Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tonich

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Tonich'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tonich"

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Jelinek, H. F., та I. Spence. "Categorization of Physiologically and Morphologically Characterized non-α/non-β Cat Retinal Ganglion Cells Using Fractal Geometry". Fractals 05, № 04 (1997): 673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x97000541.

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Non-α/non-β cat retinal ganglion cell images were obtained from the published literature, and a homogeneous group of cells was chosen as a standard for each currently accepted cell type (γ, δ and ε). The NIH box-counting method was chosen to determine the fractal dimension (Df) of all cells. The 'standard' values allowed comparisons with other morphologically and physiologically non-α/non-β classified cell types in the literature. We suggest, based on fractal analysis of the dendritic trees, that the morphologically defined γ, δ, and ε cells are distinct types. The W-tonic and W-phasic cell types were further divided into 2 subcategories (W-tonic1, W-tonic2, W-phasic1, W-phasic2). The fractal dimension, of the ε cells being equivalent to the W-tonic1 group and γ cell type equivalent to the W-phasic1 group. Delta cells may be equivalent to either the W-tonic2 or the W-phasic2 group. We discuss the value of the fractal dimension as an added morphological parameter for future morphophysiological classification schemes of vertebrate retinal ganglion cells.
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West, Robert J., and Roz Fryer. "Ratings of Suitability of Probe Tones as Tonics after Random Orderings of Notes of the Diatonic Scale." Music Perception 7, no. 3 (1990): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285463.

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Playing an ascending or descending diatonic scale establishes a "tonal hierarchy" in which the major-mode tonic is judged by listeners as being in a tonal sense more stable than other notes (Krumhansl, 1983). This article describes a study in which listeners were asked to rate probe tones for suitability as tonics after presentation of a variety of "random" orderings of all seven notes of a given scale. The results indicate that even musically trained listeners do not differentiate the major-mode tonic as uniquely suitable as the tonal center. In fact the major-mode tonic, the mediant, the dominant, and the subdominant were considered equally suitable as tonics and together were given higher ratings than other notes from the scale, including what would be the tonic for the natural minor mode. Nonmusicians showed the same profile of responses as musicians. The results indicate that the time-order of notes is important to the perception of tonal hierarchy.
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Milne, Andrew J., Robin Laney, and David B. Sharp. "A Spectral Pitch Class Model of the Probe Tone Data and Scalic Tonality." Music Perception 32, no. 4 (2015): 364–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.32.4.364.

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In this paper, we introduce a small family of novel bottom-up (sensory) models of the Krumhansl and Kessler (1982) probe tone data. The models are based on the spectral pitch class similarities between all twelve pitch classes and the tonic degree and tonic triad. Cross-validation tests of a wide selection of models show ours to have amongst the highest fits to the data. We then extend one of our models to predict the tonics of a variety of different scales such as the harmonic minor, melodic minor, and harmonic major. The model produces sensible predictions for these scales. Furthermore, we also predict the tonics of a small selection of microtonal scales—scales that do not form part of any musical culture. These latter predictions may be tested when suitable empirical data have been collected.
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Soares, Daphne, Raymond A. Chitwood, Richard L. Hyson, and Catherine E. Carr. "Intrinsic Neuronal Properties of the Chick Nucleus Angularis." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 1 (2002): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.1.152.

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In vitro whole cell recording revealed intrinsic firing properties and single-cell morphology in the cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) of the chick. We classified three major classes of neurons: one-spike, damped, and tonic. A delayed inward rectifying current was observed in all classes during hyperpolarization injections. One-spike neurons responded with a single spike to depolarizing current injection and had small (stubby) radiate dendritic trees. Damped neurons responded with only a few spikes at the onset of positive current injection. More positive current inputs led to a damped response. Damped cell dendrites had a planar orientation parallel to the isofrequency axis in NA. Tonic cells produced trains of action potentials in response to a depolarizing current injection. Three variations of the tonic type had multipolar morphology, with dendrites oriented either radially (I and III) or perpendicular to the tonotopic axis (II; vertical). Tonics I and III differed in the shape of their action potential undershoot. Thus NA is both physiologically and morphologically heterogeneous.
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Ngcobo, Mlungisi, Nceba Gqaleni, Vinny Naidoo, and Protus Cele. "The Immune Effects of an African Traditional Energy Tonic in In Vitro and In Vivo Models." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6310967.

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Most of the African traditional medicines (ATM) are formulated as energy tonics to boost and maintain immune defences. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the immune effects of a traditional energy tonic using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), THP-1 monocytes, and bacteria infected rats. When tested in mitogen and peptidoglycan stimulated PBMCs, this energy tonic showed minimal cytotoxicity, while in acute toxicity studies in rats it did not exhibit any significant toxicity at doses up to 2000 mg/mL/kg. The energy tonic doses between 100 and 10 μg/mL were shown to stimulate secretion of cytokines and increase sIL-2R levels in PHA-treated PBMCs. Similar doses in PG-S. aureus-stimulated PBMCs significantly (p<0.05) increased IL-1α, IL-2, and GM-CSF while causing a significant (p<0.05) decrease in sIL-2R levels. NF-κβtranscriptional activity was increased in LPS stimulated THP-1 cells. In Sprague Dawley rats pretreated with the energy tonic and then infected withS. aureus, there were insignificant increases in cytokines and sIL-2R when compared to bacteria infected only and 5% Enrofloxacin treated rats. Posttreatment with energy tonic doses after infection withS. aureusdid not enhance inflammatory cytokines significantly but changed the immune response profile and decreased corticosterone levels. This ATM showed promising immunomodulatory effects on isolated immune cells and modulated the immune response of rat models infected withS. aureus.
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Utami, Sheila Meitania, Joshita Djajadisastra, and Fadlina Chany Saputri. "USING HAIR GROWTH ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL STABILITY, AND SAFETY TESTS TO STUDY HAIR TONICS CONTAINING ETHANOL EXTRACT OF LICORICE (GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LINN.)." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 9 (October 30, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s1.20_25.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the safety, physical stability, and hair growth activity of ethanol extract of licorice.Methods: In this study, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% licorice extract was formulated into a hair tonic as a tonic is easier to use and is not sticky like a semisoliddosage. The hair growth activity test was conducted by rubbing the hair tonic preparations on rabbit’s backs; subsequently, the hair length, hairthickness, hair weight, and hair density were measured. Quantitative analysis of glycyrrhizic acid from the licorice ethanol extract with a ultravioletspectrophotometer showed a level of about 156.65 mg/g or 15.665%. The physical stability test was performed on samples of the tonic stored at low(4±2°C), room (25±2°C), and high (40±2°C) temperature, and a cycling test was also performed. The safety test was performed using an eye irritationtest that employed the Hen’s egg test–chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) method and a skin irritation test that employed the patch test method.Results: The hair tonics containing 5% and 10% licorice extract had an equivalent activity of hair growth and even better than the positive controlcontaining 2% minoxidil. The physical stability test showed that the licorice extract hair tonic has good physical stability. The results of the safety testshowed no skin irritation, whereas the HET-CAM test showed that the hair tonic containing licorice extract showed mild eye irritation.Conclusions: Licorice ethanol extract hair tonic solutions in concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% had hair growth activity similar to that of thepositive control (minoxidil). They have a good physical and chemical stability, also safe for topical use, except the 2.5% licorice ethanol extract hairtonic solution which caused mild eye irritation.
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Tchinmi Elisabeth, Ngah Esther, Njapdounke Kameni Jacqueline Stéphanie, Nkantchoua Nkamguie Claudine Gisèle, Jeweldai Vedekoi, and Ngo Bum Elisabeth. "Anticonvulsant effect of Asparagus africanus Lam. root decoction on pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in white mice (Mus musculus Swiss)." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 2 (2020): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.2.0431.

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Asparagus africanus Lam. (Asparagaceae) is a widely used plant in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, for the treatment of nervous disorders and epilepsy. The objective of this work was to study the anticonvulsant effects of A. africanus root decoction in white mice (Mus musculus Swiss) induced by pilocarpine. The experimental induction of "status epilepticus" and the evaluation of the anticonvulsant effects of A. africanus root decoction on pilocarpine-induced clonic and tonic convulsions were carried out. Seizure severity, latency, duration and number of clonics and tonics convulsions were evaluated. Concentrations of GABA, GABA-T, TNF-α and stress markers in the brains of mice were also estimated. A. africanus decreased the duration and number of clonic and tonic convulsions which increased the latency time of onset of clonic and tonic convulsions significantly and in a dose-dependent manner. GABA increased significantly in the brains of animals treated with A. africanus and a significant decrease of GABA-T and TNF-α. A. africanus also showed antioxidant effects. These results show that A. africanus has anticonvulsant effects. A. africanus would thus contain beneficial antiradical constituents in the treatment of epilepsy. These constituents would thus oppose free radicals. These results would justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Kotova-, Tatyana, Aleksandr Razumov-, Andrey Suhih-, and Viktor Polyakov-. "SAFETY TONIC (ENERGY) BEVERAGES." Foods and Raw Materials 3, no. 1 (2015): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11243.

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Chang, Ku-Ming. "Motus Tonicus : Georg Ernst Stahl's Formulation of Tonic Motion and Early Modern Medical Thought." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 78, no. 4 (2004): 767–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2004.0161.

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Chiu, Nancy N., and Mark Rosenfield. "Tonic accommodation, tonic vergence and surround propinquity." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 14, no. 3 (1994): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1994.tb00010.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tonich"

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Tonich, Marko. "Nature humaine." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36334.

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Ce texte accompagne mon exposition finale, ma pratique, mon projet. Je l’ai conçu ainsi comme partie intégrante du tout, mais sa lecture seule sans accès au reste pourrait aussi être considérée dans le cas où l’un ou plusieurs des aspects particuliers de celui-ci intéressentle lecteur. Notons aussi l’importance des figures qui témoignent justement de ce qui ne sera pas décrit, mais qui vont naturellement dans le même sens que ce qui l’est. La méthodologie générale est de présenter l’universel duquel le mécanisme et l’existence du particulier peuvent être compris et interprétés.Il sera question ici de définir le champ et mode d’action de l’art et de la philosophiede ma pratique, depréciser la vie de l’artiste en tant que projet ainsi quede proposer l’art en tant que décor. L’ensemble vise à être reçucomme un questionnement, une recherche, une tentative de compréhension et d’expression de notre nature humaine.Celle-ciest interprétéede deux façons; premièrement comme ce qui fait la spécificité de l’humain et deuxièmement par le paradoxe de la création d’une nature qui serait proprement humaine.
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Hogan, Robert E. "Aspects of tonic accommodation and tonic vergence." Thesis, Aston University, 1985. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14586/.

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Under conditions of reduced visual stimulation, the systems of accommodation and vergence tend towards physiological resting states that are intermediate within their functional range. The terms tonic accommodation (TA) and tonic vergence (TV) are used in the study to describe these stimulus-free, intermediate adjustments and to represent the systems as being in a state of innervational tonicity. The literature relating to TA and TV and the various experiments of this thesis are reviewed. Methodology has been developed enabling the determination of TA and TV under conditions of total darknessl laser optometry for TA and ~ernier-alignment for TV. The thesis describes a series of experiments designed to investigate various aspects of TA and TV, and their role in ametropia, binocular vision and their adaptation to sustained visual tasks. Measurements of TA were also utilised to investigate the effect of various autonomic effector drugs on the ciliary muscle. The effects of ethanol on binocular function are shown to be directly proportional to the .initial level of TVJ which is itself unaffected. These results support the concept of TV as the reference point for normal vergence responses. The results of the pharmacological investigations indicate the presence of a small but significant, beta-receptor mediated inhibitory sympathetic input to the ciliary muscle, and that the wide distribution in TA is a consequence of inter-observer variations in parasympathetic, rather than sympathetic tone. Following interaction with visual tasks of t5mins duration, the levels of TA and TV are found to be biased in the direction of, and proportional to, the task position: except during near-task viewing where the task-to-TA stimulus-distance exceeds 1.5D (for TA) and 3.5deg (for TV). Under these conditions the expected level of bias is attenuated, Adaptive models are discussed, proposing TA and TV as the reference points of the accommodative and vergence system.
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Fischer, Wolfgang, Heike Franke, Ute Krügel, et al. "Critical evaluation of P2X7 receptor antagonists in selected seizure models." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-206115.

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The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a non-selective cation channel which senses high extracellular ATP concentrations and has been suggested as a target for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The use of P2X7R antagonists may therefore be a viable approach for treating CNS pathologies, including epileptic disorders. Recent studies showed anticonvulsant potential of P2X7R antagonists in certain animal models. To extend this work, we tested three CNS-permeable P2X7R blocker (Brilliant Blue G, AFC-5128, JNJ-47965567) and a natural compound derivative (tanshinone IIA sulfonate) in four well-characterized animal seizure models. In the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test and the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold test in mice, none of the four compounds demonstrated anticonvulsant effects when given alone. Notably, in combination with carbamazepine, both AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 increased the threshold in the maximal electroshock seizure test. In the PTZ-kindling model in rats, useful for testing antiepileptogenic activities, Brilliant Blue G and tanshinone exhibited a moderate retarding effect, whereas the potent P2X7R blocker AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 showed a significant and long-lasting delay in kindling development. In fully kindled rats, the investigated compounds revealed modest effects to reduce the mean seizure stage. Furthermore, AFC-5128- and JNJ-47965567-treated animals displayed strongly reduced Iba 1 and GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA3 region. In summary, our results show that P2X7R antagonists possess no remarkable anticonvulsant effects in the used acute screening tests, but can attenuate chemically-induced kindling. Further studies would be of interest to support the concept that P2X7R signalling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of epileptic disorders.
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Ong, Lorraine Grace G. "Mu-Tonics: in search of mutable tectonics." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22699.

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Fyson, Sarah J. "Tonic GABAa current in absence epilepsy." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55034/.

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Typical absence seizures are characteristic of many idiopathic generalised epilepsies and the only seizure-type in childhood absence epilepsy. We know that absence seizures arise in thalamocortical networks and that GABAergic agents exacerbate or induce absences. Furthermore, raised levels of GABA have been identified in the ventrobasal thalamus in an established genetic animal model (genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg GAERS), which was later suggested as a result of aberrant GABA uptake. I have shown that enhanced tonic GABAa current in TC neurons of the VB is a common phenomenon across genetic and pharmacological models of absence seizures. Furthermore, my data show that increased extrasynaptic GABAaR (cGABAaR) function in the VB is both sufficient and necessary to induce SWDs. This is supported by the fact that focal intrathalamic application of a selective agonist for eGABAARs, THIP, was sufficient to elicit SWDs in normal animals and that mice lacking cGABAaRs were resistant to absence seizure induction by y-butyrolactone. Moreover, I have presented data that directly implicate aberrant type-1 GABA transporters (GAT-1) in SWD generation in vivo, with GAT-1 knockout mice exhibiting spontaneous SWDs and focal thalamic administration of the GAT-1 blocker, N0711, inducing SWDs in normal rats a potential new model of absence epilepsy. In addition, my data indicate that activation of postsynaptic GABAbRs enhances tonic GABAA current, presumably via the Gl o protein coupled adenyl cyclase pathway, which was present under control conditions and occurred in several brain areas. This postsynaptic GABAb-cGABAaR link is further supported by the fact that GBL failed to induce SWDs in 5-subunit knockout mice. Thus, one of the cellular thalamic pathologies that characterises absence seizures is an astrocyte-specific aberrant GAT-1 with the resulting elevated extracellular GABA level enhancing tonic GABAa current through two mechanisms: direct activation of high affinity eGABAARs and indirect increase in eGABAAR function due to activation of postsynaptic GABAbRs.
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Sakkaki, Sophie. "Etude pharmacologique des canaux calciques de type T dans des modèles murins de convulsion et d'épileptogenèse." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T020/document.

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De nombreuses études expérimentales montrent que les canaux calciques activés par la dépolarisation membranaire, tout particulièrement les canaux calciques de type T (canaux T), jouent un rôle important dans la physiopathologie des épilepsies. Il existe trois isoformes des canaux T, Cav3.1, Cav3.2 et Cav3.3, toutes exprimées au niveau neuronal. De manière classique, c'est dans l'épilepsie absence où les canaux T ont été le plus étudiés. Les canaux T jouent également un rôle dans des modèles d'épilepsie partielle secondairement généralisée, comme le modèle pilocarpine qui mime l'épilepsie du lobe temporal (ELT). Jusqu'à présent ces canaux ne possédaient pas de pharmacologie spécifique, mais plusieurs molécules récemment synthétisées, en particulier le TTA-A2, apparaissent sélectives des canaux T. Le premier objectif de ma thèse était d'étudier l'implication des canaux T dans l'épileptogenèse. Pour cela nous avons traité des souris au TTA-A2 pendant la phase de latence du modèle pilocarpine (modèle ELT). Nos conditions expérimentales ne nous ont pas permis de conclure quant à une action protectrice du TTA-A2 dans ce modèle. Le deuxième objectif était d'étudier l'effet du TTA-A2 sur des modèles murins de convulsions généralisées : le modèle du Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) et le modèle pentylènetétrazole (PTZ). Deux lignées de souris inactivées pour les isoformes Cav3.1 ou Cav3.2 (KO Cav3.1 et KO Cav3.2) ont également été caractérisées dans cette étude. Nous montrons que le TTA-A2 réduit l'apparition des crises toniques dans le modèle MES et que les souris KO Cav3.1 sont également protégées, suggérant un rôle prépondérant des canaux Cav3.1 dans le développement des crises toniques
Numerous experimental studies show that calcium channels activated by membrane depolarization, especially T-type calcium channels (T-channels), play an important role in the physiopathology of epilepsy. There are three T-channels isoforms, Cav3.1, Cav3.2 and Cav3.3, all expressed in neuronal level. Conventionally, T-channels were the most studied in absence epilepsy. T-channels are also involved in partial secondarily generalized epilepsy models, as the pilocarpine model that mimics temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).Up to now, there was no specific pharmacology for this channels, but several molecules have recently been synthesized, particularly TTA-A2, appearing selective T-channels. The first goal of my thesis was to study the T-channels involvement in epileptogenesis. For this purpose we treated mice with TTA-A2 during the silent phase of the pilocarpine model (TLE model). Our experimental conditions do not allow us to conclude about a possible protective action of TTA-A2 on this model. The second goal was to study TTA-A2 effects on mice models of generalized seizures: the Maximal Electroshock model (MES) and the pentylenetetrazole model (PTZ). Two mice strains knock-out for Cav3.1 or Cav3.2 (KO Cav3.1 and KO Cav3.2) have also been characterized in this study. We show that the TTA-A2 reduces the appearance of tonic seizures in the MES model and the KO Cav3.1 mice are also protected, suggesting a preponderant role of Cav3.1 channels in the development of tonic seizures
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Atcherley, Christopher Wade. "Voltammetric Measurements Of Tonic And Phasic Neurotransmission." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338965.

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To understand how the brain functions and what disruptions underlie neurological diseases and disorders, analytical methods are needed that can succeed in the complexity of the native brain environment. To make a measurement in functioning, live tissue, these methods must be selective for specific analytes in a matrix that has over 1000 different chemical species, be able to measure chemical changes on multiple timescales (10-3 s to 104 s), have a high spatial resolution (μm), and be sensitive (pM to μM). The work described within, details the development and application of a voltammetric method, fast-scan controlled adsorption voltammetry (FSCAV) that is capable of monitoring baseline levels of serotonin and dopamine, as well as monitoring changes on multiple time scales with high sensitivity and selectivity. Because FSCAV is performed using a carbon-fiber microelectrode, the same sensor can be used for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to monitor rapid (phasic) changes of dopamine and serotonin in the extracellular space. Thus a single-sensor strategy for measuring tonic and phasic concentrations of these important neurotransmitters is developed and used to elucidate important insight into the differences of serotonin and dopamine regulation. Additionally it is revealed that dopamine exhibits a coaction between tonic and phasic signaling where serotonin does not. Using this approach, a method for evaluating pain processing in a preclinical model is developed, which reveals an important relationship between chronic pain and dopamine signaling. Furthermore, a mathematical model to describe mass-transport limited adsorption is developed and used to determine the diffusion coefficient of both dopamine and serotonin in situ. The work described within details an important advancement in neuroanalytical methodology that will provide new insights both short-term and long-term for studying fundamental chemical mechanisms of neurotransmission.
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Jeong, Yae Ram. "Dance With Me Tonight." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1447964124.

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Cook, Scott Alexander. "Referential sets, referential tonics, and the analysis of contemporary jazz." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42104.

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While jazz has become more integrated into academia, the repertoire that is commonly examined is out of date. Today's leading jazz scholars tend to focus on a handful of musicians who made their mark in the '50s and '60s. But jazz writing has continued to evolve in the last fifty years, particularly in regards to harmony. Though many rooted chords—including MM7, mm7, and Mm7—can be heard in succession, the relationships between adjacent chords are obscure, and rarely manifest the standard II–V–I progression found in classic jazz. Often, successive chords belong to different diatonic sets. Some composers have eliminated chord symbols from their lead sheets altogether, leaving harmonic interpretation and relationships even more open-ended. Since the inception of modal jazz in the late '50s, priority has been given to groups of notes and the ways that they can interact, as opposed to specific chords, keys, and function. This presents a challenge not only for harmonic analysis but also for improvising on these changes in performance. Nevertheless, pitch-class organization can often be heard to promote a hierarchical ranking amongst the chords, resulting in strong points of reference. This dissertation develops and applies a theory of referential sets, for analyzing and improvising over representative examples of chromatic chord successions found in some contemporary jazz. By treating pitch-classes outside the collection as alterations, this theory provides a way to hear successions of seemingly unrelated chords as derived from such collections, which are in turn supported by global referential tonics. This is analogous to traditional, hierarchical ways of hearing secondary dominants and other chromaticism, but with different restrictions on the types of alterations allowed. It therefore describes more variegated progressions, and also allows referential sets to be different and larger than diatonic sets, while still providing the traditional benefits of harmonic analysis, such as the identification of continuities, recurring patterns of root successions, cadences, and other formal processes and relations that remain paramount in much of today's jazz writing.
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Lariviere, William R. "The bee venom test : a new tonic-pain test." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23405.

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The present study describes a new test of tonic pain in rats which can be used as an animal model of persistent pain. In the first experiment, the response to subcutaneous injection of various doses of bee venom into the hind paw of the rat was quantified. The second experiment investigated the effect of morphine and aspirin on the response to an intermediate dose of bee venom. Finally, the third experiment examined the response to concurrent injections of bee venom and formalin. Subcutaneous injection of bee venom produced local inflammation, marked edema, and tonic pain responses. Increasing doses of bee venom produced higher mean pain scores and increased durations of responding. Pain responses lasted up to approximately one hour and the inflammation and edema were virtually gone by 8 hours with the lower doses of bee venom tested and by 2 days with the two highest doses tested. Analgesia was produced by morphine and aspirin, indicating that the bee venom test can be used to test analgesic drugs. Concurrent administration of bee venom and formalin produced responses similar to formalin alone, with an increased duration of responding at higher intensities. The data suggest that the bee venom test is a valid animal model of experimental tonic pain.
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Books on the topic "Tonich"

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Collins, Elise Marie. Chakra tonics. Red Wheel, 2006.

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Cerni, Vicente Aguilera. Tonico Ballester. Excmo. Ayuntamiento de Valencia, Delegación Municipal de Cultura, 1986.

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editor, Xenis Georgios A., ed. Praecepta tonica. De Gruyter, 2015.

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Atacames tonic. Paradiso Editores, 2002.

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Hogan, Robert Edward. Aspects of tonic accommodation and tonic vergence. University of Aston. Department of VisionSciences, 1985.

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Mowrey, Daniel B. Herbal tonic therapies. Wings Books, 1996.

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Herbal tonic therapies. Keats Pub., 1993.

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Caroline, Davies, ed. Chinese tonic herbs. Japan Publications, 1985.

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Volarič, Ivan. Desperado tonic water. Branko, 1998.

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Teeguarden, Ron. Chinese tonic herbs. Japan Publications, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tonich"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Tonic." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10597.

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Turiault, Marc, Caroline Cohen, Guy Griebel, et al. "Tonic Signals." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_904.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "face tonic." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_3879.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "facial tonic." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_3887.

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Rusli, Mohd Uzair. "Tonic Immobility." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_688-1.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "skin tonic." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_9399.

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Raj, Satish R., S. R. Wayne Chen, Robert S. Sheldon, et al. "Tonic Seizures." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_8381.

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Heller, Lois Jane, Celette Sugg Skinner, A. Janet Tomiyama, et al. "Tonic REM." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_101800.

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O’Hara, James E., Igor UsUpensky, N. J. Bostanian, et al. "Tonic Receptors." In Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2483.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "tonic lotion." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10599.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tonich"

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Bountouridis, Dimitrios, Jan Van Balen, Marcelo Rodríguez-López, Anna Aljanaki, Frans Wiering, and Remco C. Veltkamp. "Tonic." In the Audio Mostly 2015. ACM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2814895.2814930.

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Huang, Po-Hsuan, Chia-Heng Tu, and Shen-Ming Chung. "TONIC." In SAC '21: The 36th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing. ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3412841.3441929.

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Hauswald, Johann, Yiping Kang, Michael A. Laurenzano, et al. "DjiNN and Tonic." In ISCA '15: The 42nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2749469.2749472.

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Ludwig, Bernd, Stefan Mandl, and Sebastian von Mammen. "What's on tonight." In the 11th international conference. ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1111449.1111503.

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Jochum, Elizabeth, and Jeroen Derks. "Tonight We Improvise!" In MOCO '19: 6th International Conference on Movement and Computing. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3347122.3347129.

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Molina, Enrique, Angel Correa, Daniel Sanabria, and Tzyy-Ping Jung. "Tonic EEG dynamics during psychomotor vigilance task." In 2013 6th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2013.6696200.

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Zhiyao Duan, Lie Lu, and Changshui Zhang. "Audio tonality mode classification without tonic annotations." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icme.2008.4607696.

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Arimbi, Dr, Ms Silatulrahmi, Anto Sukamto, and Mr Safruddin. "Tonic Effect of Traditional Ingredients in Performance." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icamr-18.2019.99.

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Atli, Hasan Sercan, and Baris Bozkurt. "Automatic tonic identification method for Turkish makam music." In 2015 23th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2015.7130148.

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NOVIADY, IKHSAN. "Komposisi vegetasi di Robian Tongah-tongah, Hutan Lindung Gunung Sibuatan, Sumatera Utara." In Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia. Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m010620.

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Reports on the topic "Tonich"

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Zhao, Qing, Zhenjiang Li, Yuxuan Zeng, and Li Hu. Gamma-band Oscillations in Phasic, Tonic, and Chronic Pain. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0072.

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Mangusheva, N. A. Tonic And Stimulus-Dependent Conduction of Excitation Blocking in The Nerve by Means of Antiarythmisant Pentilaymalin. Prof. Dr Kuznetsov Alexandre Semenovich, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14526/19_2015_19.

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Survilla, Thomas. The isolation of an individual : Thomas Mann's Tonio Kröger. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2898.

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Xue, Dan, Zhujin Song, Yuhui Zhang, Xiao Jie, and Aisong Zhu. Efficacy and Safety of Tonic Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Depression : A Meta-Analysis and Data Mining. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0068.

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Paz, Flor, and Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla. Guess what’s for dinner tonight? The role of packaged food and soft drinks in global obesity. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133770.

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