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Journal articles on the topic 'Tonic stretch reflex threshold'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Blanchette, Andreanne K., Aditi A. Mullick, Karina Moïn-Darbari, and Mindy F. Levin. "Tonic Stretch Reflex Threshold as a Measure of Ankle Plantar-Flexor Spasticity After Stroke." Physical Therapy 96, no. 5 (2016): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140243.

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Background Commonly used spasticity scales assess the resistance felt by the evaluator during passive stretching. These scales, however, have questionable validity and reliability. The tonic stretch reflex threshold (TSRT), or the angle at which motoneuronal recruitment begins in the resting state, is a promising alternative for spasticity measurement. Previous studies showed that spasticity and voluntary motor deficits after stroke may be characterized by a limitation in the ability of the central nervous system to regulate the range of the TSRT. Objective The study objective was to assess in

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2

Zhang, Li-Qun, Sun G. Chung, Yupeng Ren, Lin Liu, Elliot J. Roth, and W. Zev Rymer. "Simultaneous characterizations of reflex and nonreflex dynamic and static changes in spastic hemiparesis." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 2 (2013): 418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00573.2012.

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This study characterizes tonic and phasic stretch reflex and stiffness and viscosity changes associated with spastic hemiparesis. Perturbations were applied to the ankle of 27 hemiparetic and 36 healthy subjects under relaxed or active contracting conditions. A nonlinear delay differential equation model characterized phasic and tonic stretch reflex gains, elastic stiffness, and viscous damping. Tendon reflex was characterized with reflex gain and threshold. Reflexively, tonic reflex gain was increased in spastic ankles at rest ( P < 0.038) and was not regulated with muscle contraction, ind

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3

Calancie, B., and P. Bawa. "Voluntary and reflexive recruitment of flexor carpi radialis motor units in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 5 (1985): 1194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.5.1194.

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The order of recruitment of flexor carpi radialis (FCR) motor units was studied during voluntary and reflexive activation of the motoneuron pool for two adult subjects. During slow "voluntary" activation, the recruitment threshold for tonic motoneuron firing was determined, and then the twitch profile of the motor unit was computed by the spike-triggered averaging technique. A positive correlation (r = 0.79 and 0.68 for the two subjects, respectively) between recruitment threshold and twitch amplitude implies that recruitment of FCR motoneurons during slow ramp isometric contractions proceeds

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4

Latash, Mark, Mindy Levin, John Scholz, and Gregor Schöner. "Motor control theories and their applications." Medicina 46, no. 6 (2010): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina46060054.

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We describe several infl uential hypotheses in the field of motor control including the equilibrium-point (referent confi guration) hypothesis, the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis, and the idea of synergies based on the principle of motor abundance. The equilibrium-point hypothesis is based on the idea of control with thresholds for activation of neuronal pools; it provides a framework for analysis of both voluntary and involuntary movements. In particular, control of a single muscle can be adequately described with changes in the threshold of motor unit recruitment during slow muscle stretch

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5

Calota, Andra, and Mindy F. Levin. "Tonic Stretch Reflex Threshold as a Measure of Spasticity: Implications for Clinical Practice." Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 16, no. 3 (2009): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/tsr1603-177.

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6

Calota, Andra, Anatol G. Feldman, and Mindy F. Levin. "Spasticity measurement based on tonic stretch reflex threshold in stroke using a portable device." Clinical Neurophysiology 119, no. 10 (2008): 2329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.07.215.

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7

Marques, Isabela Alves, Maristella Borges Silva, Andrei Nakagawa Silva, Luiza Maire David Luiz, Alcimar Barbosa Soares, and Eduardo Lázaro Martins Naves. "Measurement of post-stroke spasticity based on tonic stretch reflex threshold: implications of stretch velocity for clinical practice." Disability and Rehabilitation 41, no. 2 (2017): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1381183.

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8

Frenkel-Toledo, Silvi, John M. Solomon, Akash Shah, et al. "Tonic stretch reflex threshold as a measure of spasticity after stroke: Reliability, minimal detectable change and responsiveness." Clinical Neurophysiology 132, no. 6 (2021): 1226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.02.390.

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9

Balamurugan, S., Rachaveti Dhanush, and S. K. M. Varadhan. "Role of Post-Trial Visual Feedback on Unintentional Force Drift During Isometric Finger Force Production Tasks." Motor Control 26, no. 1 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2020-0031.

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A reduction in fingertip forces during a visually occluded isometric task is called unintentional drift. In this study, unintentional drift was studied for two conditions, with and without “epilogue.” We define epilogue as the posttrial visual feedback in which the outcome of the just-concluded trial is shown before the start of the next trial. For this study, 14 healthy participants were recruited and were instructed to produce fingertip forces to match a target line at 15% maximum voluntary contraction. The results showed a significant reduction in unintentional drift in the epilogue conditi

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10

Dutta, A., and A. Das. "Effects of transcutaneous lumbar spinal cord alternating current stimulation on tonic stretch reflex threshold in stroke - a case series." Brain Stimulation 8, no. 2 (2015): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.193.

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11

Kim, Keo Sik, Jeong Hwan Seo, and Chul Gyu Song. "Portable measurement system for the objective evaluation of the spasticity of hemiplegic patients based on the tonic stretch reflex threshold." Medical Engineering & Physics 33, no. 1 (2011): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.09.002.

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12

Pyndt, H. S., and J. B. Nielsen. "Modulation of Transmission in the Corticospinal and Group Ia Afferent Pathways to Soleus Motoneurons During Bicycling." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 1 (2003): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00386.2002.

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Transmission in the corticospinal and Ia pathways to soleus motoneurons was investigated in healthy human subjects during bicycling. Soleus H reflexes and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) after transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were modulated similarly during the crank cycle being large during downstroke [concomitant with soleus background electromyographic (EMG) activity] and small during upstroke. Tibialis anterior MEPs were in contrast large during upstroke and small during downstroke. The soleus H reflexes and MEPs were also recorded during tonic plantarflexion at a similar ankle joint

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13

Chapple, William D. "Regulation of Muscle Stiffness During Periodic Length Changes in the Isolated Abdomen of the Hermit Crab." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 3 (1997): 1491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1491.

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Chapple, William. Regulation of muscle stiffness during periodic length changes in the isolated abdomen of the hermit crab. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1491–1503, 1997. Reflex activation of the ventral superficial muscles (VSM) in the abdomen of the hermit crab, Pagurus pollicarus, was studied using sinusoidal and stochastic longitudinal vibration of the muscle while recording the length and force of the muscle and the spike times of three exciter motoneurons. In the absence of vibration, the interspike interval histograms of the two larger motoneurons were bimodal; cutting sensory nerves containing

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14

Subramanian, Sandeep K., Anatol G. Feldman, and Mindy F. Levin. "Spasticity may obscure motor learning ability after stroke." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 1 (2018): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00362.2017.

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Previous motor learning studies based on adapting movements of the hemiparetic arm in stroke subjects have not accounted for spasticity occurring in specific joint ranges (spasticity zones), resulting in equivocal conclusions about learning capacity. We compared the ability of participants with stroke to rapidly adapt elbow extension movements to changing external load conditions outside and inside spasticity zones. Participants with stroke ( n = 12, aged 57.8 ± 9.6 yr) and healthy age-matched controls ( n = 8, 63.5 ± 9.1 yr) made rapid 40°–50° horizontal elbow extension movements from an init

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15

Hasanbarani, Fariba, Marc Aureli Pique Batalla, Anatol G. Feldman, and Mindy F. Levin. "Mild Stroke Affects Pointing Movements Made in Different Frames of Reference." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 35, no. 3 (2021): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968321989348.

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Background Motor performance is a complex process controlled in task-specific spatial frames of reference (FRs). Movements can be made within the framework of the body (egocentric FR) or external space (exocentric FR). People with stroke have impaired reaching, which may be related to deficits in movement production in different FRs. Objective To characterize rapid motor responses to changes in the number of degrees of freedom for movements made in different FRs and their relationship with sensorimotor and cognitive impairment in individuals with mild chronic stroke. Methods Healthy and postst

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16

Miller, J. F., K. D. Paul, R. H. Lee, W. Z. Rymer, and C. J. Heckman. "Restoration of extensor excitability in the acute spinal cat by the 5-HT2 agonist DOI." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 2 (1996): 620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.2.620.

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1. The decerebrate cat preparation with an intact spinal cord is characterized by a high degree of excitability in extensor motoneuron pools, which is eliminated by acute spinalization. Subtype-specific agonists for serotonin (5-HT) were investigated in terms of their effectiveness in restoring the extensor excitability following spinalization. 2. Our hypothesis was that 5-HT2 receptors have the primary role in enhancement of extensor reflex excitability, whereas 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B/D receptors are relatively unimportant. Reflex excitability was assessed from the tonic levels of force and electr

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17

Chapple, W. D. "Reflex control of dynamic muscle stiffness in a slow crustacean muscle." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 2 (1985): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.2.403.

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The properties of a stretch reflex in the ventral superficial muscle of the hermit crab abdomen were studied in an isolated abdominal preparation to determine how the reflex affects the mechanical properties of the muscle and whether the reflex is controlling length, force, or stiffness. The reflex was elicited by stretch of hypodermal mechanoreceptors in the cuticle and resulted in the activation of excitor motoneurons to both circular and longitudinal layers of the muscle, thus stiffening the abdomen. The medial motoneuron of the longitudinal layer of the right fourth segment was selected fo

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18

Longo, Diego, Giulio Cherubini, Vanessa Mangè, et al. "Effects of laser therapy and Grimaldi’s muscle shortening maneuver on spasticity in central nervous system injuries." Laser Therapy 29, no. 2 (2022): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ltj.2022.299.

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Background an Aims: For 2003 year until today we treated hundreds of patients with Central Nervous System Injuries (CNSI), using Non-Surgical Laser Therapy (NSLT) obtaining good results in terms of sensibility and movement. In order to increase muscle strength and to further explore new emerging synergies, we have also started using a physical therapy practice based on the most current knowledge about the motor control, called Grimaldi’s Muscle Shortening Maneuver (GMSM). Spasticity is often the most disabling symptom and the current therapies are still not able to heal it at all. The goal of

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19

Woolacott, Adam J., and John A. Burne. "The tonic stretch reflex and spastic hypertonia after spinal cord injury." Experimental Brain Research 174, no. 2 (2006): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0478-7.

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20

Nielsen, Jørgen F., Jacob B. Anderson, and Thomas Sinkjær. "Baclofen increases the soleus stretch reflex threshold in the early swing phase during walking in spastic multiple sclerosis patients." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 6, no. 2 (2000): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135245850000600209.

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The effect of baclofen on walking performance was examined in nine spastic multiple sclerosis patient. In addition, nine healthy subjects were tested as controls. The modulation of the short latency soleus stretch reflex was closer to normal with baclofen compared to the recordings without baclofen, the modulation index being 74% (range: 60-100) with baclofen and 62% (range: 20 -100) without baclofen, P=0.03. In healthy subject the modulation index was 100% (range: 52 -100). In the early swing phase the threshold of the soleus stretch reflex was significantly higher during baclofen medication

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21

Iwasaki, Masazumi, Ayako Ohata, Yoshinori Okada, Hideo Sekiguchi, and Akiyoshi Niida. "Functional organisation of anterior thoracic stretch receptors in the deep-sea isopod Bathynomus doederleini: behavioural, morphological and physiological studies." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 20 (2001): 3411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.20.3411.

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SUMMARY The relationship between segmental mobility and the organisation of thoracic stretch receptors was examined in the deep-sea isopod Bathynomus doederleini, which shows a developed adaptive behaviour during digging. The movements of segments during digging were analysed from video recordings, which showed that a large excursion occurred in the anterior thoracic segments. Dye-fills of axons revealed four types of thoracic stretch receptor (TSR): an N-cell type (TSR-1), a differentiated N-cell type (TSR-2), a muscle receptor organ (MRO)-type with a long, single receptor muscle (TSR-3) and

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22

Stein, R. B., I. W. Hunter, S. R. Lafontaine, and L. A. Jones. "Analysis of short-latency reflexes in human elbow flexor muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 5 (1995): 1900–1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.5.1900.

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1. A motor and digital controller have been developed to apply rapid stretches to the human elbow joint. The digital controller returns the forearm to the initial position before the reflex contraction. Thus short-latency reflex responses can be cleanly separated in time from the mechanical effects of the stretch under a wide variety of loading conditions. 2. The reflex force varies linearly with the velocity of stretch over nearly 2 orders of magnitude. The reflex force also varies linearly with the tonic level of force over the entire range of forces studied (0-100 N). This contrasts sharply

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23

Clements, Linda G., and William A. Mackay. "Respiratory and Head Position Influences on Late Stretch Reflexes." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 60, no. 2 (1993): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749306000202.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effects of the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) and of respiration on the upper limb, as measured by their influence on the stretch reflexes. Long latency stretch reflexes (M2 and M3) were induced in elbow muscles of human subjects. The subject's right forearm was strapped into a manipulandum. The forearm was perturbed with a torque test pulse at a fixed interval prior to an intended forearm movement. It was found that both the M2 and M3 reflexes, in triceps or brachialis muscles were significantly increased when perturbations were del

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24

Onushko, Tanya, Allison Hyngstrom, and Brian D. Schmit. "Hip proprioceptors preferentially modulate reflexes of the leg in human spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 2 (2013): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00261.2012.

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Stretch-sensitive afferent feedback from hip muscles has been shown to trigger long-lasting, multijoint reflex responses in people with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). These reflexes could have important implications for control of leg movements during functional activities, such as walking. Because the control of leg movement relies on reflex regulation at all joints of the limb, we sought to determine whether stretch of hip muscles modulates reflex activity at the knee and ankle and, conversely, whether knee and ankle stretch afferents affect hip-triggered reflexes. A custom-built servomot

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Misiaszek, J. E., S. J. de Serres, R. B. Stein, W. Jiang, and K. G. Pearson. "Stretch and H Reflexes in Triceps Surae Are Similar During Tonic and Rhythmic Contractions in High Decerebrate Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 4 (2000): 1941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.1941.

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During locomotion in decerebrate and spinal cats the group Ia afferents from hind leg muscles are depolarized rhythmically. An earlier study concluded that this locomotor-related primary afferent depolarization (PAD) does not contribute to modulation of monosynaptic reflex pathways during locomotion. This finding indicated that the neural network generating the locomotor rhythm, the central pattern generator (CPG), does not presynaptically inhibit monosynaptic reflexes. In this investigation we tested this prediction in decerebrate cats by measuring the magnitude of reflexes evoked in ankle ex

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Mullick, Aditi A., Nadine K. Musampa, Anatol G. Feldman, and Mindy F. Levin. "Stretch reflex spatial threshold measure discriminates between spasticity and rigidity." Clinical Neurophysiology 124, no. 4 (2013): 740–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.10.008.

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27

Le Pellec, A., and B. Maton. "Influence of tonic neck reflexes on the upper limb stretch reflex in man." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 6, no. 2 (1996): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-6411(95)00018-6.

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28

Silva, Maristella Borges, Andrei Nakagawa Silva, Eduardo Lázaro Martins Naves, Evanisi Teresa Palomari, and Alcimar Barbosa Soares. "An improved approach for measuring the tonic stretch reflex response of spastic muscles." Computers in Biology and Medicine 80 (January 2017): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.12.001.

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29

Shinohara, Minoru, Chet T. Moritz, Michael A. Pascoe, and Roger M. Enoka. "Prolonged muscle vibration increases stretch reflex amplitude, motor unit discharge rate, and force fluctuations in a hand muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 5 (2005): 1835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00312.2005.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of prolonged vibration of a hand muscle on the amplitude of the stretch reflex, motor unit discharge rate, and force fluctuations during steady, submaximal contractions. Thirty-two young adults performed 10 isometric contractions at a constant force (5.0 ± 2.3% of maximal force) with the first dorsal interosseus muscle. Each contraction was held steady for 10 s, and then stretch reflexes were evoked. Subsequently, 20 subjects had vibration applied to the relaxed muscle for 30 min, and 12 subjects received no vibration. The muscle vibration

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30

Sukhdeo, S. C., and C. H. Page. "Abdominal postural motor responses initiated by the muscle receptor organ in lobster depend upon centrally generated motor activity." Journal of Experimental Biology 162, no. 1 (1992): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.162.1.167.

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1. Stretch stimulation of the abdominal muscle receptor organ of the lobster Homarus americanus initiated spike discharge of its tonic sensory neuron (SR1). This sensory response evoked a series of tonic postural reflex responses in the motor neurons that innervate the superficial extensor and flexor muscles of the abdominal postural system. The type of motor response depended on whether a flexion or extension pattern of spontaneous activity was being generated by the postural efferents. Spontaneous shifts between these centrally generated motor activities completely changed the SR1-evoked ref

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31

St John, W. M., and D. Zhou. "Reductions of neural activities to upper airway muscles after elevations in static lung volume." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 2 (1992): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.2.701.

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We evaluated the hypothesis that the tonic discharge of pulmonary stretch receptors significantly influences the respiratory-modulated activities of cranial nerves. Decerebrate and paralyzed cats were ventilated with a servo-respirator, which produced changes in lung volume in parallel with integrated phrenic activity. Activities of the facial, hypoglossal, and recurrent laryngeal nerves and nerves to the thyroarytenoid muscle and triangularis sterni were recorded. After a stereotyped pattern of lung inflation, tracheal pressure was held at 1, 2, 4, or 6 cmH2O during the subsequent ventilatory

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32

Duval, Laura, Lei Zhang, Anne-Sophie Lauzé, et al. "Effect of Object Texture and Weight on Ipsilateral Corticospinal Influences During Bimanual Holding in Humans." Motor Control 26, no. 1 (2022): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2021-0096.

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We tested the hypothesis that the ipsilateral corticospinal system, like the contralateral corticospinal system, controls the threshold muscle length at which wrist muscles and the stretch reflex begin to act during holding tasks. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the right primary motor cortex in 21 healthy subjects holding a smooth or coarse block between the hands. Regardless of the lifting force, motor evoked potentials in right wrist flexors were larger for the smooth block. This result was explained based on experimental evidence that motor actions are controlled by shif

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33

Bandaru, Samira P., Shujun Liu, Stephen G. Waxman, and Andrew M. Tan. "Dendritic spine dysgenesis contributes to hyperreflexia after spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (2015): 1598–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00566.2014.

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Hyperreflexia and spasticity are chronic complications in spinal cord injury (SCI), with limited options for safe and effective treatment. A central mechanism in spasticity is hyperexcitability of the spinal stretch reflex, which presents symptomatically as a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes and exaggerated tendon jerks. In this study we tested the hypothesis that dendritic spine remodeling within motor reflex pathways in the spinal cord contributes to H-reflex dysfunction indicative of spasticity after contusion SCI. Six weeks after SCI in adult Sprague-Dawley rats, we ob

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34

Gregson, J. M., and A. K. Sharma. "Measuring poststroke spasticity." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 10, no. 1 (2000): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259800001076.

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What is spasticity?Spasticity is a well-recognized and potentially important clinical syndrome comprising inappropriate and involuntary high muscle tone. It has been variably defined, with debate still ongoing. Currently, the most widely accepted definition is that of Lance, stating that spasticity is ‘a motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex.’ Unfortunately, even this description does not fully encompass the multifactorial nature of spasticity,

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Grider, John R., and Lea E. Langdon. "Physiological role of neuropeptide Y in the regulation of the ascending phase of the peristaltic reflex." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 285, no. 6 (2003): G1139—G1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00082.2003.

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The physiological role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and of specific NPY receptors in regulating the intestinal peristaltic reflex was examined in three-compartment flat-sheet preparations of rat colon. Graded muscle stretch or mucosal stimulation applied to the central compartment inhibited NPY release in the orad compartment where ascending contraction was measured. NPY and the Y1-receptor agonist [Leu31, Pro34]NPY inhibited, whereas the selective Y1-receptor antagonist BIBP 3226 augmented ascending contraction and substance P (SP) release in the orad compartment induced by muscle stretch or mucos

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Gildenberg, Philip L., Robert J. Campos, and Milan R. Dimitrijevic. "Characteristics of the Tonic Stretch Reflex in Spastic Spinal Cord and Head-Injured Patients." Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 48, no. 1-6 (1985): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000101112.

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37

Powers, R. K., J. Marder-Meyer, and W. Z. Rymer. "Quantitative relations between hypertonia and stretch reflex threshold in spastic hemiparesis." Annals of Neurology 23, no. 2 (1988): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410230203.

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38

Harris, Michael B., and Walter M. St.-John. "Phasic pulmonary stretch receptor feedback modulates both eupnea and gasping in an in situ rat preparation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 2 (2005): R450—R455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00750.2004.

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The perfused in situ juvenile rat preparation produces patterns of phrenic discharge comparable to eupnea and gasping in vivo. These ventilatory patterns differ in multiple aspects, including most prominently the rate of rise of inspiratory activity. Although we have recently demonstrated that both eupnea and gasping are similarly modulated by a Hering-Breuer expiratory-promoting reflex to tonic pulmonary stretch, it has generally been assumed that gasping was unresponsive to afferent stimuli from pulmonary stretch receptors. In the present study, we recorded eupneic and gasplike efferent acti

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Harris, Michael B., and Walter M. St.-John. "Tonic pulmonary stretch receptor feedback modulates both eupnea and gasping in an in situ rat preparation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 285, no. 1 (2003): R215—R221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00112.2003.

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The perfused in situ juvenile rat preparation produces phrenic discharge patterns comparable to eupnea and gasping in vivo. These ventilatory patterns of eupnea and gasping differ in multiple aspects, including most prominently the rate of rise of inspiratory activity. Because gasping, but not eupnea, appeared similar after vagotomy in spontaneous breathing preparations, it has been assumed that gasping was unresponsive to afferent stimuli from pulmonary stretch receptors. In the present study, efferent activity of the phrenic nerve was recorded during eupnea and gasping in the in situ juvenil

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40

Hui-Chan, Christina W. Y., and Mindy F. Levin. "Stretch Reflex Latencies in Spastic Hemiparetic Subjects are Prolonged After Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, no. 2 (1993): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100047636.

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ABSTRACT:Low-intensity repetitive electrical stimulation such as dorsal column and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reportedly decreases spasticity and improves voluntary motor control. However, the mechanisms mediating these effects are unclear. Recent findings suggest that spasticity may be characterized more appropriately by a decrease in the stretch reflex threshold than by an increase in gain. Our objectives were: (1) to examine possible changes in stretch reflex excitability following 45 min of TENS, (2) to map out the time course of possible post-stimulation effects vi

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41

Chapple, W. D. "Dynamics of reflex cocontraction in hermit crab abdomen: experiments and a systems model." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 6 (1993): 1904–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.6.1904.

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1. Both stretch and release of the ventral superficial muscles (VSM) in the abdomen of the hermit crab, Pagurus pollicarus, activate the VSM motoneurons in the intact animal and in the isolated abdomen. 2. This reflex was studied by recording intracellularly from muscle fibers innervated by single motoneurons during stretch and release of the VSM. The three motoneurons of the right fourth segment respond to both stretch and release with a phasic burst lasting approximately 250 ms. The burst in the two tonic motoneurons has two components, a short burst lasting 10-20 ms, with a latency from the

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D'Amico, Stephen C., and William F. Collins. "External urethral sphincter motor unit recruitment patterns during micturition in the spinally intact and transected adult rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 9 (2012): 2554–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00927.2011.

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In the rat, external urethral sphincter (EUS) activation during micturition consists of three sequential phases: 1) an increase in tonic EUS activity during passive filling and active contraction of the bladder (guarding reflex), 2) synchronized phasic activity (EUS bursting) associated with voiding, and 3) sustained tonic EUS activity that persists after bladder contraction. These phases are perturbed following spinal cord injury. The purpose of the present study was to characterize individual EUS motor unit (MU) patterns during micturition in the spinally intact and transected adult rat. EUS

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Schreuder, J. J., J. R. Jansen, and A. Versprille. "Hemodynamic effects of PEEP applied as a ramp in normo-, hyper-, and hypovolemia." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 4 (1985): 1178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.4.1178.

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Nonlinear hemodynamic responses on positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) have been attributed to a rise of mean central venous pressure (Pcv), to compensatory cardiovascular control mechanisms, and to the occurrence of a lung stretch depressor reflex above a threshold lung stretch. We tested the hypothesis that the contribution of each of these mechanisms is dependent on the preexisting volemic load. PEEP was applied as a continuous rise (ramp) in piglets in three different volemic loads. In the normovolemic circulation cardiac output (CO) decreased nonlinearly in three phases during the PEE

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SKORUPSKI, PETER, and KEITH T. SILLAR. "Central Synaptic Coupling of Walking Leg Motor Neurones in the Crayfish: Implications for Sensorimotor Integration." Journal of Experimental Biology 140, no. 1 (1988): 355–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140.1.355.

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We present electrophysiological evidence for the presence of central output synapses on crayfish walking leg motor neurones. The effect of these central outputs is that a motor neurone can exert tonic graded control over other motor neurones without the requirement for spiking. Excitatory interactions among synergists and inhibitory interactions among antagonists are described. This central coupling among leg motor neurones profoundly affects their responses to afferent input from an identified stretch receptor, the thoracocoxal muscle receptor organ (TCMRO). Injecting current into a motor neu

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Manella, Kathleen J., Kathryn E. Roach, and Edelle C. Field-Fote. "Operant conditioning to increase ankle control or decrease reflex excitability improves reflex modulation and walking function in chronic spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 11 (2013): 2666–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01039.2011.

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Ankle clonus is common after spinal cord injury (SCI) and is attributed to loss of supraspinally mediated inhibition of soleus stretch reflexes and maladaptive reorganization of spinal reflex pathways. The maladaptive reorganization underlying ankle clonus is associated with other abnormalities, such as coactivation and reciprocal facilitation of tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL), which contribute to impaired walking ability in individuals with motor-incomplete SCI. Operant conditioning can increase muscle activation and decrease stretch reflexes in individuals with SCI. We compared two

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Nielsen, Jorgen F., Thomas Sinkjaer, and Johannes Jakobsen. "Treatment of spasticity with repetitive magnetic stimulation; a double-blind placebo-controlled study." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2, no. 5 (1996): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135245859600200503.

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The effect of repetitive magnetic stimulation on spasticity was evaluated in 38 patients with multiple sclerosis in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. One group was treated with repetitive magnetic stimulation (n=2l) and the other group with sham stimulation (n=l7). Both groups were seated twice daily for 7 consecutive days. Primary end-points of the study were changes in the patients self-score, in clinical spasticity score, and in the stretch reflex threshold. The self-score of ease of daily day activities improved by 22% (P=0.007) after treatment and by 29% (P=0.004) after sham stimul

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Levin, Mindy F., and Anatol G. Feldman. "The role of stretch reflex threshold regulation in normal and impaired motor control." Brain Research 657, no. 1-2 (1994): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(94)90949-0.

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MILSOM, WILLIAM K., and DAVID R. JONES. "Characteristics of Mechanoreceptors in the Air-Breathing Organ of the Holostean Fish, Amia Calva." Journal of Experimental Biology 117, no. 1 (1985): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.117.1.389.

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Single nerve fibre discharge was recorded from mechanoreceptors associated with the air-breathing organ in double-pithed specimens of the bowfin, Amia calva L. These receptors were innervated by the vagus nerve and although their exact location was difficult to determine, most appeared to be located along the anterio-ventral wall of the single lung. All receptors increased tonic discharge with step increases in lung volume, above a threshold level, and were slowly adapting. There was a dynamic, rate-sensitive burst of activity associated with lung inflation and a dynamic, rate-sensitive inhibi

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Sirucek, Laura, Catherine Ruth Jutzeler, Jan Rosner, et al. "The Effect of Conditioned Pain Modulation on Tonic Heat Pain Assessed Using Participant-Controlled Temperature." Pain Medicine 21, no. 11 (2020): 2839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa041.

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Abstract Objective Descending pain modulation can be experimentally assessed by way of testing conditioned pain modulation. The application of tonic heat as a test stimulus in such paradigms offers the possibility of observing dynamic pain responses, such as adaptation and temporal summation of pain. Here we investigated conditioned pain modulation effects on tonic heat employing participant-controlled temperature, an alternative tonic heat pain assessment. Changes in pain perception are thereby represented by temperature adjustments performed by the participant, uncoupling this approach from

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Skorupski, P., B. M. Rawat, and B. M. Bush. "Heterogeneity and central modulation of feedback reflexes in crayfish motor pool." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 3 (1992): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.3.648.

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1. Movement of the crayfish thoracocoxal leg joint is monitored by a muscle receptor organ (TCMRO) and a chordotonal organ (TCCO). Both receptors span the joint in parallel but signal opposite directions of leg movement. The TCMRO is innervated by afferents responsive to lengthening, which corresponds to leg remotion, whereas TCCO afferents are responsive to shortening of the chordotonal strand, which corresponds to leg promotion. 2. When both receptors are stimulated in parallel, in an otherwise isolated preparation, reflex responses of coxal promoter and remotor motor neurons occur on both s

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