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1
Johnson, Elizabeth M. Hyaline moulds. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Hyaline moulds are fungi that grow predominantly in a filamentous form with colourless hyphae. This is not a taxonomic grouping and encompasses many thousands of different fungal genera. However, there is a small subset of environmental saprobes or plant pathogenic moulds, currently comprising at least 75 species from 30 different genera, that are opportunistic human pathogens and have been implicated in invasive infections referred to as hyalohyphomycosis. In addition they may cause less invasive cutaneous, subcutaneous, mucous membrane, and corneal infections. This group of organisms includes Fusarium, Sarocladium, Paecilomyces, Purpureocillium, Scedosporium, Rasamsonia, and Scopulariopsis spp., and it is these that form the focus of this chapter. Aspects of taxonomy, cell biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, incidence, risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed with particular reference to those features that are specific to hyaline moulds.
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Stephenson, Steven. Secretive Slime Moulds. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486314140.
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Neither plants, nor animals, nor fungi, the myxomycetes are a surprisingly diverse and fascinating group of organisms. They spend the majority of their life out of sight as single-celled amoeboid individuals in leaf litter, soil or decaying wood, foraging for bacteria and other simple life forms. However, when conditions are right, two individual cells come together to give rise to a much larger, creeping structure called a plasmodium, which produces the even more complex and often beautiful fruiting bodies. Indeed, the fruiting bodies of myxomycetes are often miniature works of art!
 Their small size (usually only a few millimetres tall) and fleeting fruiting phase mean that these organisms, although ubiquitous and sometimes abundant, are overlooked by most people. However, recent research by a few dedicated individuals has shown that Australia has a very diverse myxomycete biota with more than 330 species, the largest number known for any region of the Southern Hemisphere.
 This comprehensive monograph provides keys, descriptions and information on the known distribution for all of these species in addition to containing introductory material relating to their biology and ecology. Many species are illustrated, showing the diversity of their fruiting bodies, and greatly facilitating their identification.
 This book will give naturalists a new insight into an often overlooked group of organisms in addition to providing an incentive to search for the many species which have undoubtedly thus far escaped notice.
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Rogers, Thomas R., and Elizabeth M. Johnson. Mucoraceous moulds. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
The mucoraceous moulds are members of the order Mucorales and comprise a number of genera within which are species that typically cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised hosts, but are also pathogens of patients with diabetes mellitus or burns, or following traumatic injuries or near-drowning incidents, and in iron overload. Clinical presentations may be of rhinocerebral, pulmonary, cutaneous, or disseminated disease. Once established at its initial focus, the infection can progress rapidly. Diagnosis is challenging because this is a relatively rare disease, cultures from sites of infection may be negative, and few biomarkers exist to aid laboratory diagnosis. Histopathological examination of infected tissue is useful in diagnosis. Clinicians should have a high level of suspicion when immunocompromised patients present with sinus infection, facial swelling, orbital bone erosion, nodular lung infiltration, or necrotic skin eschars. The only currently available antifungal agents with evidence of clinical utility in mucormycosis are amphotericin B, posaconazole, and isavuconazole.
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Blyth, Michael. In the Mouth of Madness. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325406.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Somewhat overlooked upon its initial release in 1995, John Carpenter's In the Mouth of Madness has since developed a healthy cult reputation. But far more than simply a fan favourite, this closing instalment of the acclaimed director's self-described “apocalypse trilogy” (following The Thing and Prince Of Darkness) stands today as one of his most thematically complex and stylistically audacious pieces of work. The story of an insurance investigator drawn into the supposedly fictional universe of a best-selling horror novelist, the film is an extension of many recurring themes found in Carpenter's filmography (the end of the world, the loss of free will, a distrust of mass industry and global corporations, the cataclysmic resurgence of ancient evil), as well as an affectionate homage to the works of H. P. Lovecraft (and horror literature more broadly) and a self-reflexive celebration of the horror genre that predates the Scream-inspired postmodernist boom of late-nineties genre cinema. While numerous books and countless academic essays have been written about Carpenter's work, surprisingly little has focused exclusively on In the Mouth of Madness, a film which feels more prescient, more essential, and more daringly complex than ever. This book seeks to redress this imbalance, at last positioning this overlooked masterpiece as essential Carpenter.
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Food procurement and processing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0004.
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Fish display a wide range of adaptations of the mouth and pharynx for specific feeding patterns including planktivory, fin-biting, picking and scraping. Appetite control is complex, involving stimulatory and inhibitory hormones. The gut has a linear plan similar to other vertebrates but with considerable variation between taxa, and a stomach may be absent. Many bony fish possess pyloric caeca, containing digestive enzymes, and may increase surface area for digestion. In chondrichthyes (sharks, etc.), a ‘spiral valve’ increases surface area of the intestine. Smooth muscle contractions in the gut wall pass food along the tract under control of food pressure, the autonomic nervous system and specific peptides. Digestion by hydrolytic enzymes, and absorption occur in the intestine, monomers produced being absorbed mainly through transcellular routes, involving enterocytes, into the blood of the hepatic portal vein to the liver. Dietary requirements and nutrition are discussed.
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Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Gastrointestinal Infections. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0113.
Full textAbstract:
•Ludwig angina: Acute soft tissue infection usually of dental origin; spreads rapidly and is bilateral; involves submandibular and sublingual spaces and can spread to the neck; may include respiratory obstruction from edema•Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (eg, Vincent angina, trench mouth): Mixed bacterial infection with gingival ulcerations and gingival breakdown, usually due to poor dental hygiene...
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Gloff, Marjorie, Melissa Kreso, and Richard Wissler. Neurologic Complications in Obstetric Anesthesia. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0033.
Full textAbstract:
Neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia is routinely requested for women in the peripartum and postpartum period. Given that there is widespread knowledge of the benefits of obstetricians, mainstream media, and word-of-mouth communication, many patients expect to receive some form of neuaxial anesthesia during their peripartum experience. Neuraxial anesthesia can provide both pain relief during induction and labor and can provide surgical anesthesia for a variety of surgical procedures in the peripartum and postpartum period. While generally considered safe, neuraxial anesthesia is not without risk. This chapter discusses the most common neurologic complications associated with neuraxial anesthesia in the obstetric population.
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Hopkins, Paul, and Laura Ryan. Difficult Airway. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
The management of the difficult airway is one of the most challenging situations an anesthesiologist may encounter. The pediatric patient provides unique challenges such as lack of cooperation, rapid desaturation while apneic, and the presence of syndromes with craniofacial manifestations not frequently encountered in adults. These craniofacial manifestations may include mandibular hypoplasia, facial asymmetry, and limited mouth opening, to name a few. This chapter presents a case of a 5-year-old boy with Klippel-Feil syndrome and discusses the different aspects involved when dealing with a difficult airway in a pediatric patient, including the use of fiberoptic devices, neuromuscular blockade, and sedative premedication.
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Andersen, AN, and P. Jacklyn. Termites of the Top End. CSIRO Publishing, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101418.
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Termite mounds are a distinctive feature of Australia's Top End, and the role of termites is crucial to ecosystems in this part of the world. It is estimated that more than 100 species of termites inhabit the Top End, but little is known about many of these.
 Termites of the Top End is an attractively illustrated, popular guide for anyone interested in these fascinating insects, and will be useful to students, amateur naturalists and researchers alike. Detail is provided on the six species most likely to be encountered and recognised.
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Bradley, Richard. The Idea of Order. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199608096.001.0001.
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Richard Bradley investigates the idea of circular buildings - whether houses or public architecture - which, though unfamiliar in the modern West, were a feature of many parts of prehistoric Europe. Why did so many people build circular monuments? Why did they choose to live in circular houses, when other communities rejected them? Why was it that those who preferred to inhabit a world of rectangular dwellings often buried their dead in round mounds and worshipped their gods in circular temples? Why did people who lived in roundhouses decorate their pottery and metalwork with rectilinear motifs, and why was it that the inhabitants of longhouses placed so much emphasis on curvilinear designs? Although their distinctive character has engaged the interest of alternative archaeologists, the significance of circular structures has rarely been discussed in a rigorous manner. The Idea of Order uses archaeological evidence, combined with insights from anthropology, to investigate the creation, use, and ultimate demise of circular architecture in prehistoric Europe. Concerned mainly with the prehistoric period from the origins of farming to the early first millennium AD, but extending to the medieval period, the volume considers the role of circular features from Turkey to the Iberian Peninsula and from Sardinia through Central Europe to Sweden. It places emphasis on the Western Mediterranean and the Atlantic coastline, where circular dwellings were particularly important, and discusses the significance of prehistoric enclosures, fortifications, and burial mounds in regions where longhouse structures were dominant.
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Loewe, Raphael, ed. Meshal Haqadmoni Fables from the Distant Past. Translated by Raphael Loewe. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774563.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The wondrous fables of Ibn Sahula in Meshal haqadmoni, presented here in English for the first time, provide a most unusual introduction to the intellectual and social universe of the Sephardi Jewish world of thirteenth-century Spain. Ibn Sahula wrote his fables in rhymed prose, here rendered into English as rhymed couplets. They comprise a series of satirical debates between a cynic and a moralist, put into the mouths of animals; the moralist always triumphs. The debates, which touch on such subjects as time, the soul, the physical sciences and medicine, astronomy, and astrology, amply reflect human foibles, political compromise, and court intrigue. They are suffused throughout with traditional Jewish law and lore, a flavour reinforced by the profusion of biblical quotations reapplied. With parallel Hebrew and English texts, explanatory notes, indication of textual variants, and references for all the biblical and other allusions, this edition has much to offer to scholars in many areas: medieval Hebrew literature, medieval intellectual history, Sephardi studies, and the literature and folklore of Spain. Both the translation and the scholarly annotations reflect a deep understanding of Ibn Sahula's world, including the interrelationship of Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic speculative thought and the interplay between those languages.
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de Beauvoir, Simone. Misunderstanding in Moscow. Translated by Terry Keefe. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036347.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
She looked up from her book. How irritating all these old refrains on non-communication were! If we really want to communicate, we manage to do so more or less successfully. Not with everyone, of course, but with two or three people. André was sitting in the seat next to her, reading a thriller. She kept from him certain moods, some regrets, some little worries; doubtless he, too, had his own little secrets. But, by and large, there was nothing that they did not know about each other. She glanced through the plane window: dark forests and pale grassland stretching as far as one could see. How many times had they forged forward together, by train, by plane, by boat, sitting side by side, with books in their hands? There would still be many occasions when they would glide silently side by side over the sea, the earth and the air. This moment had the sweetness of a memory and the brightness of a promise. Were they thirty, or sixty? André’s hair had turned white quite early, and at one time the snowy white color that enhanced his fresh but matte complexion seemed stylish. It was still stylish. His skin had hardened and become lined, rather like old leather, but the smile at his mouth ...
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Torres, Justin. In Praise of Latin Night at the Queer Club. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199377329.003.0010.
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This short essay, originally published in The Washington Post only days after the 2016 shooting in the Orlando gay club PULSE, highlights the range of lives and practices that find their space, find their moment in the queer Latinx club. The essay mourns those lost in Orlando by celebrating all the ways people get to the club, share space in the club, and come home from the club. Torres’s writing opens a space not then only for mourning what is lost, but also to celebrate the many reasons queer Latinx people have found refuge and hope in the space of the club, while also acknowledging it is not a utopic space.
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Hundloe, Tor, Sarah Blagrove, and Hannah Ditton, eds. Australia's Role in Feeding the World. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486305902.
Full textAbstract:
Earth's human population currently exceeds 7 billion, and by the year 2050 our planet will have at least two billion more mouths to feed. When faced with providing food for so many people, the idea is often advanced that Australia will become the 'food bowl' of Asia. Australia currently grows enough food to feed about three times its population and agricultural exports are important to our economy; however, Australia's role in feeding the world needs careful consideration. 
 This highly topical book draws together the latest intelligence on the sustainable production and distribution of food and other products from Australian farms. It examines questions that policy-makers, farmers, politicians, agricultural scientists and the general public are asking about the potential productivity of our arable land, the environmental and economic impacts of seeking to increase productivity, and the value of becoming cleaner and greener in our agricultural output. With chapters on the emergence of new markets, consumer trends in China, the biophysical constraints on agricultural expansion, and the various products of Australian agriculture and aquaculture, Australia's Role in Feeding the World provides valuable insight into the future of agriculture in this nation.
 The book is ideal reading for academics and students in agriculture, environmental sciences, economics, Australian studies, international development studies; agricultural practitioners; and the food production industry.
 
 
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Adam, Sheila, Sue Osborne, and John Welch. The patient within the critical care environment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696260.003.0003.
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Both critical illness and treatment in the critical care unit are extremely stressful, presenting great physical and psychological challenges for patients and their families. There are a range of compensatory responses to stress which may be adaptive, but severe or prolonged stress can induce a destructive spiral of decompensation. The importance of a holistic approach to care cannot be overemphasized; this chapter sets out the priorities of care for critically ill patients, and the common needs and problems for both patients and their families. The issues discussed include the mechanisms of stress in critical illness, the promotion of sleep, use of analgesia and sedation, management of delirium, complications of immobility, mouth, eye, and skin care, infection control, requirements for safe transfer, and care of the dying patient.
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Konstan, David. Grief and the Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190887872.003.0005.
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Grief for the dead may seem to exhibit the most selfless kind of attachment, since the dead can no longer give us anything in return, and yet in practice one often mourns for the loss of support and protection (as evidenced frequently in ritualized lamentations), and such grief may appear to be self-centered. The conventional genre of the consolation mobilized arguments to discourage excessive or prolonged mourning, even as writers recognized that the immediate sense of loss was natural, shared even by animals. What is more, if a beloved friend is another self, then his or her death is a kind of mutilation of one’s own self, and this, as illustrated by Achilles’ mourning over the death of Patroclus, may be the deepest grief of all.
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Armstrong, Bruce K., Claire M. Vajdic, and Anne E. Cust. Melanoma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0057.
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Melanoma is a cancer of melanocytes, cells that produce the brown-black skin pigment melanin. Melanocytes originate in cells of the neural crest and migrate during embryogenesis, principally to the epidermis, eyes, and some mucous membranes (mouth, nose, esophagus, anus, genitourinary organs, and conjunctiva). Cutaneous melanoma afflicts mainly fair-skinned people of European origin, among whom sun exposure is the major cause. Five-year relative survival can exceed 90%. Invasive cutaneous melanoma in US whites occurs mostly on the trunk (34%), and upper limbs and shoulders (26%). Melanoma incidence rates have been increasing predominantly in European-origin populations. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, from the sun or artificial tanning devices, probably both initiates and promotes melanoma. Nevi are markers of increased melanoma risk and direct precursors in some cases; nevus-prone people may require only modest sun exposure to initiate melanoma. Other risk factors include family history and sun sensitivity.
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Ross, Stephen J. Out of the Endless Bathos. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798385.003.0004.
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This chapter surveys the “other tradition” within Ashbery’s oeuvre: “bad” poetry. It argues that Ashbery’s courting of “badness”—understood, in quotation marks, to refer to intentional failure, or what Susan Sontag calls “the good taste of bad taste” in “Notes on Camp”—mounts a critique of the very foundations of value judgment in the arts. Ashbery’s “bad” nature poems, in particular, overturn normative standards of value established by the New Criticism and replace them with a “new bathos” that also evades avant-garde norms of experimental rigor. “Bad” nature poems such as “Variations, Calypso, and Fugue on a Theme of Ella Wheeler Wilcox” and “I Saw No Need” transform the kitschy nature of so many conventional nature poems into an object of potent critique, allowing Ashbery to write against and to “queer” the avant-garde fantasy that art can become nature.
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van der Vossen, Bas, and Jason Brennan. In Defense of Openness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462956.001.0001.
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The humane and workable solution to global poverty is freedom. We can help the poor—and help ourselves at the same time—by tearing down our walls and trade barriers. Both justice and good economic sense require that we open borders, free up international trade, and respect the economic liberties of people around the world. What global justice requires is an open world. Most books on global justice see the world’s poor as little more than mouths to be fed. Their authors see justice as a zero-sum game: some must lose so that others may win. They rely on controversial moral intuitions and outdated or mistaken economic beliefs about economic growth. Van der Vossen and Brennan present global justice as a positive-sum game: the methods that can best help the world’s poor also help everyone else. Using mainstream development economics and common-sense moral intuitions, they argue that instead of treating the world’s poor as helpless victims who must be rescued by the rich, we should remove the coercive limits that keep people poor in the first place. We should offer people the freedom to work, produce, trade, and migrate, in ways that help better themselves and others who are willing to cooperate with them. In Defense of Openness offers a new approach to global justice: we don’t need to “save” the poor. The poor will save themselves, if only we would get out of their way and let them.
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Price, Elizabeth J., and Anwar R. Tappuni, eds. Oxford Textbook of Sjögren's Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198806684.001.0001.
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The Oxford Textbook of Sjögren’s Syndrome is an authoritative textbook, rich with valuable illustrations and figures, providing a practical guide to diagnosing and managing all aspects of this condition. Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic, immune-mediated condition typically presenting in women in their fifth or sixth decade. With increased awareness and improvement in diagnostic tests, younger women and occasionally men are now being diagnosed with this condition. Frequently, Sjögren’s syndrome occurs in association with other autoimmune diseases, usually rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or scleroderma. The hallmark of this condition is dryness of the eyes and mouth, but many patients have systemic effects that can be debilitating, including fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, and lung damage. It has potentially serious long-term complications, including a higher risk of developing lymphoma and foetal congenital heart block. Diagnosis of the condition can be challenging as the presenting symptoms are variable. Management of the condition can be complex as the course of the disease is unpredictable and the available therapy is mainly symptomatic, with no known cure as yet. Experts in the condition from around the world have contributed to this book to provide the most up-to-date information on pathophysiology, classification criteria, diagnostic tests, systemic manifestations of the disease, and emerging therapeutic options. The publication of this book coincides with a period of increased interest in Sjögren’s within the scientific, medical, and pharmacological worlds.
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Shaw, Pamela, and David Hilton-Jones. The lower cranial nerves and dysphagia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0429.
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Disorders affecting the lower cranial nerves – V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory) and XII (hypoglossal) – are discussed in the first part of this chapter. The clinical neuroanatomy of each nerve is described in detail, as are disorders – often in the form of lesions – for each nerve.Trigeminal nerve function may be affected by supranuclear, nuclear, or peripheral lesions. Because of the wide anatomical distribution of the components of the trigeminal nerve, complete interruption of both the motor and sensory parts is rarely observed in practice. However, partial involvement of the trigeminal nerve, particularly the sensory component, is relatively common, the main symptoms being numbness and pain. Reactivation of herpes zoster in the trigeminal nerve (shingles) can cause pain and a rash. Trigeminal neuralgia and sensory neuropathy are also discussed.Other disorders of the lower cranial nerves include Bell’s palsy, hemifacial spasm and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Cavernous sinus, Tolosa–Hunt syndrome, jugular foramen syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis are caused by the involvement of more than one lower cranial nerve.Difficulty in swallowing, or dysphagia, is a common neurological problem and the most important consequences include aspiration and malnutrition (Wiles 1991). The process of swallowing is a complex neuromuscular activity, which allows the safe transport of material from the mouth to the stomach for digestion, without compromising the airway. It involves the synergistic action of at least 32 pairs of muscles and depends on the integrity of sensory and motor pathways of several cranial nerves; V, VII, IX, X, and XII. In neurological practice dysphagia is most often seen in association with other, obvious, neurological problems. Apart from in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, it is relatively rare as a sole presenting symptom although occasionally this is seen in motor neurone disease, myasthenia gravis, and inclusion body myositis. Conversely, in general medical practice, there are many mechanical or structural disorders which may have dysphagia as the presenting feature. In some of the disorders, notably motor neurone disease, both upper and lower motor neurone dysfunction may contribute to the dysphagia. Once dysphagia has been identified as a real or potential problem, the patient should undergo expert evaluation by a clinician and a speech therapist, prior to any attempt at feeding. Videofluoroscopy may be required. If there is any doubt it is best to achieve adequate nutrition through the use of a fine-bore nasogastric tube and to periodically reassess swallowing. Anticholinergic drugs may be helpful to reduce problems with excess saliva and drooling that occur in patients with neurological dysphagia, and a portable suction apparatus may be helpful. Difficulty in clearing secretions from the throat may be helped by the administration of a mucolytic agent such as carbocisteine or provision of a cough assist device.
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Thomas, Daniel Rh. Other bacterial diseasesPasteurellosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0021.
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Pasteurellosis is a zoonosis that occurs worldwide, caused by bacteria of the genus Pasteurella, and other related organisms. Pasteurellosis reported in humans is most frequently caused by the species Pasteurella multocida. In humans, cutaneous infection is most common, but more severe outcomes have been reported, particularly in those with underlying chronic disease. Infection in animals is usually subclinical, but may give rise to a range of clinical symptoms, depending on the host species. Disease in animals usually occurs as a consequence of stress such as overcrowding, chilling, transportation, or as a result of a concurrent infection. In animals, pasteurellosis is known as: shipping fever or pneumonia, transport or transit fever, stockyard pneumonia, bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, haemorrhagic septicaemia, or avian, bird or fowl cholera. The pasteurella bacterium is commonly present in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract of a wide range of mammals. Transmission to humans occurs after bites, scratches, or licks from infected animals, most frequently from dogs or cats, although infection has been associated with other animals including: cows, pigs, hamsters and rabbits. However, not all patients report a history of direct animal contact. Infection may be prevented through the avoidance of animal bites and the prompt hygienic care of wounds. Health professionals should be aware of the risk of pasterurellosis in immunocompromised patients exposed to companion animals.
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Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Prevention of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0350.
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In the UK, the four commonest cancers—lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer—result in around 62 000 deaths every year. Although deaths from cancer have fallen in the UK over the last 20 years, the UK still suffers from higher cancer death rates than many other countries in Western Europe. In 1999, the UK government produced a White Paper called Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation that outlined a national target to reduce the death rate from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75 by 2010. The subsequent NHS Cancer Plan of 2000 designed a framework by which to achieve this target through effective prevention, screening, and treatment programmes as well as restructuring and developing new diagnostic and treatment facilities. But do we know enough about the biology of the development of cancer for government health policies alone to force dramatic changes in survival? The science behind the causes of cancer tells us that its origin lies in acquired or inherited genetic abnormalities. Inherited gene mutation syndromes and exposure to environmental mutagens cause cancer, largely through abnormalities in DNA repair mechanisms, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Although screening those thought to be at highest risk, and regulating exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco or ionizing radiation, have reduced, and will continue to reduce, cancer deaths, there are many other environmental factors that have been shown to increase the population risk of cancer. These will be outlined in this chapter. However, the available evidence is largely from retrospective and cross-sectional population-based studies and therefore limits the ability to apply this knowledge to the risk of the individual patient who may been seen in clinic. Although we may be able to put him or her into a high-, intermediate-, or low-risk category, the question ‘will I get cancer, doc?’ is one that we cannot answer with certainty. The NHS Cancer Plan of 2000, designed to reduce cancer deaths in this country and to bring UK treatment results in line with those other countries in Europe, focuses on preventing malignancy as part of its comprehensive cancer management strategy. It highlights that the rich are less likely to develop cancer, and will survive longer if they are diagnosed than those who live in poverty. This may reflect available treatment options, but is more likely to be related to the lifestyle of those with regular work, as they may be more health aware. The Cancer Plan, however, suggests that relieving poverty may be more labour intensive and less rewarding than encouraging positive risk-reducing behaviour in all members of the population. Eating well can reduce the risk of developing many cancers, particularly of the stomach and bowel. The Cancer Plan outlines the ‘Five-a-Day’ programme which was rolled out in 2002 and encouraged people to eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables per day. Obese people are also at higher risk of cancers, in particular endometrial cancer. A good diet and regular exercise not only reduce obesity but are also independent risk-reducing factors. Alcohol misuse is thought to be a major risk factor in around 3% of all cancers, with the highest risk for cancers of the mouth and throat. As part of the Cancer Plan, the Department of Health promotes physical activity and general health programmes, as well as alcohol and smoking programmes, particularly in deprived areas. Focusing on these healthy lifestyle points can potentially reduce an individual lifetime risk of all cancers. However, our knowledge of the biology of four cancers in particular has led to the development of specific life-saving interventions. Outlined in this chapter are details regarding ongoing prevention strategies for carcinomas of the lung, the breast, the bowel, and the cervix.
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Schaafsma, Polly. North America—Southwest. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.016.
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This broad overview considers the long discontinuous and diverse history of anthropomorphic figurine production in the ancient American Southwest. While the primary focus is on the Hohokam, Fremont, and Ancestral Pueblos, other cultural contexts are considered. Numerous figurine styles are described, as are close stylistic relationships between certain figurine traditions and rock art. Stylistic trends in the graphic rock art may have influenced the aesthetics of figurine production and vice versa. Discarded in refuse mounds, cached in association with burials and cremations or in crypts within architectural confines, figurines and their roles were diverse between cultures and changed through time. Regarded as active agents within their respective cultural frameworks, the chapter proposes that they functioned as social mediators, promoted fertility, increase, and community well-being, and as they served as conduits to the ancestors and cosmological entities.
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Lester, Rebecca, and John Rex. Fungaemia and disseminated infection. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0025.
Full textAbstract:
Invasive fungal disease can present without localization or obvious target organ involvement. These disseminated mycoses occur predominantly in patients who are immunocompromised, particularly from haematological malignancy and HIV. Candidiasis and aspergillosis are the commonest forms of disseminated fungal infection worldwide, but an increasing number of non-Candida yeasts and non-Aspergillus moulds have emerged as important causes of invasive disease in recent years. Endemic fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum are important causes of invasive disease within limited geographic regions. Fever is the commonest manifestation of disseminated fungal infection, but other clinical features such as cutaneous manifestations may point to a specific diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis relies on the detection of fungi in tissue or blood, but serological tests can augment diagnosis in some infections. Mortality from disseminated fungal disease is high and prompt initiation of antifungal therapy—where invasive disease is suspected—is essential.
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Saintilan, Neil, and Ian Overton, eds. Ecosystem Response Modelling in the Murray-Darling Basin. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100213.
Full textAbstract:
Ecosystem Response Modelling in the Murray-Darling Basin provides an overview of the status of science in support of water management in Australia’s largest and most economically important river catchment, and brings together the leading ecologists working in the rivers and wetlands of the Basin. It introduces the issues in ecosystem response modelling and how this area of science can support environmental watering decisions.
 The declining ecological condition of the internationally significant wetlands of the Murray-Darling Basin has been a prominent issue in Australia for many years. Several high profile government programs have sought to restore the flow conditions required to sustain healthy wetlands, and this book documents the scientific effort that is underpinning this task.
 In the Southern Murray-Darling Basin, the River Murray, the Murrumbidgee River and their associated wetlands and floodplains have been the focus of the Murray-Darling Basin Authority’s ‘The Living Murray’ program, and the NSW Rivers Environmental Restoration Program. The book documents research aimed at informing environmental water use in a number of iconic wetlands including those along the Murray – the Barmah-Millewa Forest; the Chowilla Floodplain and Lindsay-Wallpolla Islands; the Coorong and Murray mouth; and the Murrumbidgee – the Lowbidgee Floodplain.
 Within the Northern Murray-Darling Basin, research conducted in support of the Wetland Recovery Plan and the NSW Rivers Environmental Restoration Program has improved our knowledge of the Gwydir Wetlands and the Macquarie Marshes, and the water regimes required to sustain their ecology.
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Chaix, Louis. Cattle, a major component of the Kerma culture (Sudan). Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.28.
Full textAbstract:
Cattle were an essential element of the economy of the kingdom of Kerma, located between the first and fourth cataract in Egypt, which flourished between 2600 and 1500 bc. They are an important source of protein and labour, as well as secondary products (milk, hides, tools, etc.). The role of cattle in funerary rituals is attested by the presence of bucrania, which were placed facing the deceased in the burial mounds, sometimes in large numbers. Some burials contained bucrania with parallel horns, whereas others had a deliberately misshapen horn. In the Classic Kerma phase, cattle become less important, and the bucrania around the burials rarer. This may be linked to a worsening of the climate and a rapidly growing human population. The significance of cattle in the Kerma culture is evidenced by baked clay figurines, by paintings visible in the excavated funerary ‘chapels’, and by the presence of engraved ostrich eggs.
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Hone, Joseph. Alexander Pope in the Making. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842316.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
How did Alexander Pope become the greatest poet of the eighteenth century? Drawing on previously neglected texts and overlooked archival materials, Alexander Pope in the Making provides a radical new account of the poet’s early career, from the earliest traces of manuscript circulation to the publication of his collected Works. Joseph Hone illuminates classic poems such as An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock, and Windsor-Forest by setting them alongside lesser-known texts by Pope and his contemporaries, many of which have never received sustained critical attention before. Pope’s earliest experiments in satire, panegyric, lyric, pastoral, and epic are all explored alongside his translations, publication strategies, and neglected editorial projects. By recovering cultural values shared by Pope and the politically heterodox men and women whose works he read and with whom he collaborated, Hone unearths powerful new interpretive possibilities for some of the eighteenth century’s most celebrated poems. Alexander Pope in the Making mounts a comprehensive challenge to the ‘Scriblerian’ paradigm that has dominated scholarship for the past eighty years. It sheds fresh light on Pope’s early career and reshapes our understanding of the ideological landscape of his era. This book will be essential reading for scholars and students of eighteenth-century literature, history, and politics.
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Nithikathkul, Choosak, Prasert Saichua, Louis Royal, and John H. Cross. Capillariosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0065.
Full textAbstract:
Capillaria species are members of the superfamily Trichinelloidae. These worms have a filamentous thin anterior end and a slightly thicker oesophagus which is surrounded by glandular cells or stichocytes. This oesophageal pattern is called stichosomal oesophagus. Capillaria species are parasites which are found in many vertebrate animals. More than two hundred species have been reported in several vertebrate species, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (Cross 1992; Chitwood et al. 1968), but only three species infect humans. These are Capillaria hepatica , C. aerophila and C. philippinensis (McCarthy and Moore 2000). Of these intestinal capillariosis, a fish-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by C. philippinensis , is the most important. Humans acquire the parasite, C. philippinensis, by eating uncooked or raw freshwater fish (Cross and Basaca-Sevilla 1991). The disease is endemic mainly in Philippines and Thailand where there are many reported fatalities.Although C . hepatica is found in rodents worldwide, only a few cases of hepatic capillariosis have been reported in humans from Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America. The infection is acquired by the ingestion of embryonated eggs from the soil. Female worms deposit eggs in the liver tissue and granulomas develop around the egg. The eggs are released after the rodent is eaten and the liver digested. Eggs pass in the faeces and are deposited in the soil where they embryonate. Avoidance of contaminated soil would prevent human infection and destruction of rodents would control animal infections.Only 12 cases of human infection caused by Capillaria aerophila have been reported, the majority from Russia. The parasite is found within tissue of the respiratory passages of canines and felines worldwide.Anatrichosoma cutaneum (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae), also included in this chapter, is primarily a subcutaneous parasite of monkeys, but there are two reports of cutaneous infections in humans resulting in serpiginous lesions in the skin of the soles, palms, and nasal passages. In addition there is a further suspected case isolated from a breast nodule and a possible case of mucosal lesions in the mouth reported. Whole monkey colonies can be infected with this parasite and control is difficult.
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Pool, Robert. Beyond Engineering. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195107722.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
We have long recognized technology as a driving force behind much historical and cultural change. The invention of the printing press initiated the Reformation. The development of the compass ushered in the Age of Exploration and the discovery of the New World. The cotton gin created the conditions that led to the Civil War. Now, in Beyond Engineering, science writer Robert Pool turns the question around to examine how society shapes technology. Drawing on such disparate fields as history, economics, risk analysis, management science, sociology, and psychology, Pool illuminates the complex, often fascinating interplay between machines and society, in a book that will revolutionize how we think about technology. We tend to think that reason guides technological development, that engineering expertise alone determines the final form an invention takes. But if you look closely enough at the history of any invention, says Pool, you will find that factors unrelated to engineering seem to have an almost equal impact. In his wide-ranging volume, he traces developments in nuclear energy, automobiles, light bulbs, commercial electricity, and personal computers, to reveal that the ultimate shape of a technology often has as much to do with outside and unforeseen forces. For instance, Pool explores the reasons why steam-powered cars lost out to internal combustion engines. He shows that the Stanley Steamer was in many ways superior to the Model T--it set a land speed record in 1906 of more than 127 miles per hour, it had no transmission (and no transmission headaches), and it was simpler (one Stanley engine had only twenty-two moving parts) and quieter than a gas engine--but the steamers were killed off by factors that had little or nothing to do with their engineering merits, including the Stanley twins' lack of business acumen and an outbreak of hoof-and-mouth disease. Pool illuminates other aspects of technology as well. He traces how seemingly minor decisions made early along the path of development can have profound consequences further down the road, and perhaps most important, he argues that with the increasing complexity of our technological advances--from nuclear reactors to genetic engineering--the number of things that can go wrong multiplies, making it increasingly difficult to engineer risk out of the equation. Citing such catastrophes as Bhopal, Three Mile Island, the Exxon Valdez, the Challenger, and Chernobyl, he argues that is it time to rethink our approach to technology. The days are gone when machines were solely a product of larger-than-life inventors and hard-working engineers. Increasingly, technology will be a joint effort, with its design shaped not only by engineers and executives but also psychologists, political scientists, management theorists, risk specialists, regulators and courts, and the general public. Whether discussing bovine growth hormone, molten-salt reactors, or baboon-to-human transplants, Beyond Engineering is an engaging look at modern technology and an illuminating account of how technology and the modern world shape each other.