmp signalling in filiform tongue papillae development." Archives of Oral Biology 57, no. 6 (June 2012): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.014.

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16

Higa, Chiaki, Kazuhiro Tsuga, Tkahiro Mori, Aya Hiraoka, Azusa Kuroki, Koji Morita, and Mineka Yoshikawa. "Development of repeated tongue movement measuring device." Journal of Japanese Society of Stomatognathic Function 26, no. 2 (2020): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7144/sgf.26.116.

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17

Martins, D. M., L. L. Pinheiro, V. C. Ferreira, A. M. Costa, A. R. Lima, R. E. G. Ricci, M. A. Miglino, and E. Branco. "Tongue papillae morphology of brown-throated sloth Bradypus variegatus (SCHINZ, 1825)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 66, no. 5 (October 2014): 1479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-6343.

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The Bradypusvariegatus inhabits the forests of South America and feeds from leaves, branches and sprouts from different plants. Due to its diet and the lack of literature on the morphological aspect of Xenarthras, five Bradypusvariegatus tongues from animals which died from natural causes were evaluated, and they came from Pará State Museum Emílio Goeldi and were donated to the Laboratory of Animal Morphological Research (LaPMA) from UFRA, for revealing the different types of papillae and epithelial-connective tissue. Macroscopically, the tongues presented elongated shape, rounded apex, body, root, median sulcus in the root's apex, and two vallate papillae. The mucous membrane of the tongue revealed a keratinized stratified pavement epithelium, while the ventral surface of the tongue was thin and smooth, not provided with any type of papillae. However, the dorsal surface of the tongue was irregular with the presence of three types of papillae: filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae. The filiform papillae found were of a simple type, presenting a rounded base, irregularly distributed with a larger concentration and development on the tongue's apex and body. The fungiform papilla showed a practically smooth surface with irregular format, with the presence of gustatory pores; these were found all over the dorsal surface, with larger concentration at the rostral part of the apex. Only two vallate papillae were observed disposed in the root of the tongue, surrounded by a deep groove, and revealing several taste buds. The tongues from Bradypusvariegatus presented gustatory papillae similar to the ones described for other Xenarthras species and wild mammals.

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18

Dar, Yousuf, Kamal Sarma, Shalini Suri, and Jonali Devi. "Prenatal development of the lingual epithelium in goat (Capra hircus)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1207.

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The present study was conducted on the tongue of 18 goat foetii divided into three prenatal age groups viz- Group I ( below 50 days of gestation), Group II ( between 50-100 days of gestation) and Group III ( above 100 days of gestation to up to full term) containing 6 number of foetii in each group to study the sequential events in regard to histological development of the same in goat foetii. The tongue was lined by 3-4 layered epithelium in the foetus at 40 days of gestation (CRL= 2.40cm). The lingual epithelium consisted of a basal layer of cuboidal cells with squamous to cuboidal shaped more superficial layers. At 62 days of gestation (CRL= 10.10 cm), the lamina epithelialis of the tongue of goat foetus was distinctly stratified. At this stage of development, the epithelial layers could be divided into dark basal and a light apical or superficial zones. At 80-84 days of gestation (CRL=15.3 to 16.0 cm), the stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue was better developed both on the dorsum and ventral surfaces. At 93 days of gestation (CRL= 20.6 cm), the stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue was well developed and all the layers of the epithelium could be observed. In the foetii of gestational age of 100 days onwards, the lingual epithelium of the tongue showed various degrees of keratinization. Thus, it was concluded that the tongue of goat was lined with 3-4 layers of epithelial cells. The degree of stratification increased with an increase in gestational age. Also with age there was an increase in the degree of keratinization. This research further implicated that with further advancement of age the basal layer of the epithelium comprised high cylindrical cells along with well defined basement membrane. The decrepancy of histogenesis and keratogenesis between different species may be due to difference in the duration of the gestation period.

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19

Spahr, Juliana. "Sista Tongue (review)." Contemporary Pacific 16, no. 1 (2004): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2004.0031.

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20

Akhmedov, Ataullo Rakhmatovich, and Shokhida Yusufovna Yokubova. "ON THE ROLE OF CREATIVE ACTIVITIES IN MOTHER TONGUE TEXTBOOKS FOR UZBEK CLASSES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT’S THINKING." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 02, no. 05 (May 31, 2021): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogics-crjp-02-05-22.

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The article explores conclusions based on the study of primary school textbooks, the role of mother tongue education for uzbek classes in the effectiveness of education, the role of cognitive-pragmatic approach in mother tongue education and its contribution to expand the scope of student’s thinking and creative exercises.

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21

Chapman, David M. "Development of the tentacles and food groove in the jellyfish Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-016.

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The development of the tentacle-bearing part of the rim of the jellyfish Aurelia aurita is described. The newly liberated ephyra lacks appendages at the bell rim between the rhopalial arms (null stage). The next stage (bump stage) has a subumbrellar bump near the rim. The bump then forms a tongue process (tongue stage) on its adoral side. The aboral part of the bump becomes the primordium of the tentacle. The tongue process elongates and spreads circumferentially, finally melding with the lappets of the rhopalial arms. Next the tongue process develops a groove that spreads laterally. The epithelium of the groove becomes glandular and serves as a food groove where particulate matter such as plankton is concentrated and undergoes the initial phase of digestion. The "upper" side of the split tongue process becomes the floor of the tentacle chambers, while the "lower" side becomes the pseudovelarium. The growth and differentiation zone for the medusa's rim is at the junction of the tentaculate part of the rim with the rhopalial region. It is here that tentacle buds form, followed by intertentacular lappets (partitions).

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22

Li, Fangfang, and Benjamin Munson. "The Development of Voiceless Sibilant Fricatives in Putonghua-Speaking Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59, no. 4 (August 2016): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-14-0142.

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Purpose The aims of the present study are (a) to quantify the developmental sequence of fricative mastery in Putonghua-speaking children and discuss the observed pattern in relation to existing theoretical positions, and (b) to describe the acquisition of the fine-articulatory/acoustic details of fricatives in the multidimensional acoustic space. Method Twenty adults and 97 children participated in a speech-production experiment, repeating a list of fricative-initial words. Two independent measures were applied to quantify the relative sequence of fricative acquisition: auditory-based phonetic transcription and acoustics-based statistical modeling. Two acoustic parameters—fricative centroid frequency and F2 onset—were used to index tongue-body and tongue-tip development, respectively. Results Both transcription and statistical modeling of acoustics yielded the sequence of /ɕ/ ⟶ /ʂ/ ⟶ /s/. Acoustic analysis further revealed gradual separation in both acoustic dimensions, with the initial undifferentiated form ambiguous between /ɕ/ and /ʂ/. Conclusions The observed sound-acquisition order was interpreted as reflecting a combined influence of both oromotor maturation and language-specific phoneme frequency in Putonghua. Acoustic results suggest a maturational advantage of the tongue body over the tongue tip during fricative development.

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23

Cong, Wei, Ru Wang, Bo Liu, Han Liu, Shou-Cheng Wang, Fu Wang, and Jing Xiao. "Genomic Profiling of Genes Contributing to Tongue Development." Journal of Hard Tissue Biology 22, no. 1 (2013): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.22.135.

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., Suraj Kshirsagar. "DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC TONGUE FOR SORGHUM QUALITY DETECTION." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 04, no. 04 (April 25, 2015): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2015.0404071.

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25

Yamamoto, Hiromitsu, Kosei Ito, Mariko Kawai, Yota Murakami, Kazuhisa Bessho, and Yoshiaki Ito. "Runx3 expression during mouse tongue and palate development." Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology 288A, no. 7 (2006): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20339.

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Huang, Ruijin, Qixia Zhi, Juan-Carlos Izpisua-Belmonte, Bodo Christ, and K. Patel. "Origin and development of the avian tongue muscles." Anatomy and Embryology 200, no. 2 (June 21, 1999): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050268.

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27

Dursun, Ahmet, Yadigar Kastamonı, Demet Kacaroglu, Neslihan Yuzbasıoglu, and Tolga Ertekın. "Morphometric development of the tongue in fetal cadavers." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 42, no. 1 (August 10, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-019-02301-z.

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Du, Wen, Jan Prochazka, Michaela Prochazkova, and Ophir D. Klein. "Expression of FGFs during early mouse tongue development." Gene Expression Patterns 20, no. 2 (March 2016): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gep.2015.12.003.

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29

Yamaguchi, Hana, Miki Hiroi, Kazumasa Mori, Ryosuke Ushio, Ari Matsumoto, Nobuharu Yamamoto, Jun Shimada, and Yoshihiro Ohmori. "Simultaneous Expression of Th1- and Treg-Associated Chemokine Genes and CD4+, CD8+, and Foxp3+ Cells in the Premalignant Lesions of 4NQO-Induced Mouse Tongue Tumorigenesis." Cancers 13, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13081835.

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Chemokines and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment influence immune cell infiltration and activation. To elucidate their role in immune cell recruitment during oral cancer development, we generated a mouse tongue cancer model using the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) and investigated the carcinogenetic process and chemokine/cytokine gene expression kinetics in the mouse tongue. C57/BL6 mice were administered 4NQO in drinking water, after which tongues were dissected at 16 and 28 weeks and subjected to analysis using the RT2 Profiler PCR Array, qRT-PCR, and pathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. We found that Th1-associated chemokine/cytokine (Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ccl5, and Ifng) and Treg-associated chemokine/cytokine (Ccl17, Ccl22, and Il10) mRNA levels were simultaneously increased in premalignant lesions of 4NQO-treated mice at 16 weeks. Additionally, although levels of Gata3, a Th2 marker, were not upregulated, those of Cxcr3, Ccr4, and Foxp3 were upregulated in the tongue tissue. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the infiltration of CD4+, CD8+, and Foxp3+ cells in the tongue tissue of 4NQO-treated mice, as well as significant correlations between Th1- or Treg-associated chemokine/cytokine mRNA expression and T cell infiltration. These results indicate that CD4+, CD8+, and Foxp3+ cells were simultaneously recruited through the expression of Th1- and Treg-associated chemokines in premalignant lesions of 4NQO-induced mouse tongue tissue.

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30

Rusdiana, Elly, Sianiwati Goenharto, and Rere Gathi Asdika. "VARIATION OF FIXED TONGUE CRIB FOR CORRECTING TONGUE THRUSTING HABIT." Journal Of Vocational Health Studies 1, no. 3 (March 30, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jvhs.v1.i3.2018.136-133.

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Background: Tongue thrusting is a behavior pattern in which the tongue protrudes through the anterior incisors and pushes the anterior teeth at rest position, during speech or swallowing. This bad habit causes malocclusion, but removable or fixed tongue crib appliance can be used to eliminate it. Purpose: To know various kinds of fixed tongue crib that can be used to overcome tongue thrust habit. Review: Habit is a repeated behavior pattern in the normal development stage. Tongue thrust makes oral muscle imbalance which eventually resulted in malocclusions such as incisor protruded and open bite. Several efforts can be done to overcome this habit including speech therapy, myofunctional therapy, tongue exercise and tongue crib orthodontic appliance usage. Tongue crib is used to returns the tongue to the normal position. Various forms of tongue crib are almost the same in the way they are made by soldering the crib to the maxillary first molar band. Conclusion: Tongue thrust habit can be corrected with fixed or removable tongue crib appliances such as hybrid habit correcting appliance, tongue crib with cold cured acrylic tongue shield, fixed palatal crib with transpalatal arch, fixed tongue loops, tongue fence, and upper hay rake.

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Zhang, Kang, Jian Qiang Du, Cheng Hua Ding, and Can Hua Wang. "Application of Improved Dual-Threshold Segmentation for Tongue Image Based on HSI." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4784.

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Tongue inspection is the main content of four diagnostic methods “observation, auscultation and olfaction, interrogation, palpation” for traditional Chinese medical science. Traditional tongue inspection mainly depends on doctor’s eyesight and subjective observation to diagnose a disease. It lacks objectivity and hinders further development. It is the only tendency to use computer technology to objective and standard tongue inspection. The tongue split out from the face is the premise for tongue objective. This paper introduces a new dual-threshold segmentation algorithm for tongue image base on HIS.

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Shao, Chun Lei, Bo Qin Gu, and Ye Chen. "Green Pump Development Based on the Analysis of Unsteady Flow." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.643.

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Centrifugal pump is a kind of important industrial installation for fluid delivery. The research on the unsteady flow in centrifugal pump is very meaningful to reducing vibration. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) system and test pump designed for PIV measurement were introduced. The experimental scheme and the methods of numerical simulation were discussed. PIV technique was used to measure the unsteady velocity field near the volute tongue under the mode of external synchronization. The unsteady pressure field was simulated by using Sliding Mesh (SM) model provided by Fluent. The results show that the velocity and pressure fluctuate periodically with the rotation of impeller. Partial fluid flows back to the impeller passage and the velocity in the inlet of diffusion tube decreases significantly due to shunt effect of the volute tongue. On the section VIII, the magnitude and fluctuation range of velocity show a decreasing trend in radial direction. The fluctuation of circumferential velocity is related to the position of high-speed flow in impeller passage, and the fluctuation of radial velocity is influenced by blade interference and Coriolis force. The static pressure increases and the dynamic pressure decreases in the radial direction of volute. The velocity and the pressure on the section VIII and the outlet total pressure fluctuate intensively when the blade tail end passes the section VIII and the volute tongue. The vibration of pump can be reduced by increasing the volute tongue mounting angle and decreasing the blade outlet mounting angle properly.

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Rommel, N., E. Bellon, R. Hermans, M. Smet, A.-M. De Meyer, L. Feenstra, E. Dejaeger, and G. Veereman-Wauters. "Development of the Orohypopharyngeal Cavity in Normal Infants and Young Children." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 40, no. 6 (November 2003): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2003_040_0606_dotoci_2.0.co_2.

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Objective To study the growth of the oropharynx and hypopharynx in infants and young children by measuring the lengths of the segments between nasopharyngeal valve and tongue base, tongue base and arytenoids, and arytenoids and upper esophageal sphincter. These measurements will be used as references for developing manofluoroscopy to study deglutition in infants and young children. Patients and Methods Twenty-three children (14 boys, 9 girls) between birth and 4 years of age were prospectively studied. All children had near normal growth parameters and were free of medical illnesses or other major medical conditions that are known to influence the pharyngeal cavity. Lateral videofluoroscopy was used to assess the pharyngeal structures during breathing. All images were digitally recorded and analyzed using a computer program designed specifically for this study. Results and Conclusions Statistically significant correlations were found between the age or height of the patient and the distance from velopharyngeal valve to tongue base and the distance from tongue base to arytenoids, showing a linear increase of the length of the oro- and hypopharynx with age and patient height. There was no significant difference in the pharyngeal distances between boys and girls. On the basis of these results, a linear regression comparison could be established to define the length of each pharyngeal segment for any age until 4 years and for the 50th percentile of height.

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Hamid, Hamdini, Rabia’tul Aulia, and Rasmidar Samad. "Efektivitas penggunaan tongue scraper terhadap penurunan indeks tongue coating dan jumlah koloni bakteri anaerob lidah Effectivity of tongue scraper on reducing tongue coating and anaerobic bacteria colony count." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v10i1.249.

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Many microorganisms have been found colonizing the dorsum of tongue. To prevent infection and development ofother pathologies in oral cavity, tongue cleaning has been advocated to reduce the amount of coating andmicroorganism loading in the mouth. The aim of this study is to find out the impact of tongue cleaning using tonguescraper against tongue coating index and anaerobic bacterial colony count on tongue dorsum. This study wascarried out on 24 male and 16 female participants aged 11 to 17. Tongue coating index was used to assess tonguecoating and tongue samples were taken to count the bacterial colony. The result showed that there is a significantdifference tongue coating index (Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, p=0.000) and amount of anaerobic bacteria colony (tpairedtest, p=0.007)before and after using tongue scraper. In conclusion, tongue scraper can reduce tonguecoating index and there was significant difference in anaerobic bacteria colony count before and after using tonguescraper.

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Nakaguchi, Toshiya, Kanako Takeda, Yuya Ishikawa, Takeshi Oji, Satoshi Yamamoto, Norimichi Tsumura, Keigo Ueda, Koichi Nagamine, Takao Namiki, and Yoichi Miyake. "Proposal for a New Noncontact Method for Measuring Tongue Moisture to Assist in Tongue Diagnosis and Development of the Tongue Image Analyzing System, Which Can Separately Record the Gloss Components of the Tongue." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/249609.

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Tongue diagnosis is a noninvasive diagnosis and is traditionally one of the most important tools for physicians who practice Kampo (traditional Japanese) medicine. However, it is a subjective process, and its results can depend on the experience of the physician performing it. Previous studies have reported how to measure and evaluate the shape and color of the tongue objectively. Therefore, this study focused on the glossy component in order to quantify tongue moisture in tongue diagnosis. We hypothesized that moisture appears as a gloss in captured images and measured the amount of water on the tongue surface in 13 subjects. The results showed a high correlation between the degree of gloss and the amount of water on the tongue surface and suggested that the moisture on the tongue can be estimated by the degree of gloss in a captured image. Because the moisture level on the tongue changes during the course of taking photos, it became clear that we had to wait at least 3 minutes between photos. Based on these results, we established the tongue image analyzing system (TIAS), which can consistently record the gloss and color of the tongue surface simultaneously.

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Yoshida, Saori, Hitoshi Nagatsuka, Keisuke Nakano, Yasunao Kogashiwa, Yasuhiro Ebihara, Mitsutake Yano, and Masanori Yasuda. "Significance of PD-L1 Expression in Tongue Cancer Development." International Journal of Medical Sciences 15, no. 14 (2018): 1723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.27860.

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Arrieta A., Alvaro, Oscar Fuentes A., and Manuel Palencia L. "Android and PSoC Technology Applied to Electronic Tongue Development." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2015): 782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.10.2431.

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Michiwaki, Y., and M. Nagumo. "Development of humanoid robot reproducing tongue movements at swallowing." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 34 (January 2005): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80999-3.

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Aguiar, Laura S., Guilherme R. Juliano, Luciano A. M. Silveira, Mariana S. Oliveira, Bianca G. S. Torquato, Gabriela R. Juliano, Márcia F. Araújo, Sanivia Aparecida L. Pereira, Vicente de Paula A. Teixeira, and Mara Lúcia F. Ferraz. "Tongue development in stillborns autopsied at different gestational ages." Jornal de Pediatria 94, no. 6 (November 2018): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2017.08.009.

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Aguiar, Laura S., Guilherme R. Juliano, Luciano A. M. Silveira, Mariana S. Oliveira, Bianca G. S. Torquato, Gabriela R. Juliano, Márcia F. Araújo, Sanivia Aparecida L. Pereira, Vicente de Paula A. Teixeira, and Mara Lúcia F. Ferraz. "Tongue development in stillborns autopsied at different gestational ages." Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) 94, no. 6 (November 2018): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedp.2017.11.010.

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Park, Jin-Woong, Sun-Kyung Kang, Young-Un Kim, and Sung-Tae Jung. "Development of Tongue Diagnosis System Using ASM and SVM." Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information 18, no. 4 (April 30, 2013): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2013.18.4.045.

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Yeni, Indra, Irdhan Epria Dharma, Vivi Anggraini, and Rudi Nofindra. "Stimulating Children’s Mother Tongue Development Through Animated Children Song." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 6 (2020): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.46371.

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Early childhood in the modern era is very close to various technologies so that they are less familiar with local culture. It is has an impact on their mother's language skills, they are more familiar with the second language; Indonesian and English. Based on field observations that occurred in Kindergarten in Padang there was a low ability to discuss with children using their mother language. The observations show that: 1) 76.47% of children have not been able to speak fluently Minangkabau vocabulary which is meaningful so it is difficult to understand, this is seen when children do activities such as storytelling, recitation activities using Minangkabau language. It is not in accordance with the grammar in the Minangkabau regional language (Kato nan Ampek). 2) 80.35% of children have not been able to answer more complex questions. 3) 75.47% of children are less able to express various kinds of emotions that exist in feelings (angry, sad, happy, etc.) with appropriate expressions. 4) 88.25% of children have not been able to disclose information, objectives, messages that are felt when the child is less able to obtain a mother tongue (Minangkabau language) which has uniqueness in terms of pragmatics, children in Minangkabau are currently still lacking in upholding customs, manners. and politeness. This research design was carried out two years in a row. This research took the form of research and development using ADDIE model. Based on research data from the use of animation media; the results show the development of mother tongue skills in children. The development of mother tongue skills can be stimulated through animation media in Minangkabau songs to develop their imagination so that they are able to express and express ideas.

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Mweri, Jefwa. "Sustainable Development Goals: Reaching People through Their Mother Tongue." Linguistics and Literature Studies 8, no. 1 (January 2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/lls.2020.080103.

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Huang, Ruijin, Emily R. Lang, William R. Otto, Bodo Christ, and K. Patel. "Molecular and cellular analysis of embryonic avian tongue development." Anatomy and Embryology 204, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290100196.

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Yamane, A. "Embryonic and postnatal development of masticatory and tongue muscles." Cell and Tissue Research 322, no. 2 (July 23, 2005): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-0019-x.

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Ma, Yu-Hui, Lin-Feng Li, Hao-Nan Wu, Yu-Xuan Zhang, Yu Zhang, and Yu-Rong Liang. "The ancient, Present and Future Prospects of Tongue Manifestation." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2.2423.

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Tongue inspection with a long history is one of the most distinctive methods in diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The emergence and improvement of tongue inspection theory is the crystallization of countless ancient medical doctors' wisdom. We should combine the theory of tongue inspection and modern technology and interchange TCM and western medicine, which is conducive to clinical research and promotes the objective development of tongue inspection, achieving the inheritance of TCM and creating TCM of our time. Keywords: tongue inspection; ancient; modern; future prospects

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Kardelis, Naglis. "The Importance of Mother Tongue to the Cultivation of Values and Personality Development: A Philosophical Aspect." Vilnius University Open Series, no. 5 (December 4, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vllp.2020.1.

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The author of the article examines the relation between language and values from the perspective of a native speaker who finds in his or her mother tongue a linguistic articulation of those values that are prevalent in the speaker’s community and are shared by all or most of its members.Language is a unique medium where values are presented, examined and constantly re-evaluated by members of a linguistic community. Especially the native speaker’s mother language, much better than any other language learned later in life, reveals its special role in the process of a person’s moral growth and overall personal development. The mother tongue shared by certain linguistic community plays the leading role in forming one’s world view, and this linguistically created world outlook is imbued with specific moral and aesthetic values characteristic of that linguistic community. The mother language not only emerges as a bridge that connects the native speaker to his or her ancestors and the entire cultural legacy created by former generations, but also reveals itself as the most rewarding medium for the expression of the native speaker’s personal experience and personal creative insights.The author of the article is of the opinion that the appreciation of one’s mother tongue and the recognition of its privileged status should not be viewed as leading to linguistic and cultural isolation, but as opening the gate to other languages and linguistic world views. What is even more important is that, in the author’s opinion, the appreciation of one’s mother tongue enhances one’s ability to appreciate the linguistic medium as such and to celebrate language as such, not only one’s mother language. Respect for our mother tongue also enhances our capacity to creatively and respectfully encounter other languages and other linguistically construed world views.Yet it is also argued that we should not view our mother tongue as the only, albeit very authoritative, guide in the sphere of values – our own critical mind and critical reflexion on the nature of values should go hand in hand with the received collective wisdom that we find crystalized in our mother tongue, in language as such, as well as in all forms of traditional culture.

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Mitani, Atsushi, and Masumi Muramatsu. "Development of Human Tongue Model for Mealtime Assistant Training Using Oral Care Simulation Model." International Journal of Automation Technology 13, no. 4 (July 5, 2019): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2019.p0499.

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In the recent years, Japan has been facing the problem of an aged society, and oral care is an important aspect in maintaining the oral health of elderly persons. Swallowing disorders, caused by various factors, are one of the most severe oral problems associated with advancing age. A mealtime assistant can help elderly persons in this situation, and thus, mealtime assistance is considered as an essential skill for students in nursing education. There are, however, some problems in mealtime assistant training in nursing schools. For example, there are few instructors compared to the number of students and few opportunities in clinical situations. Therefore, training through simulation has received significant attention as an effective educational process for students in medical and nursing schools. We have attempted to develop an oral care simulator and corresponding software to provide nursing students with an effective oral care training environment. Previously, we developed a prototype model of an oral care simulator for learning tooth brushing. In this study, we developed a tongue model for a mealtime assistant simulation model. Incorrect meal assistance may lead to mouth injury and aspiration pneumonia. To prevent such situations, the caregiver must serve the meal on an appropriate position on the tongue using a spoon, and must release it safely. This paper describes a summary of the developed mealtime assistant simulator and the procedures of tongue model development using three-dimensional computer-assisted design (3D-CAD) and 3D printing. We also developed a sensor system to be embeded in the tongue model to detect spoon motion. The sensor system for the tongue model was evaluated through spoon detection experiments.

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Liu, Jingjing, Jun Tian, Zhonghui Liu, Timothy D. Herbert, Alexey V. Fedorov, and Mitch Lyle. "Eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue evolution since the late Miocene linked to extratropical climate." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaau6060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6060.

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The timing and mechanisms of the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) cold tongue development, a salient feature of the tropical ocean, are intensely debated on geological time scales. Here, we reconstruct cold tongue evolution over the past 8 million years by computing changes in temperature gradient between the cold tongue and eastern Pacific warm pool. Results indicate that the cold tongue remained very weak between 8 and 4.3 million years ago, implying much weaker zonal temperature gradients prevailing during the late Miocene–Pliocene, but then underwent gradual intensification with apparently increasing sensitivity of the cold tongue to extratropical temperature changes. Our results reveal that the EEP cold tongue intensification was mainly controlled by extratropical climate.

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Hidayatullah, Ginanjar, and Ayu Mashartini Prihanti. "Laporan Kasus: Tatalaksana Median Rhomboid Glossitis Pada Pasien Usia Lanjut." STOMATOGNATIC - Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 15, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/stoma.v15i1.17907.

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Median Rhomboid Glossitis (MRG) is papilla atrophy in the middle portion of the tongue which occurs in 0.01% - 0.1% of the population. Median Rhomboid Glossitis is believed to be a disorder of the development of tongue formation that occurs in the middle of the dorsum surface of the tongue at the 2/3 anterior linkage with 1/3 posterior tongue. The depapillated area is a persistent impregnated tubercle and cannot fully integrate with the lateral lingual in the development of the tongue. Research shows various predisposing factors associated with MRG such as wearing dentures, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and Candida fungal infections. The purpose of this paper was to report the management of MRG cases in elderly patients. 57-year-old male patient came to the Oral Medicine Department RSGM UNEJ with complaints of painful tongue, intraoral clinical features in the dorsum of the tongue found atrophy of papillae, rhomboid, erythema, round shape with a diameter of ± 2 cm. The patient's final diagnosis is Median Rhomboid Glossitis with involvement of Candida infection which is established from subjective, objective examination and mycological investigations. Therapy in such cases is to provide topical nystatin antifungal drugs and multivitamins with B complex and zinc content. MRG patients with Candida infection involvement give positive results in topical nystatin antifungal therapy.

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