Academic literature on the topic 'Too Short Arc'
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Journal articles on the topic "Too Short Arc"
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Xin-ran, Li, and Wang Xin. "Genetic Algorithm for Initial Orbit Determination with Too Short Arc." Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics 41, no. 1 (2017): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chinastron.2017.01.007.
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Xin-ran, Li, and Wang Xin. "Genetic Algorithm for Initial Orbit Determination with Too Short Arc (Continued)." Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics 41, no. 2 (2017): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chinastron.2017.04.007.
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Ansalone, Luigi, and Fabio Curti. "A genetic algorithm for Initial Orbit Determination from a too short arc optical observation." Advances in Space Research 52, no. 3 (2013): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.04.004.
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Li, Xin-Ran, Xin Wang, and Yong-qing Xiong. "A combination method using evolutionary algorithms in initial orbit determination for too short arc." Advances in Space Research 63, no. 2 (2019): 999–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.08.036.
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Xin, Wang, and Li Xin-ran. "Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Initial Orbit Determination of Too-short-arc Based on Kernel Density Estimation." Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics 42, no. 1 (2018): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chinastron.2018.01.009.
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Zhang, Hui Lin, Yu Bo Zhao, and Feng Zhen Liu. "Automatic Tuning Arc Suppression Coil Current in a Small Grounding System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 620 (August 2014): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.620.398.
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Equipped Petersen coil systems can compensate for the capacitance of the line current, the single-phase ground fault current flows through the capacitor grounding point for the minimum point of the arc of a reliable ground fault arc , to avoid reigniting , prevent arcing ground fault point phase faults caused by short circuit . But will also prevent the neutral point displacement due to different switching operation of single-phase disconnection caused by other factors , to avoid the neutral point voltage is too high, the threat of insulation safety equipment . In addition Petersen coil in the normal operation of the power grid , and can effectively prevent resonance over-voltage , prevent equipment damage caused thereby , better protection of system security , stability, and high-quality operation. Automatic tuning arc suppression coil can meet the common good basis to eliminate the role of the Petersen coil grid resonance occurs , install and use the effect is significant.
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Zhao, Xiang Dong, Feng Zhen Liu, and Ye Tian. "Adjusting the Degree of Compensation of Small Current Grounding System Petersen Coil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 620 (August 2014): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.620.394.
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While the system is equipped with Petersen coil caused by the switching operation can prevent a different period , single-phase disconnection and other factors neutral point displacement , so that the neutral point voltage is too high, the threat of insulation safety equipment . Also in the normal operation of the power grid , but also effectively prevent resonance over-voltage , prevent system damage caused thereby , better protection of system security , stability, and high-quality operation. Summary of small current grounding system after the formation of arc suppression coil compensation compensation network system , in order to better prevent arc short-circuiting the system of single phase , which is to ensure security of supply , improve reliability and power quality .In the paper, small current grounding system Petersen coil with the compensation adjustment is carried out and some analysis, study and research is done in order to improve the operating personnel awareness and emphasis on small current grounding system , and better ensure the safety of the small current grounding system , stable operation.
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Anh, Nguyen Van, Murata Akihisa, Murata Tadasuke, Shinichi Tashiro, and Manabu Tanaka. "Influence of Welding Current on Formation of Weld Bead in TIG Welding for Joining Thin Plates." Advanced Engineering Forum 29 (August 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.29.1.
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In this paper, a new (novel) welding technology has been applied to join 0.1 mm thin plates. An initial study on the influence of welding current on the welding properties for stainless steel SUS304 plates is discussed in this paper. The weld bead appearance on both top surface and bottom surface was observed by microscope to indicate the change of weld bead size and welding defects. The results showed that by utilizing a constricted nozzle, a good weld bead is found out when the arc length is too short (0.3 mm), welding speed is very high (3000 mm min-1) and base metal is very thin (0.1 mm) with suitable welding conditions.
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Lee, Pauline A., and W. H. Close. "The influence of energy Intake during pregnancy and lactation on weight and backfat change of the sow and on piglet performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017621.
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The present experiment has been designed to investigate the influence of variations in energy intake during both pregnancy and lactation on short- and long-term sow and litter performance. There is now sufficient evidence to suggest that the ARC (1981) factorial estimates of the energy requirements of the sow during pregnancy are too high, due, possibly, to an over-estimation of the maintenance energy component (MEm). Revised values, based on a constant ME value throughout psregnancy of 439 kJ ME/kg0.75 per day, have therefore been calculated and applied in the present experiment. An additional feature of the experiment is to provide information on the effect of lactation feed intake on the utilization of energy in subsequent pregnancies for maternal body weight gain.
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Lee, Pauline A., and W. H. Close. "Effect of pattern of energy intake during pregnancy and lactation on sow performance and productivity." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015282.
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There is now sufficient evidence to suggest that the ARC (1981) factorial estimates of the energy requirements of the sow during pregnancy are too high, due, possibly, to an over-estimation of the maintenance energy component (MEm). Revised values, based on an MEm value of 439 KJ ME/kg0.75, have therefore been calculated and the present experiment was designed to test these new estimates. An additional feature of the experiment is to determine whether variations in feed intake during lactation have an effect on the utilization of energy in subsequent pregnancies for maternal body weight gain. Since the experiment will be conducted over 4 parities it will be interesting to determine whether variations in feed intake during both pregnancy and lactation influence short- and long-term sow performance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Too Short Arc"
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Pal, Terek. "Unapređenje kvaliteta alata za livenje pod pritiskom primenom tehnologija inženjerstva površina." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=101472&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Proučavane su koroziona postojanost i tendencija lepljenja različitihmaterijala u kontaktu sa tečnom Al–Si–Cu legurom. Ispitivanjem suobuhvaćeni čelik za rad na toplo, plazma nitrirani čelik i dupleksslojevi sa CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN i CrAlN prevlakama, različitog nivoapovršinske hrapavosti. Za ispitivanja pomenutih fenomenaprimenjena je metoda izvlačenja, koja je unapređena kako bi se povećalenjena tačnost i verodostojnost simulacije procesa livenja. Korozioniefekti su pojačani tako što su uzorci osim kratkog kontakta sa odlivkomzadržavani i u dužim periodima u kontaktu sa tečnom legurom (5 i 20min). Uprkos opštim stavovima, za ispitivane materijale jeustanovljeno da su sile izvlačenja uzoraka iz Al–Si–Cu odlivakanezavisne od njihovog hemijskog sastava. Uticaj hrapavosti je izraženkod uzoraka sa prevlakama kod kojih pri smanjenju hrapavosti dolazi dopovećanja sile izvlačenja. Sve ispitane prevlake su sklone mehaničkomlepljenju Al–Si–Cu legure za svoje površine, ali sa aspekta korozije utečnom metalu značajno prevazilaze performanse čelika i plazmanitriranog sloja. Duži kontakt livene legure sa površinama prevlakauzrokovao je niže vrednosti sila izvlačenja, što je posledicaoksidacije površina prevlaka. Ustanovljeno je da su ispitivaneprevlake inertne ka tečnoj leguri aluminijuma. Međutim, dolazi dooksidacije i korozije materijala podloge kroz greške rasta koje suprisutne u prevlakama. Stečena znanja o identifikovanimmehanizmima habanja i propadanja zaštitnih slojeva prevlakaposlužiće daljem razvoju dupleks slojeva namenjenih za zaštitu alataza livenje pod pritiskom.<br>Corrosion resistance and soldering tendency of different materials in moltenAl–Si–Cu alloy were studied. Hot-working tool steel, plasma nitrided steel andduplex layers with CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN and CrAlN top coatings, which wereproduced to various degree of surface roughness, were covered by the study.An ejection test was employed for investigation of the concerned phenomena.The ejection test was improved in order to increase its accuracy and thereliability of process simulation. Samples were examined in both short andextended periods of contact (5 and 20 min) with liquid casting. Castingsolidification was extended in order to intensify the corrosion effects. Contraryto common findings, it was found that the ejection force of the investigatedmaterials does not depend on their chemical composition. For the coatedsamples, a pronounced dependence of the ejection force on the surfaceroughness was found. The ejection force increases with decrease in surfaceroughness. All investigated coatings are prone to mechanical soldering by Al–Si–Cu alloy. Still, their corrosion resistance substantially exceeds the corrosionresistance of steel and plasma nitrided layer. Longer exposure of coatedsamples to cast alloy induced lower ejection forces, which is a consequenceof coatings oxidation. It was found that the investigated coatings are inert toliquid aluminium. However, the underlying material undergoes oxidation andcorrosion through coating growth defects. The findings concerning the wearmechanisms of protective layers support further development of duplex layersintended for die casting tools protection.
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Teng, Sin Yong. "Intelligent Energy-Savings and Process Improvement Strategies in Energy-Intensive Industries." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433427.
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S tím, jak se neustále vyvíjejí nové technologie pro energeticky náročná průmyslová odvětví, stávající zařízení postupně zaostávají v efektivitě a produktivitě. Tvrdá konkurence na trhu a legislativa v oblasti životního prostředí nutí tato tradiční zařízení k ukončení provozu a k odstavení. Zlepšování procesu a projekty modernizace jsou zásadní v udržování provozních výkonů těchto zařízení. Současné přístupy pro zlepšování procesů jsou hlavně: integrace procesů, optimalizace procesů a intenzifikace procesů. Obecně se v těchto oblastech využívá matematické optimalizace, zkušeností řešitele a provozní heuristiky. Tyto přístupy slouží jako základ pro zlepšování procesů. Avšak, jejich výkon lze dále zlepšit pomocí moderní výpočtové inteligence. Účelem této práce je tudíž aplikace pokročilých technik umělé inteligence a strojového učení za účelem zlepšování procesů v energeticky náročných průmyslových procesech. V této práci je využit přístup, který řeší tento problém simulací průmyslových systémů a přispívá následujícím: (i)Aplikace techniky strojového učení, která zahrnuje jednorázové učení a neuro-evoluci pro modelování a optimalizaci jednotlivých jednotek na základě dat. (ii) Aplikace redukce dimenze (např. Analýza hlavních komponent, autoendkodér) pro vícekriteriální optimalizaci procesu s více jednotkami. (iii) Návrh nového nástroje pro analýzu problematických částí systému za účelem jejich odstranění (bottleneck tree analysis – BOTA). Bylo také navrženo rozšíření nástroje, které umožňuje řešit vícerozměrné problémy pomocí přístupu založeného na datech. (iv) Prokázání účinnosti simulací Monte-Carlo, neuronové sítě a rozhodovacích stromů pro rozhodování při integraci nové technologie procesu do stávajících procesů. (v) Porovnání techniky HTM (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) a duální optimalizace s několika prediktivními nástroji pro podporu managementu provozu v reálném čase. (vi) Implementace umělé neuronové sítě v rámci rozhraní pro konvenční procesní graf (P-graf). (vii) Zdůraznění budoucnosti umělé inteligence a procesního inženýrství v biosystémech prostřednictvím komerčně založeného paradigmatu multi-omics.
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(8695017), Surabhi Bhadauria. "ASSOCIATION OF TOO SHORT ARCS USING ADMISSIBLE REGION." Thesis, 2020.
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<p>The near-Earth space is filled with over 300,000 artificial debris objects with a diameter larger than one cm. For objects in GEO and MEO region, the observations are made mainly through optical sensors. These sensors take observations over a short time which cover only a negligible part of the object's orbit. Two or more such observations are taken as one single Too Short Arc (TSA). Each set of TSA from an optical sensor consists of several angles, the angles of right ascension, declination, along with the rate of change of the right ascension angle and the declination angle. However, such observational data obtained from one TSA because it is covering only a very small fraction of the orbit, is not sufficient for the complete initial determination of an object's orbit. For a newly detected unknown object, only TSAs are available with no information about the orbit of the object. Therefore, two or more such TSAs that belong to the same object are required for its orbit determination. To solve this correlation problem, the framework of the probabilistic Admissible Region is used, which restricts possible orbits based on a single TSA. To propagate the Admissible Region to the time of a second TSA, it is represented in closed-form Gaussian Mixture representation. This way, a propagation with an Extended Kalman filter is possible. To decide if two TSAs are correlated, that is if they belong to the same object, respectively, an overlap between the regions is found in a suitable orbital mechanic's based coordinate frame. To compute the overlap, the information measure of Kullback-Leibler divergence is used. <br></p>
Books on the topic "Too Short Arc"
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Grundmann, Roy, Peter Schwartz, and Gregory Williams, eds. Labour in a Single Shot. Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722421.
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This collection of essays offers a critical assessment of Labour in a Single Shot, a groundbreaking documentary video workshop. From 2011 to 2014, curator Antje Ehmann and film- and videomaker Harun Farocki produced an art project of truly global proportions. They travelled to fifteen cities around the world to conduct workshops inspired by cinema history’s first film, Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory, shot in 1895 by the Lumière brothers in France. While the workshop videos are in colour and the camera was not required to remain static, Ehmann and Farocki’s students were tasked with honouring the original Lumière film’s basic parameters of theme and style. The fascinating result is a collection of more than 550 short videos that have appeared in international exhibitions and on an open-access website, offering the widest possible audience the opportunity to ponder contemporary labour in multiple contexts around the world.
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Stokes, Leah Cardamore. Short Circuiting Policy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190074258.001.0001.
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Short Circuiting Policy examines clean energy policies to understand why US states are not on track to meet the climate crisis. After two decades of leadership, American states are slipping in their commitment to transition away from dirty fossil fuels toward cleaner energy sources, including wind and solar. The author argues that organized combat between advocate and opponent interest groups is central to explaining why US states have stopped expanding and even started weakening their renewable energy policies. Fossil fuel companies and electric utilities played a key role in spreading climate denial. Now, they have turned to climate delay, working to block clean energy policies from passing or being implemented and driving retrenchment. Clean energy advocates typically lack sufficient power to overcome electric utilities’ opposition to climate policy. Short Circuiting Policy builds on policy feedback theory, showing the conditions under which retrenchment is more likely. Depending on their relative political influence, interest groups will work to drive retrenchment either directly by working with legislators, their staff, and regulators or indirectly through the parties, the public, and the courts. Also, the likely effects of policies are not easy to predict—an effect termed “the fog of enactment.” But over time, federated interest groups can learn to anticipate policies’ consequences through networks that cross state lines. Examining US energy policy over the past century, and Texas’s, Kansas’s, Arizona’s, and Ohio’s clean energy laws in the twenty-first century, the author shows how opponents have thwarted progress on climate policy.
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Roe, Mark J. Corporate Short-Termism. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.4.
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In this chapter I examine whether short-termism in stock markets justifies using corporate law to further shield managers and boards from shareholder influence, to allow boards and managers to pursue their view of sensible long-term strategies in their investment and management policies even more freely. First, the evidence that on stock market short-termism is mixed and inconclusive, with managerial mechanisms under-rated sources of short-term distortions, including managerial compensation packages whose duration often is shorter than that of institutional stockholding; further insulating boards from markets would exacerbate these managerial short-term-favoring mechanisms. Nor are courts well positioned to make this kind of basic economic policy, which if serious is better addressed with policy tools unavailable to courts.
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Hunter, Adrian. Novel, Novella, Short Story. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0018.
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This chapter considers shorter forms of fiction. It looks at some prominent arguments on the case for brevity and the modern subject. Some commentators such as Frank O’Connor, H. E. Bates, and Elizabeth Bowen — all fine practitioners of the short story and its most astute critics at mid-century — suggested that short forms, by dint of their shortness, had a unique capacity to represent the lived condition of modernity. All these commentators appear to argue the same thing: that short stories are better adapted to the cultural moment of technological modernity than are long ones. They also predict great things for them.
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Thomson, C. Claire. Symphony of a Short Film: A City Called Copenhagen. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424134.003.0010.
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This chapter is devoted to a detailed account of the life cycle of one film, arguably the high water mark of Dansk Kulturfilm’s production: Jørgen Roos’ 1960 short A City Called Copenhagen. This film was nominated for an Academy Award in the Short Subject category. The commissioning process and funding negotiations for this film were prolonged and complex, and are referred to in the film itself, an example of its use of humour. The film was shot on the cusp of the 1960s, and so documents changes to the cityscape, including the presence of Arne Jacobsen’s SAS Hotel. A City Called Copenhagen also circulated very widely and in multiple languages, offering a rich history of distribution and reception. Shot on Eastmancolor stock, the film is an exemplar of how the material instantiation of informational films impacts on their life cycle, and illustrates how the use of digital restoration techniques can recover films for a new digital dispositif.
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Morgan, Llewelyn. Ovid: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198837688.001.0001.
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Ovid: A Very Short Introduction discusses Ovid’s poetry, and the social and cultural context in which it was written. No poet of the Graeco-Roman world has had a deeper impact on subsequent literature and art than Ovid. But he was also a man of his time, and while the poetry he wrote still speaks to us today, it channels the cultural and political upheavals that Rome in his day was experiencing: its public life under Rome’s first emperor Augustus, changing sexual mores, religion, literary debt to Greece, and urban landscape. This VSI introduces Ovid’s poetry on love, heroic women, metamorphosis, Roman festivals, and his own exile by Augustus. It also explores his immense influence on later literature and art, an uninterrupted popularity through the Middle Ages and into modern times. Artists as diverse as Chaucer, Goethe, and Dali are all his heirs. But it focuses on his own poetry. Ovid was the wittiest, most inventive, and least deferential of Roman poets, his poetry a scintillating combination of high intellect and mischief.
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Jones, Darryl. Horror: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198755562.001.0001.
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Horror: A Very Short Introduction argues that horror, while it is often understood as a disreputable popular cultural form, is in fact a major component of human civilization and culture. It is central to many of our foundational ideas, in art, literature, religion, and ritual. Horror is an important part of what it means to be human, and an important means of understanding the world. There are a number of major recurring themes within horror: monsters, the occult and the supernatural, the body, the mind, and scientific horrors and fears. What does horror look like now, since the millennium? Its preoccupations turn out very much to be our own: corporate control, the online life and its discontents, racial tensions, environmental fears, and the world under plague conditions.
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Cottrell, Geoff. Matter: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198806547.001.0001.
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Matter: A Very Short Introduction explains matter—the stuff of which your body and the universe is made—from elementary particles, to atoms, humans, planets, up to the superclusters of galaxies. Familiar solids, liquids, and gases are described, as well as plasmas, exotic forms of quantum matter, and antimatter. This VSI outlines the quantum properties of atoms, the fundamental forces of nature, and how the different forms of matter arise. The origins of matter are traced to the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago. However, all the familiar normal matter constitutes only 5% of the matter that exists. The remainder comes in two mysterious forms: dark matter and dark energy, which are discussed.
Book chapters on the topic "Too Short Arc"
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Zerbini, Susanna. "Crustal motions from short-arc analysis of LAGEOS data." In Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Crustal Dynamics. American Geophysical Union, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd023p0371.
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Sheldon, Julie. "Picturing the Installation Shot." In A Companion to Modern Art. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118639948.ch7.
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Sinclair, A. T., and G. M. Appleby. "A short-arc method for determination of station coordinates and baselines applied to the Mediterranean area." In Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Crustal Dynamics. American Geophysical Union, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd023p0389.
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Kubben, Pieter. "Mobile Apps." In Fundamentals of Clinical Data Science. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99713-1_12.
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AbstractMobile apps are an important source of data, but also an important tool for applying models. The goal of this chapter is to provide a short overview of relevant app development background including data collection tools, as well as provide a literature review on mobile clinical decision support systems. Regulatory issues will be touched upon to create awareness for this important topic.
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Peter Toennies, J. "Otto Stern and Wave-Particle Duality." In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_23.
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AbstractThe contributions of Otto Stern to the discovery of wave-particle duality of matter particles predicted by de Broglie are reviewed. After a short introduction to the early matter-vs-wave ideas about light, the events are highlighted which lead to de Broglie’s idea that all particles, also massive particles, should exhibit wave behavior with a wavelength inversely proportional to their mass. The first confirming experimental evidence came for electrons from the diffraction experiments of Davisson and Germer and those of Thomson. The first demonstration for atoms, with three orders of magnitude smaller wave lengths, came from Otto Stern’s laboratory shortly afterwards in 1929 in a remarkable tour de force experiment. After Stern’s forced departure from Hamburg in 1933 it took more than 40 years to reach a similar level of experimental perfection as achieved then in Stern’s laboratory. Today He atom diffraction is a powerful tool for studying the atomic and electronic structure and dynamics of surfaces. With the advent of nanotechnology nanoscopic transmission gratings have led to many new applications of matter waves in chemistry and physics, which are illustrated with a few examples and described in more detail in the following chapters.
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"Tom Cruise and a Bazooka: The Image." In The Art of Short Form Content. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315658070-8.
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Fielding, Henry. "Too short to need a preface." In Tom Jones. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536993.003.0184.
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There are a set of religious, or rather moral writers, who teach that virtue is the certain road to happiness, and vice to misery, in this world. A very wholesome and comfortable doctrine, and to which we have but one objection, namely, that it...
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Rothery, David A. "6. The moons of Mars." In Moons: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198735274.003.0006.
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The moons of Mars—Phobos and Deimos—were first discovered in 1877 by the American Asaph Hall. ‘The moons of Mars: captured asteroids’ explains that Phobos and Deimos are small rocky bodies in synchronous rotation. They are far too small for their own gravity to pull their shapes into hydrostatic equilibrium. Their densities, just less than twice that of water, are too low for them to be solid rock. It is more likely that below the surface regolith, their interiors consist of chunks of loosely packed rubble. Spectroscopically, both Phobos and Deimos resemble asteroids that are believed to equate to a class of meteorite known as carbonaceous chondrites.
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Jefferson, Philip N. "3. Measurement." In Poverty: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198716471.003.0003.
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What do we mean when we say someone is living in poverty? Do we mean that their income is too low, that their consumption is too low, or that given their particular level of either, their ability to participate in society is severely restricted? Once a poverty line is set, other questions arise. Should our focus be on individuals or families? ‘Measurement’ considers different measures of well-being and explains the differences between absolute and relative concepts of poverty. For public policy purposes, we need simple statistics that summarize the state of affairs overall. Only by tracking such statistics over time can we determine whether our efforts to reduce poverty are paying dividends.
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Abbott, Carl. "4. Contested communities." In City Planning: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190944346.003.0005.
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City planning allocates the costs and benefits of urban living, and therefore is inherently political. “Contested communities” outlines the development of formal municipal zoning as an alternative to the privatization of desirable land by powerful groups. Zoning quickly became a useful and widely adopted planning tool. It was also a vehicle for racial and economic bias, and some cities are still experiencing its legacy. For many years, city planning neglected women’s safety and travel needs, and women’s contributions to planning were more likely to take place on the ground. What are the alternatives to top-down planning? Can planners replace traditional patterns of gentrification and displacement with urban revitalization?
Conference papers on the topic "Too Short Arc"
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Li, Binzhe, and Li Fang. "An advanced analysis method of initial orbit determination with too short arc data." In Automatic Target Recognition and Navigation, edited by Jayaram K. Udupa, Hanyu Hong, and Jianguo Liu. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2283376.
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Penniston, Christopher J., and Robert M. Huntley. "Tandem Flux-Cored Arc Welding for High Strength Line Pipe." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33551.
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The benefits of mechanized welding for pipeline construction are well known, as reflected by the high industrial acceptance and usage of its variations. However, the engineering and qualification costs associated with the preparation of alternative acceptance criteria for typical pulsed and short-circuit MIG (GMAW-P and GMAW-S) girth welds can make the implementation of mechanization too costly and/or time consuming for small projects. A multi-wire welding technology, employing a high-deposition consumable that possesses excellent positional capability, along with paired digitally controlled asynchronous inverter power sources, is presented. Trials were performed on CSA Z245.1 914 mm (NPS 36) OD × 20.4 mm WT Grade 483 heavy wall high strength line pipe. One variant used an 8-head internal welding machine for the root pass, and a conventional single torch short-circuit GMAW hot pass in a compound narrow-groove configuration. A second variant utilized an externally applied controlled short-circuit GMAW-S process for the root pass in a factory-style pipe bevel configuration. Both variants employed fill and cap passes using tandem pulsed gas-shielded flux-cored arc welding (T-FCAW-G/P), using rutile consumables, with the “bug and band” MOW II mechanized welding system. Basic mechanical testing was performed on the first weld variant, along with single-edge notched bend (SENB) crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) tests, and results are presented. A productivity comparison is then shown, using weld data from the second weld variant against alternative processes, showing considerably lower fill and cap pass arc time using the T-FCAW-G/P process. Given the process’s low tendency for the formation of planar discontinuities, the process is appealing for the use of “workmanship” acceptance criteria. With further procedure development and fine-tuning of the process, tandem flux-cored arc welding may prove viable, particularly for “short” pipelines, where the costs of comprehensive engineering critical assessment/fitness-for-purpose weld procedure qualification and associated engineering work aren’t justified; as a higher productivity alternative to single wire flux-cored arc welding for mechanized tie-in welding; as a much higher productivity alternative to SMAW for tie-ins; or with a narrow groove design, mainline applications for longer-distance projects.
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Sandquist, Gary M., and Carl J. Sandquist. "Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectrometry Applied to Electrical Systems in Nuclear Power Plants." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29324.
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A recently developed technique “Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry” (SSTDR), and supporting test devices will be adapted and tested to monitor and diagnose nuclear plant electrical systems. Current time domain reflectometry methods cannot detect or locate small faults after arc fault events, because their impedance discontinuity is too small and transient to create a measurable reflection. However, on-line, unobtrusive SSTDR can detect and locate arc and other electrical faults when the (∼msec) short circuit returns a strong reflected signal. These observations have led to development of SSTDR. If SSTDR can be successfully adapted to present and future nuclear plant electrical systems, it will be possible to monitor, on-line, the integrity of the electrical system continuously and with only minor equipment modification and no consequential safety issues. An integrated circuit (IC) is under development at the University of Utah for applications in the aircraft industry that will be adapted and used for this proposed development.
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Murray, Jean P. "Solar Production of Aluminum by Direct Reduction: Preliminary Results for Two Processes." In ASME 2001 Solar Engineering: International Solar Energy Conference (FORUM 2001: Solar Energy — The Power to Choose). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2001-159.
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Abstract The production of aluminum or silicon by reduction of their oxides with carbon is a technical challenge. The temperature required, in the range 2100–2300 °C, is too high for practical process heat addition from a combustion source alone. When an electrothermal process is used, only about a third of the energy contained in the fuel used to generate electricity enters the process. Thus, for materials produced electrolytically or in an electric furnace, the energy cost dominates the cost of the final product. By contrast, highly-concentrated solar energy is capable of supplying large amounts of process heat at very high temperatures, and may have real advantages for metals reduction processes. An arc introduces too much energy to the reaction zone. In the case of aluminum, the metal floats and it short circuits the arc. Ideally, the heat would enter at the bottom or side of a reactor, which could be achieved with solar process heat. Among industries, the primary aluminum industry is a major consumer of electricity. It uses about 10% of the electricity generated globally for industrial purposes, and about half comes from coal-fired generation stations. This represents about 5% of the electricity generated for all sectors. A solar-thermal process would drastically reduce the emission of climate-altering gases, reduce the reliance on electricity, and might be a critical factor in making a direct thermal route from the ore to metal possible. Two industrially-developed processes appear to be attractive candidates for a solar process. Preliminary tests have been performed using a black-body cavity receiver placed at the focus of the Paul Scherrer Institute’s 70kW tracking parabolic concentrator, and though the experiment had to be ended earlier than planned, a small amount of 61/37 weight percent Al/Si alloy was formed, and the partially reacted pellets showed conversion to Al4C3 and SiC. Further qualitative tests have been performed using the facilities at Odeillo in a 2 kW solar furnace, where the onset of production of both aluminum by direct carbothermal reduction, and Al-Si alloy via carbothermal reduction of a mixture of alumina, silica and carbon could be directly observed.
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Eun, Sung-Soo, Min-Hyun Cho, Ki-Hong Kim, and Hyun-Seung Lee. "Development of Optimum Welding Heat Input Device Based on Welding Frequency and Spark Detection." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90403.
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According to the previous researches, the welding frequency increases as the load impedance decreases when the narrow gap shorts out during ERW welding process. The proper welding frequency is theoretically calculated and also measured for OCTG pipe manufacturing. Also, to assure the quality of ERW tube, the spark detection device developed. According to signals from the spark detection device, there are two types of sparks found as a single-shot spark and sustainable spark. The formation of single-shot spark is too short to recognize the existence of spark with operator’s naked eyes during ERW process. Thus, the paint spraying system was used to mark the sparking location for screening at the inspection unit. Therefore, spark detecting devices (bad signal detection) are used to increase the productivity of products and improve its quality. In addition, the database server system developed according to the accumulated data can provide the cost savings and the creation of new demands.
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Ricciuti, Rick, Neville Fairclough, Len Hiebert, Medhat Elgohary, and Stephen K. W. Yu. "ACR™ Constructability: Increasing Confidence in Project Objectives." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49561.
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The ACR-700 has been designed with safety, cost and schedule as major drivers. Early in the concept stage it was demonstrated that short construction schedules can be achieved by paralleling activities, using such techniques as extensive modularization, combined with open top construction of the reactor building, as well as using the latest construction techniques available such as climbing formwork, prefabricated rebar, automatic welding, etc. This paper looks at the continued evolution of detailed construction sequences as a planning tool tied to the Primavera schedule. It also looks at examples where cost and schedule become important factors in making engineering decisions associated with the construction method and sequence. Experience on the modularization benefits achieved from the recently completed Qinshan CANDU project is presented. Finally it draws conclusions on the confidence in achieving construction schedules for both the first and nth units of a series.
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Paboeuf, Stephane, Luc Mouton, Quentin Sourisseau, and Anne-Charlotte Goupil. "Towards a Robust Offshore Bonded Repair Strength Evaluation." In SNAME 26th Offshore Symposium. SNAME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/tos-2021-14.
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Since the early 2000s, the number of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) units is increasing significantly. And so now, half of the fleet is over than 10 years old. As FPSO are mainly installed in tropical areas, with marine environment, high temperature and high humidity, corrosion is a permanent threat. Maintenance of steel structures become a challenge for oil major companies in offshore operation. Indeed, when allowable corrosion limit are reached, plates are to be repaired. However the current “crop and renew” technique implies a number of major issues for owners such as: “hot work”, i.e., welding; temporary structure weakening; necessity to empty, clean and vent oil tanks, leading to a long down time and an expensive solution. “Cold repair”, such as bonded repair, is an obvious solution, due to a short down-time and non-intrusively process. However, currently no standards or rules exist for this kind of repair and engineering faces problems as basic as strength qualification. To address the lack of knowledge on the strength assessment of bonded repair for primary structure, Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore launched a Joint Industrial Project (JIP) named StrenghBond Offshore with oil companies, shipyards and suppliers. The main objectives of the JIP are to: Assess short term and fatigue strength of typical bonded repairs, Enrich knowledge of adhesive joints strength on typical offshore repairs cases, Enable a better evaluation of the margin between the actual strength of a repair and the design load, Validate the characterisation procedure for strength prediction of bonded assembly, Define a robust strength prediction method, Gather the collected experience in a industrially applicable guideline, Standardise qualification process for offshore composite bonded repairs. The project intends to provide a design approach for bonded reinforcement that is design orientated, accurate and recognized by the offshore industry.
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Zhang, Jin, and Fuzhu Han. "High-Speed EDM Milling Using Rotating Short Arcs Under Composite Field." In ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2021-63535.
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Abstract This paper proposed a new method of high-speed electrical discharge machining (EDM) using rotating short arcs under composite field. By the Lorentz force, the electric force and the high-speed rotation of the tool electrode, rotating short arcs are generated between the tool electrode and the workpiece, which can greatly improve the material removal rate of difficult-to-cut materials such as titanium alloys and superalloys. Firstly, the machining equipment used to generate rotating short arcs was constructed. Secondly, single arc discharge experiment was carried out to investigate the motion characteristics of rotating short arcs. The result shows that the arcs can rotate between the tool electrode and workpiece under composite field. Then, the experiment of processing GH4169 was conducted to explore the machining characteristics of rotating short arcs milling, which indicated that rotating short arcs can achieve a much higher material removal rate (MRR). Additionally, it’s found that the magnetic field also has influence on debris, which is beneficial to debris removal. Finally, a comparative experiment was carried out. The MRR of rotating short arcs milling was three times than that of traditional EDM, and the tool electrode wear rate (TEWR) is only one-fifth of that of traditional EDM. The comparative experiment further verified that rotating short arcs milling can achieve higher MRR and lower TEWR.
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Singhal, Gaurav, Aengus Connolly, Manuel Laranjinha, Colin McKinnon, and Alan Mortimer. "Independent Assessment of Current Floater Concepts for Floating Wind Application." In SNAME 26th Offshore Symposium. SNAME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/tos-2021-04.
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Most of the offshore wind developments to date, globally, have been bottom-fixed foundations located in shallow waters (&lt;30m water depth) and in close proximity to shore. However, as technology improves and as space for near-shore sites decreases, offshore wind development is projected to trend towards deeper waters. Floating wind is thus expected to become one of the leading renewable energy sources over the next decade or so. Notably, the success of pilot projects in Europe has confirmed the viability of floating wind technology, drawing in additional developers to the market. In the United States, there is a significant potential for floating offshore wind off the coast of California, Maine, and Hawaii. While the majority of current floating wind activity is concentrated in &lt;200m water depth, further technology improvement coupled with experience from floating oil and gas developments will lead to even deeper floating wind projects in the future. One key aspect for floating wind technology is the floater foundation that will support the wind turbine assembly. The entire unit will be moored to the seabed and be subject to challenging environment conditions throughout its service life (akin to a floating oil and gas production facility). There are several floating wind concepts currently in the market - a handful are field-proven at pilot project scale but the majority are still in development phase, each with their own unique offering. The purpose of this paper is to perform an independent qualitative assessment of the current floating wind concepts. The assessment will focus on aspects related to technology readiness, design complexity and scalability, material selection, constructability, installation, operations, and maintenance. This paper provides the offshore wind industry with an unbiased opinion on available designs as well as an insight into perceived challenges for future developments. As a disclaimer, it is noted that Wood has utilized public-domain information for this study and has no preference towards any existing floating wind concepts or designs.
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Ge, Mingming, Guangjian Zhang, Navid Nematikourabbasloo, Kamel Fezzaa, and Olivier Coutier-Delgosha. "Application of Fast Synchrotron X-ray Imaging in Velocimetry of Cavitating Flows." In SNAME 26th Offshore Symposium. SNAME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/tos-2021-15.
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Hydrodynamic cavitation is a complex two-phase flow phenomenon involving mass and heat transfer between liquid and vapor. It occurs in many widely-used hydraulic machines, such as pumps and marine propellers, and often leads to undesired effects like material erosion, noise, and vibration. To control these detrimental effects, the visualization of two-phase flow morphology inside the opaque cavity is a crucial point to improve the physical and numerical models of cavitation. The major challenge in experimental measurements of cavitating flow fields is the fact that multiple scattering and a direct reflection of visible light from phase boundaries make the flow optically opaque. In recent years, unlike traditional local measurements using various probes, the development of the third-generation synchrotron radiation sources promotes the application of Xray phase-contrast imaging, which enables clear visualization of boundaries between phases with different refractive indices. In this study, the partial cavity is formed in a convergent-divergent (Venturi) channel with a small contraction ratio where the relatively stable cavitation regime can be sustained in a wide range of cavitation numbers. The experiment performed at Advanced Photon Source (APS) of Argonne uses the short high-flux X-ray pulses emitted from synchrotron sources to capture fast dynamic events and minimize motion blur. The internal two-phase structures and bubble development dynamics inside the quasi-stable sheet cavitation can be identified. Aside from the detailed illustration of two-phase morphology, X-ray phase-contrast images were also used to perform velocimetry by tracking either seeded particles or phase interfaces inside the opaque regions. Through appropriate postprocessing to the recorded X-ray images of cavitation, the time resolved velocity and void fraction fields are obtained simultaneously. These unprecedented experimental data will be further explored in understanding fluid mechanics underneath the cavity, estimating slip velocity between fluid-vapor interactions, and reconstructing pressure fields for compressible flows.
Reports on the topic "Too Short Arc"
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Kaplan, Steven. Are U.S. Companies Too Short-Term Oriented? Some Thoughts. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23464.
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Baek, Carolyn, Tracy Creek, Lee Jones, Louis Apicella, Jennifer Redner, and Naomi Rutenberg. Evaluation of HIV counseling and testing in ANC settings and adherence to short course antiretroviral prophylaxis for PMTCT in Francistown, Botswana. Population Council, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2.1003.
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Colomb, Claire, and Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals: Platform-based property rentals in European cities: the policy debates. Property Research Trust, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.
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Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.
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Kaffenberger, Michelle. Modeling the Long-Run Learning Impact of the COVID-19 Learning Shock: Actions to (More Than) Mitigate Loss. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsgrise-ri_2020/017.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has forced 1.7 billion children out of school temporarily. While many education systems are attempting varying degrees of remote learning, it is widely accepted that the closures will produce substantial losses in learning (World Bank, 2020; Kuhfeld et al., 2020). However, the real concern is not just that a few months of learning will be lost in the short run, but that these losses will accumulate into large and permanent learning losses as many children fall behind during school closures and never catch up. This note uses a calibrated model with a “pedagogical production function” (Kaffenberger and Pritchett, 2020) to estimate the potential long-term losses to children’s learning from the temporary shock of school closures. The model shows that without mitigation, children could lose more than a year’s worth of learning even from a three-month school closure as the short-term losses continue to compound after children return to school. Turning to mitigation strategies, the note examines the long-term effects of two strategies, finding that with some mitigation efforts education systems could come back from the crisis stronger than before.
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Infante, Vittorio. Transforming the Systems that Contribute to Fragility and Humanitarian Crises: Programming across the triple nexus. Oxfam, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7659.
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Conflicts and shocks linked to climate change are more frequent and intense, leading to poverty and inequality, exacerbating these phenomena and people’s vulnerability. In this context, humanitarian relief, development programmes and peacebuilding are not serial processes; they are all needed at the same time to tackle the systemic inequalities that trap people in poverty and expose them to risk. The triple nexus, or programming across humanitarian-development-peace pillars, thus means creating synergies and common goals across short-term emergency response programmes and longer-term social change processes in development, as well as enhancing opportunities for peace so that individuals can enjoy the full spectrum of human rights. This briefing paper aims to identify the tensions and dilemmas that Oxfam faces when programming across the nexus and sets out new policy to address these dilemmas, building upon Oxfam’s 2019 discussion paper on the triple nexus.
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Throckmorton, Hodges T., and Allan Lundy. Analysis of, Continuation of, and Report on Data Gathered at Dover AFB Mortuary during Operation Desert Storm: ARO Short Term Analysis Service Program (STAS). Subtitle: Anticipated and Actual Stress of Deployment to the Dover AFB Mortuary during Operation Desert Storm. Defense Technical Information Center, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada258991.
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Khandker, Shahidur Rahman, Hussain Akhterus Samad, Nobuhiko Fuwa, and Ryotaro Hayashi. The Female Secondary Stipend and Assistance Program in Bangladesh: What Did It Accomplish? Asian Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210021-2.
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Are subsidies to female education worth supporting to enhance socioeconomic and demographic changes? This paper examines whether or not the Female Secondary Stipend and Assistance Program (FSSAP) in Bangladesh matters. If it does, how much and in what way—on both observed short- and long- term outcomes associated with female education? How did FSSAP impact the education of children, and boys in particular? The paper also explores the impact on female labor force participation, as well as age at marriage, fertility, and other effects on society.
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Galeano-Ramírez, Franky Juliano, Nicolás Martínez-Cortés, Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez, and Margaret Guerrero. Nowcasting Colombian Economic Activity: DFM and Factor-MIDAS approaches. Banco de la República, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1168.
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Economic policy decision-making requires constantly assessing the state of economic activity. However, this is not an easy task: official figures have significant lags, and the timely information is usually partial and has different frequencies. This paper applies two types of short-term forecasting methodologies (Factor-MIDAS and DFM) for Colombian economic activity involving information with mixed frequencies. We present a heuristic process to select relevant variables, and we evaluate the proposed models' fits by comparing them with traditional forecasting methodologies. Overall, DFM and Factor-MIDAS forecasts are better than those generated by conventional methodologies, especially as the flow of information increases. In times of COVID-19, the model with the best relative fit was the DFM.
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Hsueh, Gary, David Czerwinski, Cristian Poliziani, et al. Using BEAM Software to Simulate the Introduction of On-Demand, Automated, and Electric Shuttles for Last Mile Connectivity in Santa Clara County. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1822.
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Despite growing interest in low-speed automated shuttles, pilot deployments have only just begun in a few places in the U.S., and there is a lack of studies that estimate the impacts of a widespread deployment of automated shuttles designed to supplement existing transit networks. This project estimated the potential impacts of automated shuttles based on a deployment scenario generated for a sample geographic area: Santa Clara County, California. The project identified sample deployment markets within Santa Clara County using a GIS screening exercise; tested the mode share changes of an automated shuttle deployment scenario using BEAM, an open-source beta software developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to run traffic simulations with MATSim; elaborated the model outputs within the R environment; and then estimated the related impacts. The main findings have been that the BEAM software, despite still being in its beta version, was able to model a scenario with the automated shuttle service: this report illustrates the potential of the software and the lessons learned. Regarding transportation aspects, the model estimated automated shuttle use throughout the county, with a higher rate of use in the downtown San José area. The shuttles would be preferred mainly by people who had been using gasoline-powered ride hail vehicles for A-to-B trips or going to the bus stop, as well as walking trips and a few car trips directed to public transport stops. As a result, the shuttles contributed to a small decrease in emissions of air pollutants, provided a competitive solution for short trips, and increased the overall use of the public transport system. The shuttles also presented a solution for short night trips—mainly between midnight and 2 am—when there are not many options for moving between points A and B. The conclusion is that the automated shuttle service is a good solution in certain contexts and can increase public transit ridership overall.
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Cafferata, Fernando G., Bridget Lynn Hoffmann, and Carlos Scartascini. How Can We Improve Air Pollution?: Try Increasing Trust First. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003453.
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Environmental policies are characterized by salient short-term costs and long-term benefits that are difficult to observe and to attribute to the government's efforts. These characteristics imply that citizens' support for environmental policies is highly dependent on their trust in the government's capability to implement solutions and commitment to investments in those policies. Using novel survey data from Mexico City, we show that trust in the government is positively correlated with citizens' willingness to support an additional tax approximately equal to a days minimum wage to improve air quality and greater preference for government retention of revenues from fees collected from polluting firms. We find similar correlations using the perceived quality of public goods as a measure of government competence. These results provide evidence that mistrust can be an obstacle to better environmental outcomes.