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Journal articles on the topic 'Tontine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Gemmo, Irina, Ralph Rogalla, and Jan-Hendrik Weinert. "Optimal portfolio choice with tontines under systematic longevity risk." Annals of Actuarial Science 14, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1748499520000214.

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AbstractWe derive optimal portfolio choice patterns in retirement (ages 66–105) for a constant relative risk aversion utility maximising investor facing risky capital market returns, stochastic mortality risk, and income-reducing health shocks. Beyond the usual stocks and bonds, the individual can invest his assets in tontines. Tontines are cost-efficient financial contracts providing age-increasing, but volatile cash flows, generated through the pooling of mortality without guarantees, which can help to match increasing financing needs at old ages. We find that a tontine invested in the risk-free asset dominates stock investments for older investors without a bequest motive. However, with a bequest motive, it is optimal to replace the tontine investment over time with traditional financial assets. Our results indicate that early in retirement, a tontine is only an attractive investment option, if the tontine funds are invested in a risky asset. In this case, they crowd out stocks and risk-free bonds in the optimal portfolios of younger investors. Over time, the average optimal portfolio weight of tontines decreases. Introducing systematic mortality risks noticeably reduces the peak allocation to tontines.

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2

Chen, An, Manuel Rach, and Thorsten Sehner. "ON THE OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF ANNUITIES AND TONTINES." ASTIN Bulletin 50, no. 1 (January 2020): 95–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2019.37.

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AbstractTontines, retirement products constructed in such a way that the longevity risk is shared in a pool of policyholders, have recently gained vast attention from researchers and practitioners. Typically, these products are cheaper than annuities, but do not provide stable payments to policyholders. This raises the question whether, from the policyholders' viewpoint, the advantages of annuities and tontines can be combined to form a retirement plan which is cheaper than an annuity, but provides a less volatile retirement income than a tontine. In this article, we analyze and compare three approaches of combining annuities and tontines in an expected utility framework: the previously introduced “tonuity”, a product very similar to the tonuity which we call “antine” and a portfolio consisting of an annuity and a tontine. We show that the payoffs of a tonuity and an antine can be replicated by a portfolio consisting of an annuity and a tontine. Consequently, policyholders achieve higher expected utility levels when choosing the portfolio over the novel retirement products tonuity and antine. Further, we derive conditions on the premium loadings of annuities and tontines indicating when the optimal portfolio is investing a positive amount in both annuity and tontine, and when the optimal portfolio turns out to be a pure annuity or a pure tontine.

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3

Rietsch, Christian E. "La modernité chez le tontineur à Niamey." Revue internationale P.M.E. 5, no. 3-4 (February 16, 2012): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008157ar.

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Les tontines passent fréquemment pour une forme financière résiduelle et vouée à la disparition. Notre enquête nous prouve, au contraire, qu’à Niamey une large fraction de la population adhère aux tontines et ceci en particulier parmi les adultes jeunes et actifs. De plus, les participants aux tontines sont des individus aux revenus plus élevés et aux sources de revenus plus modernes que les autres ; généralement, ils ont accès au monde financier formel, mais ne négligent pas pour autant les modalités financières plus traditionnelles. Finalement, la tontine apparaît comme un actif financier parmi d’autres et le tontineur comme un homme moderne qui pratique une gestion diversifiée d’actif financier en connaissant les avantages et les inconvénients de chacun.

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4

Milevsky, Moshe A. "Portfolio choice and longevity risk in the late seventeenth century: a re-examination of the first English tontine." Financial History Review 21, no. 3 (October 22, 2014): 225–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565014000158.

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Tontines and life annuities both insure against longevity risk by guaranteeing (pension) income for life. The optimal choice between these two mortality-contingent claims depends on personal preferences for consumption and risk. And, while pure tontines are unavailable in the twenty-first century, the first longevity-contingent claim (and debt) issued by the English government in the late seventeenth century offered a choice between the two. This article analyzes financial and economic aspects of King William's 1693 tontine that have not received attention in the literature. In particular, it compares the stochastic present value (SPV) of the tontine vs the life annuity and discusses characteristics of investors who selected one versus the other. Finally, the article examines the issue of whether high reported tontine survival rates should be attributed to anti-selection or fraud. In sum, this article is an empirical examination of annuitization decisions made by actual investors in the late seventeenth century.

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5

Weir, David R. "Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England, 1688–1789." Journal of Economic History 49, no. 1 (March 1989): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070000735x.

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Tontines were used more extensively by France than Britain. Comparative tontine history illuminates the differing evolution of public finance in the two countries and its political consequences. Archival materials establish the number of participants in French tontines. Internal rates of return on tontines and alternatives show subsidy of tontines by the French government. Repudiation in 1770 contributed to the political attitudes of life annuitants, the most important class of state creditors, during the fiscal crisis of the late 1780s.

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6

van Dievoet, Grietje, and Dirk Verboven. "Tussen Kulturele Traditie en Verandering: De Bamileke-Tontine. Traditionele Basis, Actuele Functionering en Sociale Reglementering." Afrika Focus 9, no. 3-4 (February 2, 1993): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0090304004.

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Between Cultural Tradition and Change: The Bamilike-Tontine. Traditional Basis, Present Functioning and Social Control The Bamileke of Cameroon are generally considered as one of Africa’s economically well-adapted people. One of the factors in this process is unmistakably the adaptation of traditional savings and credit associations (ROSCA, tontine, Ntshwa) to the needs of the market economy. The basic principle of a tontine is very simple: at set times, every member contributes a fixed sum of money, which is handed over to one of its members, until everyone has received this “tontine”. This enables each member to dispose of a relatively large amount of money, that can be used to various ends: agriculture, education, economic investments, trade or whatever. The Bamileke have, under demographic pressure, massively migrated to urban areas, where they developed the rural ROSCA into an original urban variant, the “bourse d’argent”. This is an intermediate form between traditional tontines and western Exchange-systems, and is extremely well adapted to the new economic demands. However, the complex functioning and the principles underlying both traditional and recent savings and credit associations are well anchored in traditional social structures and cultural norms. And both give the Bamleke a distinctive advantage in endogenous development, industry, and especially trade. The western banking-system on the other hand does not succeed to give confidence, and remain to a large extent to-be-avoided foreign institutions. This situation makes tontines a preferable instrument in development policy ,for they guarantee financial responsibility and personal involvement.

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7

Nkakleu, Raphaël, and Benjamin Manga. "L’implication organisationnelle des personnels-cadres dans les PME : le rôle de la tontine d’entreprise en contexte camerounais1." Revue internationale P.M.E. 28, no. 3-4 (February 24, 2016): 287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035418ar.

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La recherche sur l’implication organisationnelle (IO) reste d’actualité en raison de la controverse autour de la tridimensionnalité de l’IO et de ses déterminants (Cohen, 2007 ; Biétry, 2012 ; Klein et al., 2012 ; Meyer et al., 2012). Notre article tente de montrer que la tontine d’entreprise, en tant que réseau social de solidarités financières et sociales sur les lieux de travail, est un levier d’implication organisationnelle dans les PME camerounaises. Une étude empirique menée auprès de 225 cadres de 192 PME camerounaises révèle un caractère prédictif de la tontine sur l’implication affective et l’implication normative du personnel-cadre tontinier à leur organisation. Ceci nous amène à suggérer des pratiques de GRH adaptées au contexte socioculturel et professionnel ambiant.

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8

Ransom, Roger L., and Richard Sutch. "Tontine Insurance and the Armstrong Investigation: A Case of Stifled Innovation, 1868–1905." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 2 (June 1987): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700048130.

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Tontine insurance, introduced in 1868, combined the features of life insurance with an unusual old-age saving plan. A portion of the annual premium was accumulated in a fund that was divided among the surviving policyholders after twenty years. By 1905, two-thirds of all life insurance in force was of this type. Despite consumer appeal, sales of tontine policies were prohibited in 1906 after the Armstrong Investigation charged the tontine business with corruption and extravagance. We argue that tontine insurance was actuarially sound and an attractive life-cycle investment. Prohibition was probably unnecessary.

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9

CHRISTMAS, BRIAN WM. "STATE TONTINE SCHEMES." Notes and Queries 37, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 317—b—318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/37-3-317b.

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10

Rietsch, Christian E. "Une tontine à double niveau d'enchères." Revue internationale P.M.E. 5, no. 3-4 (February 16, 2012): 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008156ar.

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Nous présentons une tontine d’expatriés camerounais en République centrafricaine. Après avoir vu les règles normales de fonctionnement et les éléments de gestion exceptionnels, nous analysons en détail la technique des enchères des lots principaux et des petits lots. Diverses hypothèses de rationalité financière sont testées, en particulier en ce qui concerne la prise en compte du temps. Il apparaît alors que les participants à la tontine peuvent se regrouper en deux types : les emprunteurs que l'on peut estimer investisseurs à l’extérieur de la tontine et les financiers prêteurs. Les premiers trouvent le capital dont ils ont besoin à un prix compétitif par rapport aux autres possibilités, les seconds font un placement intéressant. Tous bénéficient de la convivialité de la tontine.

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11

Jennings, Robert M., Donald F. Swanson, and Andrew P. Trout. "Alexander Hamilton's Tontine Proposal." William and Mary Quarterly 45, no. 1 (January 1988): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1922216.

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12

Milevsky, Moshe A., and Thomas S. Salisbury. "EQUITABLE RETIREMENT INCOME TONTINES: MIXING COHORTS WITHOUT DISCRIMINATING." ASTIN Bulletin 46, no. 3 (June 9, 2016): 571–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2016.19.

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AbstractThere is growing interest in the design of pension annuities that insure against idiosyncratic longevity risk while pooling and sharing systematic risk. This is partially motivated by the desire to reduce capital and reserve requirements while retaining the value of mortality credits; see for example, Piggott et al. (2005) or Donnelly et al. (2014). In this paper, we generalize the natural retirement income tontine introduced by Milevsky and Salisbury (2015) by combining heterogeneous cohorts into one pool. We engineer this scheme by allocating tontine shares at either a premium or a discount to par based on both the age of the investor and the amount they invest. For example, a 55-year old allocating $10,000 to the tontine might be told to pay $200 per share and receive 50 shares, while a 75-year old allocating $8,000 might pay $40 per share and receive 200 shares. They would all be mixed together into the same tontine pool and each tontine share would have equal income rights. The current paper addresses existence and uniqueness issues and discusses the conditions under which this scheme can be constructed equitably — which is distinct from fairly — even though it isn't optimal for any cohort. As such, this also gives us the opportunity to compare and contrast various pooling schemes that have been proposed in the literature and to differentiate between arrangements that are socially equitable, vs. actuarially fair vs. economically optimal.

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13

Forje, LC. "Domestic saving mobilisation and small business creation: The case of Cameroon." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 9, no. 1 (July 11, 2014): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v9i1.1156.

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Promoting savings and providing a basis for lending to the poor is a growing concern in many developing countries. Cameroon has a culture of savings mobilisation known as njangi/tontine. The njangi is contributions given to members in a rotating form at the end of every sitting, and tontine is voluntary savings held by the group. This study reveals that njangi/tontine groups only lend money to group members and suggests that a micro village bank known as MC2 could be used as guarantor to ensure that group monies lent to non-group members are repaid. Encouragement and improvement in the function of such voluntary savings could promote the creation of small businesses in the country. The Cameroonian government needs to improve fighting corruption and a functional justice system to ensure security.

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14

Chen, An, Peter Hieber, and Jakob K. Klein. "TONUITY: A NOVEL INDIVIDUAL-ORIENTED RETIREMENT PLAN." ASTIN Bulletin 49, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2018.33.

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AbstractFor insurance companies in Europe, the introduction of Solvency II leads to a tightening of rules for solvency capital provision. In life insurance, this especially affects retirement products that contain a significant portion of longevity risk (e.g., conventional annuities). Insurance companies might react by price increases for those products, and, at the same time, might think of alternatives that shift longevity risk (at least partially) to policyholders. In the extreme case, this leads to so-called tontine products where the insurance company’s role is merely administrative and longevity risk is shared within a pool of policyholders. From the policyholder’s viewpoint, such products are, however, not desirable as they lead to a high uncertainty of retirement income at old ages. In this article, we alternatively suggest a so-called tonuity that combines the appealing features of tontine and conventional annuity. Until some fixed age (the switching time), a tonuity’s payoff is tontine-like, afterwards the policyholder receives a secure payment of a (deferred) annuity. A tonuity is attractive for both the retiree (who benefits from a secure income at old ages) and the insurance company (whose capital requirements are reduced compared to conventional annuities). The tonuity is a possibility to offer tailor-made retirement products: using risk capital charges linked to Solvency II, we show that retirees with very low or very high risk aversion prefer a tontine or conventional annuity, respectively. Retirees with medium risk aversion, however, prefer a tonuity. In a utility-based framework, we therefore determine the optimal tonuity characterized by the critical switching time that maximizes the policyholder’s lifetime utility.

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15

Roger Kemayou, Louis, François Guebou Tadjuidje, and Marie Sophie Madiba. "Tontine et banque en contexte camerounais." La Revue des Sciences de Gestion 249-250, no. 3 (2011): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rsg.249.163.

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16

Issoufou, Sanov. "Le phénomène tontinier au Burkina Faso : étude sur 69 cas." Revue internationale P.M.E. 5, no. 3-4 (February 16, 2012): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008159ar.

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Dans la plupart des pays africains, une bonne partie des activités socio-économiques se déroule dans le secteur informel et est financée, par conséquent, par des sources de crédit non officielles (usure, tontine, etc.). La présente étude de cas porte sur la tontine qui est une pratique courante en milieu rural et surtout urbain où le taux de monétarisation est relativement plus important. Ces structures apparaissent aujourd’hui indispensables eu égard à leur contribution dans la mobilisation de l'épargne et la distribution de crédit pour les couches à revenus modestes. Elles suscitent des espoirs réels dans une société où les structures financières modernes répondent encore imparfaitement aux besoins de la grande majorité de la population.

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17

Gallais-Hamonno, Georges, and Christian Rietsch. "Tontine et rentes viagères en 1693 en Angleterre." Revue française d'économie XXX, no. 3 (2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfe.153.0015.

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18

Newfield, Paul. "The Tontine: An Improvement on the Conventional Annuity ?" Journal of Retirement 1, no. 3 (January 31, 2014): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jor.2014.1.3.037.

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19

Diouf, Boucar. "Tontine: Self-help financing for solar home systems." Renewable Energy 90 (May 2016): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.050.

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20

Bernhardt, Thomas, and Catherine Donnelly. "Modern tontine with bequest: Innovation in pooled annuity products." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 86 (May 2019): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2019.03.002.

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21

Denuit, Michel, and Raluca Vernic. "Bivariate Bernoulli Weighted Sums and Distribution of Single-Period Tontine Benefits." Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 20, no. 4 (March 21, 2018): 1403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11009-018-9625-4.

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22

Dagpunar, John. "Closed-form solutions for an explicit modern ideal tontine with bequest motive." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 100 (September 2021): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2021.05.008.

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23

Lambert, Agnès, and Kefing Condé. "Le secteur endogène va-t-il disparaître ? Tontine, « usuriers » et Crédit rural de Guinée." Tiers-Monde 43, no. 172 (2002): 829–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/tiers.2002.1654.

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24

Bahier-porte, Christelle. "Dans l'atelier de Lesage : l'histoire de La Tontine, des manuscrits au livre (1708-1739)." Revue d'histoire littéraire de la France 111, no. 4 (2011): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhlf.114.0837.

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25

Gnansounou, Simon C. "L'épargne informelle et le financement de l'entreprise productive : référence spéciale aux tontines et à l'artisanat béninois." Revue internationale P.M.E. 5, no. 3-4 (February 16, 2012): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008153ar.

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Dépassant le niveau descriptif du phénomène tontinier au Bénin, l'auteur a testé la capacité réelle de financement des tontines au regard des activités productives et ce, à partir d’une population nationale cible composée de 1 620 entreprises individuelles artisanales. Il s’agit en effet d’une étude fort complète, menée en termes à la fois quantitatifs et financiers et conçue d’une part à partir de l’association entre l’activité économique de l’artisan et l’individu ménage, et d’autre part, à partir de la liaison entre la participation de cet individu aux tontines et le financement de l’activité qu’il réalise. L’analyse des données recueillies a permis deux observations intéressantes :

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26

(Sandy) Mackenzie, George A. "Review: King William’s Tontine: Why the Retirement Annuity of the Future Should Resemble its Past." Journal of Retirement 2, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jor.2015.2.4.105.

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27

Nkakleu, Raphaël. "Quand la tontine d'entreprise crée le capital social intra-organisationnel en Afrique : Une étude de cas." Management & Avenir 27, no. 7 (2009): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mav.027.0119.

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28

Kürble, G. "The exodus of the American life Issurers from Germany, the tontine and the developments prior to 1894." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 12, no. 1 (February 1993): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6687(93)91095-c.

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29

Denuit, Michel. "SIZE-BIASED TRANSFORM AND CONDITIONAL MEAN RISK SHARING, WITH APPLICATION TO P2P INSURANCE AND TONTINES." ASTIN Bulletin 49, no. 03 (July 17, 2019): 591–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2019.24.

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AbstractUsing risk-reducing properties of conditional expectations with respect to convex order, Denuit and Dhaene [Denuit, M. and Dhaene, J. (2012). Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 51, 265–270] proposed the conditional mean risk sharing rule to allocate the total risk among participants to an insurance pool. This paper relates the conditional mean risk sharing rule to the size-biased transform when pooled risks are independent. A representation formula is first derived for the conditional expectation of an individual risk given the aggregate loss. This formula is then exploited to obtain explicit expressions for the contributions to the pool when losses are modeled by compound Poisson sums, compound Negative Binomial sums, and compound Binomial sums, to which Panjer recursion applies. Simple formulas are obtained when claim severities are homogeneous. A couple of applications are considered: first, to a peer-to-peer insurance scheme where participants share the first layer of their respective risks while the higher layer is ceded to a (re)insurer; second, to survivor credits to be shared among surviving participants in tontine schemes.

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30

Hanewald, Katja. "King William's Tontine: Why the Retirement Annuity of the Future Should Resemble its Past. Moshe A. Milevsky . Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 9781107076129, 257 pages. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139879316." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 16, no. 2 (March 14, 2017): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747217000075.

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31

GREEN, DAVID R. "Tontines, annuities and civic improvements in Georgian Britain." Urban History 46, no. 04 (February 20, 2019): 649–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926818000743.

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ABSTRACT:Civic improvement in Georgian Britain required significant amounts of capital. Tontines were an important means of financing projects. This article provides new evidence based largely on local newspapers that demonstrates their local and national importance for mutual assurance and building. Shifts in profitability depended on the price of Consols and this explains why building tontines increased in importance. Tontines were used to fund new leisure spaces, workhouses, prisons, bridges, streets and other improvements. Their popularity waned in the later nineteenth century but until then they were an important means of funding civic improvements.

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32

Sutch, Richard. "King William's Tontine: Why the Retirement Annuity of the Future Should Resemble Its Past. By Moshe A. Milevsky. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Pp. xv, 257. $49.99, hardcover; $40.00, digital." Journal of Economic History 76, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050716000747.

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33

Chen, An, Montserrat Guillen, and Manuel Rach. "Fees in tontines." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 100 (September 2021): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2021.05.001.

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34

Chen, An, and Manuel Rach. "Options on tontines: An innovative way of combining tontines and annuities." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 89 (November 2019): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2019.10.004.

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35

Milevsky, Moshe A., and Thomas S. Salisbury. "Optimal retirement income tontines." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 64 (September 2015): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2015.05.002.

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36

Bowers, Thomas. "America's addiction to tontines." Business Horizons 55, no. 3 (May 2012): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.01.009.

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37

Duchesne, Véronique. "Emmanuel Bidzogo, Églises en Afrique et autofinancement. Des tontines populaires aux tontines ecclésiales ?" Archives de sciences sociales des religions, no. 140 (December 1, 2007): 157–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/assr.9833.

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38

Nguié, Habib Marius. "Tontines et prostitution à Château-Rouge." Revue internationale des études du développement N°244, no. 4 (2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ried.244.0081.

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39

Claeys, Thierry. "Les tontines royales en France, 1689-1759." Revue fran�aise d'histoire �conomique N�1, no. 1 (2014): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfhe.001.0156.

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40

Lelart, Michel. "L'épargne informelle en Afrique. Les tontines béninoises." Tiers-Monde 30, no. 118 (1989): 271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/tiers.1989.3836.

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41

Bensignor, François. "Tonton David." Hommes et Migrations 1177, no. 1 (1994): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/homig.1994.2250.

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42

Rigaud, Laurent. "Le zizi de tonton." VST - Vie sociale et traitements 135, no. 3 (2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/vst.135.0116.

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43

Rozas, Sonia Tello, and Bernard Gauthier. "Les tontines favorisent-elles la performance des entreprises au Cameroun ?" Revue d'économie du développement 20, no. 1 (2012): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/edd.261.0005.

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44

Liebrecht, Savyon, Chantal Duris-Massa, Fran�oise Goudaert, and Fran�oise Saquer-Sabin. "La Tonte." Revue d�Histoire de la Shoah N�184, no. 1 (2006): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhsho.184.0303.

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45

Dunsch, Boris. "Alba Tontini: Censimento critico dei manoscritti plautini. I: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana." Gnomon 78, no. 3 (2006): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/0017-1417_2006_3_214.

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Lange, Andreas, John A. List, and Michael K. Price. "A fundraising mechanism inspired by historical tontines: Theory and experimental evidence." Journal of Public Economics 91, no. 9 (September 2007): 1750–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.05.001.

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Brandão, José Luís. "RAFFAELLI, Renato & Tontini, ALBA (coord.), Lecturae Plautinae Sarsinates XVIII. Stichus." Humanitas 71 (January 16, 2018): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-1718_71_9.

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Dunkley, John. "Bourbons on the Rocks: Tontines and Early Public Lotteries in France." Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 30, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2007.tb00338.x.

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Fisher, Anthony. "Nicholas Tonti-Filippini." Linacre Quarterly 82, no. 2 (May 2015): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0024363914z.000000000110.

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Chauveau, Jean-Pierre, Alain Henry, Guy-Honoré Tchente, Philippe Guillerme-Dieumegard, and Guy-Honore Tchente. "Tontines et banques au Cameroun. Le principe de la Société des amis." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 27, no. 1 (1993): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485463.

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