Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tool Assignment'

Metabolomics is the study of metabolomes, the sets of metabolites observed in living systems. Metabolism interconverts these metabolites to provide the molecules and energy necessary for life processes. Many disease processes, including cancer, have a significant metabolic component that manifests as differences in what metabolites are present and in what quantities they are produced and utilized. Thus, using metabolomics, differences between metabolomes in disease and non-disease states can be detected and these differences improve our understanding of disease processes at the molecular level. Despite the potential benefits of metabolomics, the comprehensive investigation of metabolomes remains difficult. A popular analytical technique for metabolomics is mass spectrometry. Advances in Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS) instrumentation have yielded simultaneous improvements in mass resolution, mass accuracy, and detection sensitivity. In the metabolomics field, these advantages permit more complicated, but more informative experimental designs such as the use of multiple isotope-labeled precursors in stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) experiments. However, despite these potential applications, several outstanding problems hamper the use of FT-MS for metabolomics studies. First, artifacts and data quality problems in FT-MS spectra can confound downstream data analyses, confuse machine learning models, and complicate the robust detection and assignment of metabolite features. Second, the assignment of observed spectral features to metabolites remains difficult. Existing targeted approaches for assignment often employ databases of known metabolites; however, metabolite databases are incomplete, thus limiting or biasing assignment results. Additionally, FT-MS provides limited structural information for observed metabolites, which complicates the determination of metabolite class (e.g. lipid, sugar, etc. ) for observed metabolite spectral features, a necessary step for many metabolomics experiments. To address these problems, a set of tools were developed. The first tool identifies artifacts with high peak density observed in many FT-MS spectra and removes them safely. Using this tool, two previously unreported types of high peak density artifact were identified in FT-MS spectra: fuzzy sites and partial ringing. Fuzzy sites were particularly problematic as they confused and reduced the accuracy of machine learning models trained on datasets containing these artifacts. Second, a tool called SMIRFE was developed to assign isotope-resolved molecular formulas to observed spectral features in an untargeted manner without a database of expected metabolites. This new untargeted method was validated on a gold-standard dataset containing both unlabeled and 15N-labeled compounds and was able to identify 18 of 18 expected spectral features. Third, a collection of machine learning models was constructed to predict if a molecular formula corresponds to one or more lipid categories. These models accurately predict the correct one of eight lipid categories on our training dataset of known lipid and non-lipid molecular formulas with precisions and accuracies over 90% for most categories. These models were used to predict lipid categories for untargeted SMIRFE-derived assignments in a non-small cell lung cancer dataset. Subsequent differential abundance analysis revealed a sub-population of non-small cell lung cancer samples with a significantly increased abundance in sterol lipids. This finding implies a possible therapeutic role of statins in the treatment and/or prevention of non-small cell lung cancer. Collectively these tools represent a pipeline for FT-MS metabolomics datasets that is compatible with isotope labeling experiments. With these tools, more robust and untargeted metabolic analyses of disease will be possible.

Presently, progress in the field of phosphoproteomics has been accelerated by mass spectrometry. This is not a surprise owing to not only the accuracy, precision and high-throughput capabilities of MS but also due to the support it receives from informaticians whom allow the automated analysis; making the task of going from a complex sample to a statistically satisfactory set of phosphopeptides and corresponding site positions with relative ease. However, the process of identifying and subsequently pinpointing the phosphorylation moiety is not straightforward and remains a challenging task. Furthermore, it has been suggested that not all phosphorylation sites are of equal functional importance, to the extent that some may even lack function altogether. Clearly, such sites will confound the efforts towards functional characterisation. The work in this thesis is aimed at these two issues; accurate site localisation and functional annotation. To address the first issue, I adopt a multi-tool approach for identification and site localisation; utilising the different underlying algorithms of each tool and thereby allowing an orthogonal perspective on the same tandem mass spectra. Doing so enhanced accuracy over any single tool by itself. The power of this multi-tool approach stemmed from its ability to not predict more true positives but rather by removal of false positives. For the second issue, I first investigated the hypothesis that those of functional consequence exhibit stronger phosphorylation-characteristic features such as the degree of conservation and disorder. Indeed, it was found that some features were enriched for the functional group. More surprisingly, there were also some that were enriched for the less-functional; suggesting their incorporation into a prediction algorithm would hinder functional prediction. With this in mind, I train and optimise several machine-learning algorithms, using different combinations of features in an attempt to (separately) improve general phosphorylation and functional prediction.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California<br>Automatic spectrum management and monitoring systems are very useful to manage frequencies at test ranges and assure interference-free transmission of telemetry signals. Spectrum management systems assign telemetry frequencies using database information on available and occupied channels and analysis tools which can determine whether a data link will support telemetry. Modern, DSP-based spectrum monitoring systems, in fixed or mobile configurations, automate the process of performing spectrum occupancy to verify clear channels and identify and locate sources of interference; they are integrated with and utilize the management system database. Such systems are important to assure reliable communications channels for telemetry.

Automatic assessment tools are increasingly utilized in undergraduate programming courses to evaluate software solutions, streamlining the grading process for both students and professors. In spite of their benefits of speed and convenience, such online systems for providing instant feedback have the tendency to draw attention to performance-based outcomes while failing to reliably recognize the effort and hard work a student puts into a solution. For the many struggling students who are new to programming, this type of objective feedback can be discouraging and may decrease their motivation to stay engaged towards success. To address this issue, this paper explores strategies for more effectively recognizing student progress on programming assignments and identifying small tasks for students to complete that will steer them in the right direction. Further, this paper will discuss a gamification approach for adding ``Daily Missions" to Web-CAT, the Web-based Center for Automated Testing. From an evaluation of results gathered from student experiences with this latest version of Web-CAT at Virginia Tech, this paper will highlight the valuable potential gamification has in boosting student engagement in computer science learning.<br>Master of Science<br>In college computer science courses today, many students submit their assignments and receive instant feedback through online websites. Although they streamline the grading process for both students and professors, these systems have the tendency to draw attention to performance-based outcomes while failing to reliably recognize the effort and hard work a student puts into a solution. For the many struggling students who are new to programming, this type of objective feedback can be discouraging and may decrease their motivation to stay engaged towards success. To address this issue, this paper explores strategies for more effectively recognizing student progress on programming assignments and identifying small tasks for students to complete that will steer them in the right direction. One strategy in particular is called gamification, which refers to giving game-like attributes to a non-game system. This paper will discuss a gamification approach for adding “Daily Missions” to WebCAT, the Web-based Center for Automated Testing. From an evaluation of results gathered from student experiences with this latest version of Web-CAT at Virginia Tech, this paper will highlight the valuable potential gamification has in boosting student engagement in computer science learning.

CIVINS<br>Many tasks in the early stages of ship design are manual and repetitive processes. One such task is in the realm of deck area arrangements. The allocation and assignment of areas in early stage ship design involves tracking the difference of total ship area envelope and all required areas to be placed for habitability, mission support, and propulsion capability among many. The problem becomes more complex with the addition of constraints involving required separation zones between other areas, affinities for certain areas or deck levels, and compartment subdivision. The Leading Edge Architecture for Prototyping Systems (LEAPS) database structure output from the Advanced Ship and Submarine Evaluation Tool (ASSET) provides a ship envelope and a list of areas requiring assignment. However, with over a hundred different area categories to place in a subdivided ship hull of a large number of compartments each with their own preferences and constraints, this problem is categorized as Non-deterministic Polynomial-time hard (NP-hard). A complete solution to an NP-hard problem cannot be found in polynomial time, meaning that finding the optimal solution in the design space is not realistically feasible as the problem scales upwards in size. Fortunately this type of problem, known as Bin Packing, is well understood in computer science. Meta-heuristic methods of obtaining near-optimal solutions in a finite timeframe exist that are reasonable enough for use. This thesis presents a ship design tool that pairs two of these meta-heuristic methods with naval ship architecture and LEAPS based projects. The approach is divided into three major steps: a ship volume balance, a ship area balance, and an area layout of the ship footprint. The output of the tool is the general arrangements drawings in a universal CAD format that would be the starting point for more detailed arrangements.

The study of complex biological matrices is a remarkable hot topic in biology. Soil, water, gut content are some of these matrices characterized by a prominent number of organisms living in tight connection. Hundreds or thousands of species and/or strains could be present in the same sample coming from different habitats (e.g. soil ecosystem) and showing inter-relationships, mainly energetic, to guarantee their ecosystem health functioning. The discrimination and/or identification of the different biological entities, at least for the eukaryotic components, using traditional morphological approaches is relatively complicated, requiring a specialist in each taxonomic groups and generally an appropriate long time to achieve a correct identification and classification. To overcome these limitations, molecular approaches have demonstrated to be valid alternatives where PCRs, cloning, DNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of sequence differences were used as the standard protocol. Nowadays, the genomic massive sequencing revolution, generated by the heterogeneous techniques collectively known as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), has become the new gold standard. The present thesis consists of four sections which overpass detailed aspects of the analysis of biodiversity and the issues associated and elaborate both promises and pitfalls of coupling DNA barcode approach with high-throughput pyrosequencing in two different cases of biodiversity assessment. In the following a brief description of each section is provided: Section 1: Introduction to the biodiversity analysis problem. In this section an analysis of the main methods used to investigate the biodiversity and their related problems has been addressed. Emphasis has been put on the integrated approach between the classic DNA barcoding approach and the advantages of high processivity guaranteed by next generation sequencing technologies. Furthermore, the state of art regarding bioinformatics methods for species assignment and biodiversity patterns elaboration including phylogenetic diversity analysis are described. Section 2: Targeted Sequencing on Metazoan Communities. In this section, the precision and the accuracy of denoising procedure and the candidate parameters able to reduce sequence error rate are investigated. This work also proposed an innovative taxon assignment pipeline. In addition, a novel library preparation method allowing the sequencing of the entire coxI barcode region (approximately 700 bp) on 454 pyrosequencing platform (Roche Life Science) is proposed. To address the objectives, metazoan communities coming from complex environmental matrix (soil) were considered. Section 3: Microbiota invasion mediated by Varroa destructor to Apis mellifera. The starting hypothesis of this section is that varroa mites play a fundamental role in the alteration of bacterial composition of honey bee larvae, acting not only as a vector, but also as a sort of an open “door” through which exogenous bacteria alter the mechanisms of primary succession in the “simple” honey bee larval microbiome. To explore these dynamics a classical microbial communities analysis approach and a new approach considering the phylogenetic entropy as a measure of biodiversity were tested. The varroa and honey bee bacterial communities were studied through barcoded amplicon pyrosequencing method , taking advantage of the NGS methods and the opportunity to detect uncultured and uncultivable bacteria allowed by such techniques. Section 4: general conclusions and perspectives. General conclusions and future promises highlighted by the above mentioned experiments are illustrated in this section.

This is a case study that seeks to investigate how two teachers in grade 3 work with instructions to a written assignment in Swedish. The study is grounded in a sociocultural perspective on learning, and is based on observations in a classroom setting. The results show that the two teachers use different forms of mediating tools in their instructions. It was also found that the teachers use different speech acts in the instructions and that the instructions vary depending on which speech acts are included. Neither of the teachers made any adjustments to the collective instructions, instead they made individual adaptations outside the general instruction.

A malha rodoviária brasileira é caracterizada por vias com níveis de qualidade heterogêneos. Em geral, rodovias que possuem cobrança de pedágio apresentam melhor estado de conservação. Essa dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar a escolha de rota de diferentes classes de usuários, considerando-se a cobrança de pedágio e a diferença na qualidade das vias. A avaliação envolveu a realização de duas fases de pesquisa. A primeira fase buscou estimar os valores monetários dos atributos de tempo e distância de viagem através da técnica de Preferência Declarada. A segunda fase utilizou estes valores monetários como parâmetros da função de custo generalizado da modelagem de alocação de tráfego para estimar a escolha de rota dos usuários. A partir da metodologia proposta, um estudo de caso foi realizado em um trecho rodoviário que apresenta uma rodovia pedagiada e uma rota concorrente de menor qualidade sem cobrança. Os resultados da aplicação prática não refletiram os dados de fluxo observados nas rodovias avaliadas. A partir desta constatação, um questionário complementar foi elaborado buscando identificar o comportamento habitual dos usuários na região de estudo. Através dos resultados da pesquisa complementar, verificou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados não possuía conhecimento sobre a rota alternativa. A utilização dos dados provenientes destes usuários na modelagem não se mostrou apropriada, uma vez que sua escolha de rota não é baseada nas relações de tempo, distância e penalidades nas vias, consideradas nos modelos de alocação de tráfego. Com isso, pode-se verificar neste estudo que os princípios e limitações das técnicas e ferramentas utilizadas, bem como de sua utilização conjunta, devem ser avaliados.<br>The Brazilian road system is characterized by roads with heterogeneous level of quality. Generally, tolled roads present better quality conditions than those not tolled. This work aimed to evaluate the route choice of different user’s classes considering toll collection and roads of different qualities. This evaluation was carried out with a methodology composed of two phases preceded by definition of the study region and the users classes considered. The first phase intended to estimate monetary values of time and distance through the Stated Preference technique. The second phase used these monetary values as parameters in an assignment model generalized cost function to estimate user’s route choice. From the proposal methodology, a case study was carried out in a road stretch that presents a tolled highway and a worse quality and without charge alternative route. The practical application results did not reflected the observed flow data in the evaluated highways. From these results, a complementary questionnaire was elaborated to identify the habitual user’s behavior in the study region. It was observed that the majority of the interviewed ones did not have knowledge of the alternative route. Using these data in the modeling was not appropriate because their route choice is not based in time, distance and road penalties relationship like in the assignment models. Thus, it was verified in this study that the principles and limitation of the used techniques and tools, as well as the joint use of these, might be taken in consideration.

Traffic congestion has become a growing burden on society. Various approaches to model transportation do not scale efficiently due to its complex nature. The estimate of the locality and quantity of traffic that passes through, leaves or enters a study area are arrived at by assumption. There could be an increase in congestion if investments in infrastructure are done based on inaccurate transport modelling. Furthermore, outside the study area, the effects of changes in infrastructure are unknown. Hence, it is necessary to model transportation networks at a larger scale than previously required. Governments all over the world are faced with continual challenges of providing infrastructures with basic amenities to their citizens. In every financial year, government budgets are always overstretched, which leaves very little for infrastructure maintenance, especially in less developed countries such as South Africa. Tolling road is one option to overcome this challenge. This thesis, therefore, studies toll road modelling options for the proposed N2-R72 link road in East London, South Africa. The proposed N2/R72 Link Road is approximately eight kilometres long and includes a longspan bridge across the Buffalo River as well as a number of interchanges/intersections within an urban environment. Tolling in urban areas is not uncommon in South Africa and is typically associated with mainline plazas supported by several ramp plazas. The strategy presumably for the N2/R72 Link Road involves a mainline plaza constructed on the N2/R72 Link Road just before or after the Buffalo River Bridge. Traffic will be attracted from the existing roads depending on the benefits and toll on the proposed link. The research problem addressed in this thesis arose from the fact that TomTom Traffic Index in South Africa identified East London as the third most congested city in South Africa. The morning and evening commuters experience a massive increase in travel times. Globally, it has been shown that congestion level does not necessarily get reduced as a result of an increase in road capacity. At the same time, there is a need for a possible of diversion to the proposed link road, which can be a choice of a road user's willingness to pay toll fees. The challenge that arises is that diversions can result in gains and losses in terms of revenue for toll agencies if travellers' chose alternative, lower class, existing routes. Now, based on the above the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) approached SANRAL to construct a new link with a bridge. In order to finance that (with the benefit of managing traffic as well) the idea is to toll the new link. Knowing that the road user preferences are different. especially there is a need to understand the impact of tolling on traffic flows in the area. The main research question is What the impact of tolling is on the use of the upgraded link knowing that there is heterogeneity amongst users in terms of sensitivity to user costs for transport? The effect of tolling on the proposed N2-R72 link roads is being tested using the congested highway assignment software called SATURN. The way the problem is although preferably VISSUM as a ‘proper' micro model in that they model on a real-time, behavioural level. EMME models on a macro level and could have been used to accommodate all four steps in conventional models. It is tricky to use SATURN on a meso and micro level, as the micro level can distort the trip assignment if only a small (but key) part of the network is simulated (i.e. the assignment results in trips diverting around the simulation by using the buffer network). SATURN as employed in this study can operate at the meso level (buffer networks) with the junction simulation component operating at the micro level (somewhat). This report cautions against confusing the concepts of micro, meso and macro traffic models. In order to understand how the transport network may react to the proposed changes, a modelling approach is proposed. To achieve this, a traffic model was developed to represent the existing situation. This model provides the benchmark against which any proposal will be compared. This study will compare results between the existing and proposed situation in order for an informed decision can be taken on whether to proceed with the proposal based on the impact it will have on the existing network. In transport planning, various transport models are used to forecast impacts and evaluate options. This study investigates and reports on the impact of tolling should SANRAL construct a new road linking two national roads knowing that there is heterogeneity amongst users in terms of sensitivity to user costs for transport. To undertake this study a congested highway assignment model will be used based on a known case study and available old model. The literature review illustrates that with a growth of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects, toll roads would increase incessantly. Route choice by users is greatly influenced by toll and can sometimes also have effects on trip departure time and choice of mode. To model toll roads, users' willingness to pay (WTP) or Value of Time (VOT) has an important role, and generally, worker's wages is considered to be equivalent to VOT. This study also acknowledges that there is a distinguished difference between urban toll schemes and congestion pricing. The GFIP e-toll scheme is not congestion pricing, but rather a way to generate revenues for road upgrading and network expansion. It is not meant to suppress trip demand; in fact, it has the opposite effect when upgrades are made, and the network is expanded. The “user-pay” principle is viewed as a traffic demand measure, not as a means by which to raise funds for road building. The obvious questions are: What is the “user-pays” principle? How is the amount that the user must pay determined? Congestion pricing is meant to reduce congestion by suppressing demand. The objectives of congestion pricing are to reduce congestion, to reduce the environmental impact of vehicles by reducing harmful exhaust emission, and to improve the space for public and Non-Motorised Transport (NMT) modes. Revenue from congestion pricing should be used for public transport provision and not upgrading and/or building new roads. The results of the model analysis show that, since traffic growth on toll roads is increasing somewhere in the range of 2% and 6%, the impact on income cannot be negative. There is, notwithstanding, a risk of heightening maintenance charges if heavy vehicles continue to increase at an expense twice that of light vehicles. While not a single verification utilized in sight in the literature that toll roads in South Africa are looking to alleviate clog, it very well may be presumed that growth of light vehicle (Class 1) exacerbate congestion. It is the research candidate's view that research on the perception of Value of Time (VOT) by road-user needs to be found and on toll diversion, being able to classify and predict future traffic and volumes will be essential for the national roads agency and other provincial road authorities on roads they are in control for.

Advanced modeling tools and methods are essential components for the analyses of congested conditions and advanced Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) strategies such as Managed Lanes (ML). A number of tools with different analysis resolution levels have been used to assess these strategies. These tools can be classified as sketch planning, macroscopic simulation, mesoscopic simulation, microscopic simulation, static traffic assignment, and dynamic traffic assignment tools. Due to the complexity of the managed lane modeling process, this dissertation investigated a Multi-Resolution Modeling (MRM) approach that combines a number of these tools for more efficient and accurate assessment of ML deployments. This study clearly demonstrated the differences in the accuracy of the results produced by the traffic flow models incorporated into different tools when compared with real-world measurements. This difference in the accuracy highlighted the importance of the selection of the appropriate analysis levels and tools that can better estimate ML and General Purpose Lanes (GPL) performance. The results also showed the importance of calibrating traffic flow model parameters, demand matrices, and assignment parameters based on real-world measurements to ensure accurate forecasts of real-world traffic conditions. In addition, the results indicated that the real-world utilization of ML by travelers can be best predicated with the use of dynamic traffic assignment modeling that incorporates travel time, toll, and travel time reliability of alternative paths in the assignment objective function. The replication of the specific dynamic pricing algorithm used in the real-world in the modeling process was also found to provide the better forecast of ML utilization. With regards to Connected Vehicle (CV) operations on ML, this study demonstrated the benefits of using results from tools with different modeling resolution to support each other’s analyses. In general, the results showed that providing toll incentives for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC)-equipped vehicles to use ML is not beneficial at lower market penetrations of CACC due to the small increase in capacity with these market penetrations. However, such incentives were found to be beneficial at higher market penetrations, particularly with higher demand levels.

<p>The question of how to design a congestion pricing scheme is difficult to answer and involves a number of complex decisions. This thesis is devoted to the quantitative parts of designing a congestion pricing scheme with link tolls in an urban car traffic network. The problem involves finding the number of tolled links, the link toll locations and their corresponding toll level. The road users are modeled in a static framework, with elastic travel demand.</p><p>Assuming the toll locations to be fixed, we recognize a level setting problem as to find toll levels which maximize the social surplus. A heuristic procedure based on sensitivity analysis is developed to solve this optimization problem. In the numerical examples the heuristic is shown to converge towards the optimum for cases when all links are tollable, and when only some links are tollable.</p><p>We formulate a combined toll location and level setting problem as to find both toll locations and toll levels which maximize the net social surplus, which is the social surplus minus the cost of collecting the tolls. The collection cost is assumed to be given for each possible toll location, and to be independent of toll level and traffic flow. We develop a new heuristic method which is based on repeated solutions of an approximation to the combined toll location and level setting problem. Also, a known heuristic method for locating a fixed number of toll facilities is extended, to find the optimal number of facilities to locate. Both heuristics are evaluated on two small networks, where our approximation procedure shows the best results.</p><p>Our approximation procedure is also employed on the Sioux Falls network. The result is compared with different judgmental closed cordon structures, and the solution suggested by our method clearly improves the net social surplus more than any of the judgmental cordons.</p>

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Based on the significant evidence from the three African randomized controlled trials, the WHO and UNAIDS recommended in 2007 that medical male circumcision should be a priority HIV prevention intervention. The three randomized trials in Africa demonstrated that adult male circumcision decreases the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in men between 51% to 60%, with long-term protective efficacy. This study intends to document and analyze the effectiveness of three communication interventions used in transferring knowledge about medical male circumcision as an HIV preventative strategy. Furthermore it also aims to determine which communication intervention will have the greatest effect in improving knowledge and understanding about medical male circumcision as an HIV preventative measure for implementation in future health promotion programmes. The research in this comparative study was conducted on a farm in the Overstrand sub-district of the Western Cape Province in South Africa, Haygrove Haven. A total of 30 male employees aged 18 to 45 was randomly selected to participate in the study. The data was collected using a self-administered pre-test questionnaire. In order to compare the pre- and post-test answers, the questions were repeated to determine the knowledge transfer after the respective information and training sessions. Analysis of the data was a simple process and limited to the necessary information to graph the required conclusions by using the computer programme Microsoft Excel 2010. The study looked at the statistical indicators of knowledge, perception and awareness of participants with regards to medical male circumcision as an HIV and AIDS prevention strategy. The findings exhibited that most people knew about MMC but very few had knowledge of the protective effect of the procedure against HIV acquisition and transmission. The study concluded that providing accurate information with fitting communication material at the right literacy levels, peoples’ knowledge of the benefits of medical male circumcision does increase. This will contribute to change the perception and therefore increase the acceptability of the procedure. This conforms to the subject of the WHO and UNAIDS 2007 study and can improve their findings.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 2007 het die WGO en UNAIDS aanbeveel dat mediese manlike besnydenis ‘n prioriteit MIV-voorkomings program moet raak, wat gebaseer is op die beduidende bewyse van drie Afrika gerandomiseerde gekontroleerde proewe. Die drie gerandomiseerde proewe in Afrika toon dat volwasse manlike besnydenis verminder die menslike immuniteitsgebreksvirus (MIV) in mans met 51% tot 60%, met 'n lang-termyn beskermende doeltreffendheid. Hierdie studie is van voorneme om die doeltreffendheid van drie kommunikasie-intervensies wat gebruik word in die oordrag van kennis oor mediese manlike besnydenis as 'n MIV-voorkomende strategie, te dokumenteer en te analiseer. Verder stel dit ook ten doel om te bepaal watter kommunikasie-intervensie die grootste invloed in die verbetering van kennis en begrip oor mediese manlike besnydenis as 'n MIV-voorkomende maatreël, vir implementering in toekomstige gesondheidsbevorderingsprogramme. Die navorsing in hierdie vergelykende studie is uitgevoer op 'n plaas in die Overstrand-sub-distrik van die Wes-Kaap in Suid-Afrika, Haygrove Haven. 'n Totaal van 30 manlike werknemers tussen die ouderdomme 18 tot 45 is lukraak gekies om deel te neem aan die studie. Die data is ingesamel met behulp van 'n self-geadministreerde vraelys waar die pre-toets vrae in die post-toets herhaal word, om die antwoorde met mekaar te vergelyk, om sodoende te bepaal watter opleidingsessie die grootste kennis oordrag laat plaasvind. Ontleding van die data is beperk en so eenvoudig as moontlik om die gevolgtrekkings te maak en grafies deur te gee deur gebruik te maak van die rekenaarprogram Microsoft Excel 2010. Die studie kyk na die statistiese aanwysers van kennis, persepsie en bewustheid van die deelnemers met betrekking tot mediese manlike besnydenis as 'n MIV-en VIGS-voorkoming strategie. Die bevindinge van die studie is dat die meeste mense bewus is van mediese manlike besnydenis, maar baie min kennis gehad het van die beskermende effek van die prosedure teen MIV verkryging en oordrag. Die studie het bevind dat die verskaffing van akkurate inligting met gepaste kommunikasie materiaal op die regte geletterdheidsvlakke, mense se kennis van die voordele van mediese manlike besnydenis kan laat toeneem. Dit is bydraend om ‘n individu se persepsie te verander en dus die aanvaarbaarheid van die prosedure te verhoog. Dit voldoen aan die onderwerp van die WHO en UNAIDS 2007 studie en kan sodoende hul bevindings verbeter.

A avaliação de trabalhos práticos de programação é uma tarefa dispendiosa. Diversas ferramentas têm sido propostas e desenvolvidas a fim de automatizar as tarefas repetitivas realizadas pelos professores na avaliação de trabalhos práticos de programação e fornecer um feedback mais rápido e adequado aos alunos. No entanto, a adição de uma nova ferramenta aumenta a sobrecarga de novas informações e ambientes que os alunos têm que lidar. De forma análoga, a ferramenta de avaliação é mais um recurso que o professor tem de configurar, manter e ensinar os alunos a utilizar. Por este motivo, vários trabalhos vêm sendo conduzidos a fim de integrar ferramentas de avaliação para trabalhos de programação em sistemas de gestão da aprendizagem (Learning Management Systems LMSs). A integração de ferramentas em LMSs promove sua adoção em disciplinas de computação, uma vez que estarão em concordância com o LMS já familiar aos alunos e professores, dispensando a necessidade de adotar, aprender e gerenciar a submissão e correção de trabalhos em um outro ambiente. No entanto, tais trabalhos consistem apenas em modelos conceituais abstratos, não propõem uma integração com vários LMSs ou não tratam certas dificuldades específicas encontradas quando integrando ferramentas de avaliação. Nessa perspectiva, este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento da arquitetura IMPACTLE, uma solução que permite a integração de diferentes ferramentas de avaliação para trabalhos de programação em vários LMSs. A ideia é que os alunos e professores possam acessar as funcionalidades das ferramentas por meio dos LMSs em que já estão habituados, sem a necessidade de aprender a utilizar e adotar uma nova ferramenta. Protótipos da arquitetura IMPACTLE foram instanciados e experimentos foram realizados envolvendo a utilização de diferentes ferramentas de avaliação por meio de LMSs. De modo geral, observou-se que a utilização da IMPACTLE possibilita que professores e alunos realizem as tarefas relacionadas às atividades de programação de forma mais eficiente, eficaz e efetiva por meio dos LMSs.<br>The assessment of programming assignments is a costly task. Several tools have been proposed and developed in order to automate the repetitive tasks performed by instructors in the assessment of programming assignments and provide a faster and more adequate feedback to students. However, adding a new tool increases the overload of new information and environments that students have to deal with. Similarly, the assessment tool is one more resource that the instructor has to configure, maintain and teach students to use, spending time and effort that could be used in other pedagogical activities. For this reason, several works have been conducted to integrate assessment tools for programming assignments in learning management systems (LMSs). The integration of assessment tools into LMSs promotes their adoption in computing courses, since they will be in agreement with the LMS already familiar to students and instructors, without the need to adopt, learn and manage the submission and correction of assignments in another environment. However, these works consist only of abstract conceptual models, do not propose integration with several LMSs, or do not address certain specific difficulties faced when integrating assessment tools. In this perspective, this work aims at the proposition of the IMPACTLE architecture, a solution that allows the integration of different assessment tools for programming assignments in LMSs. The idea is that students and teachers can access the features of the tools through the LMSs they are already used to, without the need to learn how to use and adopt a new tool. Architecture prototypes were instantiated and experiments were carried out involving the use of different assessment tools through LMSs. In general, we noticed that the use of IMPACTLE enables instructors and students perform tasks related to programming activities in a more efficient, efficacious and effective way through the LMSs.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>資訊工程研究所<br>97<br>Most existing issue tracking tools still require users to manually fill in actual efforts for resolving issues and other related information. This is error prone. It is also difficult to monitor and control complex issues or issues that need to be handled by more than one people, as it is usually not easy to compute precisely the efforts of each member in resolving such issues. Furthermore, different software tools are needed for resource allocation. Therefore, it is difficult for a manager to have a comprehensive view regarding issue tracking, task assignment and resource allocation. In this thesis, we will present a system that integrated an issue tracking tool, Jira, with XPlanner, which can also be used as a task assignment tool. When an issue is reported by a user using Jira, the related fields will be exported to XPlanner. A manager can then use XPlanner for work breakdown, task assignment and progress monitoring. After an issue is resolved, the actual efforts will be computed by the XPlanner and then reported back to Jira.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>工業與資訊管理學系碩士在職專班<br>106<br>For a company in the traditional manufacturing environment, such as a machine tool industry, how to adjust the workforce assignment during adopting lean production is a key issue. Consiering the complexity in manufacutirng various machine types, each requires a combination of the expertise in multiple techniques for one specific technician, arrange appropriate workforce is therefore not an easy job for the shop floor manager. This work proposes a systematic method, based on the mathematical programming, to resolve the issue of workforce assignment when receiving small-volume, large-variety orders in the machine tool industry. A case company is used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this method. The proposed method starts with the drawing of Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and applies the seven principles of lean to design production to design future VSM. An interger programming (IP) model was formed to find the optimal workforce assignment in re-designing the manufacturing process when various orders are received. Simulation of future VSM could therefore illustrate the final results of the model. A typical company which is quite representive in the machine tool industry was selected and its shop floor information is collected. For the case company, it is found out that the makespan could be reduced from 28.03 days to 12.5 days without additional manpower for a series of five orders with four machine types. The emprical results clearly demonstate that the proposed method is feasible and could be extended to other companies

碩士<br>銘傳大學<br>資訊傳播工程學系碩士班<br>102<br>Constantly, homework assignment has played an important role in learning. Regardless of its importance, some students think that doing home assignment is less important than taking exams. Those students vale the impacts that paying more attention on exams could get the higher grades in return. Consequently, cheating on homework assignment could frequently occur in colleges and universities since they are not willing to spend time on assignments. In order to find a solution to decrease the cheating rate in class. This research refers some steps for grading assignments. The purpose is to develop a supporting system in terms of exploring the grading rules and needs of the teacher. The supporting system is designated to assist and improve the grading procedure especially on the graphical types of assignments. The system can also help the teacher to grade graphical assignments with the more consistent grading criteria. This system has been experimented on the course of “MAYA-3D Design” and feedbacks with surveys questions have been collected and analyzed to form the further guidelines and suggestions. It is hoped to prevent students from cheating while they are aware of the existence of this supporting system and promote students learning with more positive attitude.

碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>工業工程與管理系<br>104<br>To satisfy the needs to supply and develop potential possibilities, industries urged to expand their production capacity. While the original plants can’t wait to be expanded, industries would thrive to meet the production capacity via setting up new plants or merge other small scales, then become a multi-plant production pattern. To see through the difference between multi-plant scheduling and traditional one, the production ability, limitation of production capacity, and the way it differs from the cost to produce the same or totally distinct products in different plants are need to require more attention; in this case, the scheduling could be more complicated. This research was done based on the problem to the needs of containing relatively multi-product in multi-plant, in each plant, it has own production conditions and costs. Considering every order demand and due window to model the mathematical model of the multi-production assigning and scheduling in an environment of make to order. Furthermore, this research is to thought out the best assignment of upcoming order minimizing the sum of production cost, early cost and tardiness cost; the real case is a machine tool parts manufacturer. For current mode with not split mode and forced split mode to do performance evaluation. By Particle Swarm algorithm for assigning the results of this study showed that when more orders or when capacity is insufficient, assigned to order segmentation model can have total costs of smaller, conversely, don't split mode can have better performance, enterprises can depend on the actual order or production conditions, choose whether you want to split the order.

Ο παγκόσμιος ιστός έχει εδραιωθεί πλέον ως το δημοφιλέστερο μέσο ανάκτησης πληροφοριών. Όπως είναι λογικό, όσο παλαιώνει τόσο μεγαλύτερη πληροφορία εμπεριέχει. Πληθαίνουν έτσι εκείνοι οι ιστότοποι που γιγαντώνονται άναρχα και ενώ σαν στόχο έχουν να προσφέρουν την πληροφορία στον χρήστη που τους επισκέπτεται, λόγω του τεράστιου όγκου της, κάνουν συχνά δύσκολη την πρόσβαση σε συγκεκριμένα κομμάτια αυτής. Με στόχο την αντιμετώπιση αυτής της κατάστασης, αναπτύσσονται τα τελευταία χρόνια αλγόριθμοι ανάθεσης υπερσυνδέσμων σε ιστοτόπους. Η λογική τους είναι ο εντοπισμός της πιο δημοφιλούς ή πιθανής πληροφορίας και η εξασφάλιση καλύτερης πρόσβασης σε αυτήν, αναθέτοντας υπερσυνδέσμους (hotlinks) προς τις ιστοσελίδες που την περιέχουν. Οι αλγόριθμοι αυτοί εφαρμόζονται όχι σε πραγματικές αναπαραστάσεις ιστοτόπων, αλλά κατά κανόνα στα αντίστοιχα κατευθυνόμενα άκυκλα γραφήματα (DAG) αυτών. Όπως είναι γνωστό κανένας ιστότοπος δεν έχει μορφή DAG, με συνέπεια να υπάρχει μία απόσταση από τη θεωρητική ανεύρεση υπερσυνδέσμων και την πιθανή εφαρμογή τους στην πραγματικότητα. Σε αυτήν την εργασία ασχολούμαστε αρχικά με την μεθοδική καταγραφή της πραγματικής συνδεσμολογίας ενός ιστότοπου, που αποτελεί ένα πρώτο βήμα στην ανάθεση υπερσυνδέσμων σε πραγματικούς ιστοτόπους. Αυτό επιτυγχάνεται με την κατάλληλη προδιαγραφή και υλοποίηση μιας δικτυακής μηχανής αναζήτησης, ώστε να ανταποκρίνεται στις ανάγκες μας. Προτείνουμε στη συνέχεια το εργαλείο ‘HotLink Visualizer’, το οποίο αρχικά μετατρέπει την πληροφορία της συνδεσμολογίας ενός ιστοτόπου σε απλά δεδομένα μορφής πίνακα και στη συνέχεια οπτικοποιεί το αποτέλεσμα. Τέλος, υλοποιεί την απευθείας ανάθεση υπερσυνδέσμων προσθέτοντας αυτόματα μέσα στις σελίδες του ιστοτόπου τους υπερσυνδέσμους και οπτικοποιεί εκ νέου το αποτέλεσμα. Παρέχει έτσι τη δυνατότητα διατήρησης διαφορετικών εκδόσεων της μορφής ενός ιστοτόπου, ανάλογα με το σύνολο από υπερσυνδέσμους που έχουν ανατεθεί σε αυτό.<br>The World Wide Web has become established as the most popular source of information retrieval. As expected, the older it gets the more information it contains and thus the number of the web sites with gigantic growth and bad information access rates is constantly increased within it. During the last years the matter is being addressed with the development of several hotlink assignment algorithms for web sites. The main idea behind those algorithms is to spot the most popular or more likely to be accessed piece of information and provide better access to it by assigning links (hotlinks) to the web pages containing it. These algorithms are not applied to the actual representations of these web sites but usually to their corresponding direct acyclic graphs (DAGs). However, it is widely known that a web site in its true form is not a DAG, since there can be found hundreds of links pointing to just one page. Hence, there is a gap between the theoretical determination of a set of hotlinks and the possible application of this set to a real web site. In this paper we first address the issue of recording and persisting the exact map of a web site with its full connectivity, which can be considered as a first step towards the assignment of hotlinks in real web sites. We succeed in that, with the appropriate specification and implementation of a web crawler, with functionality suited to our specific needs. We then propose an administrative tool, the ‘Hotlink Visualizer’, which, after persisting in tabular data all the necessary information to capture a web site’s real map, visualizes the outcome and implements hotlink additions by adding with an automated procedure the generated hotlinks in the web pages of the site. Thus we have the ability to maintain in row data different forms and versions of the originally parsed web site, as it can be formed from the assignment of different hotlink sets to it.

Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) is gaining wider acceptance among agencies and practitioners because it serves as a more realistic representation of real-world traffic phenomena than static traffic assignment. Many metropolitan planning organizations and transportation departments are beginning to utilize DTA to predict traffic flows within their networks when conducting traffic analysis or evaluating management measures. To analyze DTA-based optimization applications, it is critical to obtain the dual (or gradient) information as dual information can typically be employed as a search direction in algorithmic design. However, very limited number of approaches can be used to estimate network-wide dual information while maintaining the potential to scale. This dissertation investigates the theoretical/practical aspects of DTA-based dual approximation techniques and explores DTA applications in the context of various transportation models, such as transportation network design, off-line DTA capacity calibration and dynamic congestion pricing. Each of the later entities is formulated as bi-level programs. Transportation Network Design Problem (NDP) aims to determine the optimal network expansion policy under a given budget constraint. NDP is bi-level by nature and can be considered a static case of a Stackelberg game, in which transportation planners (leaders) attempt to optimize the overall transportation system while road users (followers) attempt to achieve their own maximal benefit. The first part of this dissertation attempts to study NDP by combining a decomposition-based algorithmic structure with dual variable approximation techniques derived from linear programming theory. One of the critical elements in considering any real-time traffic management strategy requires assessing network traffic dynamics. Traffic is inherently dynamic, since it features congestion patterns that evolve over time and queues that form and dissipate over a planning horizon. It is therefore imperative to calibrate the DTA model such that it can accurately reproduce field observations and avoid erroneous flow predictions when evaluating traffic management strategies. Satisfactory calibration of the DTA model is an onerous task due to the large number of variables that can be modified and the intensive computational resources required. In this dissertation, the off-line DTA capacity calibration problem is studied in an attempt to devise a systematic approach for effective model calibration. Congestion pricing has increasingly been seen as a powerful tool for both managing congestion and generating revenue for infrastructure maintenance and sustainable development. By carefully levying tolls on roadways, a more efficient and optimal network flow pattern can be generated. Furthermore, congestion pricing acts as an effective travel demand management strategy that reduces peak period vehicle trips by encouraging people to shift to more efficient modes such as transit. Recently, with the increase in the number of highway Build-Operate-Transfer (B-O-T) projects, tolling has been interpreted as an effective way to generate revenue to offset the construction and maintenance costs of infrastructure. To maximize the benefits of congestion pricing, a careful analysis based on dynamic traffic conditions has to be conducted before determining tolls, since sub-optimal tolls can significantly worsen the system performance. Combining a network-wide time-varying toll analysis together with an efficient solution-building approach will be one of the main contributions of this dissertation. The problems mentioned above are typically framed as bi-level programs, which pose considerable challenges in theory and as well as in application. Due to the non-convex solution space and inherent NP-complete complexity, a majority of recent research efforts have focused on tackling bi-level programs using meta-heuristics. These approaches allow for the efficient exploration of complex solution spaces and the identification of potential global optima. Accordingly, this dissertation also attempts to present and compare several meta-heuristics through extensive numerical experiments to determine the most effective and efficient meta-heuristic, as a means of better investigating realistic network scenarios.<br>text

Chronic pain in children and adolescents is common; approximately 5% of children and adolescents report chronic pain along with moderate to high pain-related disability. Chronic pain is a subjective experience and can best be explained by a bio-psycho-social approach, which suggests reciprocal relations between different levels of this multidimensional phenomenon. The different dimensions of chronic pain need to be considered for a comprehensive assessment. Due to the subjective nature of pain, the child’s self-report is usually considered the best available and most valid estimate of the pain experience. A reliable and multidimensional assessment is an indispensable requirement for treatment planning. To date, questionnaires in German language are available to assess a wide range of relevant parameters in pediatric chronic pain. However, so far, no validated self-report tool exists to assess sensory and affective pain perception in children. These two parameters are of relevance since they describe aspects of the biological as well as the psychological dimension of chronic pain. Furthermore, a comprehensive diagnostic approach combining parameters from the three dimensions of chronic pain does not yet exist for children and adolescents. Such a comprehensive approach could be used for sample descriptions and standardized comparisons across different populations; it could serve as an approach for treatment planning or to classify outcome. This doctoral thesis is aimed at further developing the available diagnostic measures for older children and adolescents with chronic pain based on the above mentioned gaps in pediatric pain assessment. Research was performed on three patient samples. Sample 1 includes data from a prospective assessment at the German Pediatric Pain Centre from August 2008 to March 2009 (N(1)=139). Sample 2 includes retrospective data from patients who were treated at the German Pediatric Pain Centre from July 2005 to June 2010 (N(2)=1242). Sample 3 consists of pediatric pain patients who started an intensive interdisciplinary inpatient treatment between November 2009 and July 2011 (N(3)=83). In a first study, a tool to assess sensory and affective pain perception, the Pain Perception Scale for Adolescents, was adapted and validated in an adolescent clinical sample (Sample 1). The Pain Perception Scale for Adolescents allows pain patients to provide a valid and reliable self-report of parameters for both the biological and psychological dimensions of pain. In a second study, this tool was applied to a further sample of adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache (subsample of Sample 2). It was demonstrated that, contrary to the official headache classification guidelines, the sensory pain perception in this sample did not differentiate between migraine and tension-type headache. To develop a multidimensional assessment approach, in a third study, an adult classification system (Chronic Pain Grading) was applied to a sample of pediatric pain patients (Sample 2). This approach proved useful as a valid measure for a brief operationalization of pain problem severity, including pain intensity and pain-related disability only, and as an outcome measure. However, it displayed major shortcomings with regards to treatment stratification. To further develop an approach for treatment stratification and treatment planning, a fourth study focused on developing a new multidimensional approach for subgroup classification (subsample of Sample 2). The stability of subgroups was demonstrated in a cross-validation with an independent sample (Sample 1). Furthermore, the identified subgroups displayed distinct treatment outcomes after a standardized treatment program (Sample 3). In conclusion, this doctoral thesis offers an addition to diagnostic measures for older children and adolescents with chronic pain by adding the Pain Perception Scale for Adolescents and by proving the validity of the Chronic Pain Grading for the application in this patient group. These tools allow a valid description of adolescents’ subjective pain experience. Results from this doctoral thesis also indicate that the findings from adults cannot be readily transferred to children and adolescents. The final output of this doctoral thesis is a bio-psycho-social classification approach that identifies subgroups of adolescents with chronic pain with treatment relevant differences. This is a first step toward the development of subgroup-specific treatment.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Analyzing data has been a critical activity to enhance our decision-making procedures on many applications. However, the relentless growth in data generation brings new challenges when it comes to analyzing large amounts of data. New infrastructures need to be implemented to support the modern computation requirements. Complete computations are time-consuming and impractical, so the alternatives need to be fast using incomplete and noisy data. Data integration is another challenge in which data need to be aggregated from multiple sources. Solutions to these challenges are typically translated to digital products and services. Modern digital tools are used not only to store user data and to offer useful online services. They are also employed to extract complex relationships between data objects. The knowledge extracted from these relations are used on new features to improve the current products. Nowadays, meaningful relations need to be extracted from massive data collections that have been collected globally through many devices. Hand in hand with these activities, lies the design and development of novel and efficient algorithms that allow us to perform these analyses. Many applications and engineering challenges can be addressed by defining optimization problems (OPs). In doing so, we formally define a metric of interest (or objective function) that we will optimize (minimize or maximize). However, a more compelling strategy to model optimization problems is by assessing simultaneously several objectives, just like we do in our daily lives. Formally, these problems are known as multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs). In MOPs, the goal is to optimize multiple and possibly conflicting objectives. We say that two objectives functions are conflicting when improving the value of one of them worsens the second one. To address these problems, researchers and practitioners have proposed an extensive variety of multi-objective algorithms. The ultimate goal of multi-objective algorithms is to compute a set of solutions which represent a trade-off between the objectives that are optimized. This characteristic is a major difference compared to the classical single-objective optimization algorithms which aim to and a unique optimal solution. We argue that employing these multi-objective strategies applied to data analysis is an effort worth exploring. Specifically in this dissertation, we employ this paradigm to address a fundamental data analysis task: data visualization. To accomplish this goal, in this dissertation we present two related contributions. In the first contribution of this dissertation, we design and implement an efficient multiobjective memetic algorithm (MOMA) to address instances of the multi-objective quadratic assignment problem (mQAP). The mQAP is a generalization of the well-know quadratic assignment problem (QAP) in which the goal is to optimize the cost function of positioning objects on available positions. Our algorithm to tackle instances of the mQAP is based on the parallel island model in which several sub-populations are evolved independently. Each island uses evolutionary operators such as mutation, recombination and selection and a local search procedure to improve the quality of the solutions. Also, we use the set of islands to create a topology (i.e., an interconnection of islands) which we use to create a cooperation scheme. The idea is to migrate selected solutions to the neighboring solutions asynchronously. Our experiments show that this procedure allows us to improve the outcome of the algorithm compare against a state-of-the-art multi-objective algorithm. We called this algorithm the parallel asynchronous multi-objective quadratic assignment problem algorithm (PasMoQAP). Since data visualization algorithms play a relevant role in exploratory data analysis, our second contribution is a novel multi-objective optimization algorithm for computing data visualizations of large datasets (i.e., millions of data objects). As far as we can say, this is the first approach using a multi-objective optimization framework to tackle the data visualization task. We call the algorithm the multi-objective quadratic assignment problem visualization algorithm (mQAPViz), and it implements a divide-and-conquer strategy that solves, in parallel, several mQAP instances especially created for the visualization task at hand. The mQAP instances are solved efficiently using our first contribution PasMoQAP. To improve the efficiency of the algorithm, we implement an efficient graph data structure and a graph sampling techniques. We perform experiments on real-life and large-scale datasets to demonstrate that mQAPViz is competitive against state-of-the-art visualization algorithms. We also illustrate how the approach can be used on several types of data such as graphs and text.

Les dernières années ont connu une grande évolution dans la technologie de fabrication des circuits intégrés. Ces derniers sont de plus en plus complexes. Ils intègrent des parties dites logicielles (processeurs + programmes) et des parties matérielles dédiées ou spécifiques de calcul ou de mémorisation. <br />De nombreuses applications dans les domaines du multimédia et des télécommunications sont apparues. Elles nécessitent l'intégration de mémoires de différents types et tailles dans ces modèles d'architectures multiprocesseurs. Dans ces applications embarquées, les performances du système sont étroitement liées à celles de la partie mémoire. Celle-ci occupe plus de 90% de la surface du système, et la consommation en énergie ainsi que les performances temporelles du système sont essentiellement dues au stockage et à l'échange de données entre les différents composants. <br />Avec cette présence croissante de la mémoire dans les systèmes monopuce, on note de nos jours l'absence d'une méthodologie systématique et optimisée pour la conception de tels systèmes avec une architecture mémoire spécifique. <br />Nous proposons dans cette thèse un flot de conception d'une architecture mémoire spécifique pour les systèmes monopuce. L'architecture mémoire est obtenue avec une méthode exacte basée sur un modèle de programmation linéaire en nombres entiers. Ce modèle permet d'obtenir une architecture mémoire distribuée partagée optimale pour l'application, minimisant le coût global des accès aux données partagées et le coût de la mémoire. On réalise ensuite automatiquement les transformations de l'architecture et du code de l'application en fonction de l'architecture mémoire choisie. Cette nouvelle spécification système (architecture + code applicatif) reste simulable.<br />La faisabilité et les performances de ce flot ont été testées sur l'application du VDSL.