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1
Kuhn, Jeffrey J., L. W. Preston Church, Itzhak Brook, David A. Bianchi, Catherine L. Waters, and David H. Thompson. "Quantitative Bacteriology of Tonsils Removed from Children with Tonsillitis Hypertrophy and Recurrent Tonsillitis with and without Hypertrophy." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 104, no. 8 (1995): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949510400810.
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The aerobic and anaerobic bacterial species and their numbers were studied in tonsillar specimens from children who had undergone elective tonsillectomy: 6 patients with recurrent tonsillitis (RT), 9 with recurrent tonsillitis with hypertrophy (RTH), and 8 with obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy (OTH). Mixed flora were present in all tonsils, yielding an average of 6.7 isolates (5.6 aerobic or facultative and 1.1 anaerobic bacteria). The highest recovery rate of organisms per tonsil was in patients with OTH (7.7 per tonsil), compared to 6.3 per tonsil in RT and 5.9 per tonsil in RTH. The predominant aerobic and facultative organisms were Haemophilus influenzae (22 isolates), Neisseria sp (16), Staphylococcus aureus (14), and Eikenella corrodens (14), and the predominant anaerobic bacteria were Fusobacterium sp (8), Bacteroides sp (7), and Prevotella melaninogenica (5). The number of bacteria per gram of tonsillar tissue varied between 104 and 108. A higher concentration of S aureus and H influenzae was found in hypertrophic tonsils (RTH and OTH) as compared to RT. These findings suggest the presence of an increased bacterial load and supports an etiologic role for H influenzae and S aureus in hypertrophic tonsils with and without inflammation (RTH and OTH). Further studies to elucidate the effect of selective antimicrobial therapy directed at these organisms may offer an alternative management of hypertrophic tonsils.
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Daikhes, N. A., A. I. Kryukov, I. A. Kim, et al. "Diagnosis of tonsil hypertrophy." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 19, no. 2 (2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2020-2-14-20.
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Diagnosis of hypertrophy of the tonsils is traditionally based on data from mesopharyngoscopy. However, there are conflicting views on the possibility of determining the degree of hypertrophy of the tonsils during a routine examination of the pharynx. To date, several methods have been proposed for the diagnosis of tonsil hypertrophy, which have several disadvantages: the complexity of the studies, poor reproducibility in clinical practice, the need to have non-serial equipment, the effect on the testing results of other pathological conditions (laryngopharyngeal reflux, post-nasal drip syndrome, etc.) and anatomical features of the oropharynx. The purpose of the study is to develop an effective method for the diagnosis of tonsil hypertrophy based on the results of transcervical ultrasound examination of the tonsils. Patients and methods. 132 patients with chronic tonsillitis were examined. To diagnose hypertrophy of the tonsils, ultrasound imaging of the tonsils was used, determining the transverse size of the tonsils and the degree of its vascularization. Results. In tonsils with a transverse diameter of 16–20 and 21–30 mm or more, an increase in blood flow is observed, in contrast to tonsils with a transverse smaller, up to 15 mm, diameter. At the same time, the threshold value of hypertrophy of the tonsils is increased vascularization (peri-, intratonsillar and mixed type) of tonsils with a transverse diameter of 21 mm or more.
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POKROVSKAYA, E. M., S. V. KHALIULLINA, V. N. KRASNOZHEN, and E. F. MANNANOVA. "Prospects for using immunostimulating agents with nonspecific antiviral activity in the complex treatment of children with chronic adenoiditis." Practical medicine 21, no. 2 (2023): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2023-2-79-84.
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The article presents the results of studies on using inosine pranobex in children with pharyngeal tonsils hypertrophy of the 3rd degree after surgical intervention to prevent the development of pharyngeal tonsillitis relapses and compensatory hypertrophy of palatine tonsils in the postoperative period. 355 children aged 3 to 7 years old with a diagnosis of pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy of the 3rd degree were examined. Laboratory methods of examination included qualitative studies to detect DNA of lymphotropic herpesviruses (EBV, CMV, HHV-6) in flushes from the nasopharyngeal mucosa. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that the inclusion of inosine pranobex in the complex treatment of children with chronic adenoiditis with verified herpesvirus infection is clinically effective and helps to reduce the risk of recurrence of pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy and compensatory palatine tonsil hypertrophy.
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Синельникова, А. Г., Р. И. Синельников, А. А. Сависько, Ан А. Сависько та В. Д. Павленко. "Гипертрофия небных миндалин у детей: состояние проблемы". Педиатрия. Восточная Европа 13, № 1 (2025): 115–21. https://doi.org/10.34883/pi.2025.13.1.010.
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Цель. Провести анализ литературы на тему гипертрофии небных миндалин у детей, оценить ее распространенность, причины развития, клинические проявления и методы лечения. Материалы и методы. Для поиска были использованы базы данных Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, РИНЦ. Поиск проводили по ключевым словам: «tonsillar hypertrophy», «adenotonsillar hypertrophy», «tonsilen largemen», «pediatric tonsil larhypertrophy», «tonsil hypertrophy treatment», «гипертрофия миндалин», «тонзиллэктомия». Учитывая, что большинство найденных работ освещают проблему гипертрофии лимфоглоточного кольца в целом, а публикации на тему изолированного увеличения небных миндалин достаточно редки, для анализа использованы статьи за последние 20 лет, а также фундаментальные труды авторитетных авторов. Из поиска исключены клинические случаи, статьи, в которых гипертрофия миндалин рассматривалась в совокупности с гипертрофией аденоидов, повторяющиеся статьи, исследования, не прошедшие оценку качества по шкале Jadad. Результаты. Предоставлены актуальные данные по распространенности патологии, механизмам и причинам гипертрофии тонзиллярной ткани. Поднят вопрос об отсутствии стандартных диагностических показателей гипертрофии небных миндалин. Приведены исследования о влиянии патологии на организм детей, а также статьи, оценивающие эффективность тонзиллэктомии. Заключение. Обзор литературы показал высокую распространенность патологии, ее значимое влияние на развитие детей и эффективность хирургических методов лечения по сравнению с консервативными. Purpose. To analyze the literature on the topic of hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils in children, to assess its prevalence, causes of development, clinical manifestations and treatment methods. Materials and methods. Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, RSCI databases were used for the search using the keywords "tonsillar hypertrophy", "adenotonsillar hypertrophy", "tonsil enlargemen", "pediatric tonsillar hypertrophy", "tonsil hypertrophy treatment", "tonsillar hypertrophy", "tonsillectomy." Considering that most of the found works highlight the problem of hypertrophy of the lymphopharyngeal ring as a whole, and publications on the topic of isolated enlargement of the palatine tonsils are quite rare, articles from the last 20 years, as well as fundamental works by reputable authors, were used for analysis. Clinical cases, articles in which tonsillar hypertrophy was considered in conjunction with adenoid hypertrophy, repetitive articles, and studies that did not pass the quality assessment on the Jadad scale are excluded from the search. Results. Up-to-date data on the prevalence of pathology, mechanisms and causes of tonsillar tissue hypertrophy are provided. The issue of the absence of standard diagnostic indicators of hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils has been raised. There are studies on the effect of pathology on the body of children, as well as articles evaluating the effectiveness of tonsillectomy. Conclusion. A review of the literature showed a high prevalence of pathology, its significant impact on the development of children and the effectiveness of surgical methods of treatment over conservative ones.
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Varadharajan, Ramesh, and Sonee Thingujam. "Prevalence of Gerlach tonsil: a mucosa associated lymphoid tissue aggregation in the nasopharynx." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 7, no. 1 (2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20205399.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The major aggregate of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx is the adenoid. The minor aggregate located in the nasopharynx is the Gerlach tonsils or tubal tonsils. The Gerlach tonsils are well described in the text books. But unlike the adenoids they are rarely visualized during routine endoscopic examination. Several studies conducted in children for recurrence of adenoids or serous otitis media after surgery; have reported tubal tonsil hypertrophy widely. This study in adults aims to see the prevalence of Gerlach or tubal tonsils visible during nasal endoscopy.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The case records of 155 adult patients, aged between 18-50 years, who underwent pre-operative diagnostic nasal endoscopy for the management of septal deviations, chronic Sinusitis, nasal polyposis or eustachian dysfunction between Jan. 2019 to March 2020 are retrospectively reviewed and the endoscopy findings analyzed and presented. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Gerlach tonsil hypertrophy is reported to be more prevalent in children than in adults. When hypertrophied, the Gerlach tonsils can cause symptoms in adults also and can be visualized during nasal endoscopy. In this adult study, we report a 0.6% incidence of Gerlach tonsil hypertrophy. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The possibility of a Gerlach tonsil hypertrophy is to be remembered during nasal endoscopy in adult patients presenting with symptoms of eustachian dysfunction and past history of allergic rhinitis and adeno tonsillectomy. Comparing the size of the contra lateral torus tubaris and the eustachian tube opening during the act of swallowing is helpful in diagnosis.</p>
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Pokrovskaya, E. M., S. V. Khaliullina, V. A. Anokhin, K. R. Khaliullina, Kh S. Khaertinov, and V. N. Krasnozhen. "Optimization of treatment of lymphopharyngeal ring organ hypertrophy in children infected with herpes viruses." Practical medicine 18, no. 6 (2020): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2020-6-133-137.
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The aim of the work is to evaluate the prevalence of herpes virus infection of nasopharynx mucosa in children with hypertrophy of adenoid and palatine tonsils to improve the complex treatment methods. An open continuous prospective analytical study was carried out, which included examination and treatment of 186 patients with chronic adenoiditis. The patients were divided into three groups. The first group included 146 children with a diagnosis of adenoids grade 3 – 90 people; adenoids grade 3, hypertrophy of the tonsils grade 2-3 – 56 people. Endoscopic adeno- or adenotonsillotomy was performed in patients of the first group. Patients of the second group had adenoids grade 1–2 and received conservative treatment. Patients of the third group were children with compensatory hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils and recurrences of adenoids, who had a history of endoscopic anesthetic adenotomy. All patients were examined for the presence of Epstein-Barr and cytomegaloviruses DNA in swabs from the nasopharynx and oropharynx by PCR. The result was positive in 63.3% of patients with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy and in 76.8% of patients with pharyngeal and tonsil hypertrophy. The calculation of the odds ratio indicated that the probability of hypertrophy of these tonsils in children infected with herpes viruses is 3.3 times higher (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.2-9.1) than in uninfected ones. Patients from the first group with a positive test result for herpes viruses, in addition to surgical and basic therapy, received a drug with antiviral and immunomodulatory activity. The results of endoscopic adenotomy and adenotonzillotomy in combination with the administration of etiotropic therapy indicated a high treatment efficiency.
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Shevchuk, Yu, and Yu Dieieva. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ANATOMY FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE PHARYNX AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA SYNDROME IN ADULTS." Клінічна та профілактична медицина 3, no. 25 (2023): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31612/2616-4868.3(25).2023.04.
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The aim. To assess the correlation between subjective measurements and objective volume of palatine tonsils in adults, and to test the effect of oropharyngeal anatomy, body mass index, age, and OSA severity on actual tonsil volume. In addition, we evaluated the effect of tonsil size on the development of OSA in adults.
 Materials and methods. A prospective study of 130 patients with rhonchopathy and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was conducted. Patients underwent a physical examination, nocturnal polysomnography, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, body mass index (BMI, kg/m²), and a subjective assessment of snoring on an analog scale from 1 (not important) to 10 (worst possible).
 Results: pharyngeal tissues are also found to be proportional to body size in both patients with rhonchopathy and patients with OSA, which indicates a secondary role of anatomy in the pathogenesis of OSA development. Tonsil volume (p = 0.053) tended to correlate with the degree of severity OSA There were no significant differences in the mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) between patients with grade I (30.5), II (29.6), or III (38.2) tonsil hypertrophy. Patients with grade IV tonsil hypertrophy had a higher AHI (mean 103.2) than patients with grade I (p = 0.01), II (p = 0.01) or III (p = 0.03) hypertrophy.
 Conclusions: In adult patients with rhonchopathy and OSA, there is a reliable correlation between the clinical degree of tonsil hypertrophy and the objective volume of the tonsils. Possible changes in pharyngeal geometry associated with OSA do not affect the clinical ability to determine tonsil volume. Although tonsil volume correlates with AHI, clinically only grade IV tonsils are predictive of severe OSA. Pharyngeal tissue volume likely reflects body mass index rather than OSA.
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Plzak, Jan, Pavla Macokova, Michal Zabrodsky, Jan Kastner, Petr Lastuvka, and Jaromir Astl. "Influence of Radiofrequency Surgery on Architecture of the Palatine Tonsils." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/598257.
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Radiofrequency surgery is a widely used modern technique for submucosal volume reduction of the tonsils. So far there is very limited information on morphologic changes in the human tonsils after radiofrequency surgery. We performed histopathological study of tonsillectomy specimens after previous bipolar radiofrequency induced thermotherapy (RFITT). A total of 83 patients underwent bipolar RFITT for hypertrophy of palatine tonsils. Tonsil volume reduction was measured by 3D ultrasonography. Five patients subsequently underwent tonsillectomy. Profound histopathological examination was performed to determine the effect of RFITT on tonsillar architecture. All tonsillectomy specimens showed the intact epithelium, intact germinal centers, normal vascularization, and no evidence of increased fibrosis. No microscopic morphological changes in tonsillectomy specimens after bipolar RFITT were observed. RFITT is an effective submucosal volume reduction procedure for treatment of hypertrophic palatine tonsils with no destructive effect on microscopic tonsillar architecture and hence most probably no functional adverse effect.
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Kudabaeva, I. D., S. J. Sadykov, and A. N. Zhakybaeva. "Clinical case of laser ablation of lingual amygdala." BULLETIN OF SURGERY IN KAZAKHSTAN, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35805/bsk2022iv006.
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Hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil is a condition in which the lingual tonsil, located at the base of the tongue, enlarges. This tonsil consists of clusters of follicles separated by a central groove. In children under 5 years old, the number of follicles usually ranges from 10 to 12, while in adults up to 40 years old, it can reach 35 to 40. This structure plays an important role in the immune system, helping the body fight infections and microbes. Like other tonsils in the throat, the lingual tonsil can sometimes cause problems, such as hypertrophy (enlargement) or chronic infections. The causes of lingual tonsil hypertrophy can be diverse. In some cases, it develops as a compensatory process after the removal of the palatine tonsils. The primary cause in adults may be chronic inflammation of the pharynx. Severe degrees of lingual tonsil hypertrophy are very rare but can lead to various symptoms, such as coughing, difficulty swallowing and breathing, a feeling of pressure in the area beneath the tongue, and other nonspecific complaints. These symptoms are not pathognomonic for lingual tonsil hypertrophy. The challenges in diagnosis and the lack of a standardized approach to surgical treatment require detailed consideration and description in each individual case. Sometimes, patients with lingual tonsil hypertrophy complain of coughing paroxysms. In such cases, mechanical irritation of the lingual tonsil with a probe can provide some assistance in diagnosis. In the context of this study, lingual tonsillectomy surgery was performed on a patient using a diode laser. The results obtained confirmed the high level of technological feasibility and appropriateness of using laser ablation for the treatment of lingual tonsil hypertrophy. Laser ablation is one of the possible surgical procedures for treating lingual tonsil hypertrophy. It can be an effective and technologically advanced method, although it requires experience and qualification of specialists.
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Kudabaeva, I. D., S. J. Sadykov, and A. N. Zhakybaeva. "Clinical case of laser ablation of lingual amygdala." BULLETIN OF SURGERY IN KAZAKHSTAN, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35805/bsk2023iv006.
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Hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil is a condition in which the lingual tonsil, located at the base of the tongue, enlarges. This tonsil consists of clusters of follicles separated by a central groove. In children under 5 years old, the number of follicles usually ranges from 10 to 12, while in adults up to 40 years old, it can reach 35 to 40. This structure plays an important role in the immune system, helping the body fight infections and microbes. Like other tonsils in the throat, the lingual tonsil can sometimes cause problems, such as hypertrophy (enlargement) or chronic infections. The causes of lingual tonsil hypertrophy can be diverse. In some cases, it develops as a compensatory process after the removal of the palatine tonsils. The primary cause in adults may be chronic inflammation of the pharynx. Severe degrees of lingual tonsil hypertrophy are very rare but can lead to various symptoms, such as coughing, difficulty swallowing and breathing, a feeling of pressure in the area beneath the tongue, and other nonspecific complaints. These symptoms are not pathognomonic for lingual tonsil hypertrophy. The challenges in diagnosis and the lack of a standardized approach to surgical treatment require detailed consideration and description in each individual case. Sometimes, patients with lingual tonsil hypertrophy complain of coughing paroxysms. In such cases, mechanical irritation of the lingual tonsil with a probe can provide some assistance in diagnosis. In the context of this study, lingual tonsillectomy surgery was performed on a patient using a diode laser. The results obtained confirmed the high level of technological feasibility and appropriateness of using laser ablation for the treatment of lingual tonsil hypertrophy. Laser ablation is one of the possible surgical procedures for treating lingual tonsil hypertrophy. It can be an effective and technologically advanced method, although it requires experience and qualification of specialists.
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Якимцова, А. В., and М. В. Песоцкая. "Problematic Issues of Tonsil Hypertrophy in Children. Literature Review." Оториноларингология. Восточная Европа, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2021.11.4.025.
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В статье приведен обзор материалов о проблеме гипертрофии нёбных миндалин (ГНМ). Рассматриваются клиническая картина и отдаленные последствия данной патологии, которые проявляются в том числе у взрослых пациентов. Приводятся факты, обуславливающие актуальность данной проблемы. Перечисляются наиболее вероятные этиологические факторы ГНМ, а также факторы, этиологическая роль которых широко обсуждалась, однако не нашла своего подтверждения. Описывается краткая история формирования различных подходов в лечении ГНМ: от полного удаления ткани миндалин (тонзиллэктомия) до возникновения необходимости в органосохраняющих методиках (интракапсулярная тонзиллэктомия, или тонзиллотомия). Кратко описываются консервативные способы лечения данной патологии. Перечислены существующие хирургические методы лечения ГНМ, а также наиболее вероятные осложнения данных методов. На основании имеющихся публикаций приведена краткая сравнительная характеристика тонзиллэктомии и тонзиллотомии с указанием преимуществ органосохраняющих методик в лечении ГНМ. The article provides an overview of materials on the problem of hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils. The clinical picture and long-term consequences of this pathology that are manifested both in children and adult patients are considered. The facts that determine the relevance of this problem are presented. The most probable etiological factors of hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils are listed, as well as the factors, the etiological role of which has been widely discussed, but has not been confirmed. A brief history of the formation of various approaches in the treatment of hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils from complete removal of tonsil tissue (tonsillectomy) to the emergence of the need for organ-preserving techniques (intracapsular tonsillectomy or tonsillotomy) is described. Conservative methods of treatment of this pathology are briefly described. The existing surgical methods for treating hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils are listed, as well as the most likely complications of surgical methods for treating hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils. Based on the available publications, a brief comparative characteristic of tonsillectomy and tonsillotomy is given, indicating the advantages of organ-preserving techniques in the treatment of hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils.
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Grechi, Tais, Carla Itikawa, Fernanda Gallarreta, et al. "Oral and oral preparatory phase of swallowing in children with tonsil hypertrophy: Videofluoroscopy study." International Journal of Orofacial Myology 41, no. 1 (2015): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52010/ijom.2015.41.1.1.
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The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of respiratory obstruction due tonsils hypertrophy on bolus organization, lip posture, bolus propulsion, and on associated head and mandible movements during the preparatory oral and oral phases of swallowing in children. This is a transversal study in children with tonsils hypertrophy (Group 1 -n = 21, 8 girls and 13 boys; mean age 4.5 years) and nasal breathers children without tonsils hypertrophy (Group 2 -n = 10, 4 girls and 6 boys; mean age 4.6 years). The groups were evaluated for respiratory patterns (oroscopy, anterior rhinoscopy and nasopharyngoendoscopy), dental evaluation and videofluoroscopy of swallowing, for liquids and paste food. No significant differences were detected (p>0.05) between groups regarding liquid volume ingested, bolus organization, lip posture, bolus propulsion, or the presence of associated head and mandible movements. The results indicate that respiratory obstruction caused by tonsil hypertrophy in children with normal occlusion did not influence the variables studied regarding the preparatory oral and oral phases of swallowing for both consistencies.
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Kurtasova, L. M., N. A. Shakina, and T. V. Lubnina. "Studies on correlations between immunophenotype and the indices of metabolic enzyme activity of blood lymphocytes in children with hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils." Medical Immunology (Russia) 22, no. 1 (2020): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-soc-1806.
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The objective of our study was to evaluate correlation between the immune pheno-type and activity indices of NAD (P)-dependent dehydrogenases in peripheral blood lymphocytes in young children with hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil (HPT). We have examined 57 children, 1-3 years of age, with hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils (HPT). The control group consisted of 35 healthy children of the same age. The numbers of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, CD16+/56+ lymphoid cells in peripheral blood were determined by flow cytofluorimetry technique. Activity of NAD (P)-dependant dehydrogenases in peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied using bioluminescent method as described elsewhere (А. Savchenko, L. Suntsova, 1989). Correlation analysis has revealed an increase of positive correlations, a decrease of the correlation strength, and emergence of new connections between phenotype and activity indices of NAD (P)-dependent dehydrogenases in peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsils (HPT). Specific correlation patterns between the phenotype and activity indices of NAD (P)-dependent dehydrogenases in peripheral blood lymphocytes have been revealed in children with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsils (HPT).
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Jesic, Snezana, Ljuba Stojilkovic, Vladimir Djordjevic, et al. "Enzymatic study of Waldeyer’s ring lymphoid tissue: Activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase in palatinal tonsils and adenoids in children with recurrent infection of the ring." Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 24, no. 1 (2005): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0501027j.
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Activity and kinetic properties of tissue nonspecific alkaline phopsphatase and acid phosphatase were investigated in adenoids and tonsils of 62 children tonsiloadenoidectomised because of recurrent infection using p-nitrophenylphosphate as a substrate. Kinetic properties were calculated by the method of Levenberg-Marquardt. The mean value of tonsil TNAP activity was 3.525 U/mg of protein versus 7.280 U/ mg of protein in adenoids (t = 5.928, df = 60, p < 0.01). ACP activity was also significantly lower in tonsils (10.844 U/mg of protein) than in adenoids (13.059 U/mg of protein) (t = 11.318, df = 60, p < 0.01). There were no influence of age and sex to both enzyme activities. TNAP activity was significantly higher in hypertrophic (4.132 U/mg of protein) than in atrophic (2.531 U/mg of protein) (t = 2.361, df = 20, p < 0.05). Tonsillar TNAP was more effective than adenoid TNAP (t = 11.769, df = 60, p < 0.01). Results suggest the possibility that recurrent infection influences the tonsils more than adenoids and age. Hypertrophy could be an adaptive mechanism of palatinal tonsils during the infection.
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Bredun, Oleksandr, Marina Tymchenko, Inna Faraon, and Oleg Melnikov. "CYTOKINE AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN SPECTRA OF TISSUE EXTRACTS FROM TONSILS OF CHILDREN WITH HYPERTROPHY AND CHRONIC TONSILLITIS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 1 (2020): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202001130.
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The aim: To compare the content of α and γ–interferons, interleukins 1β ,4, 10, IgA, IgG, as well as the level of the general forms of immune complexes in tissue extracts from tonsils of children with hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis. Materials and methods: We studied tonsils of 25 children aged 5-12 years with hypertrophy of palatine tonsils (HPT) and with chronic tonsillitis (CT). The content of α and γ – interferons, interleukins 1β, 4, 10, IgA, IgG in tonsil extract was determined by immunofluorescence assay. Immune complexes were determined using sedimentary test (3.75% solution of polyethylene glycol). Results: In tissue extracts from tonsils with CT, there is a predominance of inflammation factors, potential sensitization, and the development of immunopathological reactions. The presence of inflammation is indicated by elevated levels of interleukin-1β, immunoglobulin G. High levels of interleukin-4 may indicate that both HPT and CT have a tendency to increase sensitization to microbial and other antigens. Conclusion: The results indicate a significant difference in the qualitative and quantitative state of inflammation factors and allergy in case of HPT and CT. In tonsils with CT, there predominate both simple and allergic inflammations, as well as immunopathological reactions.
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Grankovsky, V. A., E. P. Karpova, L. V. Gankovskaya, Ya S. Avalyan, E. D. Merkusheva, and E. V. Zinina. "Features of innate immunity in children with hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils." Medical Immunology (Russia) 26, no. 2 (2023): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-foi-2650.
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Hypertrophy of pharyngeal lymphoid tissue is among the most common problems in pediatric otorhinolaryngology, in particular, hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils. This disorder is characterized by increased size of a single or both palatine tonsils combined with various clinical symptoms. The principles of treatment in children with this pathology remain debatable, since the long-term effects of bilateral tonsillotomy are still not fully understood. The aim of the study was to assess the expression levels of genes encoding the innate immunity molecules (TLR4, HBD1, HBD2, IL1β) in the mucous membranes of palatine tonsils in children with palatine tonsillitis before and after treatment.We conducted a study of 78 patients divided into three independent groups. The 1st group (comparison) included 20 somatically healthy children. The 2nd group included 28 children with grade 2 palatine tonsil hypertrophy who underwent local treatment. The 3rd group included 30 children with grade 3 hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils, who, by clinical indications, underwent bilateral tonsillotomy. Determination and evaluation of innate immunity indices was carried out both before starting the treatment, and one month later, using the real-time PCR method.In children with hypertrophy of palatine tonsils, the initial values of TLR4 gene expression and antimicrobial peptides differed from those of healthy children. A decreased expression of HBD1 and HBD2 genes, which provide immediate protection against pathogens, was revealed. The values of TLR4 gene expression differed in groups of children with varying degrees of palatine tonsillar hypertrophy. In patients with bilateral tonsillotomy, an increased expression of TLR4 gene and a decreased expression of antimicrobial peptide genes (HBD1, HBD2) were revealed, which may indicate a readiness for development of tonsillar inflammation in response to pathogens. One month after surgical treatment, the indices of innate immunity were comparable with those of healthy children thus confirming the validity of surgical treatment. In the 2nd group of patients, the TLR4 gene expression one month after conservative treatment remained reduced, the expression of β-defensin HBD1 gene increased and exceeded the indicators of the group of healthy children, the expression level of the IL-1β gene was reduced.The revealed imbalance between the TLR4, HBD1 and HBD2 expression levels confirms an important role of innate immunity mechanisms in pathogenesis of palatine tonsillitis. The assessment of innate immunity indices may be used as an additional criterion in administration of therapy for hypertrophy of palatine tonsils and evaluation of its efficiency.
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Brook, Itzhak, and Paula Yocum. "Comparison of the Microbiology of Group a and Non-Group a Streptococcal Tonsillitis." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 97, no. 3 (1988): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948809700306.
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We studied the microbial flora of tonsils removed from 20 children who suffered from recurrent group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) tonsillitis and 20 who had tonsillar hypertrophy following recurrent non-GABHS tonsillitis. Similar polymicrobial aerobic and anaerobic flora were recovered from the cores of the tonsils in each group. β-Lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) were recovered more often in the group with GABHS. This difference was due mostly to the lower incidence of β-lactamase-producing strains of Branhamella catarrhalis and Bacteroides sp in hypertrophic tonsils following non-GABHS tonsillitis. β-Lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus was found with equal frequency in both groups. These findings demonstrate that although BLPB are recovered more often in recurrently inflamed tonsils following GABHS infection, BLPB also can be found in hypertrophic tonsils following non-GABHS tonsillitis.
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Bredun, Oleksandr, and Ilona Kosakivska. "ANTIBODIES TO MICROBIAL ANTIGENS AND CYTOKINES IN THE CELLS OF THE PALATINE TONSILS AND SERUM OF CHILDREN WITH PALATINE TONSILS HYPERTROPHY AND CHRONIC TONSILLITIS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 2 (2022): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202202129.
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The aim: The aim of the study is to compare the class G antibody content in serum and tissue lysate from tonsils of children with hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis to: streptolysin–O of Str. haemolyticus, protein–A of S. aureus, proteoglycans of Klebsiela spp., as well as to compare the content of interleukins 1β, 10, TNF-α, γ-IFN and lactoferrin in serum and tissue lysate from tonsils of children with hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis. Materials and methods: We studied tonsils of 33 children aged 4-18 years with hypertrophy of palatine tonsils (HPT) and with chronic tonsillitis (CT). The content of interleukins 1β, 10, TNF-α, γ-IFN and lactoferrin in tonsil lysate and serum was determined by immunofluorescence assay. Antistreptolysin O was studied by neutralization test of micromethod; class G antibodies to protein A of S. aureus and proteoglycans of Klebsiela spp. were studied by treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay. All the results were statistically processed using U-test (Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test) and Fisher’s z-transformation. Results: The serum and tissue lysate from tonsils of patients with HPT showed significantly high level of antibodies to streptolysin O in comparison with similar studies of substrates from patients with CT. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was detected only in the serum of patients with CT. The TNF-α concentration in the lysates of tonsils in the group of patients with HPT was 2 times higher than in the group of patients with CT. The γ-IFN concentration was significantly lower both in the serum and in the lysates of tonsils of patients with CT. The content of lactoferrin in the lysates of patients with CT was 3 times higher (P<0.05) than in the lysates of patients with HPT. Conclusions: The results indicate a significant difference in the state of antibodies to microbial antigens and cytokines production in case of HPT and CT. In tonsils with HPT, there predominate reactions of antibody production to bacterial antigens and antiviral reactions like a high-level cytokines TNF-α and γ-IFN in tissue lysate of palatine tonsils.
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Bant, Przemysław, Dariusz Jurkiewicz, and Szczepan Cierniak. "Selected Immunohistochemical Assessment and Clinical Examinations in the Diagnosis of Palatine Tonsil Diseases." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 13 (2023): 4522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134522.
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Introduction: The palatine tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs where immune processes occur, influencing the development of a targeted cellular and humoral response. The diseased tonsils are subject to immunological imbalances, including the activity of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. This leads to the development of palatine tonsil diseases, such as palatine tonsillitis and palatine tonsillar hypertrophy. Aim: The main aim of the study was to evaluate the similarities and differences in the clinical and pathomorphological pictures of patients qualified for surgical treatment due to hypertrophy or inflammation of the palatine tonsils. The aim was achieved by demonstrating the relationship between the patient’s medical history and physical examination and histopathological diagnosis of a given tonsillar disease, evaluating the usefulness of basic blood tests (leukocytosis, ASO, ESR, and CRP) in differential diagnosis, and assessing the immunohistochemical assessment of palatine tonsil tissue. Material and Methods: The tonsils were stained with the following antibodies: IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 IL-10, and IL-37 and CD25, CD40, and CD69, taking into account the histological division of the studied lymphatic tissue (epithelial, subepithelial, follicular, follicular center, and interfollicular). Patients aged between 19 and 70 years with tonsillitis or clinical signs of tonsillar hypertrophy were qualified for tonsillectomy/UPPP. Seventy-two males (68.6%) and thirty-three females (31.4%) were enrolled in the study. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment was performed on 105 palatine tonsils. Results: The diagnostic value of blood tests, including determination of ASO, ESR, CRP, and leukocyte level, proved to be a significant predictor of tonsil disease. In the pathomorphological assessment, 75% of the subjects who had simultaneously elevated ESR (>4.73) and leukocytosis (>6.96) and reduced ASO (<161.03) and CRP (<0.31) belonged to the tonsillitis group. The immunohistochemical assessment revealed a diverse profile of the markers tested depending on the diagnosed disease of the tonsils. The follicular center proved to be the region of palatine tonsil tissue for which the most statistically significant differences between the markers were found. Responses to CD-40 and IL-1 were observed in this region. The tissue of epithelial, follicular, and interfollicular regions each showed one statistically significant value for the studied chemokines and lymphokines. However, the lack of significant statistical differences for p < 0.05 between the study groups was only noted in the subepithelial region. It should be emphasized that for the data as a whole (calculated on the basis of the data for all regions together), no statistically significant differences were observed. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results obtained are indicative of the presence of a specific immunohistochemical profile for palatine tonsil diseases. Significant discrepancies have been found in the clinical and pathomorphological assessment of tonsils qualified for tonsillectomy. Therefore, these methods should be considered complementary. The patient’s medical history and physical examination, depending on the adopted clinical or histopathological classification, show a variation in the distribution of features that are the basis for allocation to a particular group.
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Golding-Wood, David G., and Heikki B. Whittet. "The lingual tonsil. A neglected symptomatic structure?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 10 (1989): 922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100110515.
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AbstractSurgical treatment of the lingual tonsil is seldom performed because problems attributable to chronic lingual tonsillar hypertrophy are infrequently diagnosed. We have reviewed a series of 25 patients with symptoms from enlarged lingual tonsils. The variety of presentation of lingual tonsillar lessions and the methods of surgical treatment are discussed.
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Delioğlu, İhsan. "Relationship between vitamin D levels and inflammation in patients with recurrent tonsillitis and hypertrophic tonsil." Praxis of Otorhinolaryngology 12, no. 1 (2024): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/kbbu.2024.34635.
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Objectives: This study aimed to study the relationship between vitamin D levels and inflammation in patients with recurrent tonsillitis and hypertrophic tonsils. Patients and Methods: Sixty patients who were admitted between October 2016 and February 2018 and who either had indications for operation due to recurrent tonsillitis (n=30) or tonsillar hypertrophy (n=30) were included in the prospective study. Thirty healthy volunteers who applied to our clinic were included in the study as the control group. Vitamin D, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-18, immunoglobulin (Ig)A, and IgG were obtained, and the differences between the groups were investigated. Results: The IL-17 levels in the recurrent tonsillitis group were found to be significantly higher than in the control group (p=0.012). The tissue IgA levels were significantly higher in the recurrent tonsillitis group compared to the hypertrophic tonsil group (p=0.042). In 17 (56.7%) patients in the recurrent tonsillitis group and 12 (40%) patients in the tonsillar hypertrophy group, vitamin D levels were found to be under 20 ng/mL, which is the level of insufficiency. Conclusion: In this study, there was no significant difference between recurrent tonsillitis patients, hypertrophic tonsil patients, and healthy controls in terms of vitamin D, IL-18, IgG, and IgA levels. The IL-17 levels were higher in patients with recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy patients compared to the control group.
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Prates, Mirela C. M., Edwin Tamashiro, José L. Proenca-Modena, et al. "The Relationship between Colonization by Moraxella catarrhalis and Tonsillar Hypertrophy." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5406467.
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We sought to investigate the prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in secretions and tonsillar tissues of children with chronic adenotonsillitis hypertrophy compared to controls. Prospective case-control study comparing patients between 2 and 12 years old who underwent adenotonsillectomy due to chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy to children without disease. We compared detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Moraxella catarrhalis by real-time PCR in palatine tonsils, adenoids, and nasopharyngeal washes obtained from 37 children with and 14 without adenotonsillar hypertrophy. We found high frequency (>50%) of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in both groups of patients. Although different sampling sites can be infected with more than one bacterium and some bacteria can be detected in different tissues in the same patient, adenoids, palatine tonsils, and nasopharyngeal washes were not uniformly infected by the same bacteria. Adenoids and palatine tonsils of patients with severe adenotonsillar hypertrophy had higher rates of bacterial coinfection. There was good correlation of detection of Moraxella catarrhalis in different sampling sites in patients with more severe tonsillar hypertrophy, suggesting that Moraxella catarrhalis may be associated with the development of more severe hypertrophy, that inflammatory conditions favor colonization by this agent. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are frequently detected in palatine tonsils, adenoids, and nasopharyngeal washes in children. Simultaneous detection of Moraxella catarrhalis in adenoids, palatine tonsils, and nasopharyngeal washes was correlated with more severe tonsillar hypertrophy.
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Karina, Tias Ayu, Winny Yohana, and Moch Rodian. "Characteristics of Age and Oral Hygiene Status on Palatine Tonsil Size in Chronic Tonsillitis Patients." Jurnal Kesehatan Gigi 8, no. 2 (2021): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jkg.v8i2.7023.
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Introduction: Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils that caused by the invasion of microorganisms into the mucous membranes of the tonsils. Age is related to the tonsils immunological activity on the size of the palatine tonsils. Oral hygiene is one of determinant risk factor for chronic tonsillitis. This study aims to provide a characteristics of age and oral hygiene in determining the size of the palatine tonsils in chronic tonsillitis patients. Methods: This systematic literature review was conducted online from January to March 2021 against articles reporting on age, palatine tonsils size, and oral hygiene on chronic tonsillitis. The search for articles referred to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) which conducted through PubMed, PMC, Science Direct, and Google Scholar with the with the publication year 2015-2020. Selected articles met the criteria according to the PICO framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome). The articles were screened by checking for duplication, reading the titles and abstracts, and the full text articles. Results: Twelve in 16 research articles (75%) mentioned that there was a relation between age and enlargement of the size of the palatine tonsils in chronic tonsillitis patients, and one in 16 articles (6,25%) mentioned that there was no relation between age and tonsillar hypertrophy. Three articles (18,75%) mentioned the role and relationship of bacteria in the oral cavity related to the process of the occurrence of chronic tonsillitis. Two in 3 research articles (67%) mentioned that there was a relation between the oral hygiene status and enlargement of the size of the palatine tonsils in chronic tonsillitis patients. One in 3 articles (33%) mentioned that there was no relation. Conclusion: Ages 5-15 years had T3 tonsil size (70%), ages 13-15 years had T2 tonsil size (80%), ages 16-48 years had T2 tonsil size (76.30%) and ages 19-25 years had T3 tonsil size (53%). This means that all ages could be experience of tonsil enlargement in chronic tonsillitis. Adults had bad oral hygiene status (76.30%), meanwhile in children only 14.47% in chronic tonsillitis patients.
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Lyakh, Kateryna V., Serhii P. Luhovskyi, Anatoliy L. Kosakovskyi, Yaroslav V. Shkorbotun, and Mykola A. Skoryk. "CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EVALUATION OF TORUS TUBARIUS IN CHILDREN WITH PHARYNGEAL TONSIL HYPERTROPHY." Clinical and Preventive Medicine, no. 8 (December 31, 2023): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31612/2616-4868.8.2023.01.
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Introduction: Among children with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsils undergoing adenoidectomy, 31.3% of cases show hypertrophy of the torus tubarius, even in the absence of middle ear pathology. However, the nature of the changes in this anatomical area in these children has not been described.
 The aim of the study: to investigate and evaluate morphological changes of pharyngeal tonsil and torus tubarius in children with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil.
 Materials and methods: histological investigation and scanning electron microscopy were performed on fragments of pharyngeal tonsil and torus tubarius, obtained during adenoidectomy of 12 children with nasal breathing disturbances (Group 1) and 13 children with concomitant inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (Group 2).
 Results: In patients of Group 2, changes in the pharyngeal tonsil were more pronounced, showing inflammatory alterations such as infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the covering epithelium and subepithelial layer, as well as lymphocytes in the covering epithelium, along with the presence of fibrosis compared to patients of Group 1. Additionally, samples covered by biofilms were significantly more frequently identified in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (53.8% vs. 16.6%, p<0.05). The mucosal changes in the torus tubarius corresponded to the nature of the changes observed in the pharyngeal tonsil in the respective group. Biofilms in the torus tubarius samples were found in 38.5% of cases in Group 2 and 8.3% of cases in Group 1 (p<0.05).
 Conclusions: 1. In children with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil and torus tubarius, the morphological characteristics of the mucous membrane of torus tubarius are similar to those observed in the mucous membrane of pharyngeal tonsil of the respective group. 2. Biofilms were reliably more frequently identified on the surface of pharyngeal tonsil and torus tubarius in children with upper respiratory tract infections than in patients with nasal breathing disturbances. 3. The detected changes provide a basis for revising the therapeutic approach to hypertrophic torus tubarius in children with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy.
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Ece, Bunyamin, and Sonay Aydin. "Can Shear Wave Elastography Help Differentiate Acute Tonsillitis from Normal Tonsils in Pediatric Patients: A Prospective Preliminary Study." Children 10, no. 4 (2023): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10040704.
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Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a non-invasive imaging technique used to quantify the elasticity/stiffness of any tissue. There are normative SWE studies on tonsils in healthy children in the literature. The purpose of this study is to analyze the palatine tonsils in children with acute tonsillitis using ultrasound and SWE. In this prospective study, pediatric patients aged 4–18 years diagnosed with acute tonsillitis and healthy children were included. Those with antibiotic use, chronic tonsillitis, adenoid hypertrophy, and having chronic disease, immunodeficiency, and autoimmune disease, or any rheumatological disease were excluded. The volume and elasticity of palatine tonsil were measured via ultrasound and SWE. The study included 81 (46 female, 35 male) acute tonsillitis patients, and 63 (38 female, 25 male) healthy children between the ages of 4 and 18. Elasticity (kPa) values of tonsils were found significantly higher in the tonsillitis group (SWE-R: 25.39 ± 4.64, SWE-L: 25.01 ± 4.17) compared to the normal group (SWE-R: 9.71 ± 2.37, SWE-L: 9.39 ± 2.19) (p < 0.001). In the tonsillitis group, a significant positive correlation was found between tonsil volume and elasticity (r: 0.774, p: 0.002). In conclusion, in pediatric patients with acute tonsillitis, higher kPa values were obtained with SWE in the palatine tonsils.
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Sakarya, E. U., N. Bayar Muluk, E. G. Sakalar, et al. "Use of intranasal corticosteroids in adenotonsillar hypertrophy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, no. 5 (2017): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215117000408.
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AbstractObjectives:This review examined the efficacy of intranasal corticosteroids for improving adenotonsillar hypertrophy.Method:The related literature was searched using PubMed and Proquest Central databases.Results:Adenotonsillar hypertrophy causes mouth breathing, nasal congestion, hyponasal speech, snoring, obstructive sleep apnoea, chronic sinusitis and recurrent otitis media. Adenoidal hypertrophy results in the obstruction of nasal passages and Eustachian tubes, and blocks the clearance of nasal mucus. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and obstructive sleep apnoea are associated with increased expression of various mediators of inflammatory responses in the tonsils, and respond to anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids. Topical nasal steroids most likely affect the anatomical component by decreasing inspiratory upper airway resistance at the nasal, adenoidal or tonsillar levels. Corticosteroids, by their lympholytic or anti-inflammatory effects, might reduce adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Intranasal corticosteroids reduce cellular proliferation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a tonsil and adenoid mixed-cell culture system.Conclusion:Intranasal corticosteroids have been used in adenoidal hypertrophy and adenotonsillar hypertrophy patients, decreasing rates of surgery for adenotonsillar hypertrophy.
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Popovych, Vasyl, and Ostap Orishchak. "Clinical and Morphological Parallels in the Etiopathogenesis of Secretory Otitis Media." Archive of Clinical Medicine 29, no. 1 (2023): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/acm.2023.1.11.
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Introduction. According to global statistics, secretory otitis media (SOM) ranks first among middle ear infections. This pathology is believed to be characteristic of the pediatric population; however, recent global statistics indicate an increase in the percentage of SOM cases among the adult population. Information about adult-onset SOM varies, with no consensus on the causes of its occurrence. Diverse clinical presentation of the condition, often unsatisfactory treatment outcomes, and a high percentage of recurrences have necessitated a more in-depth study of the etiological factors associated with adult-onset SOM.
 The objective of the research was to determine clinical and morphological parallels in the etiopathogenesis of adult-onset SOM as well as to establish the relationship between the clinical, otoscopic, and endoscopic presentations and pathomorphological changes in the tubal tonsils in these patients.
 Materials and Methods. Sixty-eight (38 men and 30 women) patients with SOM at the age of 18 to 65 years were examined. Fifty-three patients were diagnosed with unilateral pathological process, while in 15 individuals, bilateral SOM was observed. All the patients underwent a comprehensive assessment of their complaints, collection of their medical history, and a full ear, nose, and throat examination using conventional methods, optical techniques, video endoscopy of the nasopharynx and tubal tonsils, and otomicroscopy. In 15 patients, to exclude a malignant process, tissue samples from the tubal tonsils were taken for pathological examination.
 Results. One of the causes of adult-onset SOM could be pathomorphological changes in the tubal tonsils, specifically their inflammation, hypertrophy, and in some cases, tumours. The clinical course and stages of SOM development depend on the duration of auditory tube obstruction. Inflammation of the tubal tonsils usually results in catarrhal and serous SOM, while hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the tubal tonsils is observed in patients with mucous SOM.
 Conclusions. Pathomorphological changes in the tubal tonsils have been established as one of the reasons for developing SOM in adults. Both the clinical presentation of SOM and the stage of its progression depends on the type of pathomorphological changes, their localization (upper or lower pole), and the duration of auditory tube obstruction. A prolonged, recurrent, and treatment-resistant course of SOM may be associated with hypertrophy of the tubal tonsil or tumours. Clinical and morphological parallels identified by us will enable timely utilization of effective etiopathogenetic treatment of SOM and prevent the occurrence of complications.
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Usenko, D. V., S. V. Khaliullina, E. M. Pokrovskay, and P. N. Emelyanova. "Hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil and infectious mononucleosis – links in a chain." Infekcionnye bolezni 22, no. 4 (2024): 131–36. https://doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2024-4-131-136.
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Adenoid hypertrophy is a serious medical and social problem due to the high prevalence of this pathology in the paediatric population and a wide range of diseases induced by hypertrophy and chronic inflammation of adenoid vegetations. The causes of its development are numerous, but herpesvirus infections play a leading role as a cause of lymphoid tissue enlargement, which should be taken into account in the tactics of conservative therapy, as well as at the stage of surgical treatment, in order to prevent recurrence. Clinical case description. The patient is 5 years old. Within a year after infectious mononucleosis, she still complains of persistent nasal breathing difficulties, snoring with breathing stops during sleep, frequent respiratory diseases (4–5 times in the previous 6 months), recurrent exudative otitis media. Conservative therapy (glucocorticosteroid (mometasone) endonasally, two 30-day courses) without significant effect. According to the results of examination the following diagnosis was made: Chronic adenotonsillitis. Hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils of the 3rd degree. Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils of the 3rd degree. Scheduled adenotonsillotomy was recommended. Additional examination revealed Epstein-Barr virus DNA in an oropharyngeal swab and IgG to EBV nuclear antigen in serum. IgM to CMV and HHF-6 in serum and CMV and HHF-6 DNA in an oropharyngeal swab were negative. Endoscopic shaver adenotomy and radio wave tonsillotomy were performed. Combined antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy with the drug inosin pronabex (2 courses of 8 days with 8-day interval at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day in 3 doses) was prescribed. During the following year after the therapy with groprinosin the child had a single acute respiratory infection, no complaints. Endoscopically the nasopharynx is free, at pharyngoscopy hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils of 1 degree is determined. The results of molecular genetic study of swabs from the oropharynx for the presence of EBV DNA were negative. Conclusion. The presented clinical example demonstrates the necessity to take into account the possibility of persistence of herpesvirus pathogens when determining the tactics of management of children with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy. Key words: adenoiditis, adenoid hypertrophy, children, inosine pronabex
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Mousa, Asmaa M., Mohammed R. Abd-Elhady, and Huda A. Ebrahim. "Immunoglobulin E level in children with chronic hypertrophied tonsils either symptomatized or not symptomatized." Scientific Journal of Al-Azhar Medical Faculty, Girls 5, no. 1 (2021): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sjamf.sjamf_98_20.
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Background Hypertrophy of tonsils is common in the pediatric population, primarily affecting younger children, aged 3–6 years. Tonsillar hypertrophy symptoms are among the most common causes for pediatric or ENT visits in children. Hence, doctors also need to be informed of the potential complications of tonsillar hypertrophy and the surgical indications. Therefore, the physiology of tonsils, their function for the immune system, and the early and late effects of tonsillar hypertrophy also need to be understood. Objective The aim was to measure the total serum and tonsillar tissue immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in children with chronic hypertrophied tonsils who will undergo for tonsillectomy (symptomatized children) and serum IgE level in nonsymptomatized children. Patients and methods This is a prospective comparative study that was carried out at the Otorhinolaryngology Department at Al-Zahraa University hospital and Al Mataria General Hospital. The study included 40 children, and their ages ranged from 5 to 15 years. Overall, 19 were males and 21 were females diagnosed with chronic hypertrophied tonsils. Half of them were symptomatized and underwent tonsillectomy, and the rest were not symptomatized. Results There was no significant difference in the serum IgE level in symptomatized and nonsymptomatized children. A statistically significant difference was found between the serum IgE level and the grades of tonsillar hypertrophy in both symptomatized and nonsymptomatized children. Tonsillar IgE level was also increased with increase in the grade of tonsillar hypertrophy. The relation between the serum and the tonsillar IgE levels in symptomatized children was found to be significant. Conclusion The authors observed a strong relationship between the serum IgE level and the grade of tonsillar hypertrophy in the two groups. Regarding the tonsillar IgE level in symptomatized children, there was an increase with increase in the grade of tonsillar hypertrophy, and there was also a positive correlation between serum and tonsillar IgE levels.
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Zamfir-Chiru-Anton, Adina, and Dan Cristian Gheorghe. "IMMUNOLOGIC ASPECTS OF PEDIATRIC TONSIL AND ADENOID DISEASE." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 65, no. 2 (2016): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2016.2.5.
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The mechanisms responsible for adenoids and tonsils hypertrophy still remain a research debate, but lots of published papers show that the proliferative processes in obstructing pharyngeal tonsils are differently regulated versus those in recurrent infectious disease. Studying the immunology of these lymphoid organs allows a better understanding and, eventually, the finding of specific novel targets for the treatment of lymphoid hypertrophy and prevention of complications usually associated with it: cardiovascular, neurological and behavioral.
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Mubinovna, Murodova Mehriniso. "Etiological Aspects And Preventive Measures Against Chronic Tonsillitis In Children." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 03, no. 06 (2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue06-04.
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Tonsillitis is a common and frequent disease in childhood, divided into acute tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis is caused by pathogens invading the tonsils. Symptoms: fever, cough, sore throat, fever in severe cases, difficulty swallowing, and examination reveals the tonsils are hyperemic, swollen and festering. The tonsils have acute attacks more than 4 times a year, which can be diagnosed as chronic tonsillitis, mostly caused by pathogens in the fossa of the tonsils. On examination, hypertrophy, hyperemia or secretion of the tonsils and enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes can be seen
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Tamara, Nike, Irwan Triansyah, and Rinita Amelia. "Hubungan Umur dan Jenis Kelamin dengan Pembesaran Tonsil pada Penderita Tonsilitis Kronis di RSUD dr. Rasidin Tahun 2018." Health and Medical Journal 3, no. 1 (2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33854/heme.v3i1.391.
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Introduction: Chronic tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils whose complaints last more than 3 months. Chronic tonsillitis can be caused by regularly acute tonsillitis which causes tonsils permanent damage or this damage can occur if the medication is inadequate. The tonsils size and adenoids are small at <7 years old, increases in 7-15 years old and decrease in senility. Aims: To determine the relationship between age and gender with Tonsils enlargement in chronic tonsillitis patients of RSUD dr. Rasidin Hospital Padang in 2018. Method: This research is a qualitative analytic cross-sectional approach and uses a total sampling technique so that there are 70 patients with chronic tonsillitis obtained from the medical record data of RSUD dr. Rasidin Hospital Padang in 2018. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS program, which is the chi-square test. Result: The results showed that chronic tonsillitis sufferers by age were mostly in the 6-11 year old group as much as 26 patients (37.1%). Based on gender, most were found in women as much as 36 patients (51.4%). Based on the tonsils size, most of the T3-T3 size was 21 patients (30.0%). Based on the tonsil enlargement, most of the enlargement of tonsillar hypertrophy as many as 40 patients (57.1%). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between age and enlargement of the tonsils (p = 0.046), and there was no significant relationship between gender and enlargement of the tonsils (p = 0.138) in patients with chronic tonsillitis in RSUD dr. Rasidin Hospital Padang in 2018.
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Tamara, Nike, Irwan Triansyah, and Rinita Amelia. "Hubungan Umur dan Jenis Kelamin dengan Pembesaran Tonsil pada Penderita Tonsilitis Kronis di RSUD dr. Rasidin Tahun 2018." Health and Medical Journal 3, no. 1 (2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33854/heme.v3i1.391.
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Introduction: Chronic tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils whose complaints last more than 3 months. Chronic tonsillitis can be caused by regularly acute tonsillitis which causes tonsils permanent damage or this damage can occur if the medication is inadequate. The tonsils size and adenoids are small at <7 years old, increases in 7-15 years old and decrease in senility. Aims: To determine the relationship between age and gender with Tonsils enlargement in chronic tonsillitis patients of RSUD dr. Rasidin Hospital Padang in 2018. Method: This research is a qualitative analytic cross-sectional approach and uses a total sampling technique so that there are 70 patients with chronic tonsillitis obtained from the medical record data of RSUD dr. Rasidin Hospital Padang in 2018. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS program, which is the chi-square test. Result: The results showed that chronic tonsillitis sufferers by age were mostly in the 6-11 year old group as much as 26 patients (37.1%). Based on gender, most were found in women as much as 36 patients (51.4%). Based on the tonsils size, most of the T3-T3 size was 21 patients (30.0%). Based on the tonsil enlargement, most of the enlargement of tonsillar hypertrophy as many as 40 patients (57.1%). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between age and enlargement of the tonsils (p = 0.046), and there was no significant relationship between gender and enlargement of the tonsils (p = 0.138) in patients with chronic tonsillitis in RSUD dr. Rasidin Hospital Padang in 2018.
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Bredun, Alexander, Oleg Melnikov, Anatoly Kosakovsky, Julia Shuklina, and Мarina Timchenko. "Various surgical techniques influence on the local immunity state in the postoperative period in children's tonsils hypertrophy." OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, no. 6(2) 2019 (March 30, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37219/2528-8253-2019-6-12.
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Topicality: There are many conflicting opinions in the literature regarding the best surgical technique for the treatment of OSAS related to palatine hypertrophy – partial (tonsillotomy) or complete (tonsillectomy) removal of lymphoid tissue of the tonsils. Also, there are many opinions about the use of a variety of traditional and modern surgical instruments to reduce the volume of the tonsils, including using a laser, a radiofrequency knife, an ultrasonic knife, a shaver (microdebrider) and a coblator. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to compare the surgical methods effectiveness of tonsils hypertrophy treatment which the based on the restoration of the mucous membrane's local immunity function. Materials and methods: Children who undergoing surgical treatment for palatine tonsils hypertrophy 2-3 degrees according to the Brodsky classification and the presence of OSAS took part in the study. The patients were randomized and divided into four comparison groups using different surgical techniques. The first group, which used the surgical technique of classical tonsillotomy (TT) included 28 patients, the second group, which used the surgical technique of intracapsular shavertonsillotomy(STT) included 18 patients, the third group, which used surgical technique of intracapsular coblationtonsillotomy (CTT), and groups which using surgical technique of tonsilloplasty included 12 patients (TP). Determined the state of local immunity before surgery and 1 month after surgery by concentration levels of sIgA, α-IFN, IL-1β, TGF-1β and general-purpose immune complexes. Results: Recovery of the concentration of the major marker of local immunity sIgA occurs significantly (P<0.05) faster when using the surgical technique of CTT and STT. Recovery of the concentration of the major marker of antiviral immunity α-IFN occurs significantly (P <0.05) faster when using the surgical technique of CTT, STT and TP. Recovery of the concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β occurs significantly (P<0.05) faster with the use of the surgical technique of STT and TP. Indicators of the regeneration factor TGF-1β are significantly the highest when using the surgical techniques of STT, TT and TP. The concentration of immune complexes in the oropharyngeal secretions of patients with tonsil hypertrophy at 1 month after surgery significantly decreased with the use of surgical techniques TT and TP. Significant (P <0.05) increase in IgG level was de- termined in all comparison groups except the group where tonsilloplasty was used. Conclusions: The safety surgical technique of palatine tonsils volume reduction – TP and STT promotes significantly (P<0,05) faster restoration of concentration of the main mucous membrane's local immunity markers.
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Abdelwhab, Saeed, Khaled Dessoukey, Gamal Lotfy, Ashraf Alsaeed, and Hesham Anwar. "Effect of tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy on pulmonary arterial pressure in adults." Open Medicine 3, no. 4 (2008): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-008-0074-2.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the mean pulmonary pressure in adult with hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids and to clarify whether tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy has any effect on mean pulmonary arterial pressure of these adult. The study was carried out on 50 patients with diagnosis of upper airway obstruction resulting from hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids (group1). 25 adults were assigned as control with similar age and sex distribution (group2). For study subjects Routine general Examinations, BMI, ECG, Chest X ray, Arterial blood gases and Echocardiography were done. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was measured by using Doppler Echocardiography preoperatively and mean 3–4 months postoperatively in all subjects. Elevated PAP (pulmonary artery pressure) was found in 15 patients (30%) in group 1 preoperatively. Mean PAP was 28.34 ±5.11 mmHg preoperative in group 1 and 19.84 ± 5.0 mmHg in group 2 (p <0.001). PAP decrease to 22.38 ±4.28 mmHg postoperatively in group 1 (p <0.001). Arterial oxygen saturation (spo2%) increase from 93.5 ± 1.9% preoperatively to 95.3 ± 1.3% post operatively (p < 0.001). percent reduction of PAP postoperatively correlates to age (t=−2.3, p= 0.02), preoperative PAP (p =0.01) but no correlation was found with BMI. In conclusions, this Study showed that obstructed adenoid and hypertrophy of tonsils causes higher mean pulmonary artery pressure in adult & revealed that tonsil& adenoid is effective therapeutic measure in such patients. With early intervention is necessary to avoid progressive cardiopulmonary disease.
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Cantone, Elena, Michele Cavaliere, Giovanni Castagna, Anna Marino, Luigi Del Vecchio, and Maurizio Iengo. "Operative Management of OSAS in a Complex Case of Proteus Syndrome." Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/137589.
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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder in childhood with high prevalence in syndromic subjects with craniofacial malformations. Proteus Syndrome (PS) is a rare hamartoneoplastic disorder associated with disproportionate and asymmetric overgrowth of body parts and hypertrophy or malformation of lymphatic tissues, such as palatine tonsils. We report a case of a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with Proteus Syndrome (PS) and suffering from OSAS due to asymmetric palatine tonsillar hypertrophy, treated with partial resection of left tonsil. To avoid the risk of a general anesthesia and remove only the obstructive portion of the palatine tonsil bipolar radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy (RFITT) under local anesthesia was performed. Recovery of the obstructive respiratory disease was obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature of partial tonsillar resection performed in a patient with PS suffering from OSAS under local anesthesia.
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Якимцова, А. В., М. В. Песоцкая, and В. С. Куницкий. "Features of Treatment of Children with Tonsils Hypertrophy." Оториноларингология. Восточная Европа, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.10.1.030.
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Гипертрофия небных миндалин (ГНМ) представляет собой актуальную проблему детской оториноларингологии в связи с широкой распространенностью данной патологии у детей и ее последствиями. Увеличение небных миндалин существенно ухудшает качество жизни, так как сопровождается затруднением носового дыхания, синдромом обструктивного апноэ сна, кашлем, голосо-речевыми нарушениями, ринолалией, повышенным рвотным рефлексом, воспалительными изменениями со стороны верхних дыхательных путей. Многообразие хирургических методов, предложенных для лечения данной патологии, не исключает риска развития интра- и послеоперационных осложнений, вплоть до летального исхода. Таким образом, поиск новых методов хирургического лечения пациентов с гипертрофией небных миндалин IIIII степени, позволяющих достичь запланированного клинического результата с минимальным риском осложнений, является важной практической задачей современной оториноларингологии. В статье рассмотрены вопросы эпидемиологии и этиология развития гипертрофии небных миндалин, существующие хирургические методы лечения и представлены результаты использования метода лазерной фотокоагуляции небных миндалин при их гипертрофии у детей, проходивших лечение в оториноларингологическом отделении УЗ ВОДКЦ за период с 01.01.2017 по 01.07.2019 г. Hypertrophy of palatine tonsils is an urgent problem of pediatric otorhinolaryngology due to both the widespread prevalence of this pathology and its consequences. An increase in palatine tonsils significantly worsens the quality of life, as it is accompanied by difficulty in nasal breathing, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, coughing, impaired speech and diction, nasal voices, and an increased gag reflex. The variety of surgical methods proposed for the treatment of this pathology does not exclude postoperative complications, including death. Thus, the search for new methods of surgical treatment of patients with hypertrophy of palatine tonsils II-III degree, allowing to achieve the planned clinical result with minimal risk of complications, is an important task of modern otorhinolaryngology. The article discusses the epidemiology and etiology of hypertrophy of palatine tonsils, the existing surgical methods of treatment, and presents the results of using laser photocoagulation of palatine tonsils with their hypertrophy in children undergoing treatment at the Vitebsk Regional Childrens Clinical Center for the period from 01.01.2017 to 01.07.2019.
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Łapińska, iwona, and lidia Zawadzka-głos. "adenoid and tonsils hypertrophy − symptoms and treatment." New Medicine 20, no. 4 (2016): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/14270994.1228134.
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Kelley, Philip M., and Richard M. Tempero. "Lymphatic Vessel Hypertrophy in Inflamed Human Tonsils." Lymphatic Research and Biology 8, no. 2 (2010): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2009.0026.
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Karpova, E. P., L. V. Gankovskaya, O. V. Vozgoment, et al. "Hypertrophy of palatine tonsils — possible treatment approaches." Vestnik otorinolaringologii 85, no. 3 (2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/otorino20208503157.
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Ameli, Franco, Fabio Brocchetti, Maria Angela Tosca, Irene Schiavetti, and Giorgio Ciprandi. "Tonsil Volume and Allergic Rhinitis in Children." Allergy & Rhinology 5, no. 3 (2014): ar.2014.5.0095. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ar.2014.5.0095.
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Tonsil hypertrophy (TH) is very common in children. Previously, it has been reported that an inverse relationship exists between adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and allergic rhinitis (AR). This study aimed to investigate the possible relationship between tonsil volume and AR diagnosis in a group of children complaining of upper airways obstruction. Globally, 171 children (91 boys; mean age, 6.6 years) were studied. Clinical visit, nasal endoscopy, and skin-prick test were performed in all patients. TH and anterior nasal obstruction were graded using the Friedman's classifications. Adenoid volume was graded using the Parikh's classification. Fifty-eight children (33.9%) had relevant TH (grades 3–4); 77 children (44.94%) had AR. There was a strong correlation (gamma = 0.564; p < 0.001) between TH and AH. Tonsil volume was inversely associated with AR diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 0.314). Risk factors for TH were intense mucosal inflammation (pale mucous membranes) and AH (OR, 3.54 and 2.856, respectively). This study shows that large tonsils are negatively associated with allergy, whereas intense inflammation is a risk factor for TH; AH may be frequently associated with TH.
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Adekanye, AG, K. Akaba, ANU Umana, RB Mgbe, PM Francis, and J. Okoi-Obuli. "Demographics of Tonsillar Hypertrophy among Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Calabar." Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 26, no. 7 (2023): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_59_23.
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ABSTRACT Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic disorder, with Africa bearing the highest burden. In this cohort study, sickle cell subjects are immunocompromised and predisposed to recurrent infections and tonsillar hypertrophy, especially in children. Subsequently, tonsillar hypertrophy leads to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) with resulting hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acidosis, raising the risk of HbS polymerization and, consequently, vaso-occlusive phenomena and other complications. Aims: This study aimed to compare tonsillar hypertrophy between sickle cell patients and controls. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar from September 2019 to September 2021. The cohort of the study was an SCD patient confirmed using hemoglobin electrophoresis at the hematology laboratory of University of Calaabr teaching hospital and recruited via the adult and pediatric hematology unit of University of Calabar teaching hospital, and Calabar sickle cell club. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and IBM Statistical Package and Service Solution (SPSS) version 22. Results: Using Brodsky’s grading, the prevalence of grade 3 and 4 hypertrophic tonsils in sickle cell subjects was 41.6% but 17.3% in control. The age range of 0–25 years was the most frequently affected with the peak at 0–5 years. The males among the sickle cell subjects were slightly more affected than the females (M: F =1.2:1), while the females were slightly more in the control (M: F =1:1.1). Conclusions: Hypertrophic tonsils affect control and SCD, but the obstructive grades are commoner in genotypes SCD- Sickle cell disease Haemoglobin SS, SC and AA.
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Stevany, Nabila, and Bambang Agus Soesanto. "6 Year Girl with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Tonsillitis with Adenoid Hypertrophy." International Journal of Social Health 3, no. 3 (2024): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.58860/ijsh.v3i3.168.
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Acute bacterial tonsillitis is an acute inflammation of the palatine tonsils caused by viral and bacterial infections. The main causative viruses are Epstein bar virus, H. influenzae virus, and Coxsackie virus. Tonsillitis is most common in children but rare in children < 2 years old. Adenoid hypertrophy is an obstructive condition associated with an increase in the size of the adenoids. This condition may occur with or without acute or chronic adenoid infection. The problem is described using descriptive case study method, starting from history taking, physical examination, supporting examination, diagnosis, to qualitative intervention management given to the patient. A case of a six-year-old girl with complaints of fever, nausea, and vomiting since six days before admission to the hospital is reported. Complaints were accompanied by pain when swallowing and a lump in the throat. History of recurrent cough and cold for about six months. For about two months, complaints of snoring at night that disturbed the patient's sleep. The patient also complained that sometimes his nose felt full. On physical examination, the throat mucosa was found to be pink, palatine tonsils T4/T4 and hyperemic, tonsil crypts were wide, and the pharynx and adenoids were difficult to assess. On supporting examination, adenoid hypertrophy was found. The patient was then diagnosed with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Tonsillitis with Adenoid Hypertrophy and given therapy such as ceftriaxon inj 1gr IV 2x600mg, cetirizine syr 2x1cth, methylprednisolone inj IV 3x25mg. After control a week later, the patient's condition showed significant changes, and complaints were reduced a lot.
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Mehwish, Ayesha, Yasmeen Mahar, Samia Khalid, Rida Rubab, Mariya Azam Khattak, and Sahal Salman. "Relationship of Brodsky Tonsillar Grading in Adults with Age, Gender, and Anthropometric Measurements." Annals of Jinnah Sindh Medical University 8, no. 1 (2022): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46663/ajsmu.v8i1.3-8.
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Objective: To determine the association of Brodsky Tonsillar Grading with age, gender, body mass index, and neck circumference in adults Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi from January to July 2020. A total of 54 adults with tonsillar hypertrophy were included. History and demographic details of each subject were noted. Both right and left tonsil sizes were graded using Brodsky Grading. Height, weight, and neck circumference was measured. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 23.0. Results: Age was associated significantly (p-value 0.0009) with Brodsky Tonsillar Grading for the right tonsil whereas it was insignificant for the left tonsil (p-value 0.25). Insignificant association between clinical grading of tonsils with gender (male n = 29, p-value 0.079 and female n =25, p-value 0.343) was found. Thirty one study participants were found to have normal BMI, 14 were overweight whereas 9 individuals were obese. Significant association was found between Brodsky Grading for right tonsil (p-value 0.014) and BMI. Statistically non-significant association was found between Brodsky Grading for left tonsil (p-value 0.216) and BMI. Regarding neck circumference and clinical grading, significant relationship was found with p-value 0.002 and 0.014 respectively. Conclusion: Brodsky Tonsillar Grading was associated positively with age and BMI for the right side and with neck circumference for both the sides. Therefore clinical assessment of tonsils by grading and anthropometric measurements are helpful in recognition of patient’s condition and treatment.
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Bhat, Vikram K., Deekshith Shetty, and Preetham H. Nagaiah. "Effects of adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy on the components of Waldeyer ring." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 3, no. 2 (2017): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20171180.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The consolidated effects of adenoidectomy alone and adenotonsillectomy on the Waldeyer ring need to be studied in children. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">This was a clinical trial with a sample size of 100 in each of the two arms [Group A: adenoidectomy alone, Group B: adenotonsillectomy]. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">It was found that the association between adenoid recurrence (Risk 3 times) and palatine tonsil hypertrophy (Risk 11 times) in Group A patients at 3 and 6 months was extremely significant. Whereas lingual tonsil hypertrophy was found to be highly associated with Group B. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">If adenoidectomy alone is performed, there are high chances of hypertrophy of palatine tonsils, lateral pharyngeal bands and a high risk of adenoid recurrence. If adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy are performed together there is some chance of lingual tonsil hypertrophy. Hence it would be prudent to perform both the surgeries simultaneously in most children for better control of chronic infections and obstructive sleep apnoea </span>symptoms<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p>
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Yalamanchali, Sreeya, Anna M. Salapatas, Michael Friedman, and Ninos J. Joseph. "Factors Associated with Hypertrophy of the Lingual Tonsils." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 151, no. 1_suppl (2014): P39—P40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599814541627a36.
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Hwang, Michelle S., Anna M. Salapatas, Sreeya Yalamanchali, Ninos J. Joseph, and Michael Friedman. "Factors Associated with Hypertrophy of the Lingual Tonsils." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 152, no. 5 (2015): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599815573224.
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Ohishi, Kimiko, Mikikazu Yamagiwa, and Yasuo Sakakura. "A case of papillomatous hypertrophy of the tonsils." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 80, no. 8 (1987): 1255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.80.1255.
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Balashova, M. E., Z. S. Khabadze, and V. I. Popadyuk. "Comparative analysis of the measurement parameters of the palatine tonsils according to LC and CBCT data." Endodontics Today 21, no. 2 (2023): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36377/1683-2981-2023-21-2-144-147.
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The palatine tonsils hypertrophy can cause the development of oral breathing, obstructive sleep apnea, malocclusion, especially in children. Early diagnosis and treatment of ENT pathology is important to reduce the frequency of dental and general pathologies.Aim. To evaluate the measurements of the palatine tonsils by LC and CBCT and compare the effectiveness of these methods.Materials and methods. In 10 patients aged 10-12 years with enlarged palatine tonsils, according to ENT history, CBCT were performed, LC reformates were formed. The clinical efficacy and limitations applied method and correlation between the area and volume of the tonsils were evaluated.Results. The difference in tonsils size according to 2D and 3D methods was not statistically significant. However, СBCT allows to visualize the bounders better, to evaluate the tonsils from both sides, excluding the superimposition of soft tissue contours (soft palate, tongue) and bone structure (mandibular angle).Conclusions. The results show that linear measurements of the tonsils are reliable since there is a positive correlation with the corresponding sagittal parameters on 2D and 3D data. Accurate determination of the palatine tonsils size in a patient by lateral cephalography is difficult due to the large variability of the three-dimensional structure of the upper airway. Therefore, CBCT is a more accurate method in diagnosis tonsils.
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Sung, Myung-Whun. "Factors Associated With Hypertrophy of the Lingual Tonsils in Adults With Sleep-Disordered BreathingFactors Associated With Lingual Tonsil Hypertrophy." JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 139, no. 6 (2013): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2013.3263.
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