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1
Sharma, Swati, and Dipjyoti Chakraborty. "Traditional medicinal plants used by tribal communities in Tonk district, Rajasthan." Plant Science Today 8, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.1077.
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Rajasthan is the third largest state of India. About 80% of the population live in the villages. The main tribes of Rajasthan are Bhil, Meena, Garasia, Saharia, Damor and Kathoudi. The study area comprises of Tonk district of Rajasthan, India which has seven divisions Deoli, Malpura, Todaraisingh, Uniara, Peeplu, Tonk and Newai. Survey method was followed covering five villages of each division. The data were collected through direct interviews with local people, priests, local physician and gardeners. A detailed questionnaire was designed and written in Hindi for the baseline study following standardised procedures. The tribal communities use plants and plant products in their day to day life, however there is a gap in knowledge in the younger generation. A total of 147 species belonging to 62 vascular plant families are reported. From these 145 species were reported to be used for medicinal applications, 135 species of which were used to treat more than one disease and remaining 8 species were used to treat only one disease. The most widely used plant part is leaves (95 species) and the, most common mode of application is oral (39.65%). The traditional knowledge about the plants can be used to produce to new products for medicinal use, food and fodder.
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Yadav, Ashok Kumar, Parveen Khan, and Sanjay K. Sharma. "Water Quality Index Assessment ofGroundwater in Todaraisingh Tehsil of Rajasthan State, India-A Greener Approach." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, s1 (2010): S428—S432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/419432.
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This study deals with the statistical analysis and study of water quality index to assess hardness of groundwater in Todaraisingh tehsil of Tonk district of Rajasthan state. The study has been carried out to examine its suitability for drinking, irrigation and industrial purpose. The presence of problematic salts contains in groundwater due to local pollutants and affected the groundwater quality adversely. The estimated values were compared with drinking water quality standards prescribed by B.I.S. It was found that drinking water is severely polluted with hardness causing salts. This study reveals that people dependent on water sources of the study area are prone to health hazards of contaminated water and quality managements to hardness urgently needed.
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Stjernholm, Emil. "Visions of Post-independence India in Arne Sucksdorff’s Documentaries." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 8, no. 1 (June 2017): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927617699648.
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This article studies two post-war documentary films set in India, Indian Village (1951) and The Wind and the River (1953), directed by the celebrated Swedish filmmaker Arne Sucksdorff. While many scholars have studied these films in relation to Sucksdorff’s biography and Swedish national cinema, less emphasis has been placed on these Indian documentaries in relation to other international documentary work that took place in India during the post-independence period. The excursion to India took place on commission from the Swedish Cooperative Union and Wholesale Society and therefore the films are studied in relation to Charles R. Acland and Haidee Wasson’s notion of “useful cinema.” In doing so, this article emphasizes the didactic ideas behind the production of sponsored film and the way in which ideas of the welfare state were projected onto post-independence India. Reading these documentaries against the grain, this article also addresses the question of how these films affected the authorial discourse surrounding Arne Sucksdorff and conversely what impact his films had among critics and filmmakers in India.
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YECHURY, AKHILA. "IMAGINING INDIA, DECOLONIZING L'INDE FRANÇAISE, c. 1947–1954." Historical Journal 58, no. 4 (October 29, 2015): 1141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000727.
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AbstractThis article examines the final years of French rule in India. It questions the established narrative of the merger of the French settlements, which implied that they were always a ‘natural’ part of the Indian Union. It argues, on the contrary, that a full merger was only one of several possibilities for the various actors involved in the negotiations that took place between the independence of India in 1947 and the French withdrawal in 1954. Even those who supported a merger did so for different reasons, while a significant proportion opposed the merger on economic, social, and historical grounds. By examining more closely the opposing positions in the merger debate, we can locate them within the larger tensions of early post-colonial India – a new state that was struggling to define its geographical and ideological boundaries. This suggests that the decolonization of French India was not simply another chapter in French imperial decline; it was also an important example of Indian nation-building.
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Negi, R. K., and Sheetal Mamgain. "Geomorphological Fearures of Tons River of Uttarakhand State, India." Singapore Journal of Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/sjsres.2014.9.14.
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Sinha, Subir. "Lineages of the Developmentalist State: Transnationality and Village India, 1900–1965." Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 1 (January 2008): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417508000054.
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On 2 October 1952, marking Gandhi's fourth birth anniversary after his assassination in 1948, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of postcolonial India, launched the Community Development (CD) Programs. Dedicating the programs to Gandhi's memory allowed Nehru to claim symbolic legitimacy for them. At the same time, this centerpiece of Nehruvian policy in the Indian countryside was heavily interventionist, billed as “the method ... through which the [state] seeks to bring about social and economic transformation in India's villages” (Government of India 1952). In its heyday, CD preoccupied the Planning Commission, was linked to the office of the Prime Minister, had a ministry dedicated to it, and formed part of the domain of action of the rapidly proliferating state and other development agencies. Fifteen pilot projects, each covering 300 villages, were launched in all the major states. Planning documents of the day register high enthusiasm and optimism for these programs. However, by the mid-1960s, barely a decade after the fanfare of its launch, the tone of planners toward CD turned first despairing and then oppositional. They called for abandonment of its ambitious aim of the total development of Indian villages in favor of more focused interventions to achieve a rapid increase in food-grain production.
7
Bhagavan, Manu. "The Rebel Academy: Modernity and the Movement for a University in Princely Baroda, 1908–49." Journal of Asian Studies 61, no. 3 (August 2002): 919–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3096351.
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In recent analyses of nationalism in colonial South Asia, Partha Chatterjee and Tanika Sarkar, among others, have argued that as a result of colonial domination in the “public sphere”—the realm of the state and civil society—Indian male nationalists deployed the “private sphere”—the realm of the home—as the discursive site of anticolonial nationalist imaginaries. The internal space of the home was “the one sphere where improvement could be made through [Indian men's] own initiative, changes could be wrought, where education would bring forth concrete, manipulable, desired results” (Sarkar 1992, 224; Chatterjee 1989) and it therefore took on “compensatory significance” in the experience of modernity in India (Chakrabarty 2000, 215–18).
8
Yang, Anand A. "Bandits and Kings: Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India." Journal of Asian Studies 66, no. 4 (October 29, 2007): 881–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911807001234.
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This paper traces a side story to the well-known tale of the poligar rebel Kattabomman, who was hanged in 1799 for his refusal to accept the authority of the emerging colonial state in south India. Specifically, it draws on the story of seventy-three poligars who survived the brutal Poligar Wars and were transported to Penang in Southeast Asia in 1801, an episode that highlights the workings of the coercive power and moral authority of the new regime in early colonial India. The paper illustrates the variety of forms that resistance to the regime took and the extent to which the colonial state in south Asia strengthened and was strengthened by the rising British Empire across the Indian Ocean. The poligars' lives in exile are reconstructed as a story of their struggle for status and dignity in a settlement where they were initially lumped together with convicts brought there from Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.
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Barysheva, Ekaterina A. "The Formation of the Library System of India (19th - 20th centuries)." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] 1, no. 2 (April 28, 2016): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2016-1-2-197-204.
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This article is devoted to the formation and development of system of public libraries in India and their place in the educational, social, cultural and informational space of the country. The formation of the library system in India occurred during the complex colonial and post-colonial periods of its history. It took place in the conditions of underdevelopment, the uneven social, political and cultural development of the regions, ethnolinguistic disunity, and mass illiteracy of the population, dominating in the society of caste, religious and gender prejudices. The article demonstrates that public libraries in India, beginning with their appearance in the first half of the 19th century, had a special mission. They were considered not only as repositories of books, but, first of all, as centers of education, aimed to spread the knowledge, fight with ignorance by introducing to the reading, to raise the cultural and intellectual level of Indian society, thereby contributing to its prosperity. The article describes the main stages and directions of state policy of India in the field of librarianship from the early nineteenth to the late twentieth century, recounts the history of the founding of the National library, emphasized the role of Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation. In separate section there is considered the contribution to the library and information science of S.R. Ranganathan, the outstanding leader of Indian culture.
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Prakash, Om. "Undermined Syncretism." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v28i2.343.
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The syncretic cultural tradition of India for the last five thousand years is a noble legacy and a contribution of India to the world. Some major religions of the world took their birth in India. The incoming of foreigners added new elements to India’s cultural tradition, and enriched it—and subsequently, this tradition evolved into a composite culture. This paper primarily looks into the aspect of what happened during the colonial period in India, which undermined this rich syncretic tradition and subsequently fragmented the Indian subcontinent along the religious lines. The paper is based upon the hypothesis that separatism is a gradual process, which is nurtured during a period of time and which leads to the eruption of division, partition, or the breaking up of the state. The result of this process becomes a strong movement if actions to combat it are not launched. This paper also explores how Muslim separatism was fed by various reactionary elements, which included colonial and imperial forces comprised of members of different castes, creeds, and religions.
11
Chougule, Prakash S., Tejaswi S. Kurane, Suresh T. Salunkhe, and Puja A. Pawar. "A Study of Impact of Cashless Transaction on Society Using Statistical Methods." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (July 24, 2020): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul233.
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A cashless society describes an economic state whereby financial transaction are not conduced with money in the form of physical banknotes or coins but rather though the transfer of digital information (usually an electronic representation of money) between the transacting parties. Cashless society have existed based on barter and other methods of exchange, and cashless transactions have also become possible using digital currencies such as bit coins. Cashless India is a mission launched by the government of India led by prime minister Narendramodi to reduce dependency of Indian economy on cash and to bring hoards of stashed black money lying unused into the banking system. The country embarked upon this transition to a cashless economy when the government took the revolutionary step of demonetization of old currency notes such as Rs.500 and Rs.1000 on November 8, 2016. Different activities needed to be planned in all the point of view for migration to cashless society and digital India to achieve the aim of payment and settlement system of India: Vision 2018.
12
Prakash, Om. "Undermined Syncretism." American Journal of Islam and Society 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v28i2.343.
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The syncretic cultural tradition of India for the last five thousand years is a noble legacy and a contribution of India to the world. Some major religions of the world took their birth in India. The incoming of foreigners added new elements to India’s cultural tradition, and enriched it—and subsequently, this tradition evolved into a composite culture. This paper primarily looks into the aspect of what happened during the colonial period in India, which undermined this rich syncretic tradition and subsequently fragmented the Indian subcontinent along the religious lines. The paper is based upon the hypothesis that separatism is a gradual process, which is nurtured during a period of time and which leads to the eruption of division, partition, or the breaking up of the state. The result of this process becomes a strong movement if actions to combat it are not launched. This paper also explores how Muslim separatism was fed by various reactionary elements, which included colonial and imperial forces comprised of members of different castes, creeds, and religions.
13
Amit Barman and Saikat Mazumder, Supriti Manna, Dabasmita Saha, Subham Roy Chowdhury. "Onion Productivity and Price Change Aspects in India: An Overview." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 10 (November 24, 2020): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061021.
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AlliumCepathe scientific name of an onion. After potato Onion is the second most essential vegetable in our India. And also onions are very famous in all around the world. In India, the productivity of onion is about 13 lakh tons every month, and in the world, the onion productivity ratio is about 19.40 million. There are about 100 types of onion throughout the world and basically, India produces 9 types of major onion. Onion is very rich in vitamin C (12%)content and vitamin B-6( 5%)content and also rich in minerals like iron(1%) and calcium(2%). In the last 10 years, Maharashtra( 4905.0 thousand tons) is the biggest onion producing state in India. But in 2019 onion prices overlap at Rs 10 kg from Rs 100 kg as demand loss will take place. A huge amount of wastage of onion takes place every year due to bad Monsoon, transport system and the amount of wastage is nearly 25% of the total production. In 10 years a remarkable increase in the production of onion in India and also an increase in the area about 768,000 ha to 1064,000 ha. Onion production has been several benefits like it reduces our cholesterol level, fights against inflammation, decreases triglycerides and it contains a high amount of antioxidants. The impact of onion production on the Indian economy, an increase of onion productivity, price drop, Government policies related to onion production also have been focused on in this review.
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Pandian, Lydia V. K. "Patriarchy and Beauty: The Power Over Indian Women." Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India 69, no. 1 (June 2020): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277436x20928441.
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Bourdieu says that the individual’s education and skills are the cultural capital and believe it as the modality for the individuals in the upper classes to dominate and alienate the individuals of the lower rungs in the class hierarchy. His concept is important here to understand how beauty power discourse as cultural capital is used for oppressing Indian women though he thought that this particular power discourse cannot be applied to countries like India. And, this article analyses the limitations in the application of his definition of the concept ‘cultural capital’ to the Indian state and the established connection of body image and skin tone to the ideology of power and status, and how it has become a need for Indian women to achieve those desirable attributes of beauty to enable them to be celebrated and to wield cultural and economic power in their field.
15
Gupta, Sumeet, and Rakesh Kumar Sharma. "Pricing and Taxation in Oil and Gas Sector: A study with special reference to ONGC." Journal of Global Economy 8, no. 3 (October 8, 2012): 233–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v8i3.220.
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Oil & gas industry in India saw the light of the day when oil was struck at Makum near Marherita in Assam in the year 1967. Prior to independence the Oil & Gas industry in India had controlled by international companies. The entire domestic oil production was from one state – Assam which stood at 250,000 tons per annum. This study provides a holistic examination of pricing and Taxation dynamics in India’s Petroleum sector. This study mainly highlights the issues related to current practices used by ONGC to determine the prices of crude oil, natural gas & value added products and also the various types of direct and indirect taxed imposed on and paid by the company. Moreover, this study also explain the process of price determination of crude oil , natural gas & value added products.
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Roy, Srirupa. "Seeing a State: National Commemorations and the Public Sphere in India and Turkey." Comparative Studies in Society and History 48, no. 1 (January 2006): 200–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417506000089.
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Through a comparative discussion of public rituals of national commemoration in India and Turkey, this essay examines the relationship between the formation of the public sphere, the production of national identity, and the establishment of state sovereignty. The central organizing principle is the notion of the “creation of the public” as a historically specific political and cultural project. This departs from the evolutionary understanding of the public sphere as a derivative byproduct or “unintended, rolling effect”1 of social, economic, and political “structural transformations” that took place in the course of the longue durée of European history.2 By theorizing the formation and reproduction of the Indian and Turkish public spheres as deliberate projects or strategies of nationalization and étatization,3 I draw attention to several significant aspects of political modernity that have been obscured in prevailing theories of public sphere formation and transformation.
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Upadhyay, Archana. "Russian Revolution in perspective. Reflections on its impact on the Indian freedom struggle." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-47-55.
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The October Revolution of 1917 profoundly influenced the course of the Indian freedom movement in multiple ways. It gave impetus to Indian political aspirations, widened the base of the freedom struggle by making industrial workers and peasants active participants, and endowed the movement with a progressive outlook. The revolution’s principles resonated deeply among the people and leaders of the Indian freedom movement. In fact, many of the values enshrined in our Constitution, adopted post-independence, were inspired by the lofty ideals of the Russian Revolution. The most important event in Russia, influencing the course of the freedom movement in India, was the October Revolution in 1917. The revolution, its ideology, V. I. Lenin and his deep involvement with the issues confronting the people of the East, the transformation of Russia post 1917, and the overall attitude of the Soviet government and the Comintern towards India’s freedom struggle deeply influenced both the people and the leaders of the Indian freedom movement. Though the multiclass national movement did not get converted completely to the cause of socialism, the fact remains that the legacies of the October Revolution influenced the course of the freedom struggle in multiple ways. Some of its legacies got imprinted in the Constitution that India adopted post-independence. The socialist component of the Constitution of India did not happen by accident. It was the outcome of the massive ideological churning that took place within and outside the Indian National Congress and that which by no small measure was triggered by the emancipatory ideals of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Constitution of the Republic of India, adopted on 26 January 1950, was based on a set of principles and ideas that would achieve socialist reconstruction of society through democratic means. The right balance of the proper socio-economic rights with guaranteed democratic and civil liberties, based on the majority principle along with the right of minority opinions to exist and flourish in a secular state became the cornerstones of the Constitution that independent India adopted. Many of these values were clearly inspired by the lofty ideals of the Russian Revolution.
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Siddharth Thapliyal and Poonam Rawat. "Social-Engineer 'Civil Servants' Historical Development & Common Law Perspective." GIS Business 14, no. 6 (January 30, 2020): 1011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i6.16845.
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Civil services in India are modeled upon the pattern of Britain. Still there are some important defenses between the law relating to civil servants in England and India. The expression civil post has been subject of judicial interpretation. The safeguard to Govt. servants in India has been provided in Indian constitution under Article and fundamental rights against doctrine of pleasure enumerated in Article 3l0. The doctrine pleasure is originated from English law through East India Company when British directly took over the command of India from East India Company. The doctrine of pleasure was prerogative of king in England. Which means govt. servants used to hold office during the pleasure of king or crown and his services could be terminated at any stage with giving him opportunity unless provided in statute. The crown was not bound by the terms and conditions of employment and terms of contract. It was considered that, king can do no wrong. There were direct relation between crown and its servants and the crown was empowered to terminate the services of its servant without affording them opportunity of hearing or without pay them any retrenchment compensation, pension benefits, damages for wrongful termination or any other relief which are applicable in present era.
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Siddharth Thapliyal and Poonam Rawat. "Social-Engineer 'Civil Servants' Historical Development & Common Law Perspective." GIS Business 14, no. 6 (January 24, 2020): 1118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i6.16859.
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Civil services in India are modeled upon the pattern of Britain. Still there are some important defenses between the law relating to civil servants in England and India. The expression civil post has been subject of judicial interpretation. The safeguard to Govt. servants in India has been provided in Indian constitution under Article and fundamental rights against doctrine of pleasure enumerated in Article 3l0. The doctrine pleasure is originated from English law through East India Company when British directly took over the command of India from East India Company. The doctrine of pleasure was prerogative of king in England. Which means govt. servants used to hold office during the pleasure of king or crown and his services could be terminated at any stage with giving him opportunity unless provided in statute. The crown was not bound by the terms and conditions of employment and terms of contract. It was considered that, king can do no wrong. There were direct relation between crown and its servants and the crown was empowered to terminate the services of its servant without affording them opportunity of hearing or without pay them any retrenchment compensation, pension benefits, damages for wrongful termination or any other relief which are applicable in present era.
20
Ashraf, Muhammad Imran, and Athar Ali. "Status of Minorities: A Comparative Study of India and Pakistan." Global International Relations Review I, no. I (December 30, 2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2018(i-i).04.
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This research article titled "Status of Minorities: A Comparative Study of India and Pakistan", is an attempt to understand the status of minorities e.g., economic, political, social and constitutional rights that has been underestimated for decades. Comparative analysis research method has been used to comprehend the rights of minorities and their violations by India and Pakistan. To understand the status of minorities in India and Pakistan the liberalism theory is being used. The data supported my research hypothesis "Violations of Rights of Minorities in Pakistan is the outcome of individual actions whereas in India the violation of minority rights is backed by government machinery" Pakistan's stance on protection of constitutional, socio economic and political rights of minorities from day first is very clear. Rights of minorities have been protected under objective resolution 1949 and then in constitution of 1973. While Indian constitution is a secular one, the majority Hindus are using this secular constitution to exploit rights of the minorities. Off and on the communal violence is been witnessed. Gujrat massacre under the Chief Minister ship of Modi current Prime Minister of India can be termed as state sponsored massacre of Muslims. When Modi took office as PM, the radical Hindus become more hostile towards minorities living in India. On governmental level many unilateral legislations have been made against minorities' religious rituals e.g., Muslim marriage Act of Tripple Talaq. Beside this unlawful Citizenship amendment bill and abrogation of article 370 from Kashmir and Farmers Agricultural Acts without consulting Sikh community led to an uncertainty. The liberalist theory advocates the rights of every individual must be ensured as it is the basic principle of democratic system of government. But it has been observed that serious violations of minority rights at state level in India and individual level in Pakistan.
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Mishra, R., and A. K. Gupta. "Relation between Extent of Participation and Extent of Knowledge of Farm Women in Various Farms Practices." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 4, no. 3 (July 27, 2017): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v4i3.17754.
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Agriculture is an important part of India's economy and at present it is among the top two farm producers in the word. This sector provides approximately present of the total number of jobs available in India and contributes around 13.5 percent to the GDP. Agriculture is the only means of living for almost two-thirds of the employed class in India. As being stated by the economic data of financial 2014-15, agriculture has acquired 13.5 percent of India's GDP. The agriculture sector of India has occupied almost 43 percent of India's geographical area agriculture play a vital role in the in the Indian economy over 70 percent of the rural house hold depend on agriculture. Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy as it contributes about 60 percent job the population. the food grain protection has form 57 million tons (MT) in 1950-57 to268MT during 2013-14 highest ever since independence. In the years since its independence, India has made immense progress towards food security. Indian population has tripled, and food - grain production more than quadrupled. There has been a substantial increase in available food-grain per capita. Present study was carried out in two blocks of district Satna with 120 farm women. Eight farm practices were selected after the consultation with officials and farmwomen. Correlation coefficient was used to find out relation between extent of knowledge and extent of participation of the farmwomen with regard to the practices. It was found that there is a equal variables positive and negative, significance and non-significant relationship between participation and knowledge of the respondents.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-3: 198-201
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Alam, Syed Maqsood, Zahoor Hussain, and Muhammad Ahsan. "Hindus Us, Muslims, and the Rest Others in Roy's the Ministry of Utmost Happiness." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(vi-i).19.
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This study explores self and othering in Roy's novel The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. Roy took twenty years to complete this political romance. The narrator of this political romance talks about the others of Indian society, i.e., religious minorities, political traitors, and low caste groups. These others are always striving to secure a place in a biased Indian society. Their quest for identity has often led them to a blind alley where they have found themselves helpless and oppressed evermore. The situation has become worse under the government of the right-wing Hindu party BJP. This study is an attempt to explore the ways how the weaker part of the society is treated as another and outcast in a so-called secular state. Roy has presented the true face of India. This research tries to comprehend her mind and investigates The Ministry of Utmost Happiness multidimensional and multi-layered tale.
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HAROON, SANA. "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 18, no. 1 (January 2008): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186307007778.
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The commitment of North-West Frontier Province Pakhtun religious politics towards the quest for a society and state governed by religious leaders was directed through the colonial period, and into the national period, predominantly by the ulama known as Deobandis. These ulama took their title from the madrasa Darul Ulum Deoband in the United Provinces in north-India and came to prominence through championing Muslim interests in colonial NWFP. After the partition of the Indian subcontinent and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the United Provinces remained in India, separating Pakistani scholars trained in Deoband from Indian Deobandi theologians, and indeed from the school itself. But these ulama continued to call themselves Deobandis and were central to the successful demand for the constitutional declaration of Pakistan as an Islamic state; and brought Islam to bear on national and provincial legislation from positions in parliament. Increasingly well-organised and well-funded, NWFP Deobandi ulama established madrasas and mosques in the province, strengthening the preserve of religion and their own authority. When the Afghan resistance to the Soviet occupation began in 1978, a section of the resistance organisation working in exile in Peshawar gravitated towards these Deobandi institutions, drawing the Deobandi ulama of the NWFP into the jihad. Sustaining links to the Afghan fighters even after the withdrawal of the Soviets, the NWFP Deobandis contributed to and encouraged the emerging organisation of the Taliban, becoming champions of their reactionary brand of Islam.
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Zaman, Faridah. "Colonizing the Sacred: Allahabad and the Company State, 1797–1857." Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 2 (March 23, 2015): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911815000017.
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This article rethinks the complicated encounter between the East India Company and the built heritage of India in the early nineteenth century. Through an extended case study of the imperial mosque in Allahabad, which was periodically subject to British intervention over some sixty years, it traces vicissitudes in attitudes towards history, religion, and the social existence of Muslims in India generally and Allahabad in particular. The article argues for the need to look beyond the narrative of Britain's relationship with architecture as artefact or heritage—a relationship that took on institutional form in the 1860s—to the comparatively less familiar story of the Company State's prolonged and serious interest in the built environment, and specifically religious buildings, as part of the political economy of its rule. It demonstrates that such an interest was simultaneously a logical outcome of and a tension within the legitimating discourses that the Company State fashioned during the last half-century of its rule in India.
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Lilja, Jannie. "Domestic-Level Factors and Negotiation (In)Flexibility in the WTO." International Negotiation 17, no. 1 (2012): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180612x630956.
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Abstract Some suggest that the fault lines of the WTO’s perceived failures actually lie in failures at the domestic level. This study examines the factors that can explain flexibility (and inflexibility) in multilateral trade negotiations within WTO member states. To shed light on the role of domestic factors in influencing WTO positions, we examine one member state in connection with a high-level meeting. India at the July 2008 Ministerial is selected primarily for methodological reasons. The empirical analysis provides preliminary support for the proposition that domestic policy-making structures marked by continuous information exchange and coordination are more likely to yield negotiation flexibility in multilateral talks. More specifically, the intense interaction that marks the relationships between actors involved in policy making on Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) and services, where the Indian negotiation position was flexible overall, stands in contrast to what took place in the area of agriculture, where India took a manifestly inflexible stand. Competing explanations fail to fully account for the variation in these negotiating postures. A key insight from the analysis is that organized and regularized consultations, involving the same actors over time, are important. There is also a need for public outreach strategies in connection with high-level WTO meetings.
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Hashmi, Fahad. "Shaping Public Opinion and Community Mobilisation: The Role of Urdu Language Media in India." Society and Culture in South Asia 5, no. 2 (July 2019): 216–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2393861719845157.
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Considering the role played by Rashtria Sahara, an Urdu daily newspaper that took recourse to the democratic practice of questioning and challenging the hegemonic formation of the maligned image of Islam and the faith community vis-à-vis terrorism in the discursive arena, that is, the public sphere, this article tries to understand the role of the Urdu language media in shaping the public opinion and mobilising people from within the community. To this end, first, the article seeks to comprehend the present configuration of the Indian public sphere keeping in view its colonial origin. Moreover, the ‘othering’ of Muslims in postcolonial India that has colonial roots, too, has been understood through the idea of ‘interior frontiers’. Second, the role and practices of the Indian state towards Muslims have been taken into account. And, the final section analyses strategies that were put to use by the newspaper to contest the hegemonic formation, which paved the way for social movement to emerge.
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Alavi, Seema. "The Company Army and Rural Society: The Invalid Thanah 1780–1830." Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 1 (February 1993): 147–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016097.
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Historians have generally explained the consolidation of Company power in terms of the superior fiscal base which it came to acquire in north India. Bayly argues that in the eighteenth century the ‘commercialisation of royal power’, begun under the Mughals, extended to meet the needs of military organization and growing bureaucratizationof the numerous small polities that succeeded the Mughals. He argues that in this perio Indian merchant capital was redeployed in the search for greater control over labour productivity through control over revenue collections of all sorts; and the unified merchant class met in the new qasbahs and the small permanent markets (ganjs) attached to them. It was here that theinfrastructure for Europea trade in, and ultimate dominion over, India was constructed.1 The efficiency and wide scale on which the Company could exercise and extend the pre-colonial practice of military fiscalism2 has provided another explanation for the dominant position it came to occupy more specifically, in south India.3 Yang highlights the role ofthe Indian elite in facilitating the Company's revenue collection and thereby contributin to its political dominance and stability in the Saran district of Bihar. He constructs a model of'limited Raj', to explain the a free flow of revenue. He analyses the dynamics ofthis 'limited Raj' by explaining its functioning at the lowest level where the power of the colonial state tapered off and the landholders' system of control took over. Yang argues that these two control systems collectively sustained British rule in the region.4 More recently the Company's superior power in north Indian politics has been explained in terms of its exclusive right to violence. R. Mukherjee, analysing the 1857 mutiny, arguesthat 'British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meti meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shatteredthat monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonised
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Sharma, R. L. "Impact of Lockdown and Challenges of Covid-19 on the Indian Economy." VEETHIKA-An International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/veethika.2021.07.01.002.
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In recent years Indian economy was passing through the recession and economic slowdown now the corona virus has impacted the economy massively through the lockdown. The nationwide lockdown called in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic had taken a serious toll on the fiscal positions of the central and state government. The corona virus is spreading quickly around the globe. India is now facing its greatest crisis since its independence. In the wake of global slowdown growth of the Indian economy, the fiscal situation in the financial year is supposed to remain subdued and challenging. Indian government took the lesson from the developed countries like USA, UK and Germany and on the basis of the experiences of China and Korea to tackle this pandemic took the path of lockdown the country to save from community spread. The World Health Organization (WHO) has already declared it as world pandemic. More than 100 years later, we are witnessing the spectacle of a virus, after Spanish flew forcing nations to shut down for weeks at a time. That is why economists across the world believe that the global economy is in for its biggest recession in nearly two decades. Due to this lockdown almost every sector of the economy has been affected. The countrywide lockdown put the Indian economy into troubled waters. We have many challenges in this corona pandemic before the economy, these are revival of economy, rebuilding of confidence among the migratory labour, employment generation and control of pandemic.
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Marchenko, Ekaterina Valerievna. "Tuberculosis prevalence state in the world at the present stage." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2101-02.
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The incidence rate of tuberculosis in a particular country is an indicator of social well-being in society. Tuberculosis continues to be the leading cause of death among infectious diseases and is among the top ten common causes of death. Every year, about 1.3 million patients die from this pathology in the world, while every fourth has an HIV-associated form of the disease. New cases of the disease are recorded every year in about 10 million people, 58% of them are men, 32% are women, and about 10% are children and adolescents. The World Health Organization has compiled a list of 30 countries "living with the burden of tuberculosis", accounting for 87% of all infections. In the European Region and the WHO Region of the Americas, the total proportion of those infected with tuberculosis does not exceed 6%. At the same time, it should be noted that eight countries - India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa - account for two-thirds of all TB cases in the world. In May 2014, at the session of the World Health Assembly, the WHO Strategy to Eliminate Tuberculosis in the World was approved, and all countries, members of the WHO, took obligations to implement it. In September 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals were adopted, according to which WHO Member States should strive to achieve a 90% reduction in tuberculosis incidence and 95% mortality by 2035 (with intermediate targets in 2020, 2025 and 2030). In addition, no family should have to bear the catastrophic costs of treating tuberculosis when one or more of its members become ill.
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Aldrich, Daniel P. "Between Market and State: Directions in Social Science Research on Disaster." Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 1 (March 2011): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592710003294.
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Governing after Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability, and Learning. Edited by Arjen Boin, Allan McConnell, and Paul 'T Hart. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 336p. $99.00 cloth, $34.99 paper.Learning from Catastrophes: Strategies for Reaction and Response. Edited by Howard Kunreuther and Micheel Useem. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2010. 352p. $37.99 paper.The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters. By Charles Perrow. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. 388p. $29.95 paper.Developed and developing nations alike face low-probability but high-consequence exogenous shocks, including ice storms, chemical spills, terrorist attacks, and regional blackouts. Recently, “natural” disasters have dominated the airwaves; mega-catastrophes that claim more than 1,000 lives have become an almost yearly occurrence. In 2010, the Haiti and Chile earthquakes killed more than 200,000 people between them and felt all too familiar to many observers in the West. Before them were Cyclone Nargis in Burma, which took 130,000 lives in 2008; Hurricane Katrina, which killed more than 1,500 New Orleans residents and left 80% of the city flooded in 2005; and the Indian Ocean tsunami, which claimed roughly a quarter of a million lives in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand in 2004.
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Okungbowa, Eki. "‘Womb for Rent’: Socio-Cultural Implications of Reproductive Tourism in India." Alberta Academic Review 2, no. 3 (December 17, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/aar111.
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Background
Commercial surrogacy in India has become an increasingly controversial human rights and global health issue. Indian women living in dire poverty are the most vulnerable group in this transnational phenomenon. Reproductive tourism can be defined as the process whereby affluent people predominately from Global North countries (i.e., Canada) seek assisted reproduction in the Global South (in this case, India), to accomplish fertility and kinship formation goals while remaining oblivious to the inevitable social issues associated with this international trade.
Objective
This paper investigates how the media and academic anthropological research present current understandings of biotechnology, family, and kinship regarding commercial surrogacy. I argue that reproductive tourism is a multifaceted social issue with significant socio-cultural implications for kinship in India and the Global North, by being rooted in a gendered division of labour, culturally-specific belief systems, technological advancement, race and class stratification, capitalist structures, and globalization.
Methods
Although reproductive tourism is indeed interdisciplinary in nature, this project explicitly took an anthropological and global health approach to understanding its impacts on kinship in local and global communities. With regards to researcher positionality, I played an outsider role in understanding Indian women and the cultural context in India. I critically and reflexively analyzed diverse media sources that offered insights on reproductive tourism in India within the domains outlined in my thesis statement. These media sources were found online, and included mainstream media outlets, news articles, articles by journalists and social activists, websites for organizations of interest, corporate sources, blogs, videos, documentaries, and images. I used scholarly articles in anthropology as ethnographic evidence to support, challenge, or extend claims reported by the media. Academic sources included peer-reviewed publications, books, open access materials, grey literature, academic websites, and legal documents. I qualitatively compared and contrasted the presented narratives to conduct a secondary analysis of scholarly literature and media reports, and constructed valid arguments about the current state of reproductive tourism in India.
Results
The commodification of reproductive labour has had vast impacts on the cultural meanings of kinship in India and Global North countries. Reproductive tourism in India is evidence that culture influences biological, reproductive, and technological processes and how they are perceived in contemporary times. Technology and globalization were found to be propellers of commercial surrogacy that transcend international borders. Expectations related to family formation and gender within Western contexts, and Western forms of kinship contribute to the commercial surrogacy industry. Reproductive tourism perpetuates hierarchies along the lines of race and class, and Indian women face exploitation and serious health risks despite being paid for their reproductive labour.
Conclusion
Transnational surrogacy must be perceived by governments as a public matter rather than a private one, in order to adequately derive holistic solutions to halt the exploitation of vulnerable Indian women while balancing the desire of infertile individuals to utilize surrogacy as a means of kinship formation.
Update
This research paper was written in March 2018. As of December 2018, commercial surrogacy is illegal in India. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2018 is an attempt by the Indian government to control the industry and associated issues such as the exploitation of poor women and unprecedented health consequences. This law and policy shift by the Indian government affirms the importance of this research.
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Abedalrazak, Ahmed Al-Nasiri. "THE INDIAN COMMUNITY AND ITS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN ZANZIBAR DURING THE 19th CENTURY." EUREKA: Social and Humanities 4 (July 31, 2019): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2019.00961.
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The Indians were considered the main category working in trade in Zanzibar during the reign of Sultan Saeed Bin Sultan, the founder of the modern state of Zanzibar (1806-1856). The Indian traders got the appreciation and respect of Saeed Bin Sultan and they were allowed to work in trade in the region and he treated them as local traders in order to establish a commercial empire. Hence most of the Indian traders came during his rule, and in 1835, as the case with others, they came with the seasonal wind. The Indian traders were Muslims and Hindu, but they didn’t consider Zanzibar as their homeland, they used to travel to India and come back. Among them, the Moslem Bahara became prominent, most of them were rich traders, who lived in Zanzibar and took it as their homeland. The Indian traders succeeded in supporting the economics of Zanzibar and financing the Arab commercial projects and developing the internal trade. Some of them succeeded in possessing large farms of cloves. And because of their commercial activity and their economic status they succeeded in establishing an excellent social position and they taught their children reading and writing. On the other side Britain encouraged the Indians to migrate to Eastern Africa because of its need for the technical Indian working class and handcraft to make use of their experience. Hence the important role of the Indian merchants in the trade of Eastern Africa came.
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Muzaffar, Muhammad, Zahid Yaseen, and Uroosa Ishfaq. "Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: Initial Perspectives and Stages." Global Regional Review I, no. I (December 30, 2016): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2016(i-i).05.
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Pakistan is a state like other states of the world. When it came out from the British net the initial stages were very tough for it. It was considered that it will rejoin India. But the administration of that time took sincere initiatives to manage the affairs gradually. Cold war started at that time between the Communist and Capitalist blocks. Newly established states joined one of them. Pakistan was also one of them. Its foreign policy principles, rules and regulations are highlighted in this paper. All these steps are discussed below gradually with the help of primary and secondary sources. It is concluded that Pakistan had no choice to join the capitalist block because of its financial position that forced it to take such decisions as compared to India. But security and sovereignty were never compromised in every era and at every stage.
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Kiruba, Angelin, and S. Vasantha. "The Recital Relationship between Share Prices of Indian Industries during the GST Implementation." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2018.7.2.1328.
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In India, earlier we pay various taxes i.e. Direct and Indirect taxes, which are felt as burden on people and due to these taxes, the corruption is increasing. To avoid this issue Indian Government is decided to have the changes in the Tax payment. So the decision what they have took is to have the unique tax percentage across the country.Before the GST introduced, there are different types of taxes has to be paid by the public as well as the people who do the business. GST is successfully implemented in various countries. GST tax will combine all the direct and indirect taxes paid by the individuals. This tax will help to increase the Gross Domestic Product GDP of the country. It is proven in the countries which are adopted the GST method in the Tax. And also the pain of paying multiple taxes for product or services will get reduce. This tax is the comprehensive tax of central and state government. This paper analyse the what kind of changes happened in the share market after the introduction of GST in India. It provide the variation of share price before and after the GST.
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Rode, Sanjay. "Widening fiscal deficit in Maharashtra state: causes and concerns." Public and Municipal Finance 7, no. 2 (September 28, 2018): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.07(2).2018.05.
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Maharashtra is highly urbanized and economically developed state in India. But now the growth rate is declining, and debt burden has increased in the state. CAGR has been used to examine the impact of FRBM act on fiscal deficit in the state. The RBI data from 1991 to 2016 show that the primary and fiscal deficit is increasing fast. The revenue and capital expenditure are increasing after 2003 FRBM act. The debt burden has increased in the state due to interest payment, pension liabilities, seventh pay commission to state employees, farm loan waiver scheme and infrastructure projects. State government took loans from different sources to finance its capital expenditure. The least square regression result shows that development expenditure in the state has declined very fast. The expenditure on health, education and social welfare of scheduled caste and tribe has declined in the state over the period of time. Government must improve revenue and capital receipts within the short period. Efforts must be made to reduce the debt burden on the state. Therefore, a number of alternative policies are required to improve revenue and capital receipts. State government must increase taxes on electronic and tobacco-related products. Taxes must be increased on commercial vehicles, luxury hotels, entry tax at hill stations, malls and purchase of diamonds and gold, petrol and diesel. Such sources will increase tax revenue to state government and fiscal deficit can be reduced to some extent.
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Patel, RS. "New distribution record of Cyathus stercoreus (Schwein.) De Toni (Nidulariaceae) for India from Gujarat state." Studies in Fungi 3, no. 1 (2018): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/sif/3/1/22.
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Kanojia, Sonika. "A Study on the Challenges Being Faced by Chandigarh University Students and their Parents during Covid-19 Lockdown." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.698.
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These days when India is locked down, apart from the economy the hardest thing getting suffered is our students’ education. They were in the midst of their classes or examination when this Covid-19 a coronavirus attacked India. Very wisely the India government took the decision to lockdown whole India in very initial stage. Chandigarh University management announced postponing the exams and immediately asked the students to move to their homes, if possible. This decision was taken one week in advance to the Indian Government decision. It was on 14th of March, 2020 when the management of the University decided the wellbeing of their students and asked them to move back. With this effort, most of the students reached their homes and staying with their parents. In all this set back an emotional support is very necessary. This study was initiated to understand the physical and emotional wellbeing of the students of Chandigarh University. The results found are very positive as most of the students are safe including those who could not leave their hostels because of any reason. They are being taken good care by Chandigarh University Management. In this study, we have tried to find out if the students are facing any challenges and if they are worried for anything. It will support the management to put their best effort forward to make the things even better for the students. The student strength of Chandigarh University belongs to complete India so this study will help all educational institutions to better support their students.
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Sabarinathan, G. "SEBI's Regulation of the Indian Securities Market: A Critical Review of the Major Developments." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 35, no. 4 (October 2010): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920100402.
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Since the empowerment of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) through an Act of Parliament in 1992, SEBI has come up with a number of initiatives aimed at regulating and developing the Indian securities market and improving its safety and efficiency. These initiatives have made an impact on nearly every aspect of the market. Some of those initiatives have transformed the market fundamentally. Particularly noteworthy is the growth in the following: Market capitalization Number of listed firms Trading volumes and turnover both in the spot and futures markets. There is a growing network of financial intermediaries that operate in a highly competitive environment while being governed by a tight set of norms. India has one of the most sophisticated new equity issuance markets. Disclosure requirements and the accounting policies followed by listed companies for producing financial information are comparable to the best regimes in the world. The Indian securities market is among the safest and the most efficient trading destinations internationally. The Indian corporate governance code is compared to the Sarbanes Oxley Act of the USA. India has one of the fastest growing and well-developed asset management businesses in the world, with state-owned as well as private sector players. That said, the Indian market is often hostage to some scam or the other from time to time. Effective enforcement of compliance is cited as one of the reasons for these unsavoury episodes. The role that SEBI's initiatives have played in bringing about this transformation of the market has not been researched comprehensively so far. Literature that has analysed the efficiency and the design of the Indian securities market has examined the role of certain specific regulatory provisions on the functioning of the securities market. So also the various annual reports of SEBI discuss the regulatory and other institutional developments that took place during the year under review. However, no attempt seems to have been made to take stock of all the various initiatives of SEBI so far and assess its impact on the activity in the securities market. This paper identifies some of the major interventions of SEBI relating to each of these aspects of the market and critically examines the economic consequences of the same. Such a stock-taking will enable a well-rounded and objective review of SEBI's performance. It is also likely to suggest interesting areas for further research.
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Bhagavan, Manu. "Princely states and the making of modern India." Indian Economic & Social History Review 46, no. 3 (July 2009): 427–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946460904600307.
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This article examines discussions that took place regarding princely states at the moment of transition from colonial to postcolonial India. It argues for a rethinking of Nehru's vision for ‘the integration of states’, locating his intellectual position in his broader concerns with the United Nations and a framework of international rights. For Nehru, the relationship between princely states and independent India existed reciprocally with that between the new postcolonial state and the UN. The purpose of the article, then, is to understand what ‘princely states’ meant to the imagination of India, and, more broadly, the idea of postcoloniality itself.
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Aggarwal, P. K., H. C. Joshi, Sujith Kumar, N. Gupta, and Sushil Kumar. "Fuel Ethanol Production from Indian Agriculture." Outlook on Agriculture 36, no. 3 (September 2007): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000007781891522.
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Fuel ethanol use is being encouraged in many countries, including India, to reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels and to reduce local pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as to provide support to stagnating sugarcane-based industries. Indian public policy is to use a blend of 10% ethanol with petrol within the next few years. This translates into a large requirement for fuel ethanol. This paper examines the potential suitability of various carbohydrate-based agri-resources for ethanol production in India, and the resources required for this in different agroclimatic regions. The results show that sugarcane has the highest ethanol potential, followed by cassava, potato and cereals. On the basis of growing time (days) in the field, however, the large differences among crops disappear and their ranking at state and district level also changes. It was calculated that the biomass as well as land requirement for fuel ethanol for 2010–11 in India would be small, taking into account the total food grain production and land used for agriculture. Utilization of only 3–7 million tons of damaged food grains or surplus food stocks could meet the requirement for fuel ethanol up to 2010. This may, however, involve trade-offs with food security. Agricultural residues, especially rice straw, currently burnt in north-western India, and causing air pollution and global warming, could be a useful and cheap resource, if the technology for cellulose conversion is made available and is cost-effective. A proper auditing of costs involved in producing biomass for gasohol, their implications for energy security and the environment, and trade-offs with food security is required for policy consideration.
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Gurtoo, Anjula. "Mindset Challenges at Aluminum India Limited: Privatization of a State-Owned Enterprise." Asian Case Research Journal 10, no. 02 (December 2006): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927506000806.
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The Central Government of India sold 49% equity and gave management control of Aluminum India Limited (AIL), an aluminum manufacturing state-owned enterprise (SOE), to the AlBright Group in 2002, as a move to attract capital investments for AIL and to make its operations financially viable. When Noorani, Chairperson of AlBright — a private company — took over AIL, she had to deal with a 30-year old manufacturing plant, an aged workforce, decreasing market share, and a 57-day employee strike against the sale of AIL shares to a private company. Together with a new management team, Noorani undertook some measures and was contemplating on others to transform AIL into a market-driven organization. She was facing high employee resistance. At this juncture Noorani was pondering on what to do next. She was concerned about the possibility of transforming AIL and proceeding with the expansion plans on schedule.
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Seshan, K. S. S. "Telangana: History and the formation of a new state." Studies in People's History 5, no. 1 (May 11, 2018): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448918759870.
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When the states’ reorganisation took place in 1956, Andhra Pradesh, enlarged by inclusion of Telangana, faced two contrary pulls. On the one hand, there was widespread pride in the Telugu language and culture, prevailing over the whole state, and, on the other, there was the legacy of the different histories of its two major parts, namely, coastal Andhra, long held under direct British administration, and Telangana, which had been a part for over two centuries of the largest princely state of India, Hyderabad. The paper examines how owing to this divergent legacy of the past, a union lasting for over half a century (1956–2014) proved unworkable, and separation became inevitable.
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Talbot, Ian. "SAFETY FIRST: THE SECURITY OF BRITONS IN INDIA, 1946–1947." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 23 (November 19, 2013): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440113000091.
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ABSTRACTA month into his viceroyalty, Lord Mountbatten took time out from sounding Indian political opinion about independence to discuss the future security of British residents with his provincial governors. By this stage, the concerns stemmed from fears of a general breakdown in law and order and Hindu–Muslim conflict rather than nationalist assault. Detailed plans were developed for a sea-borne evacuation. In the event, the only Britons who were evacuated were those airlifted from Srinagar in November 1947 as they were in the path of an invasion of the disputed Kashmir territory by Pakhtun tribesmen from Pakistan. Despite numerous articles on the British departure from India and the aftermath of Partition, little has been written about either the airlift or the broader strategic planning for European evacuation. The paper will focus on this neglected corner of the history of the transfer of power. It argues that while anti-British sentiment declined from a peak around the time of the Indian National Army trials, of 1945–6, the memories of the wartime chaotic flight from Burma and Malaya and the irreparable damage this had done to British prestige in Asia coloured the safety first approach adopted in 1947.
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Sááez, Lawrence. "India in 2002: The BJP's Faltering Mandate and the Morphology of Nuclear War." Asian Survey 43, no. 1 (January 2003): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.1.186.
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This article surveys some of the critical events that took place in India in 2002, paying particular attention to India's uneasy relationship with Pakistan. It also evaluates the significance of internal political developments, such as the significance of state assembly elections and the occurrence of riots in Gujarat. The survey concludes with a brief examination of India's economic developments.
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Polónia, Amélia, and Liliana Oliveira. "Shipbuilding in Portuguese overseas settlements, 1500–1700." International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 3 (August 2019): 539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419862711.
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Shipbuilding was an essential element in the creation of overseas empires during the early modern period. It generated demand for raw materials, technology and manpower, and in many cases received direct support from the state. The Portuguese shipbuilding industry enjoyed various incentives from the Crown, but was always a mix between state and private enterprise. With Portugal expanding overseas, building and repairing ships in the various Portuguese possessions became an option. Initially, it was viewed critically by the metropolitan authorities, as they feared losing control. Soon, however, the logistical needs of empire meant that public and private agencies began providing shipbuilding facilities in Portugal’s overseas territories. In Brazil, the abundance of high-quality wood militated in favour of the establishment of shipyards. Wood cut there or on the Atlantic coast of Africa was also transported to metropolitan Portugal. Shipbuilding specialists were sent out to Brazil to supervise the selection of suitable wood, and soon started to operate shipyards there. Little is known about shipbuilding in the Portuguese possessions in western Africa, while more can be said about the industry on the shores of the Indian Ocean. Shipyards in India, particularly in Goa and Cochin, were developed to meet the challenges and needs of formal and informal ‘empire’, particularly regarding ship repairs. The Ribeira de Goa replicated first the Ribeira das Naus of Lisbon, but soon individual shipyards took over specific functions. Crown control, initially tight and systematic, proved difficult to maintain. Indian woods were known for their hardness and durability and were shipped to Europe to build ships for the Indian Route. Expert labourers migrated from Portugal to overseas possessions, with specialists in metallurgy joining the shipbuilders. The scope of the operation also required the recruitment of local shipbuilders. In general, and for its financial resources, Portuguese colonial shipbuilding soon relied on a cooperation of state and private initiative, much as at home.
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Bragina, E. A. "India’s Economy under Pressure from COVID-19." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 5 (November 27, 2020): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-8.
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The article examines the negative changes in the Indian economy since the beginning of 2020 under the pressure of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures to overcome them. The increase in the number of cases, the introduction of quarantine led to a rapid reduction in production, mass unemployment, and a decrease in the country’s GDP. In the current emergency conditions, it became an objective necessity to increase the impact on the situation of the nation state in various forms. It took dramatic changes in the economic policy of India of the previous period, when the position of private entrepreneurship was significantly strengthened, especially in industry and services. The COVID-19 pandemic forced the government of the country, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, to tackle the primary challenge - to keep the country from sliding into total prolonged stagnation and at the same time to support a multimillion poverty-stricken population. The main method of the government was the policy of financial saturation of the economy through direct financial injections, as well as the direct distribution of money and food in kind among the poor. The collapse of economic activity in India in the first half of 2020 was replaced in the third quarter of this year by signs of some economic recovery. For India, according to UNCTAD, in 2021, the opportunity to attract significant foreign investment from the leading countries of the world, interested in expanding their positions in its huge domestic market, is increasing. In the context of the pandemic, India’s role in revitalizing, at the initiative of N. Modi, political and economic contacts in South Asia between SAARC members became especially significant.
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Campbell, Joel R. "Technology Policy in Developing Countries: Indigenous Programs and Political Econorny Theory." International Studies Review 12, no. 2 (October 15, 2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01202001.
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The nature of the state and whether it is able to create a national innovation system have been the primary variables determining the direction of technology policy. This article considers five major cases: Taiwan and Korea, India. China, and Tanzania. Two of the cases, Taiwan and Korea, represent Newly lndustrializing Economies, while India and China represent emerging concinencal economies. All four have been, to varying degrees, Successful instances. Taiwan and Korea were able to link industrial development with applied technology development. while China and India had mixed successes and took much longer to realize technology policy goals. Tanzania illustrates the difficulties encountered by developing countries in creating a science and technology infrastructure. The article also presents theoretical implications of these cases, and assesses shortcomings in technology policy literature.
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Majid, Kashef A. "Drawing negative inferences from a positive country-of-origin image." International Marketing Review 34, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-03-2015-0060.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how a positive country-of-origin image will impact consumer perceptions for a high-risk product when the price is unexpectedly low. Design/methodology/approach An experimental approach was used with consumers from the USA and India. Consumers were divided into groups and given two scenarios that involved purchasing medicine that may have been counterfeit. In one scenario manufacturing took place in India, the other in Switzerland. They were asked to state the probability that certain goods could be counterfeit if they originated from the stated country and then make choices based on those perceived probabilities. An analysis of variance was conducted to test for differences between groups. Findings The authors found that in both samples consumers attached greater probabilities toward low-priced medicines if they originated from Switzerland vs India. Conversely, the higher priced medicines were more likely to be counterfeit if they originated from India vs Switzerland. When given a choice scenario consumers chose more versions of the cheaper products from India than from Switzerland. Originality/value When country-of-origin is salient then it is believed that a positive country-of-origin image will benefit products that are produced from that country. Consumers expect that more expensive products come from a country with a positive country-of-origin image. The results demonstrate that when there is a conflict between expectations of the country and the price of the product the outcome is lowered perceptions and consumption of the product. This holds true for consumers from a high-cost economy (USA) and consumers from a low-cost economy (India). The authors add to the literature on country-of-origin by demonstrating that a positive image can be a liability when consumers are wary of purchasing a high-risk product.
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Negi, R. K., and Sheetal Mamgain. "Species Diversity, Abundance and Distribution of Fish Community and Conservation Status of Tons River of Uttarakhand State, India." Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 8, no. 5 (August 15, 2013): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2013.617.626.
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Smykov, A. V., and N. V. Mesyats. "State analysis of horticulture and peach culture in the world." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 155 (November 16, 2020): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-2-155-130-137.
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Aim and task: conduct an analysis of scientific and technical literature, identify trends in world production of fruit crops and peaches. Methods. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division) (http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru), Federal Customs Service (http://customs.ru/statistic), Federal State Statistics Service (https://www.gks.ru). Statistical reports for the period from 1998 to 2017 were taken for analysis. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division) (http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru), Federal Customs Service (http://customs.ru/statistic), Federal State Statistics Service (https://www.gks.ru). Statistical reports for the period from 1998 to 2017 were taken for analysis. Results. The volume of fruit produced, the area under orchards is increasing annually throughout the world. The highest yield (20.0 - 37.7 t / ha) for all crops was achieved in the USA, the Netherlands, Egypt, France, Italy and others, and the gross fruit yield (2565 - 877177 thousand tons) is the highest in China, the USA, Turkey, India, Iran and others. The total volume of imports of the main types of fruits to Russia in 2016 amounted to 4,159.6 thousand tons, which is 4.6% or 181.7 thousand tons more than in 2015. In the structure of fruit supplies, the largest share in 2016, bananas, tangerines, apples, oranges, lemons, pears, grapes occupied. Peach remains in the world one of the main stone fruit crops. The leaders in the production of peach fruits are China, Italy, Spain, USA, Greece. In Russia, there is a shortage of peach production. Its import is 37.4 thousand tons of fruits (2016) and exceeds its own production. Main conclusions. The most important task remains the development of horticulture in Russia and the reduction of fruit imports on the domestic market.