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Journal articles on the topic 'Tool axis inclination angle'
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1
Sadílek, Marek, Robert Čep, Igor Budak, and Mirko Soković. "Aspects of Using Tool Axis Inclination Angle." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 57, no. 09 (2011): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2010.205.
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Han, Shi Guo, and Jun Zhao. "Effect of Tool Inclination Angle on Surface Quality in 5-Axis Ball-End Milling." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2080–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2080.
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Because of the complexity of five-axis ball-end milling process, it is difficult to control the quality of the finished parts. It is well known that one of the most important differences between 5-axis and 3-axis CNC machining is whether tool-axis vector is variable in milling process. In this paper, the tool orientation is researched in order to obtain desired surface quality and improve production efficiency. And the influence of tool inclination angle on surface integrity, especially surface topography/roughness and residual stress in high-speed milling of P20 die steel is studied by means of milling experiments including 8 cases of ball-end milling of freeform surface. Finally, the optimal tool inclination angles including lead angle and tilt angle and milling method were obtained for 5-axis ball-end milling. And in the meanwhile, cutting condition can be improved and better surface quality can be obtained by selecting reasonable tool inclination angles and up/down milling method.
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Kiswanto, Gandjar, Vinsensius Ricko, and S. Suntoro. "Tool Inclination Angle Change Rate Control in Five-Axis Flat-End Milling." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.819.
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Five-axis milling is used in the machining of complex shaped surfaces in a wide range of industries. In five-axis milling, one can adjust inclination angle to adapt such machining condition, e.g. to give high material removal and/or to avoid gouging. Choosing an appropriate inclination angle is difficult especially for complex parts with varying surface curvature. On the one hand, a small inclination angle is recommended to have good surface roughness and small scallop height. On the other hand, some regions may need much larger minimum inclination angle compared to the others to avoid gouging. The trade off for this is to have, in practice, a varying minimum (which is considered to be optimal) inclination angle along the tool path, so that while machining, the tool is dynamically adapted to be as close as possible to the surface without gouging. However, applying inclination angle change over some distances influences the quality of machined surface. This paper presented a method to control such inclination angle change to improve part accuracy. Some experimental were conducted to see the results and compared with the one when inclination angle change is not controled. The propose method effectively reduces the surface deviation thus improve part accuracy. More details about this study are presented in the paper.
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Gdula, Michał. "Determination and Analysis of Working Diameters and Working Angle of the Torus Cutter Blade in Multi-axis Machining in the Aspect of Tool Wear." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research 13, no. 5 (2024): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.13.5.535-547.
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The aim of this study is to provide a theoretical and experimental analysis of the multi-axis milling process by the torus milling cutter of nickel-based superalloy parts in terms of surface quality and tool wear. In the analytical part, using, among other things, matrix calculus and trigonometric relationships, mathematical models were developed to describe the relationships between the tool axis orientation and the geometric parameters of the cutting layer at the contact point. On this basis, mathematical relationships for contact diameter and effective diameter were derived. The basis for these considerations is the very rarely considered working angle of the cutter blade. In part of the experimental study, machining tests were carried out for selected kinematic variants of multi-axis cutting. Based on the results obtained, it was found that as the tool axis inclination angle increases, the contact diameter increases. The effective diameter at the upper characteristic point of the cutting layer increases up to a certain angle of inclination, after which it begins to decrease. The rotational angle of the tool axis does not affect any of the diameters, but it does affect the displacement of the contact point, the values of the working angle of the tool blade and the feed-related component decrease. The result of this displacement is a change from climb milling to conventional milling, which has significantly degraded surface quality and tool life. The best results of the machining test were obtained when only the angle of inclination of the tool axis was used. It was concluded that the parameter tool blade working angle can be a control variable in a multi-axis milling process and has a major impact on the physical aspects of the cutting process.
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Hendriko, Hendriko, Amnur Akhyan, Ganjdar Kiswanto, and Emmanuel Duc. "The Effect of Tool Orientation to Cut Geometry in Five-Axis Milling Using Analytical Boundary Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 719 (November 2016): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.719.149.
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One of the characteristics of five-axis milling is the tool can be oriented in any direction. It makes the tool orientation could be changed continuously during a free-form machining process. Consequently, the work to predict Cutter Workpiece Engagement (CWE) become more challenging. The existence of tool inclination angle and screw angle influence the profile of cut geometry. In this paper, an improved method to define the lower engagement point (LE-point) is presented. The algorithm was developed by taken into consideration the existence of inclination angle and screw angle. The extended method to calculate grazing point in swept envelope development was utilized to define LE-point. The developed model was successfully implemented to generate CWE data with various combination of tool orientation angle. From the test it was found that inclination angle gives significant effect to the location of LE-point.
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Liu, Hong Jun, Jing Yu Cao, and Ji Bin Zhao. "Research of the Tool Orientation Optimization with Kinematical Constraints." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 2143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.2143.
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Drastic change of the tool axis vector for five-axis CNC machining due to avoid global interference, proposed gentle forward, over-backward correction method to optimize the tool axis vector. Established a machine tool axis of rotation angular velocity constraints, and feed coordinate system, through the feed coordinate system adjust the inclination angle and swing angle of the existing tool axis vector to make the tool axis vector change between each adjacent cutter contact points satisfy the machine axis of rotation kinematics constraints and to ensure the continuity of feed rate during processing. Algorithm simulation examples show that the proposed method is reasonably practicable, make the tool axis vector changes fairing to ensure the smooth and efficient processing.
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Xie, Chuan, Ling Ling He, and Bing Lin. "Research and Design of a Spatial Attitude Measurement System for Drilling Tools." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.353.
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Autonomous navigation research in the process of drilling has been a very challenging advanced topic and it requires the drill pole must adjust their own space attitude before the directional move. Strapdown inertial navigation has an explicit definition of the space attitude information which will be reflected by the inclination, the azimuth angle and the tool face angle specifically. For the defect in the open mathematical model solver of the spatial attitude information, we derive another mathematical model of the inclination, the magnetic azimuth angle and the tool face angle with the space coordinates transformation, the spatial straight line equation and the dog-leg angle’s definition and give the specific achievable plan by making use of the triple-axis accelerometer and the triple-axis magnetometer. The experimental result indicated that this plan can get the correct spatial attitude within ±0.1º error to the inclination and ±1.5º error to magnetic azimuth angle and the tool face angle. In addition, its cost is very low and the volume is very small, so it is really an ideal choice for the spatial attitude measurement system.
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Sadílek, Marek, Zdeněk Poruba, Lenka Čepová, and Michal Šajgalík. "Increasing the Accuracy of Free-Form Surface Multiaxis Milling." Materials 14, no. 1 (2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010025.
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This contribution deals with the accuracy of machining during free-form surface milling using various technologies. The contribution analyzes the accuracy and surface roughness of machined experimental samples using 3-axis, 3 + 2-axis, and 5-axis milling. Experimentation is focusing on the tool axis inclination angle—it is the position of the tool axis relative to the workpiece. When comparing machining accuracy during 3-axis, 3 + 2-axis, and 5-axis milling the highest accuracy (deviation ranging from 0 to 17 μm) was achieved with 5-axis simultaneous milling (inclination angles βf = 10 to 15°, βn = 10 to 15°). This contribution is also enriched by comparing a CAD (Computer Aided Design) model with the prediction of milled surface errors in the CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) system. This allows us to determine the size of the deviations of the calculated surfaces before the machining process. This prediction is analyzed with real measured deviations on a shaped surface—using optical three-dimensional microscope Alicona Infinite Focus G5.
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Jemitola, Paul O., Guido Monterzino, John Fielding, and Craig Lawson. "Tip fin inclination effect on structural design of a box-wing aircraft." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 227, no. 1 (2012): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410011426528.
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Computational studies were performed at conceptual design level to investigate the structural implications of changing only the tip fin inclinations on a medium-range box wing aircraft. Tip fin inclination refers to the angle the tip fin makes to the vertical body axis of the aircraft. This study is mainly addressed to conceptual designers. For different tip fin inclinations, flight loads were generated using a vortex lattice tool. These flight loads were then input into finite element simulations allowing the preliminary structural elements to be sized. For the category of aircraft considered, no significant variations in wing structural design drivers as a function of tip fin inclination were observed.
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Aliakberov, Il'fat, Sergey Yakhin, and Lenar Nuriev. "DESCRIPTION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE ELLIPSE NEEDLE DISC OF THE SOIL PROCESSING TOOL." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 2 (2021): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-65-69.
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Due to the well-known advantages, rotary tillage implements are widely used in the cultivation of many agricultural crops. Structurally, the working units of rotary implements are located (installed) on the frame, as a rule, sequentially one after the other. This reduces the maneuverability of the tillage unit, increases the material consumption of the implement and the energy consumption of the technological operation. In the rotary tillage tool developed at Kazan State Agrarian University for pre-sowing soil cultivation, these disadvantages are eliminated by installing a spiral-screw working unit and a section of active ellipsoidal needle disks on the frame coaxially. The research was carried out in order to determine and substantiate the design parameters of the elliptical needle disk. A theoretical dependence is obtained to substantiate the angle α of inclination of the major axis of the ellipsoid disk to the axis of rotation. It was revealed that its rational value must correspond to the condition: α> 44°…62°. An expression for determining the number of needles on a disk is given. The calculation carried out with a disk diameter D= 0.4 m, an angle α= 65 °, an indicator of a kinematic mode λ= 2, a mulching depth a= 0.04 m, a ridging h= 0.004 m showed that a rational number of needles per disc k= 16. Analytically, a theoretical expression for determining the angle of inclination of the needles to the axis of rotation has been derived. The calculation performed at α= 65 ° revealed that the first needle is inclined to the axis of rotation at a minimum angle jmin= 65 °, the fifth and thirteenth needles are inclined to the axis of rotation at an angle of 90 °, the ninth needle is inclined to the axis of rotation at a maximum angle jmax= 115 °. Also obtained are theoretical dependences for determining the angle of attachment of the needles on the hub and the length of the needles along the entire perimeter of the disk. The calculation showed that each needle is fixed on the disc hub at its calculated angle of inclination, equal to 29.0°...32.6°, and the length of the needles along the perimeter of the hub varies within 0.1372 ... 0.1503 m
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Oki, Sachio, H. Takahara, Y. Okawa, Masato Tsujikawa, Yoji Marutani, and Kenji Higashi. "Influence of Contineous Transversal Inclination of Tool on FSW Joints." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3850.
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The influence of roll angle of the FSW tool rotation axis on tensile properties of joints was examined to clarify the allowance of deviation from proper tool posture for three-dimensional friction stir welding. A5083-O plates of 3 mm in thickness were butt welded by three-dimensional controlled FSW machine. Transversal inclination of the tool (roll angle of the tool) was continuously changed from 0 degrees to 10 degrees for both sides. Butt joints ruptured at base metal within the range of roll angle of the tool plus/minus 2 degrees, and ruptured at the thin part made by inclined tool shoulder entering in the range by plus/minus 7 degrees. Over the range of plus/minus 7 degrees, butt joints ruptured at elongated cavities made by tool inclination at the border of stir zone and base material.
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Wang, Minzhen, Haihang Gao, Zhigang Wang, et al. "Correlation between Temperature and the Posture of Transmission Line Towers." Symmetry 16, no. 10 (2024): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16101270.
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Ensuring the safety of transmission line towers is vital for human safety, power supply, economic development, and environmental protection. This study specifically examines how temperature affects tower inclination. Multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MF-DCCA) is a combination of multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) and DCCA that reveals the multifractal features of two cross-correlated non-stationary signals. This paper adopts the MF-DCCA tool to investigate the cross-correlations between the internal temperature of an inclination sensor device and the posture of a transmission line tower. The tilt angle data in the x- and y-axes are used to measure the posture of the transmission line tower. We start by using Pearson correlation to assess the relationship between temperature and two inclination angles, followed by verifying their correlation with a p-value below 0.05 using first-order linear fitting. We initially assess the multifractal features of three time series using MF-DFA before MF-DCCA analysis. All exhibit multifractal traits with H(2)<0.5, indicating negative persistence, especially notable in the temperature series. Finally, we adopt the MF-DCCA approach to examine the multifractal cross-correlation between tilt-angle time series and temperature time series, and the results indicate the negative persistence of the cross-correlation between the time series. Furthermore, the multifractal cross-correlation of temperature and inclination data on the y-axis was also found to be stronger than on the x-axis based on features of the scaling exponent and symmetry exponent.
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Erzin, O. A., S. A. Vasin, and A. S. Klentak. "Analysis of changes in angular coordinates of cutting tools when conducting technological operations under different cutting conditions." iPolytech Journal 29, no. 1 (2025): 22–32. https://doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2025-1-22-32.
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This study aims to optimize cutting conditions by controlling the working angles of cutting tools when machining shaped surfaces and changing operating parameters of the cutting process for technological reasons. The study object includes cutting conditions for machining shaped surfaces, their influence on the operating parameters of the cutting process, the working angles of cutting tools (rake angle and lead angle), and cutting edge inclination. When developing mathematical models, we used methods of the theory of cutting, analytical mechanics, and thermodynamics. Static and kinematic geometry analysis of a blade in a cutting tool showed that changes in the angular coordinates of the front surface of a blade require the introduction of controlled rotation axes when conducting technological operations under different cutting conditions. These axes should control the main blade angles, i.e., lead angle, rake angle, and cutting edge inclination. With more than 85% of the tool penetration, the working angles considerably change even when its installation errors are relatively small. It is proposed to introduce controlled rotation axes of the front surface of a blade in a cutting tool by its main angles, i.e., lead angle, rake angle, and cutting edge inclination. It is shown that working angles considerably change even when its installation errors are relatively small. The study revealed that these angles constructively limit the regulation range of the rake angle of a cutting tool due to the impermissible reduction of the back relief angle; these angles should be taken into account when calculating the power characteristics of the cutting process. Thus, in order to solve the problem of stabilizing the working angles of cutting tools, new methods and technologies should be developed, which would make it possible to control kinematic parameters in the cutting process more accurately. It is important to take into account the influence of various factors such as workpiece material, cutting tool type, and cutting conditions.
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Винник, Петр Михайлович, Татьяна Викторовна Винник, and Екатерина Александровна Еськова. "On Research of Influence of Installation Accuracy on Tool Wear." ВЕСТНИК ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫХ НАУК, no. 3 (October 10, 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/raen.2022.84.24.002.
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Статья посвящена оценке влияния точности установки пуансона на его стойкость при разделительных операциях холодной штамповки. Точность установки определялась углом отклонения оси пуансона от вертикали и эксцентриситетом (смещением оси движения пуансона от центра отверстия матрицы). Построена регрессионная модель. Показано, что угол наклона сильнее влияет на износ инструмента, чем эксцентриситет. The research is devoted to the influence of punch installation accuracy on its durability during the separating operations of cold stamping. The installation accuracy is determined by the angle of deviation of the punch axis from the vertical and by the eccentricity (displacement of the punch movement axis from the center of the die hole). A regression model has been created. We demonstrate that the angle of inclination has a stronger effect on tool wear than eccentricity.
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Ravai Nagy, Sándor, Ioan Paşca, Mircea Lobonțiu, and Mihai Banica. "Experimental Research of Effective Cutting Speed Influence on Surface Roughness in Ball End Milling of C45 Material with Hardness 34 HRC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (October 2014): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.53.
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Machining of Complex Concave or Convex Surfaces Requires the Use of Ball End Milling Cutters. Obtaining the Expected Surface Quality Compete Various Technological Factors which should be Taken into Account. Following the Machining of the Surface with Different Inclination Angles between the Cutting Tool Axes and the Machined Surface, Significant Changes of the Surface Roughness have been Observed. Based on the Tests Performed, we can Determine the Range of the Tool Inclination Angle, which is the Best for the Surface Quality. we have also Made a Correlation between the Cutting Speeds, Inclination Angle of the Cutting Tool Toward the Machined Surface for an Obtained Surface Quality. the Presented Results are Based on Experimental Research in Industrial Conditions by Using CNC Machine Tools with 5 Axes. the Tests have been Performed on the C45 Material, Heat Treated to 34HRC.
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You, Si Kun, Xiao Chu Liu, Hong Guang Deng, and Jun Liu. "A Novel 5-Axis Machining Method for Sculptured Surface." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.855.
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In this work, a novel method for sculptured surface subdivision to improve the machinery’s ability and efficiency in 5-axis CNC machining complex surface is introduced. The method subdivides automatically a monolithic convex or concave or simultaneously complex sculptured surface into a number of surface patches and achieves the goal of similar normal directions and small difference between the curvatures in every patch by using weight fuzzy cluster algorithm which takes the curvatures and normal vectors of the sculptured surface into account simultaneously. The inclination angle variation between every two Cutter Contact Points (CC Points) is decreased in every patch to avoid large-angle rotation of tool to save machining time when a flat-end mill is used. This work contributes to automated 5-axis CNC tool path generation for sculptured part machining and forms a foundation for further research.
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Finkeldey, Felix, Andreas Wirtz, Torben Merhofe, and Petra Wiederkehr. "Learning-Based Prediction of Pose-Dependent Dynamics." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 3 (2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4030085.
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The constantly increasing demand for both, higher production output and more complex product geometries, which can only be achieved using five-axis milling processes, requires elaborated analysis approaches to optimize the regarded process. This is especially necessary when the used tool is susceptible to vibrations, which can deteriorate the quality of the machined workpiece surface. The prediction of tool vibrations based on the used NC path and process configuration can be achieved by, e.g., applying geometric physically-based process simulation systems prior to the machining process. However, recent research showed that the dynamic behavior of the system, consisting of the machine tool, the spindle, and the milling tool, can change significantly when using different inclination angles to realize certain machined workpiece shapes. Intermediate dynamic properties have to be interpolated based on measurements due to the impracticality of measuring the frequency response functions for each position and inclination angle that are used along the NC path. This paper presents a learning-based approach to predict the frequency response function for a given pose of the tool center point.
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Fatyukhin, Dmitry, Ravil Nigmetzyanov, Vyacheslav Prikhodko, Sergey Sundukov, and Aleksandr Sukhov. "Influence of the oscillating systems inclination angle on the surface properties of steel 45 during ultrasonic surface plastic deformation." Metal Working and Material Science 27, no. 1 (2025): 77–92. https://doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.1-77-92.
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Introduction. Among the methods of modifying the surfaces of metal products to change the physical-mechanical and geometric properties of the surface layer, surface plastic deformation (SPD) methods are the most prevalent. Using ultrasound to enhance the efficiency of deformation processes allows for increase in microhardness and reduction in roughness compared to rolling and smoothing. The greatest technological challenges are caused by ultrasonic surface plastic deformation of curved surfaces, including those obtained by additive technologies. Given that most ultrasonic SPD methods are based on the longitudinal nature of vibrations, to ensure uniform processing of curved surfaces, the tool axis should be oriented at a specific angle relative to any point on the surface being processed. In this regard, the purpose of the work is to study the effect of the oscillating system inclination angle on the surface properties of steel 45 during ultrasonic surface plastic deformation. This study examines steel 45 samples subjected to ultrasonic SPD at various oscillating system inclination angles: 90°, 75°, 60°, and 45°. Methods. The research methods included metallographic studies of the surface layer microstructure of the samples, measurement of its microhardness and roughness, as well as comparative wear tests. Results and discussion. Ultrasonic surface deformation, at any of the considered tool inclination angles α, creates a hardened layer – from 30 µm at α = 45° to 350 µm at α = 90 °. In this case, the microhardness increases to 240 HV at α = 45°. Furthermore, at any α, there is a significant decrease in roughness. For example, altitude parameters are reduced by more than 8 times. The best results were achieved at α = 60°. The wear test results indicated a substantial reduction in weight loss due to wear following ultrasonic processing. The most significant decrease in wear (more than twofold) was observed at an inclination angle of α = 90°.
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Zenin, M. I., and S. I. Ivanov. "Experimental studies of screw drill with frozen soil interaction." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 20, no. 6 (2024): 696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2023-20-6-696-705.
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Introduction. The process of formation of wells in frozen soils is one of the complex processes of excavation. A drilling tool of a new geometric shape forms a well by brittle destruction of the rock. The purpose of the conducted experimental studies was to determine the effect on the energy intensity of the drilling process and on the well diameter coefficient of the angle of rotation of the radius of the screw blade, at which its increment occurs on the destructive part and the angle of inclination of the forming upper surface of the screw blade to the axis of rotation.Materials and methods. The article describes a methodology for conducting laboratory experiments to study the interaction of a drilling tool of a new geometric shape with frozen soils. The ranges of values of the studied factors are determined. The matrix of the complete factorial experiment is constructed.Results. As a result of laboratory experiments, the influence of the geometric parameters of the drilling tool on the energy intensity of the drilling process and on the well diameter coefficient was determined. The dependencies of the torque and the well diameter coefficient on the angle of rotation of the radius of the helical blade, at which its increment occurs on the destructive part, the angle of inclination of the forming upper surface of the helical blade to the axis of rotation and the angle of elevation of the middle helical line of the helical blade are established.Discussions and conclusion. It is established that the drilling tool carries out the formation of a well due to the brittle destruction of the well, which makes it possible to achieve more efficient drilling. And also the dependences of the rational values of the investigated geometric parameters of the drilling tool of a new geometric shape are determined.
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Gimadeev, M. R., A. V. Nikitenko, and V. O. Berkun. "Influence of the Sphero-Cylindrical Tool Orientation Angles on Roughness under Processing Complex-Profile Surfaces." Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don) 23, no. 3 (2023): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2023-23-3-231-240.
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Introduction. When milling complex-profile surfaces of parts, the selection of tool trajectories and orientations affect the roughness parameters. However, in the studies devoted to the formation of trajectories, recommendations to provide the quality of microgeometry of surfaces were not taken into account. Moreover, when writing programs for CNC equipment in CAM systems, the limitations of cutting modes were determined exclusively using a geometric approach. It did not take into account the influence of the orientation angles of the sphero-cylindrical tool relative to the normal plane on the quality of surface treatment, namely on roughness. The work was aimed at the creation of the methodology for selecting the limiting values of the orientation angles of a sphero-cylindrical tool to optimize the process of machining spatially complex surfaces. The tasks included achieving the minimum values of the amplitude roughness parameter Rz and determining the effectiveness of various machining paths.Materials and Methods. Methods of correlation and regression analysis were used, the results were compared and generalized. The least-squares method was applied to estimate the parameters of the regression equation. The DMU 50 ecoline processing center was used for the experimental studies. Roughness was measured on a Surfcam 1800 D profilometer. The material of the samples was steel 12X18N10T. The material of the tool was hard alloy 1620 Sandvik with PVD coating (physical vapor deposition, the closest domestic analogue is T15K6).Results. It has been shown in detail how roughness parameters Rz depend on the angle of inclination and the diameter of the tool. Twenty examples were summarized in a table. Natural regression coefficients were calculated using linear and hyperbolic models. It was found that the diameter of the tool had a greater effect on the formation of roughness parameter Rz than the angle of inclination. For a detailed description of the influence features, the coefficients of multiple, partial, paired correlation and multiple determination were compared. The limitations associated with the angles of inclination of the tool when processing complex surfaces were determined. A scheme for calculating the angle of the normal was visualized, which included the selected step along the axis to determine the lengths of the segments of the broken curve. The profilograms of surfaces obtained with different shaping trajectories were given in the form of drawings. This allowed us to conclude that milling from top to bottom is unsuitable when the tool is tilted 5°– 35°. A map has been compiled by which it is possible to judge the roughness, knowing the type of milling and the inclination angle (from 5° to 80 °). The dependence of the roughness parameter on the processing speed and the use of coolant was represented graphically. The calculated parameters for determining the optimal angle of inclination of the tool were tabulated. Their analysis proved the adequacy of the proposed method of preparing control information.Discussion and Conclusion. The presented technique made it possible to determine the optimal values of the orientation angles of the sphero-cylindrical tool, taking into account the cutting speed and the minimum possible amplitude roughness parameter Rz. The pattern of feeding fz = 0.4 mm/tooth for surface areas with a total angle of 5°– 50°was considered. In this case, processing along trajectories in the passing, opposite and bottom-top directions, provided roughness in the range of 3–6 µm according to parameter Rz. The top-down toolpath is not recommended for use in final operations due to the significant height of parameter Rz.
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Okada, Masato, Makoto Shinke, Masaaki Otsu, Takuya Miura, and Kuniaki Dohda. "Influence of Various Conditions on Quality of Burnished Surface in Developed Roller Burnishing with Active Rotary Tool." International Journal of Automation Technology 12, no. 6 (2018): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0921.
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Burnishing characteristics of a newly developed roller burnishing method were developed. The developed method can effectively control the sliding direction between the roller and a cylindrical workpiece by inclining the roller axis with respect to the workpiece axis. The outer surface of a round aluminum alloy bar was targeted. The influence of burnishing conditions on burnished-surface quality was investigated, and surface quality was evaluated based primarily on the surface roughness, surface profile, and external appearance. As observed, the burnished-surface quality was strongly influenced by the pressing force, roller-inclination angle, and number of tool passes. A superior surface quality could be realized by increasing the number of tool passes.
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Wu, Baohai, Ge Gao, Ming Luo, and Gongnan Xie. "Prediction and Experimental Validation of Cutting Force for Bull-Nose End Mills with Lead Angle." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 650215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/650215.
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This study focuses on cutting force predictions with the tool-workpiece inclination angle in bull-nose milling based on the semimechanistic force model. By analyzing kinematics and mechanics of the bull-nose end mills during cutting, force expressions including lead angle are stated and the model is exerted on each discrete element as oblique cutting with coordinate transformation and numerical integration to obtain the dynamic cutting force components. An improved identification method considering speed variations along the tool axis is applied to calibrate coefficients. Coefficients are regarded as the function of each elemental elevation. Then, a geometry-based method to acquire cutter workpiece engagement (CWE) is proposed. Also acquisition of accurate start and exit angles on each slice is deliberated elaborately for cutters with lead or tilt angle in milling processes. Thereby, to verify the validity of the force prediction model and start-exit angle acquisition method, experiments with variable lead angles are conducted under different axial immersions. The results reveal that the presented model and approaches can predict cutting forces with high accuracy. Finally, the cutting force components under different cutter postures and conditions are analyzed to provide instructions for parameter selections.
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Onysko, O. R., Ya M. Kusyi, V. B. Kopei, and A. P. Dzhus. "Accuracy of Thread Profile Depends on the Lathe Tool Angle of Inclination. Theoretical Investigation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1277, no. 1 (2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1277/1/012018.
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Abstract Among threaded connections of large sizes, tapered thread pipe connections are especially often used, which are a very important part of drill strings. The efficiency of the drill strings largely depends on the accuracy of the tool-joint tapered thread. The production of such joints is implemented on lathes, with the help of tools that have a carbid insert. To ensure high performance, such inserts are recommended to be installed not parallel to the axis of the thread, but at the lead angle of thread. However, the profile of the insert itself is equal to the profile of the thread, and therefore it is important to have a theoretical predictive calculation of the probable influence of the angular setting of the carbide insert on the accuracy of the thread. Based on a detailed consideration of the geometry of the mutual placement of the plate and the tapered thread and the kinematic features of the process, an algorithm for predictive calculation of the accuracy of the thread is created. The result shows that only one of the parameters of the cutting edge really depends on the angle of inclination of the cutting edge - it is its profile. The deviation can reach 7% of the tolerance on the semi-profile angle.
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Chen, Liangji, Zhi Liu, Zhiguang Li, and Zisen Wei. "Nonlinear error control of five-axis machining singular region." MATEC Web of Conferences 358 (2022): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235801034.
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Aiming at the singular problem of large nonlinear error caused by the extreme change of rotation in five axis NC machining of complex surface. An optimization algorithm of tool path in singular region is proposed. Taking a-c double turntable five axis linkage NC machine tool as an example, firstly, the mathematical models of tool local milling ability, machining bandwidth and tool axis inclination are established. Based on the two constraint models, the mechanism of singularity and the size of singular region are analyzed, and it is proposed to adjust the side angle with the tool contact as the rotation center to avoid the singular region. The modified tool axis vector that does not meet the accuracy is interpolated recursively according to the interpolation principle. This method solves the problem of large nonlinear error caused by the extreme rotation of the rotating axis in the singular region on the basis of meeting the requirement of no curvature interference. At the same time, the processing bandwidth before and after modification is guaranteed to remain unchanged. Simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively detect the singular region and improve the machining quality in the singular region.
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Qin, Yu Xia, Ji Hong Jia, Zhi Wei, Mei Lin Gu, Tong Hui Li, and Yu Tao Wang. "Ball End Milling of Glass with Inclined Cutter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 33 (October 2010): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.33.195.
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This study deals with the effect of tool–surface inclination on cutting forces in ball end milling .Since glass undergoes almost no elastic deformation, the shape of the cutter in glass machining has a larger influence on surface finish than that of metal machining. Model of geometry and tilt tool milling process is established. A double helix micro-flute ball end mill made of cemented carbide is used in the groove milling tests with radius 0.5mm at a helix angle of 30°. The rotational axis of the tool is inclined to improve the surface finish. The cutting processes are modeled, and 3-direction cutting forces are measured via three groups of experiments to show the effect of the tool inclination on the machined surface. Several micro grooves, then, are machined with the crack-free surfaces to prove efficiency and surface quality in the milling process.
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Tanaka, Hidetake, and Toma Yoshita. "Machinability Evaluation of Inclined Planetary Motion Milling System for Difficult-to-Cut Materials." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.320.
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CFRP and Titanium alloy, which are known as difficult-to-cut materials have been widely used as structural material in aviation industries. The orbital drilling is one of an effective drilling technique for the industries. However this technique has some disadvantages such as increase of cutting force due to cutting with tool center point, inertial vibration generated by revolution and high installation cost. In order to improve the disadvantages, we have invented a new drilling technique which is called inclined planetary motion milling. The inclined planetary motion milling and the planetary mechanism drilling has two axes of cutting tool rotation axis and revolution axis. Cutting tool rotation axis of the orbital drilling is moved parallel to the revolution axis in eccentric. On the other hand, in the case of the inclined planetary motion milling, eccentric of the cutting tool rotation axis is realized by inclination of a few degrees from the revolution axis. Therefore, the movement of eccentric mechanism can be reduced by comparison with the orbital drilling because inclined angle is smaller than eccentricity of the cutting tool tip. As a result, eccentric mechanism can be downsized and inertial vibration is reduced. In the study, a geometrical cutting model of inclined planetary motion milling was set up. The theoretical surface roughness of the inside of drilled holes by use of two types cutting tool geometry were calculated based on the model. And cutting experiments using the new prototype for CFRP were carried out in order to evaluate the effect on machinability with change of cutting point atmosphere. In addition, optimal cutting condition was derived according to cutting experiments for titanium alloys utilizing the orthogonal array.
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Matsumura, Takashi, Motohiro Shimada, Kazunari Teramoto, and Eiji Usui. "Predictive Cutting Force Model and Cutting Force Chart for Milling with Cutter Axis Inclination." International Journal of Automation Technology 7, no. 1 (2013): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2013.p0030.
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A force model for milling with cutter axis inclination is presented. The model predicts the cutting force and chip flow direction. Three-dimensional chip flow is interpreted as a piling up of the orthogonal cuttings in the planes containing the cutting velocities and the chip flow velocities in the inclined coordinate system with a ball end mill. The chip flow direction is determined to minimize the cutting energy consumed into the shear energy on the shear plane and the friction energy on the rake face. Then, the cutting force is predicted in the chip flow determined model. The presented cutting model is verified by comparing the predicted cutting forces to the measured forces in the actual cutting tests. As an advantage of the presented force model, the change in the chip flow direction during one rotation of the cutter is also predicted in the simulation for the cutter axis inclination and the cutting parameters. In the simulation, the effect of cutter axis inclination on the cutting process is discussed in terms of the tool wear and surface finish. The cutting force charts, in which the maximum values of the positive and the negative cutting forces are simulated for the inclination angles, are presented to review the cutter axis inclination. The applicable cutter axis inclination can be determined by taking into account the thresholds of the cutting force components.
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Shan, Chenwei, Xiaobo Lv, and Wanlu Duan. "Effect of tool Inclination Angle on the Elastic Deformation of Thin-walled Parts in Multi-axis Ball-end Milling." Procedia CIRP 56 (2016): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.10.024.
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SHIRAISHI, Mitsunobu, Ryutaro HINO, Shiho AOKI, Hiroyasu CHIKUBU, and Makoto NIKAWA. "Spiral Incremental Forging Process for Preforming of Turbine Blades with Axis Bending Control by Varying Inclination Angle of Tool." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 65, no. 639 (1999): 4541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.65.4541.
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Takahara, H., Masato Tsujikawa, Sung Wook Chung, Y. Okawa, and Kenji Higashi. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties at the Unsteady Areas of Non-Linear Friction Stir Welding." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1059–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1059.
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The influence of tool control in non-linear friction stir welding (FSW) on mechanical properties of joints was investigated. FSW is widely applied to linear joints. It is impossible for five axis FSW machines, however, to keep all the FSW parameters in optimum conditions at non-linear welding. Non-linear FSW joints should be made by compromise with the order of priority for FSW parameters. The tensile test results of butt joints with rectangular change in welding direction on plate plane (L-shaped butt joints) with various welding parameter change. It was found that turn to the retreating side is encouraged when welding direction change. And the method of zero inclination tool angle is effective at non-linear and plane welding.
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Uchiyama, Ryota, Fumihiro Uchiyama, Toshiyuki Kusumoto, and Takashi Matsumura. "Surface Texturing in Cutting with Micro-Scale Structured Tools." Defect and Diffusion Forum 414 (February 24, 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ei4q2l.
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Functional surfaces have been widely used for control of physical and/or chemical properties of substances on the surface. In the manufacturing industries, some of micro fabrication approaches such as laser processing have been applied to form textured surfaces, which control the surface functions with topographies. This study presents the surface texturing in cutting with micro-scale structured end mills. Micro-scale nicks are fabricated on the cutting edges of PCD (Poly-Crystalline Diamond) end mills in laser finishing. The cutting operation is conducted to form the chips on each nick with the cutter axis inclination in the feed direction. An analytical model is applied to control the surface structure for the spindle speed, the feed rate, the nick geometry and the inclination angle of the cutter axis. Then, the surface structures were fabricated in the actual cutting process. The machining operation in this study is available in fabrication of the micro-scale structures at high production rates and the structures shape can be controlled in the surface simulation.
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Amantaev, M. A., R. I. Kravchenko, Ye A. Zolotukhin, T. S. Tolemis, and A. N. Tabuldenov. "Investigation of Furrow Formation by Rotary Tillage Tools with an Active Drive." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 18, no. 1 (2024): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2024-18-1-68-73.
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Power driven rotary tillage tools are widely used in agriculture. However, the process of furrow formation by these tillage tools remains insufficiently studied. (Research purpose) To study the process of furrow formation by the actuating elements of rotary working bodies with an active drive. (Materials and methods) The experiments were carried out on a laboratory setup in a soil bin filled with sandy soil. The attack angle of the working elements ranged from 30 to 90 degrees, and the kinematic parameter varied from 0.8 to 2.2. The actuating element of the investigated rotary tillage tools was made in both circular and elliptical blade forms with the least curvature line (the major semi-axis of the ellipse). The actuating element with an elliptical blade has the ability to adjust the angle of inclination relative to the axis of rotation of the of the tillage tool. (Results and discussion) Rotary tillage tools with a circular blade form a furrow parallel to the travel direction. It has been established that an increase in the attack angle of the tillage tool from 30 to 90 degrees results in a twofold increase in the width of the furrow. The actuating element, made along the elliptical line of the blade, forms a furrow having the shape of a parallelogram when viewed from above. At a small angle of attack, this actuating element forms a short, narrow furrow deviating from the unit’s travel direction within the boundaries of the furrow width of the rotary tillage tool. (Conclusions) The results obtained make it possible to choose the parameters for the studied rotary tillage tools, which will ensure the formation of optimal furrows. This will increase the evenness of the furrow bottom and the degree of weed destruction, i.e. improved soil quality.
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Markides, Christos F., Dimitrios N. Pazis, and Stavros K. Kourkoulis. "The centrally cracked Brazilian disc: implications and solutions in case of closing cracks." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 23, no. 3-4 (2014): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2014-0008.
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AbstractA recently presented closed-form analytic solution for the displacement field and stress field in a cracked Brazilian disc, under uniform radial pressure along two symmetric arcs of its periphery, revealed that for a wide range of crack-axis inclinations, the lips of the crack tend to overlap each other, leading to a kind of an “unnatural” geometrical configuration. It is here proven that this behavior is a consequence of the inability of the mathematical model to simulate the change of the boundary conditions that appears (for some special configurations) in the physical problem and render the mathematical problem an “ill-posed” one. Indeed, what happens in praxis is that for a given interval of crack inclination angles, the initially stress-free lips are coming in contact and contact stresses appear violating the boundary conditions initially adopted in the mathematical model. This problem is here solved by superposing to the above-mentioned solution the respective one of an auxiliary mixed fundamental problem solved according to Muskhelishvili’s complex potentials method. In this way, physically acceptable displacement fields and stress fields are obtained all over the cracked disc independently from the crack inclination angle. In addition, the contact stresses developed along the crack lips are determined. Moreover, naturally sound formulae for the corresponding stress intensity factors (in case of cracks with lips in contact to each other) are obtained, which are of crucial engineering importance. The solution obtained enlightens some critical aspects related to the practical application of the cracked Brazilian disc as a tool for the standardized determination of the fracture toughness of brittle rock-like materials and concrete.
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Orel, A. M. "Types of the statics of the spine in patients of young, elderly and senile age." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 1-2 (June 6, 2020): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2020-1-2-38-48.
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Introduction. A complete and systematic x-ray examination of all parts of the spine at the same time in elderly and senile people has not yet been carried out. On the other hand, radiography can identify spinal statics disorders that are typical for this category of people.The goal of research — describe the types of spinal statics disorders in young, elderly and senile people.Materials and methods. Digital radiography of all parts of the spine was performed in 103 patients with dorsopathies. The first group included 50 patients aged 60–74 years; men 16, women 34. The second study group included 21 patients aged 75–88 years, 6 men and 15 women. The third control group included 32 randomly selected people aged 21 to 45 years, 15 men and 17 women. The study belongs to the group of a posteriori x-ray processing and was carried out without the participation and additional irradiation of patients. On the screen of a personal computer, using the methods developed by the author, unified digital x-ray images of all parts of the spine of each patient were obtained. From the INION point, a vertical line occipital vertical descended along all the structures of the spine. Using the midpoint of the front and rear contour x-ray image of the vertebral body of the TII and TXII the front-rear axes were passed through until they intersect with the occipital vertical at the back and intersect with each other at the front. A qualitative assessment of the occipital vertical passage relative to the structures of the spine and a quantitative assessment of the angles of inclination and the angle of intersection of the front-rear axes of the TII and TXII vertebrae was carried out..Results. Five types (from 0 to 4) of spine statics were described and criteria for their qualitative and quantitative assessment were determined. It was found that in the control group, the most common type of spine statics was zero (0), while type 3 and 4 were not determined. In contrast, 3 and 4 types of spinal statics were most frequently observed in second group of patients. In the first group of patients, types 1 and 2 of spine statics were most often revealed, and other types of spine statics also occurred. Among the entire group of examined patients n=103 0 type of spinal statics disorder was detected in 27 (26,2 %) patients, type 1 in 35 (34 %), type 2 in 22 (21,3 %), type 3 in 11 (10,7 %) and type 4 in 8 patients (7,8 %). In patients with type 0 spinal statics, the angle of inclination of the front-rear axis of the TII vertebra was 16,67±8,49º, and of the TXII vertebra was 18,33±4,33º. In type 1 statics of the spine, the angle of inclination of the front-rear axis of the TII vertebra was 26,66±6,73º, and of the TXII vertebra was 21,17±4,92º. In type 2 spinal statics, the angle of inclination of the front-rear axis of the TII vertebra was 32,95± 6,82º, and of the TXII vertebra was 19,68±5,4º. In type III spinal statics, the angle of inclination of the front-rear axis of the TII vertebra was 41,09±9,22º, and of the TXII vertebra 26±11,05º. Type 4 statics of the spine were diagnosed in the presence of type 1–3 statics, in addition to which a pathological fracture or multiple compression fractures were detected in any part of the spine, or the vertebral bodies took the form of fish vertebrae.Conclusion. The study demonstrated the presence of characteristic prevailing types of spinal statics in young, elderly and senile people. These qualitative and quantitative criteria allow us to evaluate them. Based on the results of the study, an application for the utility patent of the Russian Federation «The Method for Evaluating Spine Statics», № 2019144992, priority dated 30.12.2019 was issued and filed. The identified qualitative and quantitative indicators can be used to develop criteria for determining the biological age of a person, which will contribute to improving the evidence-based approach to medicine.
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Masykur, Masykur, Andre Kurniadi, Maidi Saputra, and Murhaban Murhaban. "Studi Numerik Pengaruh Sudut Kemiringan Sudu Terhadap Performa Turbin Angin Vertikal Tipe Savonius." Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 7, no. 1 (2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v7i1.3634.
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AbstractWind energy is a renewable energy source that can be felt in everyday life. To convert wind energy into electrical energy, a tool is needed that is a wind turbine. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine is more widely used and developed today than the vertical type wind turbine. However, the vertical turbine has several advantages compared to the horizontal wind turbine, which is that it can move without depending on the direction of the wind. This study aims to determine the effect of tilt angel of savonius turbine with blades angle 30°, 60° and 90° the turbine power coefficient and determine the optimal turbine blade results in designing a Vertical wind turbine by simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The variations used are tilt angel turbine blades is 30°, 60°, 90°. The results showed that the value of Cp (Power Coefficient) of wind turbines with the addition of the blade angel 30°, 60° and 90° had a different increase. The variation the addition of turbine blade tilt angle with 90° tilt angle can increase the efficiency of the turbine blade when compared 30°, 60° blade inclination this is evidenced by wind turbine speed contour analysis, wind vortex contour analysis and turbulence intensity contour analysis shows that the turbine blade simulation results with a slope of 90° has an efficient turbine blade that is very good and effective and get optimal results.Keywords: Wind turbine, VAWT, CFD, Efficiency, Contour, Optimal, TSR, power
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Kazmiruk, A. V., V. I. Banakh, A. P. Vlasov, et al. "Pattern Recognition: Parameters of Body Inrun Position at the Beginning of Take-Off." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ 18, no. 4 (2018): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2018.4.08.
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The purpose of the paper is to determine the differences in the technique of body inrun position at the beginning of take-off in junior ski jumpers of different qualifications (athletic preparedness).
 Materials and methods. The study participants were 22 junior ski jumpers aged 14-15 (a group of junior ski jumpers) during the Ukrainian Ski Jumping Championship (October 9, 2010, Vorokhta, Ukraine) and 33 ski jumpers aged 16-17 (a group of senior ski jumpers) who took part in the international competitions “Lotos Cup” in January 2010. The study analyzed the videos of take-offs of 22 athletes aged 14-15 and 33 athletes aged 16-17. The parameters of ski jumping technique and sports results were processed on the basis of video materials of the first competition series.
 Results. There are significant differences (p < 0.001) in the mean values of corresponding parameters of the body position at the beginning of take-off. The data point to a tighter tuck of the body of the athletes aged 16-17. The structure coefficients of the first canonical discriminant function indicate that the function is most significantly related to the values of angles 10 (ν); 8 (ζ); 6 (θ): the inclination angle of the segment of the straight line passing through the axes of the hip and ankle joints (ν) towards the direction of the skier’s movement; the inclination angle of the segment of the straight line passing through the general center of body weight and the axis of the ankle joint (ζ) towards the direction of the skier’s movement; the inclination angle of the head towards the trunk (θ). The athletes aged 16-17 differ from the athletes aged 14-15 by the parameters characterizing the body’s tuck in the starting position – the position at the beginning of take-off.
 Conclusions. The unstandardized canonical discriminant function coefficients can be used to classify the levels of proficiency in the body’s tuck in the starting position – the position at the beginning of take-off in athletes aged 14-17.
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Zhou, Chun Jiang, and Hong Chun Chen. "Tool Path Generation Method of Equal Approximation Error for Free-Form Surface in High Speed Machining." Advanced Materials Research 102-104 (March 2010): 544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.102-104.544.
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The development of surface high-speed machining has put forward higher demands for uniform cutting load and smooth cutting tool path. Most current tool-path planning methods are based on constant scallop height, but they have the disadvantage of path point redundancy during the path discretization process. To overcome the problem, a tool path generation method of equal approximation error in each step for free-form surface is presented based on geodesic principle and curvature judgment. In this method, the NURBS curve is employed to realize smooth transition for adjacent two tool paths in high-speed machining. A certain angle of inclination of flat-end milling cutter during multi-axis machining improves the machining efficiency. Because of the advantage of this machining condition, the cutter location point generation algorithm during the machining condition is given by the method. The method is verified and simulated by C++. Experiment results proved that it can obtain uniform cutting load and continuous smooth cutting tool path during surface high-speed machining by the proposed method.
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Zh. Kassenov, T. L. Lub, Zh. K. Mussina, A. S. Yanushkin, and R. B. Kussainov. "THE EFFECT OF THE DESIGN OF A ROTARY PEAKLESS TURNING TOOL WITH CHIPBREAKER ON THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS." Science and Technology of Kazakhstan, no. 1,2024 (March 29, 2024): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/lcip1731.
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One of the methods of high-performance finishing turning is based on the use of peakless cutters, the cutting edge of which in the cutting plane is inclined to the axis of the workpiece, and the angle in the plan is most often zero. It is not the tip that is in contact with the workpiece, but a certain part of the cutting edge of the cutter, as a result of which turning is carried out in conditions close to the conditions of free cutting. The design of a rotary peakless rotary turning cutter with a chip breaker is devoid of one of the design disadvantages – the presence of a vertex, the weakest and most worn part of the cutting edge of conventional cutters. A constantly renewable cutting edge due to its rotation allows you to evenly distribute wear, temperature and specific loads, which significantly increases the service life of the cutting tool. Rotary peakless rotary turning cutter with a chip breaker for turning external surfaces, in the design of which a cup cutting plate is placed, mounted and rotating on an axis with bearings and due to its rotation allows the tool to provide high processing performance, increase the operating time and service life of the cutting tool due to the adjustable angle of inclination of the cutting edge – makes it possible to process various materials, and the presence of a chip breaker in the structure allows to improve the quality and reduce the roughness of the treated surface, as well as the chip formation process. Keywords: turning, self-rotating cutter, rotary cutter, peakless cutter, wear, roughness.
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Paşca, I., M. Lobonţiu, M. Bǎnicǎ, and I. Tǎmaş. "Experimental research of tool axis inclination angle influence upon surface roughness in ball-nose end milling of polyetheretherketones (Tecapeek natural)-Part I." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 564 (October 30, 2019): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/564/1/012012.
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de Francisco Ortiz, Óscar, Manuel Estrems Amestoy, Horacio T. Sánchez Reinoso, and Julio Carrero-Blanco Martínez-Hombre. "Enhanced Positioning Algorithm Using a Single Image in an LCD-Camera System by Mesh Elements’ Recalculation and Angle Error Orientation." Materials 12, no. 24 (2019): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244216.
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In this article, we present a method to position the tool in a micromachine system based on a camera-LCD screen positioning system that also provides information about angular deviations of the tool axis during its running. Both position and angular deviations are obtained by reducing a matrix of LEDs in the image to a single rectangle in the conical perspective that is treated by a photogrammetry method. This method computes the coordinates and orientation of the camera with respect to the fixed screen coordinate system. The used image consists of 5 × 5 lit LEDs, which are analyzed by the algorithm to determine a rectangle with known dimensions. The coordinates of the vertices of the rectangle in space are obtained by an inverse perspective computation from the image. The method presents a good approximation of the central point of the rectangle and provides the inclination of the workpiece with respect to the LCD screen reference system of coordinates. A test of the method is designed with the assistance of a Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM) to check the accuracy of the positioning method. The performed test delivers a good accuracy in the position measurement of the designed method. A high dispersion in the angular deviation is detected, although the orientation of the inclination is appropriate in almost every case. This is due to the small values of the angles that makes the trigonometric function approximations very erratic. This method is a good starting point for the compensation of angular deviation in vision based micromachine tools, which is the principal source of errors in these operations and represents the main volume in the cost of machine elements’ parts.
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Narita, Hirohisa. "Cutting Features Between Surface Roughness in Feed Direction and Machining State of Radius End Mill Against Inclined Surfaces (In Case of Contour Machining and Five-Axis Machining with Constant Tilt Angle)." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 1 (2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0046.
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Optimum experimental conditions, that realize good surface roughness in feed direction, for a radius end mill against some inclined surfaces is obtained by the Taguchi method. Some cutting features due to the unique shape of the radius end mill are revealed via the degree of influence of various factors, which are calculated by the Taguchi method, and the geometric relationship of some contact states of the tool. The experimental conditions include cutting type, spindle speed, feed rate, depth of immersion, inclination angle, and corner radius. The results revealed that the contact states are highly significant, and can be categorized into three types. Furthermore, bottom and corner edges must be contacted simultaneously in order to obtain good surface roughness.
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Si, Weizheng, Jianhao Tang, Jianhua Liu, Zijun Wei, and Luyao Mao. "Research on positioning accuracy of the swivel head of milling and turning complex machining center." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2842, no. 1 (2024): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2842/1/012083.
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Abstract This article focuses on the swivel head of a milling-turning complex machining center and establishes a geometric error model between the rotary axes based on the multi-body system theory and the homogeneous coordinate transformation method. The double ball bar (DBB) is used to identify the geometric errors of the machine tool swivel head position-independent by measuring circular trajectories. The impact of PIGEs on the measurement trajectory is simulated. The swivel head is rotated at four angles (B0°, B45°, B90°, B-15°), and the laser tracker is used to analyze and study the linear axis straightness, perpendicularity, and the center coordinates and plane errors of the swivel head movement along the XZ plane. A swivel head rotation accuracy test fixture is designed to correct the positioning accuracy of a swivel head with a 45° inclination of the rotation axis. The research results show that the fluctuation of the center plane degree of freedom of the swivel head moving along the XZ plane is small, and the maximum value is 0.0086mm. Under the 45° angle posture of the swivel head, both the center coordinate error value and the plane error value are the largest. The simulation results of the swivel head position error are fairly consistent with the center coordinate error of the swivel head plane movement. A backward tilt displacement of 0.01mm~0.015mm of the machine column during assembly can reduce the influence of the weight of the swivel head on the perpendicularity and straightness of the vertical reciprocating motion, and adding auxiliary support near the base of the swivel head zero position can reduce machine straightness error.
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Kalchenko, Volodimyr, Andrij Yeroshenko, and Sergiy Boyko. "Crossing Axes of Workpiece and Tool at Grinding of the Circular Trough with Variable Profile." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 12, no. 4 (2018): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2018-0043.
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Abstract In the article the method of grinding with crossed axes of the tool and the workpiece got further developed. The work discloses a method of processing details having an external surface with a profile in the form of an arc of a circle of variable radius (for example, rolls of pipe rolling mills). The particular three-dimensional geometric models of the processing, shaping and profiling of abrasive wheels have been developed. A method for controlling the grinding process, which ensures the removal of allowances along equidistant curves has been offered. The developed method of grinding provides a constant depth of cutting according to the coordinate of profile processing. This is achieved at the expense of the synchronous inclination of the wheel and its insertion by the size of the allowance. The diameter of grinding wheel affects on the maximum angle of orientation of the wheel has been proven. It has been shown that increasing the diameter of the abrasive wheel has led to a slight decrease in value orientation angle.
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Taras, І. P., and T. O. Pryhorovska. "Study on geometric features of conical threads." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, no. 1(48) (June 29, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9965-2020-1(48)-16-22.
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The article studies the problem of oil/gas pipe conical thread reinforcement; in particular, the geometrical fundamentals for tool design for reinforcement. The article considers the main types of conical threads for pipes used in oil/gas industry. It was determined, that to obtain initial data for tools, used to reinforce thread crest and flank, it is necessary to consider conical threads not only as helical lines, but also as helicoid surfaces, to determine what helicoid parameters make the thread conical and obtain relations for the calculation of these geometric parameters. The authors determined geometrical parameters of conical threads and design parameters to develop rollers with deformed protrusions for simultaneous reinforcement of aforementioned thread crests and flank to improve tools for their frictional reinforcement. It was stated, that contrary to cylindrical threads, helicoid’s angles of inclination, which form conical threads, differ not only by the angle of inclination to the plane normal to their axes, but also by the values. The study of conical thread geometrical features refers to a cylindrical one allows to use these features in the design or improvement of tools for its manufacture and/or reinforcement. This approach allows improving the tools for frictional reinforcement of conical locking threads by modifying the lateral deforming elements. It makes possible to simplify tool manufacture, increase tool durability, reinforce the conical thread surface, and improve the quality, performance and economy of the conical thread frictional reinforcement.
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Arsuaga, M., Luis Norberto López de Lacalle, R. Lobato, G. Urbikain, and F. Campa. "Force and Deformation Model for Error Correction in Boring Operations." Advanced Materials Research 498 (April 2012): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.498.121.
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Boring operations of deep holes with a slender boring bar are often hindered by the precision because of their low static stiffness and high deformations. Because of that, it is not possible to remove much larger depths of cuts than the nose radius of the tool, unlike the case of turning and face milling operations, and consequently, the relationship between the cutting force distribution, tool geometry, feed rate and depth of cut becomes non-linear and complex. This problem gets worse when working with a rotating boring head where apart from the cutting forces and the variation of the inclination angle because of shape boring, the bar and head are affected by de centrifugal forces. The centrifugal forces, and therefore the centrifugal deflection, will vary as a function of the rotating speed, boring bar mass distribution and variable radial position of the bar in shape boring. Taking in to account all this effects, a load and deformation model was created. This model has been experimentally validated to use as a corrector factor of the radial position of the U axis in the boring head.
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McMahon, Samuel E., Paul Magill, Daniel P. Bopf, and David E. Beverland. "A device to make the pelvic sagittal plane horizontal and reduce error in cup inclination during total hip arthroplasty: a validation study." HIP International 28, no. 5 (2018): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120700017752615.
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Introduction: Radiological inclination (RI) is determined in part by operative inclination (OI), which is defined as the angle between the cup axis or handle and the sagittal plane. In lateral decubitus the theatre floor becomes a surrogate for the pelvic sagittal plane. Critically at the time of cup insertion if the pelvic sagittal plane is not parallel to the floor either because the upper hemi pelvis is internally rotated or adducted, RI can be much greater than expected. We have developed a simple Pelvic Orientation Device (POD) to help achieve a horizontal pelvic sagittal plane. Methods: A model representing the posterior aspect of the pelvis was created. This permitted known movement in 2 planes to simulate internal rotation and adduction of the upper hemi pelvis, with 15 known pre-set positions. 20 participants tested the POD in 5 random, blinded position combinations, providing 200 readings. The accuracy was measured by subtracting each reading from the known value. Results: Two statistical outliers were identified and removed from analysis. The mean adduction error was 0.73°. For internal rotation, the mean error was −0.03°. Accuracy within 2.0° was achieved in 176 of 190 (93%) of readings. The maximum error was 3.6° for internal rotation and 3.1° for adduction. Conclusion: In a model pelvis the POD provided an accurate and reproducible method of achieving a horizontal sagittal plane. Applied clinically, this simple tool has the potential to reduce the high values of RI sometimes seen following THA in lateral decubitus.
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Abbasi, Sarwar Ali, Pingfa Feng, Y. Ma, XC Cai, DW Yu, and ZJ Wu. "Influence of tool inclination angle and cutting direction on long thin-walled part’s dimensional and geometric accuracy when high-speed ball end milling the heat-treated titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4 V." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 15 (2016): 2676–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215601451.
Full textAbstract:
Thin-walled parts are often used in various industrial applications and due to their functional requirements, higher accuracies are generally desired. But due to their low stiffness characteristics, deformation and chatter problems are frequently encountered in their machining, thus resulting in poor accuracy. Moreover, due to 5-axes milling, which is usually required for finish machining of such parts, further complexities in the process are added and, consequently, achieving higher accuracy becomes more challenging. Therefore, in this study, the influence of tool inclination angle and feeding direction has been investigated on the resultant surface accuracy of thin cantilever shaped parts in finish milling conditions through experiments, finite element method simulations and theoretical discussions. Moreover, since work material’s microstructure and hardness also have key influence on its machinability, therefore, the effect of heat treatment state on resulting surface accuracy also has been explored. Three different titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4 V specimens have been used. Two of the specimens were given solution treatment at 1050 ℃/1 h followed by aging at 550 ℃/4 h. One of the specimens after being solution treated was allowed to cool in air while the other was cooled in water to obtain different microstructure and hardness whereas the third specimen was used in as-received condition (casted). The three Ti–6Al–4 V specimens were machined at five different tool inclination angles (60°, 70°, 75°, 80°, and 85°) with two feeding directions (horizontal inwards and vertical inwards). Results have shown that the angle near the perpendicular to the surface i.e. 85° (5° away from the perpendicular) has lowest deformation value and also has better surface quality, which shows that the lowest effective cutting speed at this angle has helped in achieving higher accuracy. Moreover, among the cutting directions studied, vertical inward direction produces smoother surface due to its less pushing effect on the surface being cut as compared to horizontal inwards direction. And in terms of heat treatment state, the specimen which was cooled in air after being solution treated has produced better results for all cutting conditions studied, mainly attributed to fine homogenous lamellar α + β Ti–6Al–4 V structure achieved due to slow cooling rate of air. Analysis of variance using response surface methodology has been carried out to develop predictive model and to study the influence of each variable on the accuracy. The developed model has shown good accuracy when validated through additional experiments.
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Edakin, A. I., T. V. Edakina, V. V. Samoilova, and V. S. Ramzhaev. "Structural Synthesis and Analysis of Mechanisms with an Output Link Performing Two Rotational and One Translational Movements." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 11 (740) (November 2021): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2021-11-43-49.
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The article considers mechanisms based on a hinged flat parallelogram with an additional link, ensuring the ability to maintain the insertion point of the tool installed on the output link. A rotational kinematic pair coupled to the base allows the plane of rotation of the articulated parallelogram to change the angle of inclination. The proposed design should have a greater load capacity than the available analogues, since the rotational kinematic pair mating the articulated parallelogram with the base is made in the form of two semi-axes, and the output link is located between the intermediate links of this parallelogram. The equality of the rotation angles of the output link and the intermediate links of the articulated parallelogram is ensured by the presence of additional links or belt drives. Three-dimensional models of these mechanisms are presented, and their structural synthesis is carried out in various modifications. Depending on the modification, it becomes possible to apply such mechanisms not only in industry, including additive technologies, but also in the field of medicine during surgical operations and in the study of plasma properties.
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Lugovoi, V. P. "Comparative Analysis of Movements of Curved Ultrasonic Instruments." Science & Technique 22, no. 2 (2023): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2023-22-2-96-102.
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The paper presents a theoretical analysis of vibrations of a curvilinear rod in the form of a loop of low rigidity formed from a quarter of a circle with a constant radius, limited by an angle π/2 < γ < π and two rectilinear rods. It is indicated that in the practice of ultrasonic technology, some types of structures are known in which elastic elements are used as resonators, waveguides, oscillation transformers and instruments for influencing the processed materials. Their use makes it possible to obtain an additional impulse of force in the working area by using the potential energy caused by the action of the elastic properties of such elements. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the theoretical justification of the use of elastic elements in ultrasonic systems. In this regard, the present work is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of the use of an elastic tool made of a thin rod having the shape of a loop. The diagram and calculation of displacements of the free end of a curved rod under the action of forces directed along the longitudinal axis are given in the paper. It is shown that elastic displacements are caused by a curved shape in the form of an arc of a circle of a curved rod. For comparison, calculation schemes of two types of curved rod with an attached rod are given. In the first case, the free ends of the rectilinear rods, directed vertically downwards, make elastic movements along two coordinates. In the second case, the ends of rectilinear rods directed at a certain angle to the vertical axis and converging at the bottom point due to the symmetry of their location, make vertical movements only along one coordinate. The considered shape of the curved rod can be successfully used as a tool for performing technological tasks in the ultrasonic method of processing holes in brittle materials, spot welding, etc. Such a scheme, in contrast to the traditional ultrasonic treatment scheme based on the use of rectilinear rods, makes it possible to increase the magnitude of the vibration amplitude of the instrument due to elastic displacements of the curved section of the rod of low rigidity. The proposed form will increase the intensity of tool vibrations and increase process productivity and processing accuracy. The resulting calculation formula shows that the amount of elastic displacements of curved rods is affected by the cross-sectional stiffness and the radius of curvature of the curved part, as well as the angle of inclination of the rectilinear rod. The theoretical calculation is supplemented by a comparative experimental study of the Chladni forms for both schemes obtained on the sheet surface using abrasive particles.
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Chang, Fuh-Yu, Chuan-Fu Hsu, and Wen-Hui Lu. "Nanosecond-Fiber Laser Cutting and Finishing Process for Manufacturing Polycrystalline Diamond-Cutting Tool Blanks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (2021): 5871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135871.
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This paper presents a nanosecond-fiber-laser-based method for manufacturing polycrystalline-diamond (PCD) tool blanks. The effects of variations in the process path and operating parameters on the cut-surface morphology and surface-quality of the processed PCD workpieces have been analyzed. The results obtained in this study reveal the reactive fusion cutting mechanism to yield a processing depth of 155.2 µm at 30-W average laser power, 200-ns pulse width, and 30-kHz pulse frequency. The successful cutting of a 1.2-mm-thick PCD workpiece via implementation of the horizontal-shifting and vertical layer–by-layer processing methods is reported. Compared to the wire-electrical-discharge machining (WEDM), the proposed approach yields superior cut-surface roughness (Ra = 0.378 µm). Moreover, the laser processing was performed on a single-axis curved stage, on which the workpiece placed at an inclination during laser cutting and finishing. Thus, a PCD insert with an orthogonally cut edge, flat and pit-free finishing surface, and excellent tool-surface roughness (Ra = 0.202 µm) was obtained, thereby verifying the feasibility of the proposed approach. Furthermore, it is evident that the nanosecond-fiber laser can be used to not only cut and finish PCD inserts but also produce PCD workpieces oriented at different rake and clearance angles.