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Journal articles on the topic 'Tongue Tongue'
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1
Plowright, C. M. S., and R. C. Plowright. "THE ADVANTAGE OF SHORT TONGUES IN BUMBLE BEES (BOMBUS) — ANALYSES OF SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS ACCORDING TO FLOWER COROLLA DEPTH, AND OF WORKING SPEEDS ON WHITE CLOVER." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 1 (February 1997): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12951-1.
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AbstractFour surveys of Bombus workers found on various flower species generated classifications of bumble bees according to tongue length and corolla depth of flower species. The long-tongued bees frequented species with long corollas and short-tongued bees frequented species with short corollas. Within-species analyses revealed several significant positive correlations between tongue length and corolla depth. The advantage of short tongues in bumble bees was investigated in an analysis of working speeds of different species on white clover, which has a short corolla. Bees with short tongues were more efficient than bees with long tongues.
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Kleinteich, Thomas, and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Frog tongue acts as muscle-powered adhesive tape." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 9 (September 2015): 150333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150333.
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Frogs are well known to capture fast-moving prey by flicking their sticky tongues out of the mouth. This tongue projection behaviour happens extremely fast which makes frog tongues a biological high-speed adhesive system. The processes at the interface between tongue and prey, and thus the mechanism of adhesion, however, are completely unknown. Here, we captured the contact mechanics of frog tongues by filming tongue adhesion at 2000 frames per second through an illuminated glass. We found that the tongue rolls over the target during attachment. However, during the pulling phase, the tongue retractor muscle acts perpendicular to the target surface and thus prevents peeling during tongue retraction. When the tongue detaches, mucus fibrils form between the tongue and the target. Fibrils commonly occur in pressure-sensitive adhesives, and thus frog tongues might be a biological analogue to these engineered materials. The fibrils in frog tongues are related to the presence of microscopic papillae on the surface. Together with a layer of nanoscale fibres underneath the tongue epithelium, these surface papillae will make the tongue adaptable to asperities. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we are able to integrate anatomy and function to explain the processes during adhesion in frog tongues.
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Tschapka, Marco, Tania P. Gonzalez-Terrazas, and Mirjam Knörnschild. "Nectar uptake in bats using a pumping-tongue mechanism." Science Advances 1, no. 8 (September 2015): e1500525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500525.
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Many insects use nectar as their principal diet and have mouthparts specialized in nectarivory, whereas most nectar-feeding vertebrates are opportunistic users of floral resources and only a few species show distinct morphological specializations. Specialized nectar-feeding bats extract nectar from flowers using elongated tongues that correspond to two vastly different morphologies: Most species have tongues with hair-like papillae, whereas one group has almost hairless tongues that show distinct lateral grooves. Recent molecular data indicate a convergent evolution of groove- and hair-tongued bat clades into the nectar-feeding niche. Using high-speed video recordings on experimental feeders, we show distinctly divergent nectar-feeding behavior in clades. Grooved tongues are held in contact with nectar for the entire duration of visit as nectar is pumped into the mouths of hovering bats, whereas hairy tongues are used in conventional sinusoidal lapping movements. Bats with grooved tongues use a specific fluid uptake mechanism not known from any other mammal. Nectar rises in semiopen lateral grooves, probably driven by a combination of tongue deformation and capillary action. Extraction efficiency declined for both tongue types with a similar slope toward deeper nectar levels. Our results highlight a novel drinking mechanism in mammals and raise further questions on fluid mechanics and ecological niche partitioning.
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DEBAN, STEPHEN M., and KIISA C. NISHIKAWA. "The Kinematics of Prey Capture and the Mechanism of Tongue Protraction in the Green Tree Frog Hyla Cinerea." Journal of Experimental Biology 170, no. 1 (September 1, 1992): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.170.1.235.
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Prey capture was studied in the green tree frog (Hyla cinerea) before and after denervation of either the m. genioglossus or m. submentalis using high-speed videography and kinematic analysis. The prey capture behavior and extent of tongue protraction of several members of the subfamilies Hylinae, Pelodryadinae and Phyllomedusinae were also studied. Results show that the m. genioglossus is necessary to produce complete tongue protraction and that the m. submentalis is necessary for mandibular bending, but not necessary for complete tongue protraction in Hyla cinerea. The tongue of Hyla cinerea resembles the weakly protrusible tongues of the archaeobatrachian frogs Ascaphus and Discoglossus more than the highly protrusible tongues of other neobatrachians, such as Rana or Bufo. A weakly protrusible tongue is present in the subfamilies Hylinae and Pelodryadinae, and a highly protrusible tongue is present in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. These results suggest that hyline and pelodryadine hylids have retained the ancestral anuran tongue morphology and that highly protrusible tongues have evolved once within the family Hylidae, in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae.
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Kulasekera, Priyantha B., and Gary W. Parkin. "Influence of the shape of inter-horizon boundary and size of soil tongues on preferential flow under shallow groundwater conditions: A simulation study." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 2 (May 2011): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss10079.
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Kulasekera, P. B. and Parkin, G. W. 2011. Influence of the shape of inter-horizon boundary and size of soil tongues on preferential flow under shallow groundwater conditions: A simulation study. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 211–221. Detailed studies of the impact of soil tongues at soil horizon interfaces are very important in understanding preferential flow processes through layered soils and in improving the accuracy of models predicting water and solute transport through the vadose zone. The implication of having soil tongues of different shapes and sizes created at the soil horizon interface on solute transport through a layered soil horizon was studied by simulating water and solute transport using the VS2DI model. This 2-D simulation study reconfirmed that soil tongues facilitate preferential flow, and the level of activeness of tongues may depend on the number of soil tongues, their spacing and distribution. Also, the size of the soil tongues (length and diameter at the interface between the soil horizons) and their shape influence the rate of preferential flow. Increasing tongue length consistently resulted in an increase in solute velocity across the entire soil profile regardless of the tongue shape; for example, a soil tongue of 0.25 m length increased solute velocity by about 1.5 times over a soil profile without tongues, but this increase might be different for soil types and groundwater conditions other than those considered in this study. Narrowing of tongues increased solute velocity, whereas increasing the number of tongues in a wider soil profile decreased the solute-front's velocity. As tongue length increased, the area containing solutes at prescribed elapsed times decreased. An implication of this study is that soil horizon tongue shape and spacing reduce pollutant residence times, hence inter-horizon boundary morphology should be considered when modelling transport through the vadose zone. As well, since the solute velocity behaviours of a triangular- and a wider rectangular-shaped tongue were nearly identical, simply measuring solute velocity in the field will reveal little information on the shape of a soil tongue.
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Wendler, Gerd, Kristina Ahlnäs, and Craig S. Lingle. "On Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers, East Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 142 (1996): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003439.
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AbstractTwo large glacier tongues, which extend substantially across the coastline of King George V Land in East Antarctica, have been studied by remote sensing (synthetic aperture radar, JERS-1). The tongue of Mertz Glacier is in a state of advance, while the Ninnis Glacier tongue is retreating. Some more specific points are: The distinctive surface structure and the form of the glacier tongues indicates that they are floating.While the tongue of Ninnis Glacier has lost about two-thirds of its area since 1913, the Mertz Glacier tongue has advanced substantially and has about doubled its areal extent over the same time period.The annual movement of the tongue of Mertz Glacier was determined as about 1.2 km. This is close to the value of the advance of the tip of the tongue since 1963, which was determined as 0.9 km year−1.
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Wendler, Gerd, Kristina Ahlnäs, and Craig S. Lingle. "On Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers, East Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 142 (1996): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003439.
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AbstractTwo large glacier tongues, which extend substantially across the coastline of King George V Land in East Antarctica, have been studied by remote sensing (synthetic aperture radar, JERS-1). The tongue of Mertz Glacier is in a state of advance, while the Ninnis Glacier tongue is retreating. Some more specific points are:The distinctive surface structure and the form of the glacier tongues indicates that they are floating.While the tongue of Ninnis Glacier has lost about two-thirds of its area since 1913, the Mertz Glacier tongue has advanced substantially and has about doubled its areal extent over the same time period.The annual movement of the tongue of Mertz Glacier was determined as about 1.2 km. This is close to the value of the advance of the tip of the tongue since 1963, which was determined as 0.9 km year−1.
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Deban, S. M., and U. Dicke. "Motor control of tongue movement during prey capture in plethodontid salamanders." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 24 (December 15, 1999): 3699–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.24.3699.
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Four species of salamander of the family Plethodontidae were examined using electromyographic (EMG) recording during prey-capture behavior to test the hypotheses that the tongue retractor, tongue protractor and jaw depressor muscles are activated simultaneously and in a stereotyped pattern, as was found in other salamanders, and to determine whether species with different tongue morphologies and tongue protraction abilities exhibit different motor control strategies. The results show that sequential activation was observed far more frequently than simultaneous activation; the jaw depressor muscle was activated first, followed by the tongue protractor and then the tongue retractor. Species with short, attached tongues (Desmognathus quadramaculatus and Plethodon jordani) showed simultaneous activation more often than species with long, free tongues (Pseudotriton ruber and Hydromantes supramontis), which showed strongly non-simultaneous activation. Most EMG variables showed no effect of prey-capture success, suggesting that sensory feedback is not involved in modulating the motor pattern during the prey-capture strike. Hydromantes supramontis was examined for modulation of its motor pattern in response to prey distance, and several EMG variables were found to be positively correlated with tongue protraction distance. The motor pattern of strongly non-simultaneous activation of antagonistic tongue muscles has evolved along with the evolution of long, free tongues in plethodontids. The variable motor patterns observed provide further evidence that amphibian feeding in general is not as highly stereotyped as has been previously thought.
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Nishikawa, Kiisa C. "Neuromuscular control of prey capture in frogs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1385 (May 29, 1999): 941–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0445.
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While retaining a feeding apparatus that is surprisingly conservative morphologically, frogs as a group exhibit great variability in the biomechanics of tongue protraction during prey capture, which in turn is related to differences in neuromuscular control. In this paper, I address the following three questions. (1) How do frog tongues differ biomechanically? (2) What anatomical and physiological differences are responsible? (3) How is biomechanics related to mechanisms of neuromuscular control? Frog species use three non–exclusive mechanisms to protract their tongues during feeding: (i) mechanical pulling, in which the tongue shortens as its muscles contract during protraction; (ii) inertial elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under inertial and muscular loading; and (iii) hydrostatic elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under constraints imposed by the constant volume of a muscular hydrostat. Major differences among these functional types include (i) the amount and orientation of collagen fibres associated with the tongue muscles and the mechanical properties that this connective tissue confers to the tongue as a whole; and (ii) the transfer of inertia from the opening jaws to the tongue, which probably involves a catch mechanism that increases the acceleration achieved during mouth opening. The mechanisms of tongue protraction differ in the types of neural mechanisms that are used to control tongue movements, particularly in the relative importance of feed–forward versus feedback control, in requirements for precise interjoint coordination, in the size and number of motor units, and in the afferent pathways that are involved in coordinating tongue and jaw movements. Evolution of biomechanics and neuromuscular control of frog tongues provides an example in which neuromuscular control is finely tuned to the biomechanical constraints and opportunities provided by differences in morphological design among species.
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Senan, Manesh, and Varun Menon P. "Pentafid tongue: A new entity." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 48, no. 03 (September 2015): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.173130.
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ABSTRACTTongue plays a pivotal role in both physiological and functional life of human beings. Structural and developmental abnormalities of the tongue in various forms have been reported in isolation or in combination with various syndromes. Though cases of bifid tongues have been mentioned in literature, no reports of pentafid tongue have been reported till date. Here we describe a unique case of congenital pentafid tongue along with bilateral polydactyly and its surgical management.
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Birt, Patrina, Leslie S. Hall, and Geoffrey C. Smith. "Ecomorphology of the Tongues of Australian Megachiroptera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 4 (1997): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97005.
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The tongues of six species of Australian megachiropterans were studied macroscopically and microscopically to observe whether there were any morphological characteristics correlating with their foraging and feeding behaviour. Tongues varied from being extensible and brush-like (with long hair-like papillae) in Syconycteris australis, to club-like (with very few types of papillae) in Nyctimene robinsoni, to long-pointed (possessing several types of surface papillae) in the Pteropus species. The morphology of the tongue of S. australis and the Pteropus species was similar to that of nectar-feeding birds, marsupials and other mammals. N. robinsoni possessed a tongue highly structured for processing the fruit on which it feeds, whilst the tongue of the S. australis and P. scapulatus was highly structured for a diet predominantly made up of nectar. Although the surface papillae were similar among P. poliocephalus, P. alecto and P. conspicillatus, the shape of the tongue varied considerably, suggesting that there may be subtle differences between individual feeding strategies. The morphology of the tongues in this study, combined with field observations, suggest that many megachiropterans are able to consume different food types when their preferred food source is unavailable. In addition, the structure of tongue and its papillae support the role of megachiropterans in both pollination and seed dispersal.
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Spielman, Andrew I., Joseph G. Brand, Yvonne Buischi, and Walter A. Bretz. "Resemblance of Tongue Anatomy in Twins." Twin Research and Human Genetics 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.14.3.277.
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This study compared the anatomical features of the tongue in nine pairs of twins — six monozygotic and three dizygotic. The aim of the project was to determine if tongues, like any other anatomical structure, could be used to reliably predict relatedness given that tongue shape, presentation and surface can be influenced by environment. Using the method of forced choice, 30 subjects were asked to match the photographs of tongues from twins. Our data indicate that, based on visual assessment, monozygotic twins have highly similar tongues (60% matches); similarly, dizygotic twins were matched 31% of the time, which is a higher probability than would be expected from random selection. This study should help identify baseline and control data in future behavioral studies of taste, which has a genetic basis.
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Robin, Donald A., Anuj Goel, Lori B. Somodi, and Erich S. Luschei. "Tongue Strength and Endurance." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 6 (December 1992): 1239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3506.1239.
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Tongue strength and endurance (fatigue) were examined in subjects who have acquired high skill levels with their tongues (supranormal) and in subjects who use the tongue normally. The supranormal groups were trumpet players and high school debaters who were able to speak intelligibly at rates much faster than normal. Hand strength and fatigue were also assessed. Maximal strength was measured by recording how much pressure an individual could exert on an air-filled bulb. Endurance was measured by determining how long subjects could sustain 50% of their maximal pressure. Results showed that maximal strength of the tongue and hand did not differentiate the supranormal subjects from the normal subjects. Hand endurance did not differentiate the subjects either. However, the supranormal groups had significantly longer tongue endurance times than did the normal subjects.
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Mukhamedzhanova, Lyubov R., Louise I. Nikitina, Mikhail A. Egorov, and Arina R. Galeeva. "FEATURES OF HYGIENIC CARE FOR LINGUA PLICATA." Acta medica Eurasica, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2413-4864-2020-4-1-6.
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Hygienic care of lingua plicata is of particular relevance, since the degree of microbial contamination of the tongue folds is a key factor in initiation and progression of non-specific glottitises. The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of hygienic modes of tongue care using "Albadent" balm-rinse in patients having a fissured tongue. Three subgroups of patients were included in the study; patients of the 1st subgroup had their tongues treated with a toothbrush pad, patients of the 2nd subgroup rinsed it with Albadent balm twice, and patients of the 3rd subgroup treated their tongues twice with an irrigator with Albadent balm solution. A comparative assessment of care regimens showed that in patients of the 1st subgroup the hygienic condition of the tongue improved by 2.7 times, and the prevalence of Candida albicans decreased twice. The patients reported unpleasant «scratching» sensations in the tongue after its mechanical treatment. In patients of the 2nd subgroup, the depth of the folds decreased, and hyperemia in the bottom of the folds decreased in half of the observed patients. The hygienic condition of the tongue improved by 2.2 times, and the prevalence of Candida albicans decreased by 2.5 times. Patients reported a pleasant freshness sensation in the tongue after treatment, continuing after spitting for 60-90 minutes. In patients of the 3rd subgroup, the depth of the folds changed insignificantly in the direction of decrease, and hyperemia of the bottom was not detected. The hygienic condition of the tongue improved twice, and the prevalence of Candida albicans decreased by 2 times. Patients reported a pleasant freshness sensation in the tongue after rinsing, continuing after spitting for 40–60 minutes.
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Titova, Tanya, and Veselin Nachev. ""Electronic tongue" in the Food Industry." Food Science and Applied Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30721/fsab2020.v3.i1.74.
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“Electronic tongue” (e-tongue) is instrumental system are designed to crudely mimic human taste sensory organs and are composed of an array of sensors. Complex data sets from „e- tongue“ signals combined with multivariate statistics represent rapid and efficient tools for classification, recognition and identification of samples, also for the prediction of concentrations of different compounds. A wide variety of sensors can be employed into the design of these instrumental systems, especially that of „e-tongues“, offering numerous practical applications. In this study are review, characteristics of sensors and possibilities „e-tongue“ applications in the food industry.Practical applications: The “e-tongue” can be used in various applications, including on quality control in the food industry and pharmacy.
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Hussein, Aamer. "Mother tongue, father tongue." Journal of Postcolonial Writing 47, no. 2 (May 2011): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2011.557198.
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Sun, Yue, Songmin Dai, Jide Li, Yin Zhang, and Xiaoqiang Li. "Tooth-Marked Tongue Recognition Using Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Maps." Future Internet 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11020045.
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The tooth-marked tongue is an important indicator in traditional Chinese medicinal diagnosis. However, the clinical competence of tongue diagnosis is determined by the experience and knowledge of the practitioners. Due to the characteristics of different tongues, having many variations such as different colors and shapes, tooth-marked tongue recognition is challenging. Most existing methods focus on partial concave features and use specific threshold values to classify the tooth-marked tongue. They lose the overall tongue information and lack the ability to be generalized and interpretable. In this paper, we try to solve these problems by proposing a visual explanation method which takes the entire tongue image as an input and uses a convolutional neural network to extract features (instead of setting a fixed threshold artificially) then classifies the tongue and produces a coarse localization map highlighting tooth-marked regions using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Kohyama, Kaoru, Sayaka Ishihara, Makoto Nakauma, and Takahiro Funami. "Compression Test of Soft Food Gels Using a Soft Machine with an Artificial Tongue." Foods 8, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8060182.
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Care food is increasingly required in the advanced-aged society. Mechanical properties of such foods must be modified such that the foods are easily broken by the tongue without chewing. When foods are compressed between the tongue and the hard palate, the tongue deforms considerably, and only soft foods are broken. To simulate tongue compression of soft foods, artificial tongues with stiffness similar to that of the human tongue were created using clear soft materials. Model soft gels were prepared using gellan gums. A piece of gel on an artificial tongue was compressed using a texture analyzer. The deformation profile during the compression test was obtained using a video capture system. The soft machine equipped a soft artificial tongue sometimes fractured food gels unlike hard machine, which always fracture gels. The fracture properties measured using the soft machine were better than those obtained from a conventional test between hard plates to mimic natural oral processing in humans. The fracture force on foods measured using this soft machine may prove useful for the evaluation of food texture that can be mashed using the tongue.
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del Valle, Manel. "Sensor Arrays and Electronic Tongue Systems." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/986025.
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This paper describes recent work performed with electronic tongue systems utilizing electrochemical sensors. The electronic tongues concept is a new trend in sensors that uses arrays of sensors together with chemometric tools to unravel the complex information generated. Initial contributions and also the most used variant employ conventional ion selective electrodes, in which it is named potentiometric electronic tongue. The second important variant is the one that employs voltammetry for its operation. As chemometric processing tool, the use of artificial neural networks as the preferred data processing variant will be described. The use of the sensor arrays inserted in flow injection or sequential injection systems will exemplify attempts made to automate the operation of electronic tongues. Significant use of biosensors, mainly enzyme-based, to form what is already named bioelectronic tongue will be also presented. Application examples will be illustrated with selected study cases from the Sensors and Biosensors Group at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.
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Zhu, Ming Feng, and Jian Qiang Du. "A Novel Approach for Color Tongue Image Extraction Based on Random Walk Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.338.
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Tongue image extraction is a fundamental step in objective diagnoses and quantitive checking of tongues. The accuracy of tongue image extraction can directly influence the results of the succedent checking in objective diagnoses of tongues. In this paper, we improved random walk image segmentation algorithm and applied it to tongue image extraction. Firstly, we utilized toboggan algorithm which adopted new classification rules to segment initial regions. Secondly, a weighted-graph was built according to initial regions in which only those adjacent regions were connected. Thirdly, random walk algorithm was applied to make the final segmentation in which a new weight function was designed for calculating the weights between the nodes of adjacent regions. Fourthly, mathematical morphology operations, i. e. inflations and erosions, were carried out on the segmentation result of the third step in order to fill small holes on the tongue region. In the experiment, we compared our method with traditional random walk algorithm. As the experiment results show, our method achieved much better segmentation effects.
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Bartz, Jason C., Anthony E. Kincaid, and Richard A. Bessen. "Rapid Prion Neuroinvasion following Tongue Infection." Journal of Virology 77, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.1.583-591.2003.
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ABSTRACT Food-borne transmission of prions can lead to infection of the gastrointestinal tract and neuroinvasion via the splanchnic and vagus nerves. Here we report that the transmission of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is 100,000-fold more efficient by inoculation of prions into the tongues of hamsters than by oral ingestion. The incubation period following TME agent (hereinafter referred to as TME) inoculation into the lingual muscles was the shortest among the five nonneuronal routes of inoculation, including another intramuscular route. Deposition of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein, PrPSc, was first detected in the tongue and submandibular lymph node at 1 to 2 weeks following inoculation of the tongue with TME. PrPSc deposits in the tongue were associated with individual axons, and the initial appearance of TME in the brain stem was found in the hypoglossal nucleus at 2 weeks postinfection. At later time points, PrPSc was localized to brain cell groups that directly project to the hypoglossal nucleus, indicating the transneuronal spread of TME. TME PrPSc entry into the brain stem preceded PrPSc detection in the rostral cervical spinal cord. These results demonstrate that TME can replicate in both the tongue and regional lymph nodes but indicate that the faster route of brain invasion is via retrograde axonal transport within the hypoglossal nerve to the hypoglossal nucleus. Topical application of TME to a superficial wound on the surface of the tongue resulted in a higher incidence of disease and a shorter incubation period than with oral TME ingestion. Therefore, abrasions of the tongue in livestock and humans may predispose a host to oral prion infection of the tongue-associated cranial nerves. In a related study, PrPSc was detected in tongues following the intracerebral inoculation of six hamster-adapted prion strains, which demonstrates that prions can also travel from the brain to the tongue in the anterograde direction along the tongue-associated cranial nerves. These findings suggest that food products containing ruminant or cervid tongue may be a potential source of prion infection for humans.
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Rico-Guevara, Alejandro. "Relating form to function in the hummingbird feeding apparatus." PeerJ 5 (June 8, 2017): e3449. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3449.
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A complete understanding of the feeding structures is fundamental in order to study how animals survive. Some birds use long and protrusible tongues as the main tool to collect their central caloric source (e.g., woodpeckers and nectarivores). Hummingbirds are the oldest and most diverse clade of nectarivorous vertebrates, being a perfect subject to study tongue specializations. Their tongue functions to intraorally transport arthropods through their long bills and enables them to exploit the nectarivorous niche by collecting small amounts of liquid, therefore it is of vital importance to study its anatomy and structure at various scales. I focused on the portions of the hummingbird tongue that have been shown to be key for understanding their feeding mechanisms. I used histology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, microCT, andex-vivoexperiments in order to advance the comprehension of the morphology and functioning of the hummingbird feeding apparatus. I found that hummingbird tongues are composed mainly of thin cornified epithelium, lack papillae, and completely fill the internal cast of the rostral oropharyngeal cavity. Understanding this puzzle-piece match between bill and tongue will be essential for the study of intraoral transport of nectar. Likewise, I found that the structural composition and tissue architecture of the tongue groove walls provide the rostral portion of the tongue with elastic properties that are central to the study of tongue-nectar interactions during the feeding process. Detailed studies on hummingbirds set the basis for comparisons with other nectar-feeding birds and contribute to comprehend the natural solutions to collecting liquids in the most efficient way possible.
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Jones, Nigel, Judith Kearins, and John Watson. "The Human Tongue Show and Observers' Willingness to Interact: Replication and Extensions." Psychological Reports 60, no. 3 (June 1987): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3.759.
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Tongue showing and observers' willingness to interrupt was investigated in the laboratory with 48 male and 48 female subjects and 5 male and 5 female confederates. Subjects needed to interrupt confederates whose tongues showed while they were concentrating on a task or who concentrated without a tongue show, or who held a neutral facial expression while engaged on a task. Significant latencies to interruption occurred with the tongue-show condition, a result consistent with 1982 work of Dolgin and Sabini. No significant effects for sex were found. In a field study, subjects approached one of two confederates who were selling plants; both confederates were reading but one was tongue-showing as well. Confederates, whether man or woman without a tongue show, were approached significantly more often by prospective buyers. Tongue-showing appears to act as a deterrent to social interaction; its possible role in the social acceptability of Down Syndrome children is discussed.
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Kancler, Tjaša. "Tongue Untied, Tongue with Tongue. Mining the Binary Matrix." Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture 10, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2013): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51151/identities.v10i1-2.273.
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Although language allows boundless freedom, we are at the same time confined within a linguistic structure that first demands that we are assigned a sex and a gender and consequently restricts us to two existing categories; that is, to the categories of male or female. Gender in language therefore forces every individual to mark in its speech to which gender category it belongs. If we are neither women nor men, then how can we understand our existence through language? What is the relation between the binary system of gender (man/woman) and language? How is the relationship between body, language, subjectivity and politics articulated nowadays? In addition, how can we be constituted as political subjects in spite of our non-defining identity? This article considers the questions of deconstruction of the binary man/woman system in relation to the further, possible and common struggle against global capitalism, coloniality and heteropatriarchy.
Author(s): Tjaša Kancler
Title (English): Tongue Untied, Tongue with Tongue. Mining the Binary Matrix
Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013)
Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities – Skopje
Page Range: 14-19
Page Count: 6
Citation (English): Tjaša Kancler, “Tongue Untied, Tongue with Tongue. Mining the Binary Matrix,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013): 14-19.
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Delong, Liu, Liu Qingfeng, and Qin Wenfei. "R462 – Anatomic Characteristics of Tongue Coblation." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P199—P200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.622.
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Problem We investigated the topographic anatomic characteristics of the human tongue in order to determine the safest location for Coblation® (ArthroCare Corp., Sunnyvale, CA) tongue treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and to provide detailed anatomic data to facilitate the surgery. Methods We dissected 16 lateral tongues from human cadavers and studied the distribution of the hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery and their respective distances. The ratios of those distances to the length and width of the tongue were calculated to establish the safest locations for Coblation tongue treatment. Results The vertical distance from the hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery to the surface of the tongue was invariant near the foramen caecum. The ratio of the horizontal distance from the hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery to the midline of the tongue to its length and the vertical distance to the surface at the foramen caecum and at 10 mm and 25 mm from the apex was obtained. Analysis of the data using ANOVA (analysis of variance) revealed statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Conclusion Low-temperature radiofrequency tongue treatment (Coblation) offers a safe and effective treatment for patients with retroglossal OSAHS. Recognizing the topographic anatomic characteristics of the tongue and applying the concepts of ratio and individualization, in which consideration is given to each patient's unique anatomy, promotes greater safety and optimal patient outcomes. Significance The data could extend the area of surgery in tongue from before or after caecum to the whole tongue. It could facilitate the coblation tongue treatment which is different from those surgeries in the base of tongue. And coblation tongue channeling (CTC) is very useful to treat hypertrophic tongue in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We have performed many CTC on the patients with OSAS and give the relative area by proportional view in the tongue based on the data.
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Anderson, C. W. "THE MODULATION OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO PREY TYPE IN THE FROG RANA PIPIENS." Journal of Experimental Biology 179, no. 1 (June 1, 1993): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.179.1.1.
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Using high-speed video motion analysis, the kinematics of feeding behavior was studied in Rana pipiens. Rana pipiens exhibits differing behavior patterns depending upon prey type. When feeding on small prey such as waxworms, R. pipiens uses tongue protraction to catch prey, minimizing head and body movements. When feeding on the larger earthworm, it arches its body, flexes the head downwards and uses jaw prehension to capture the prey. Time to completion of tongue retraction, time to completion of mouth closing, duration of tongue retraction, duration of mouth closing, total time that the mouth is open and maximum tongue reach were significantly longer during waxworm feedings than during earthworm feedings. The tongue angle and degree of head flexion were significantly greater during earthworm feedings. These different kinematic patterns correspond to differences in feeding behavior among major taxa of anurans. Phylogenetically primitive archaeobatrachian frogs have short tongues which can be protracted only a few millimeters. In contrast, many neobatrachians have long tongues which they project to catch small prey. The similarity between the behavior that neobatrachians use to catch large prey and the movement patterns of archaeobatrachians suggests that Rana pipiens has retained the plesiomorphic archaeobatrachian motor pattern and uses it to catch large prey, while evolving a new motor pattern for catching small prey.
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Kleinteich, Thomas, and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Frog tongue surface microstructures: functional and evolutionary patterns." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (June 22, 2016): 893–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.81.
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Frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) use adhesive tongues to capture fast moving, elusive prey. For this, the tongues are moved quickly and adhere instantaneously to various prey surfaces. Recently, the functional morphology of frog tongues was discussed in context of their adhesive performance. It was suggested that the interaction between the tongue surface and the mucus coating is important for generating strong pull-off forces. However, despite the general notions about its importance for a successful contact with the prey, little is known about the surface structure of frog tongues. Previous studies focused almost exclusively on species within the Ranidae and Bufonidae, neglecting the wide diversity of frogs. Here we examined the tongue surface in nine different frog species, comprising eight different taxa, i.e., the Alytidae, Bombinatoridae, Megophryidae, Hylidae, Ceratophryidae, Ranidae, Bufonidae, and Dendrobatidae. In all species examined herein, we found fungiform and filiform papillae on the tongue surface. Further, we observed a high degree of variation among tongues in different frogs. These differences can be seen in the size and shape of the papillae, in the fine-structures on the papillae, as well as in the three-dimensional organization of subsurface tissues. Notably, the fine-structures on the filiform papillae in frogs comprise hair-like protrusions (Megophryidae and Ranidae), microridges (Bufonidae and Dendrobatidae), or can be irregularly shaped or absent as observed in the remaining taxa examined herein. Some of this variation might be related to different degrees of adhesive performance and may point to differences in the spectra of prey items between frog taxa.
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Harding, Edith. "Mother Tongue and Other Tongue." English Today 2, no. 3 (July 1986): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400002248.
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Liao, Guiqing, Yuxiong Su, Jinming Zhang, Jinsong Hou, Yiyang Chen, and Ma Li. "Reconstruction of the tongue with reinnervated rectus abdominis musculoperitoneal flaps after hemiglossectomy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 3 (January 26, 2006): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510600017x.
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Reconstruction of the tongue after glossectomy is a primary objective in the process of improving the life quality of patients suffering from tongue cancer. We developed a new method of surgical reconstruction of the tongue after hemiglossectomy, with reinnervated rectus abdominis musculoperitoneal flaps. The rectus abdominis musculoperitoneal flap consisted of the rectus muscle, posterior rectus sheath, peritoneum, the 10th, 11th and 12th intercostal nerves, and the deep inferior epigastric artery and veins. Five patients underwent immediate reconstruction of the tongue with rectus abdominis musculoperitoneal flaps after hemiglossectomy. The intercostal nerves were anastomosed to the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve. All transplanted flaps survived. The peritoneum was replaced by squamous epithelium eight weeks after surgery. During the follow-up period, the contour and function of the reconstructed tongues was satisfactory. Our experience indicates that reconstruction of the tongue with rectus abdominis musculoperitoneal flaps after hemiglossectomy is a suitable, cosmetically acceptable method.
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Łabańska, Małgorzata, Patrycja Ciosek-Skibińska, and Wojciech Wróblewski. "Critical Evaluation of Laboratory Potentiometric Electronic Tongues for Pharmaceutical Analysis—An Overview." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 5376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245376.
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Electronic tongue systems equipped with cross-sensitive potentiometric sensors have been applied to pharmaceutical analysis, due to the possibility of various applications and developing new formulations. Many studies already proved the complementarity between the electronic tongue and classical analysis such as dissolution tests indicated by Pharmacopeias. However, as a new approach to study pharmaceuticals, electronic tongues lack strict testing protocols and specification limits; therefore, their results can be improperly interpreted and inconsistent with the reference studies. Therefore, all aspects of the development, measurement conditions, data analysis, and interpretation of electronic tongue results were discussed in this overview. The critical evaluation of the effectiveness and reliability of constructed devices may be helpful for a better understanding of electronic tongue systems development and for providing strict testing protocols.
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Nishikawa, K. C., W. M. Kier, and K. K. Smith. "Morphology and mechanics of tongue movement in the African pig-nosed frog Hemisus marmoratum: a muscular hydrostatic model." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 7 (April 1, 1999): 771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.7.771.
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The goal of this study was to investigate morphological adaptations associated with hydrostatic elongation of the tongue during feeding in the African pig-nosed frog Hemisus marmoratum. Whereas previous studies had suggested that the tongue of H. marmoratum elongates hydraulically, the anatomical observations reported here favour a muscular hydrostatic mechanism of tongue elongation. H. marmoratum possesses a previously undescribed compartment of the m. genioglossus (m. genioglossus dorsoventralis), which is intrinsic to the tongue and whose muscle fibres are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the tongue. On the basis of the arrangement and orientation of muscle fibres in the m. genioglossus and m. hyoglossus, we propose a muscular hydrostatic model of tongue movement in which contraction of the m. genioglossus dorsoventralis, together with unfolding of the intrinsic musculature of the tongue, results in a doubling in tongue length. Electron micrographs of sarcomeres from resting and elongated tongues show that no special adaptations of the sarcomeres are necessary to accommodate the observed doubling in tongue length during feeding. Rather, the sarcomeres of the m. genioglossus longitudinalis are strikingly similar to those of anuran limb muscles. The ability to elongate the tongue hydrostatically, conferred by the presence of the m. genioglossus dorsoventralis, is associated with the appearance of several novel aspects of feeding behaviour in H. marmoratum. These include the ability to protract the tongue slowly, thereby increasing capture success, and the ability to aim the tongue in azimuth and elevation relative to the head. Compared with other frogs, the muscular hydrostatic system of H. marmoratum allows more precise, localized and diverse tongue movements. This may explain why the m. genioglossus of H. marmoratum is composed of a larger number of motor units than that of other frogs.
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Rie, Shimotakahara, Hyeyong Lee, Daisaku Nishimoto, and Shigemitsu Ogata. "Morphological study of the hypoglossal and lingual nerves." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 05, no. 03 (July 2016): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401605.
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Abstract Background and objectives: In treatment of dental conditions and dental anaesthesiology, a thorough understaoding of course, directions and distribution of nerves and blood vessels supplying the tongue is extremely important. However, the morphology of the nerves supplying the tongue has not yet been fully understood. We applied comparative anatomical approach in order to observe innervation of the tongue in detail, with the focus on the distribution of the lingual nerves and its communication with the hypoglossal nerve. Material and methods: Ten adult human tongues with no grossly detectable abnormalities that were resected from cadavers donated for anatomical study and five monkey tongues were used. Specimens were immersed in water and dissected under a stereomicroscope, and gross examination of the morphology and directions of branches of the hypoglossal and lingual nerves, communicating branches between these two nerves, and their connection status was done. Observations: All branches shared common morphological characteristics: branches near the root of the tongue were relatively straight, while they meandered and formed loops nearer to the apex of tongue. In addition to the branch on the anterior muscle bundle of the hyoglossus muscle, which could be easily observed, there were two more communicating points (total of three communicating branches in both humans and Japanese macaques: in the inner part of the genioglossus muscle and the apex of the tongue). Conclusions: The levels of communicating nerve complexity between the hypoglossal nerve and the lingual nerve and the thickness of nerve fibers varied among individual subjects, but there was a common three-site communication pattern.
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Silva, A., M. Cavalcante, M. Ferraz, M. Rizzo, E. Fortes, B. Cunha, M. Carvalho, and A. Conde Júnior. "Papilar topografy and morphology of the tongue in the E. sexcinctus." Journal of Morphological Sciences 32, no. 03 (July 2015): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.087115.
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Abstract Introduction: The Six-banded armadillo (Euphractussexcintus) belongs to Cigunlata order, has diverse feeding habits and masticatory apparatus developed. The tongue, one of the major components of this equipment, has the mucosa papillae, taste buds and tongue glands. Materials and Methods: Six-banded armadillo were submitted to an anesthetic protocol with Tiletamine and zolazepan (Telazol®, Fortdotge, Brazil) and Sodium Thiopental (Thiopentax®, Cristália, Brazil), we proceeded to euthanasia using Potassium Chloride 19.1%, to then fix them in a 10% formaldehyde solution. The tongues were dissected and identified structures. For microscopic processing, segments from different parts of the tongue were subjected to histological routine and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson. Results: The tongue of the six-banded armadillo presents three types of papillae: filiform, fungiform and vallate, with no conical buds and foliate. Still in the tongue mucosa, was observed mucous glands and various taste corpuscles. Some data differ from those same found in other wild animals that have been studied, but are similar to those of the same phylogenetic. Conclusion: The morphological characteristics of the six-banded armadillo's tongue are adapted to the difficulties faced by him during chewing, requiring the tongue, structures that provide you mobility, strength and sensitivity.
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Schulp, A. S., E. W. A. Mulder, and K. Schwenk. "Did mosasaurs have forked tongues?" Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84, no. 3 (September 2005): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600021144.
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AbstractEver since the first mosasaur restorations were published, these extinct marine reptiles have been pictured with either notched, forked or undivided tongues. Here, we present an overview of existing iconography, a review of the previous literature, and we discuss how best to reconstruct tongue form in mosasaurs. Despite disagreement about their precise phylogenetic position, most authors consider mosasaurs members of the Varanoidea, derived anguimorphans including Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Lanthanotus and probably snakes. All anguimorphans share a diploglossan (two-part) tongue, in which the foretongue is derived and modified into a highly protrusible chemosensor, while the hindtongue is plesiomorphic, retaining well-developed papillae, mucocytes and robust posterior lobes. We suggest that mosasaurs had a diploglossan tongue that remained in a relatively underived state. The form of the tongue would probably have been most like modern Heloderma or Lanthanotus with a protrusible chemosensory foretongue and a plesiomorphic, papillose hindtongue. Such a tongue is consistent with well-developed vomeronasal chemoreception through tongue-flicking, with the retention of the ancestral function of hyolingual food transport and swallowing following jaw-prehension of prey. The presence of paired fenestrae in the palate associated with the vomers, as well as the presence of pterygoid teeth are in accordance with such a tongue form in mosasaurs.
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Rico-Guevara, Alejandro, Tai-Hsi Fan, and Margaret A. Rubega. "Hummingbird tongues are elastic micropumps." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1813 (August 22, 2015): 20151014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1014.
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Pumping is a vital natural process, imitated by humans for thousands of years. We demonstrate that a hitherto undocumented mechanism of fluid transport pumps nectar onto the hummingbird tongue. Using high-speed cameras, we filmed the tongue–fluid interaction in 18 hummingbird species, from seven of the nine main hummingbird clades. During the offloading of the nectar inside the bill, hummingbirds compress their tongues upon extrusion; the compressed tongue remains flattened until it contacts the nectar. After contact with the nectar surface, the tongue reshapes filling entirely with nectar; we did not observe the formation of menisci required for the operation of capillarity during this process. We show that the tongue works as an elastic micropump; fluid at the tip is driven into the tongue's grooves by forces resulting from re-expansion of a collapsed section. This work falsifies the long-standing idea that capillarity is an important force filling hummingbird tongue grooves during nectar feeding. The expansive filling mechanism we report in this paper recruits elastic recovery properties of the groove walls to load nectar into the tongue an order of magnitude faster than capillarity could. Such fast filling allows hummingbirds to extract nectar at higher rates than predicted by capillarity-based foraging models, in agreement with their fast licking rates.
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Muchhala, Nathan, and James D. Thomson. "Going to great lengths: selection for long corolla tubes in an extremely specialized bat–flower mutualism." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1665 (March 18, 2009): 2147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0102.
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In a hypothesis that has remained controversial since its inception, Darwin suggested that long-tubed flowers and long-tongued pollinators evolved together in a coevolutionary race, with each selecting for increasing length in the other. Although the selective pressures that flowers impose on tongue length are relatively straightforward, in that longer tongues allow access to more nectar, selective pressures that pollinators impose on flower length are less clear. Here, we test for such selective pressures in the highly specialized mutualism between the nectar bat Anoura fistulata , which can extend its tongue twice as far as other nectar bats, and Centropogon nigricans , which has flowers of a similar length (8–9 cm). We used flight cage experiments to examine the effects of artificially manipulated flower lengths on (i) bat behaviour and (ii) pollen transfer. Increased length produced longer visits, but did not affect the force bats applied during visits. In the second experiment, flower length increased both the male and female components of flower function: long male flowers delivered more pollen grains and long female flowers received more pollen grains. However, pollen transfer was not correlated with visit duration, so the mechanism behind differences in pollen transfer remains unclear. By demonstrating that bats select for increasing flower length, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that A. fistulata evolved its remarkable tongue in a coevolutionary race with long-tubed flowers similar to that envisioned by Darwin.
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Fry, Carol J. "Left-Handedness and Tongue-Rolling Ability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 1 (August 1988): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.168.
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948 undergraduates at The Ohio State University were administered the 10-item Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and asked to indicate the extent to which they could turn up the sides of their tongues. Significantly fewer left-handers than right-handers (62.8% and 74.8%, respectively) reported being able to turn up either or both sides. Sex differences in tongue-rolling ability were also noted. Among the 403 men included in the final sample, 77.4% could roll their tongues, whereas only 69 7% of the 491 women could do so.
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Xing, Fangxu, Jonghye Woo, Junghoon Lee, Emi Z. Murano, Maureen Stone, and Jerry L. Prince. "Analysis of 3-D Tongue Motion From Tagged and Cine Magnetic Resonance Images." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59, no. 3 (June 2016): 468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-14-0155.
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Purpose Measuring tongue deformation and internal muscle motion during speech has been a challenging task because the tongue deforms in 3 dimensions, contains interdigitated muscles, and is largely hidden within the vocal tract. In this article, a new method is proposed to analyze tagged and cine magnetic resonance images of the tongue during speech in order to estimate 3-dimensional tissue displacement and deformation over time. Method The method involves computing 2-dimensional motion components using a standard tag-processing method called harmonic phase, constructing superresolution tongue volumes using cine magnetic resonance images, segmenting the tongue region using a random-walker algorithm, and estimating 3-dimensional tongue motion using an incompressible deformation estimation algorithm. Results Evaluation of the method is presented with a control group and a group of people who had received a glossectomy carrying out a speech task. A 2-step principal-components analysis is then used to reveal the unique motion patterns of the subjects. Azimuth motion angles and motion on the mirrored hemi-tongues are analyzed. Conclusion Tests of the method with a various collection of subjects show its capability of capturing patient motion patterns and indicate its potential value in future speech studies.
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Mendez-Fernandez, Miguel A. "TONGUE." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 106, no. 4 (September 2000): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200009040-00063.
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Koller, Ján. "Tongue." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 82, no. 4 (October 1988): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198810000-00065.
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Kasik, P., Y. P. Mirejovsk, and Jan Koller. "Tongue." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 83, no. 2 (February 1989): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198902000-00068.
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Patterson, G. T., and Carl H. Manstein. "Tongue." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 83, no. 2 (February 1989): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198902000-00069.
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Glotfelty, Annette, and William F. Katz. "The Role of Visibility in Silent Speech Tongue Movements: A Kinematic Study of Consonants." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 6S (June 18, 2021): 2377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00266.
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Purpose To better understand the role of tongue visibility in speech, this study compared the spatiotemporal patterns of silent versus audible speech for lingual consonants of American English. Kinematic data were obtained for articulatory features assumed to be visually salient, including tongue movement (anterior displacement and midsagittal area), lip aperture, and consonant duration. Method Electromagnetic articulography was used to measure 11 native speakers' productions of five consonants (/ɡ/, /w/, /ɹ/, /l/, and /ð/), selected to represent a continuum of tongue visibility. Nonword consonant–vowel syllables were elicited during a procedure designed to convey a dyadic communication environment. A method of kinematic-based consonant segmentation was developed for data processing, and results were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results Findings indicated increased consonant duration and lip aperture in the silent condition (vs. audible) for all five consonants. Tongue forward displacement was slightly greater in the silent condition, compared to audible, for all consonants except /ɡ/, the only consonant without a visible tongue component. In addition, the extent of tongue forwarding in silent speech corresponded with the degree of tongue visibility. Conclusion During silent speech, talkers increased their lip aperture and consonant duration and tended to shift their tongues forward for the most visible lingual consonants, suggesting that talkers may be aware at some level of the need to increase articulatory visibility of the tongue in the presence of an interlocutor during adverse speech conditions.
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Yang, Hui, Peiquan Yu, Jun Xu, Cunlie Ying, Wenbing Cao, Yingdong Wang, Zuchao Zhu, and Yikun Wei. "Experimental investigations on the performance and noise characteristics of a forward-curved fan with the stepped tongue." Measurement and Control 52, no. 9-10 (October 19, 2019): 1480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019877482.
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This work presents an experimental study to investigate the influence of step volute tongue on aerodynamic performance and aeroacoustic behavior of a forward-curved fan. The noise characteristics are analyzed and controlled based on measured acoustic pressures for various stepped tongues; meanwhile, fan performance is detected and optimized. The design parameters of the stepped tongues are presented to provide significant physical insight into increasing the static pressure as well as the efficiency of static pressure and reducing the fan noise generation. The comparison of the test results indicates that the improved static pressure and its efficiency of the HLHL model have increased by 15.67 Pa and 3.57%, respectively, by comparing with those of the baseline model. At 740 m3/h, a great correlation between different arrays of stepped tongue and the noise generation was observed. The tonal noise level of the HLHL model is a better optimization scheme because it decreases as much as 1.2 dB for the noise generation of forward-curved fan. In particular, it is found that some stepped tongues of the volute tongue achieved the goal of reducing noise generation and improving the performance of fan by experimental measurement at the same time.
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Popel’, S. L., O. V. Baskevich, V. M. Zhurakіvskyi, O. Y. Zhurakіvska, I. V. Melnik, S. Z. Krasnopolskiij, and O. V. Atamanchuk. "Three-dimensional structure of the lingual papillae of healthy rats and rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (in the context of mechanism of development of diabetic glossitis)." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2017): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021711.
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We studied the three-dimensional structure and patterns of distribution of the lingual papillae of healthy rats (the norm) and their changes in the process of development of diabetes mellitus І type. The research was conducted on 65 laboratory rats of the Weestar line. The research investigated the mucus shell and the microcirculatory network of the tongue. The distribution and three-dimensional structure of the papillae of the tongue were studied using a scanning electron microscope. It was found that there are 5 morphological subspecies of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of body of the tongue: true filifom, flattened, thin and giant conical and brush-like. Isolated fungiform papillaе are unevenly distributed between filiform papillaе. The dorso-lateral edge of the dorsal lingual surface is covered by foliate papillae. The unique oval papilla vallate is located in the back-end of the middle line of the root of the tongue. The far back of the root of the tongue lacks papillae, is flattened and covered by squamous formations. The distribution and types of lingual papillae is similar in rats to other rodents. In the process of development of diabetic glossitis a reduction in the height of different types of papillae of the tongue was observed, and an increase in the amount of keratinized mass, which plays a role in the fixation of microflora on the surface of the mucus shell, which as a result may lead to development of inflammatory process in the tongues of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. The stages of morphological and morphometric changes in the mucus shell and microcirculatory network of the tongues of rats with diabetes mellitus were investigated, the characteristic signs of these changes were marked. On the basis of morpho-functional changes of the tongues of rats with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus, two stages of development of pathomorphological changes were distinguished: 1) reactive changes (2–4th week) and 2) destructive processes (6–8th week). At the end of the first stage there was a reduction in height of the filiform papillae and width of mushroom-like papillae in the mucus shell of the tongue, an increase in its keratinization, a considerable reduction in the number of cells in the deeper layers of the epithelium of the tongue and the adsorption capacity of superficial epіtheliocites diminished, a significant reduction in the diameter of path clearance of all departments of the microcirculatory network is traced here. At the end of the secondary stage, there was a reduction in the sizes of all papillae of the back of the tongue, in all links of the microcirculatory network there was a development of diabetic microangiopathy which is characterized: by narrowing of the arterial and exchange links on a background expansion of capacity link. The question of influencing the pathological process in the vessels of the microcirculatory network on the state of the mucus shell of the tongue in animals with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus is discussed.
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Lucchitta, B. K., Κ. F. Mullins, A. L. Allison, and J. G. Ferrigno. "Antarctic glacier-tongue velocities from Landsat images: first results." Annals of Glaciology 17 (1993): 356–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500013100.
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We measured the velocities of six glacier tongues and a few tongues within ice shelves distributed around the Antarctic coastline by determining the displacement of crevasse patterns seen on sequential Landsat images. The velocities range from less than 0.2 km a−1 for East Antarctic ice-shelf tongues to more than 2.5 km a−1 for the Thwaites Glacier Tongue. All glacier tongues show increases in velocity toward their distal margins. In general, the tongues of glaciers draining the West Antarctic ice sheet have moved significantly faster than those in East Antarctica. This observation may be significant in light of the hypothesized possible disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet.
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Lucchitta, B. K., Κ. F. Mullins, A. L. Allison, and J. G. Ferrigno. "Antarctic glacier-tongue velocities from Landsat images: first results." Annals of Glaciology 17 (1993): 356–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500013100.
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We measured the velocities of six glacier tongues and a few tongues within ice shelves distributed around the Antarctic coastline by determining the displacement of crevasse patterns seen on sequential Landsat images. The velocities range from less than 0.2 km a−1 for East Antarctic ice-shelf tongues to more than 2.5 km a−1 for the Thwaites Glacier Tongue. All glacier tongues show increases in velocity toward their distal margins. In general, the tongues of glaciers draining the West Antarctic ice sheet have moved significantly faster than those in East Antarctica. This observation may be significant in light of the hypothesized possible disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet.
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Leclair, Daniel, Lorry B. Forbes, Sandy Suppa, and Alvin A. Gajadhar. "Evaluation of a Digestion Assay and Determination of Sample Size and Tissue for the Reliable Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Walrus Meat." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, no. 2 (March 2003): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500217.
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A digestion assay was validated for the detection of Trichinella larvae in walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus) meat, and appropriate samples for testing were determined using tissues from infected walruses harvested for food. Examination of muscles from 3 walruses showed that the tongue consistently contained approximately 2–6 times more larvae than the pectoral and intercostal muscles. Comparison of numbers of larvae in the root, body, and apex of the tongue from 3 walruses failed to identify a predilection site within the tongue, but the apex was considered an optimal tissue because of the high larval density within the tongue and the ease of collection. All 31 spiked samples weighing 50 g each and containing between 0.1 and 0.4 larvae per gram (lpg) were correctly identified as infected, indicating that the sensitivity of this procedure is adequate for diagnostic use. A sample size of 10 g consistently detected larvae in 2 walrus tongues containing ≥0.3 lpg ( n = 40), and until additional data are available, sample sizes from individual walrus tongues should be a minimum of 10 g. This study provides the preliminary data that were used for the development of a food safety analytical protocol for the detection of Trichinella in walrus meat in arctic communities.
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Pourlis, A. "Morphological features of the tongue in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)." Journal of Morphological Sciences 31, no. 03 (July 2014): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.061113.
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Abstract Introduction: The aim of the study was to examine the morphology of the tongue in the quail. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the tongues of six adult quails (three males, three females) were studied. Specimen's observation was performed with a scanning electron microscope. Results: The tongue was triangular in shape with a shallow median groove along the body. The length of the tongue was 1.2 cm. The length of the body was 1cm whereas of the root 2 mm. The anterior dorsal surface showed a relatively smooth surface lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Openings of lingual glands, partly filled with mucus were identified. The caudal part of the body of the tongue exhibited two slightly raised symmetrical areas. A transverse groove separated the root from the body of the tongue. Along the posterior border of the root, a crest of conical papillae was observed. Behind the glottis, big conical papillae were also recorded. Conclusion: These morphological indings could be useful for further studies of avian feeding mechanisms and comparisons with other avian species.
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Hill, Emily A., G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, J. Rachel Carr, and Chris R. Stokes. "Velocity response of Petermann Glacier, northwest Greenland, to past and future calving events." Cryosphere 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 3907–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3907-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Dynamic ice discharge from outlet glaciers across the Greenland Ice Sheet has increased since the beginning of the 21st century. Calving from floating ice tongues that buttress these outlets can accelerate ice flow and discharge of grounded ice. However, little is known about the dynamic impact of ice tongue loss in Greenland compared to ice shelf collapse in Antarctica. The rapidly flowing (∼1000 m a−1) Petermann Glacier in northwest Greenland has one of the ice sheet's last remaining ice tongues, but it lost ∼50 %–60 % (∼40 km in length) of this tongue via two large calving events in 2010 and 2012. The glacier showed a limited velocity response to these calving events, but it is unclear how sensitive it is to future ice tongue loss. Here, we use an ice flow model (Úa) to assess the instantaneous velocity response of Petermann Glacier to past and future calving events. Our results confirm that the glacier was dynamically insensitive to large calving events in 2010 and 2012 (<10 % annual acceleration). We then simulate the future loss of similarly sized sections to the 2012 calving event (∼8 km long) of the ice tongue back to the grounding line. We conclude that thin, soft sections of the ice tongue >12 km away from the grounding line provide little frontal buttressing, and removing them is unlikely to significantly increase ice velocity or discharge. However, once calving removes ice within 12 km of the grounding line, loss of these thicker and stiffer sections of ice tongue could perturb stresses at the grounding line enough to substantially increase inland flow speeds (∼900 m a−1), grounded ice discharge, and Petermann Glacier's contribution to global sea level rise.