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Alesci, R., V. Porciatti, L. Sebastiani, and P. Bagnoli. "p-Chloroamphetamine treatment modifies evoked responses to sinusoidal gratings in the pigeon optic tectum." Visual Neuroscience 2, no. 2 (February 1989): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800012001.
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AbstractThis study was performed in order to establish whether selective depletion of serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the pigeon optic tectum (TeO) induced by p-chloroamphetamine (p-CA) modified tectal evoked potentials (TEPs). TEPs in response to sinusoidal gratings of different contrast, spatial and temporal frequency were recorded in control pigeons and in pigeons intraperitoneally injected with p-CA (10 mg/kg; two administrations in consecutive days). TEPs of p-CA treated pigeons, as compared to those of control pigeons, were reduced in amplitude as a function of contrast, spatial and temporal frequency. In addition, TEPs of p-CA treated pigeons differed from those recorded in controls in their transfer characteristics of contrast and spatial frequency. In particular, TEPs of p-CA treated pigeons did not saturate at moderate contrast, unlike those of controls. Furthermore, the TEP spatial tuning in p-CA treated pigeons is broader than that in controls; it thus suggests a reduction of spatial-frequency selectivity. These findings indicate that a selective neurotoxin for serotonergic systems, such as p-CA, can serve as a useful denervation tool for the study of the serotonergic function in the pigeon TeO. In addition, selective changes of TEP properties suggest the possibility that serotonergic afferents play a modulatory role on the receptive-field characteristics of tectal neurons.
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Marder, J., and I. Gavrieli-Levin. "The heat-acclimated pigeon: an ideal physiological model for a desert bird." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.3.952.
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Acclimation of rock pigeon (Columba livia) to high ambient temperature (Ta) 50 degrees C from the time of hatching resulted in a well-developed cutaneous evaporative cooling mechanism (CECM), which became the dominant mechanism for heat dissipation. After the age of 15 days and in adults, acclimated pigeons exposed to 48–60 degrees C Ta could regulate normal body temperature (Tb) without employing either panting or gular fluttering. Respiration rate varied between 36 +/- 12 (SD) and 35 +/- 14 breaths/min at moderate and at extreme high Ta's, respectively. During thermal stress (42, 45, and 47 degrees C) imposed in a metabolic chamber, nonpanting pigeons' heat balance was achieved by adjusting low-level heat production (46.2 +/- 6.8 W/m2) and by use of an efficient CECM that dissipated 145% of the metabolic heat. Tb was regulated between 40.7 +/- 0.5 and 41.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C over a wide range of Ta's (20–56 degrees C). The respiratory evaporative cooling mechanism (RECM) was effective since hatching. The CECM developed approximately 24 h later during the ontogeny of the altricial nestling pigeon. This trait, which exists in many bird species and may be a recent development, possibly evolved as an adaptation to hot environments. In the present study we have brought evidence for a multitrait physiological adaptation that takes preeminence in adjusting the processes involved in maintaining heat balance. This integrative complex creates a powerful, efficient tool for contending with the most extreme thermal conditions.
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Emefiene, M. E., V. I. Joshua, C. Nwadike, A. Y. Yaroson, and N. D. E. Zwalnan. "Profitability Analysis of Pigean Pea (Cajanus cajan) Production in Riyom LGA of Plateau State." International Letters of Natural Sciences 18 (July 2014): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.18.73.
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The study focused on the profitability of pigeon pea production in Riyom LGA of Plateau State. Data for the study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Questionnaires were administered to 80 targeted farmers to get information on their socio-economic characteristics, years of experience in pigeon pea production and the reason for growing pigeon pea. The analytical tool used includes descriptive statistics to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers and farm budgeting technique (gross margin analysis) for assessing the profitability of pigeon pea production. The study also identified the constraints encountered by farmers such as high cost of labour, inadequate processing / storage facilities, problems of access to credit/loans and weed/pest infestation. The results shows that pigeon pea production is profitable with a total variable cost (TVC) at N22620.68 per ha, while gross revenue (GR) was N50185.25 per ha, the profit margin (GM) at N32564.59 and the net return per Naira invested was N0.69. It was recommended that farm inputs and improved seed varieties should be made available to farmers at affordable rates so as to enable them operate at a commercial and profitable level of pigeon pea production. These farmers should be encouraged to form a cooperative society so as to alleviate the problem of credit/ loan acquisition and procurement of genuine products as well as avoid exploitation
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Evans, Richard. "Evidence-based orthopaedics or ‘superstition in the pigeon’." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 22, no. 05 (2009): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-08-12-0122.
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SummaryPigeon behavioural conditioning methods are similar to the processes that orthopaedic surgeons use to evaluate new surgical procedures. Alternatively, evidence-based orthopaedics is a tool for surgeons to evaluate procedures in a systematic, patient-centred way that is less instinctive than pigeon behaviour. The objective of this article is to describe evidence-based orthopaedics, and then propose changes to surgical culture with the aim of refining the interpretation of the current literature and improving the quality of future research. The proposals are ‘institutional’ changes rather than calls for increased funding and more randomised controlled trials.
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Zhang, Yanhui, Shili Lin, Haiping Ma, Yuanjun Guo, and Wei Feng. "A Novel Pigeon-Inspired Optimized RBF Model for Parallel Battery Branch Forecasting." Complexity 2021 (February 22, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8895496.
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Battery energy storage is the pivotal project of renewable energy systems reform and an effective regulator of energy flow. Parallel battery packs can effectively increase the capacity of battery modules. However, the power loss caused by the uncertainty of parallel battery branch current poses severe challenge to the economy and safety of electric vehicles. Accuracy of battery branch current prediction is needed to improve the parallel connection. This paper proposes a radial basis function neural network model based on the pigeon-inspired optimization method and successfully applies the algorithm to predict the parallel branch current of the battery pack. Numerical results demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed pigeon-inspired optimized RBF model for parallel battery branch forecasting and provide a useful tool for the prediction of parallel branch currents of battery packs.
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Chen, Yan, Xinyu Liu, Shan Li, and Hong Wan. "Decoding Pigeon Behavior Outcomes Using Functional Connections among Local Field Potentials." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3505371.
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Recent studies indicate that the local field potential (LFP) carries information about an animal’s behavior, but issues regarding whether there are any relationships between the LFP functional networks and behavior tasks as well as whether it is possible to employ LFP network features to decode the behavioral outcome in a single trial remain unresolved. In this study, we developed a network-based method to decode the behavioral outcomes in pigeons by using the functional connectivity strength values among LFPs recorded from the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL). In our method, the functional connectivity strengths were first computed based on the synchronization likelihood. Second, the strength values were unwrapped into row vectors and their dimensions were then reduced by principal component analysis. Finally, the behavioral outcomes in single trials were decoded using leave-one-out combined with the k-nearest neighbor method. The results showed that the LFP functional network based on the gamma-band was related to the goal-directed behavior of pigeons. Moreover, the accuracy of the network features (74 ± 8%) was significantly higher than that of the power features (61 ± 12%). The proposed method provides a powerful tool for decoding animal behavior outcomes using a neural functional network.
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Gonçalves, Saulo Romero Felix, Órion Pedro Da Silva, Mariana Lumack do Monte Barretto, Rômulo Freitas Francelino Dias, Raylson Pereira De Oliveira, Gabriela Gonçalves Da Silva, Pedro Paulo Feitosa De Albuquerque, Márcia De Figueiredo Pereira, and Andrea Alice Da Fonseca Oliveira. "Systemic Cryptococcosis in a Miniature Schnauzer Dog." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (June 17, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86857.
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Background: Cryptococcosis is an important zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide. The disease is caused by a soilborne opportunistic fungus of the genus Cryptococcus, which can also be found in the feces of birds, especially pigeons. In Brazil, the geographical distribution of the agent is fairly defined, with the species C. gattii predominantly found in thenorth-eastern states. Diagnosis is based on the clinical history, physical examination findings, and results of complementary testing, such as cytopathological and histopathological examinations. This report aims to describe the clinical and anatomopathological findings in a case of systemic cryptococcosis in a dog.Case: A 4-year-old female Miniature Schnauzer was referred for necropsy. For 3 months prior to death, the dog had displayed generalized alopecia, pruritus, and severe weight loss, Initially, a private veterinarian had suspected leishmaniasis. Gross examination was performed and samples for cytopathology, histopathology, and fungal culture were obtained. Themacroscopic examination revealed generalized alopecia, congested mucosa, cachexia, hyperemia of the brain, and multiple white nodules measuring 0.5 cm to 4 cm in the lungs and the kidneys. None of the other organs showed significant lesions. Cytopathological examination of the nodules revealed a highly cellular sample, with a severe chronic inflammatory response, characterized by multinucleated giant cells and round-to-elliptical, yeast-shaped structures (5-10 μm), suggestive ofCryptococcus organisms. Histopathological examination of the lungs, kidneys, and brain revealed a severe diffuse chronic inflammatory process, with lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated giant cells; countless yeast-shaped, round-to-ovoid structures (similar in appearance to “soap bubbles”) that were negative in hematoxylin-eosin stain were also present.Grocott’s methenamine silver stain was then applied, which positively stained the organism capsules black, confirming Cryptococcus. For mycological diagnosis, samples from the lungs nodules were cultured on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol 0.4% and incubated for 7 days at 25-30ºC. Abundant small, smooth, irregular-sized,cream-colored colonies were obtained, and a mycological smear, stained by India ink, was performed.Discussion: Considered an uncommon disease, canine cryptococcosis can be misdiagnosed. Clinical findings, such as alopecia, lymphadenopathy, and cutaneous nodules that may be ulcerated, are commonly seen in these patients due to the hematogenous spread of the organism. In the case described, the dog’s owner was contacted and asked to provide epidemiological information. The owner reported that the dog had lived in an apartment, with little access to the street; however, pigeons were frequently observed on the balcony, along with pigeon feces in the dog feeder. The presence of pigeon feces is a risk factor for the development and spread of the fungus, which may be problematic to public health. Cytopathological examination is a simple, quick diagnostic tool with good sensitivity for some infectious agents. Mycological culture can provide results due to the characteristic of the Cryptococcus sp., since the encapsulated yeast produces a mucous-like colony. Cryptococcosis has a relevant role in public health, so a precise diagnosis is imperative. Its diagnosis is based upon culture, cytology and serological tools. When the animal does not survive to the ilness, the association between necropsyfindings and histopathological examinations is essencial.Keywords: canine, diagnostic, yeast, anatomopathology.
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Benítez Benítez, Ricardo, Wilmar Fernando Elvira Tabares, Luis Alberto Lenis Velásquez, Clara Inés Hurtado Sánchez, and Omar Alberto Salinas Cruel. "Enzymatic hydrolysis as a tool to improve total digestibility and techno-functional properties of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) starch." Heliyon 7, no. 8 (August 2021): e07817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07817.
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Proskura, WS, A. Lukaszewicz, E. Dzierzba, D. Cichon, D. Zaborski, W. Grzesiak, and A. Dybus. "The Cys83Gly amino acid substitution in feather keratin is associated with pigeon performance in long-distance races." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 4 (April 10, 2017): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/271/2015-vetmed.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the g.710T>G polymorphism in the keratin gene, which results in a cysteine to glycine amino acid change at position 83 (Cys83Gly) in feather keratin, with homing pigeon racing performance. A total of 123 homing pigeons were investigated. The data set used in this study consisted of scores from 17 short races (less than 400 km) and 11 long races (greater than 500 km) that took place in the 2011 and 2012 racing seasons (2589 race records in total). The genotyping of the g.710T>G polymorphism was performed using the artificially created restriction site-PCR assay. The T allele and the TT genotype were prevalent with frequencies of 0.658 and 0.447, respectively. The TT pigeons had the highest mean of ace points in the long races and in all races overall, while the GT birds scored the best in the short races. Nevertheless, the effect of the polymorphism was significant only in the long races (P = 0.0451), in which the pigeons carrying the TT genotype showed better racing performance in comparison with those carrying the GG genotype (P ≤ 0.05). In order to explain this phenomenon, several bioinformatics tools were employed to check for the possible consequences of the Cys83Gly substitution for feather keratin. The cysteine at position 83 was indicated to form a disulphide bond, while the Cys83Gly substitution was predicted to disturb the stability of the protein. However, the predictions preformed using the different tools were not entirely consistent. Nevertheless, the loss of the cysteine at position 83 of pigeon feather keratin may affect the structure of feathers, thus changing their biomechanical characteristics, and consequently, may influence the flying ability of pigeons.
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Puig-Sirera, Àngela, Daniele Antichi, Dylan Warren Raffa, and Giovanni Rallo. "Application of Remote Sensing Techniques to Discriminate the Effect of Different Soil Management Treatments over Rainfed Vineyards in Chianti Terroir." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040716.
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The work aimed to discriminate among different soil management treatments in terms of beneficial effects by high-resolution thermal and spectral vegetation imagery using an unmanned aerial vehicle and open-source GIS software. Five soil management treatments were applied in two organic vineyards (cv. Sangiovese) from Chianti Classico terroir (Tuscany, Italy) during two experimental years. The treatments tested consisted of conventional tillage, spontaneous vegetation, pigeon bean (Vicia faba var. minor Beck) incorporated in spring, mixture of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and clover (Trifolium squarrosum L.) incorporated or left as dead mulch in late spring. The images acquired remotely were analyzed through map-algebra and map-statistics in QGIS and correlated with field ecophysiological measurements. The surface temperature, crop water stress index (CWSI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of each vine row under treatments were compared based on frequency distribution functions and statistics descriptors of position. The spectral vegetation and thermal-based indices were significantly correlated with the respective leaf area index (R2 = 0.89) and stem water potential measurements (R2 = 0.59), and thus are an expression of the crop vigor and water status. The gravel and active limestone soil components determined the spatial variability of vine biophysical (e.g., canopy vigor) and physiological characteristics (e.g., vine chlorophyll content) in both farms. The vine canopy surface temperature, and CWSI were lower on the spontaneous and pigeon bean treatments in both farms, thus evidencing less physiological stress on the vine rows derived from the cover crop residual effect. In conclusion, the proposed methodology showed the capacity to discriminate across soil management practices and map the spatial variability within vineyards. The methodology could serve as a simple and non-invasive tool for precision soil management in rainfed vineyards to guide producers on using the most efficient and profitable practice.
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Li, Yanyan, Qianqian Xu, Tingting Zhang, Mengying Gao, Qiuling Wang, Zongxi Han, Yuhao Shao, Deying Ma, and Shengwang Liu. "Host Avian Beta-Defensin and Toll-Like Receptor Responses of Pigeons following Infection with Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 18 (July 10, 2015): 6415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01413-15.
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ABSTRACTThe high morbidity and mortality in pigeons caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) highlights the need for new insights into the host immune response and novel treatment approaches. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are key components of the innate immune system. In this study, three novel avian β-defensins (AvBDs 2, 7, and 10) were characterized in pigeons and shown to possess direct antiviral activity against PPMV-1in vitro. In addition, we evaluated the mRNA expression of these AvBDs and other immune-related genes in tissues of 2-month-old infected pigeons at 3 and 7 days postinfection. We observed that the expression of AvBD2 in the cecal tonsil, lungs, and proventriculus, as well as the expression of AvBD10 in the spleen, lungs, proventriculus, and kidneys, was upregulated in infected pigeons. Similarly, the expression of both Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7 was increased in the spleen, trachea, and proventriculus, while TLR15 expression was increased only in the lungs of infected pigeons. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was upregulated in the spleen, the bursa of Fabricius, the trachea, and the proventriculus of infected pigeons. Furthermore, we observed a high correlation between the expression of AvBD2 and the expression of either TLR7 or TLR15, as well as between AvBD10 expression and either TLR3 or TLR7 expression in respective tissues. The results suggest that PPMV-1 infection can induce innate host responses characterized by the activation of TLRs, particularly TLR3 and TLR7, AvBDs (2 and 10), and iNOS in pigeons.
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-i-Abbas, Fakhar, Fakhar -i-Abbas, Fakhra Nazir, and Fida Muhammad Khan. "Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Analysis of Dove and Pigeon Species (Aves: Columbidae) of Pakistan, Based on COI Region of Mitochondrial DNA." Journal of Bioresource Management 7, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.0202.0138.
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Doves and Pigeons are the members of living family Columbidae (Order: Columbiformes) having a wide range of taxonomic diversity and geographic distribution. Seven species with one sample each of family Columbidae were collected via random sampling from different districts of Pakistan to carry out this study. The targeted gene region was sequenced and identified by using BLAST tool at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). CLUSTALW was used for sequence alignment and MEGA6 for reconstruction of phylogenetic trees to predict the effective ancestry of different Columbidae species. The following phylogenetic trees were obtained i.e. Maximum Likelihood tree, Neighborhood joining tree, Maximum parsimony tree and UPGMA tree. In the current study, COI gene barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of family Columbidae gave results of multiple alignment which showed that Columba livia livia and Columba eversmanni, closely resembled as well as Spilopelia senegalensis and Streptopelia decaocta. While Streptopelia tranquebarica and Spilopelia chinensis have great affinity due to small clade difference and Treron phoenicoptera was distinctly related to other species due to large clade difference.
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Aksomaitiene, Jurgita, Sigita Ramonaite, Aleksandr Novoslavskij, Mindaugas Malakauskas, and Egle Kudirkiene. "Draft Genome Sequence of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone Resistant Campylobacter jejuni MM26-781 Assigned to Novel ST Isolated From Common Pigeon in Lithuania." Evolutionary Bioinformatics 15 (January 2019): 117693431986846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1176934319868469.
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Campylobacter jejuni is an important zoonotic pathogen known to be resistant to a wide range of antibiotics worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni may be intrinsically resistant to antibiotics or can acquire antibiotic resistance determinants through gene transfer. However, the knowledge of molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter isolates from wild birds, especially in Lithuania, is limited. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a tool for better understanding the evolutionary and epidemiologic dynamics of C jejuni. This study describes a draft whole genome sequence of C jejuni MM26-781 isolated from a common pigeon ( Columba livia) in Lithuania in 2011 and assigned to ST-6424 (CC179) sequence type. The draft genome sequence contained 1.68 Mb, comprising 1651 coding genes, 40 transfer RNAs, 1 ribosomal RNA, and 69 pseudogenes with an average G + C content of 30.4%. The RAST (Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology) pipeline annotated (NCTC11168) a total of 305 subsystems in the genome of C jejuni MM26-781 strain, with most of the genes associated with amino acids and derivatives related to metabolism (18.93%) and protein metabolism (14.43%). The genes and mutations related to antibiotic resistance, including gyrA and gyrB genes associated with quinolone resistance, blaOXA-448 gene (locus tag C9371_07715) associated with resistance to β-lactams, rpoB gene associated with resistance to rifamycin, vgaE gene associated with resistance to streptogramin and efflux system CmeABC ( cmeA, cmeB, cmeC), efflux pump PmrA, and transcriptional regulator CmeR responsible for multidrug resistance in C jejuni MM26-781 chromosome, were identified. Also, the virulence factors, including ciaB, cadF, ceuE, pldA, motB, and bd1A genes, were identified by WGS data analysis.
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Nelson, Bryan Raveen, Mazrul Aswady Mamat, Wong Cheeho, and Salwa Shahimi. "Forest birds as diversity indicator in suburban and residential areas." Ecofeminism and Climate Change 1, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/efcc-03-2020-0007.
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Purpose Birds are biological indicators for environment health in which their sightings and abundance could reflect a certain situation or become evaluation tool for co-existence of another species. Here, the study aims to observe urban settlements with substantial forestation, may it be artificial or natural, and the occurrence of bird assemblage across time. Considering the foraging activity of birds hardcoded with sustainability, their spatial overlap resultant into service provision, which can mean, baseline occurrence or an expected encounter equates to support system for ecological vigour. Design/methodology/approach From this, birds could indicate external environment vulnerability related to climatic fluctuations, whereby documentation of their arrival across spatial-temporal regimes allowed us to understand their distribution between residential and forested areas. Findings Though urban birds are abundant and viewed less important for conservation, the existence of certain species such as long-tailed shrike and little green pigeon disclose the types of food they consume and, the other types of birds attracted to their prey. With regard, the sightings of these birds would mean an encounter with 20 or more other species at a bird watching occasion, though it is limited to the sightings of urban birds. Originality/value Subject to criteria for green space, attaining plenty of bird species provides understanding of food availability, the support services and opportunity for urban birds to thrive in midst the opportunity for resources such as food, perching grounds and sufficient numbers of counterparts to reproduce into healthy urban bird populations.
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Nwosu, C. C., and R. Beuing. "Effect of Rotation Number on Parameter of Fertilisation of Poligamously Mating Domestic Pigeons (Columba Livia L.)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 3, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v3i2.2517.
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In the rotation method to break the monogamous mating habits, 24 male and 24 female racing pigeons were used. They were didved into three groups, each consisting of 8 male and 8 feamle pigeons put separated in three huts A, B, C. At the first rotation (second mating) female pigeons of hut a were moved to hut B; all female pigeons of hut B to hut C while female pigeons of hut C took the place of female pigeons of hut A. The females were rotated sequentially three times and the male pigeons three times also. With regard to percentage fertilization and productivity rate, there were no significant differences at 5% level (P>0.05) among the rotations. The regression (b - 0.72%) of percentage fertilization on rotation number and the regression (b - 0.89%) of productivity rate on rotation number were found not to be significantly different from zero. The correlation coefficients attached to both regressions (r 0.41 and r -0.34) respectively were not significant at 5% level. The rotational mating method did not depress the parameters of fertility tested and is, as such a useful tool to induce pigeons to sequential polygamy.
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Matsui, Hiroshi, and Ei-Ichi Izawa. "Flexible motor adjustment of pecking with an artificially extended bill in crows but not in pigeons." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 2 (February 2017): 160796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160796.
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The dextrous foraging skills of primates, including humans, are underpinned by flexible vision-guided control of the arms/hands and even tools as body-part extensions. This capacity involves a visuomotor conversion process that transfers the locations of the hands/arms and a target in retinal coordinates into body coordinates to generate a reaching/grasping movement and to correct online. Similar capacities have evolved in birds, such as tool use in corvids and finches, which represents the flexible motor control of extended body parts. However, the flexibility of avian head-reaching and bill-grasping with body-part extensions remains poorly understood. This study comparatively investigated the flexibility of pecking with an artificially extended bill in crows and pigeons. Pecking performance and kinematics were examined when the bill extension was attached, and after its removal. The bill extension deteriorated pecking in pigeons in both performance and kinematics over 10 days. After the bill removal, pigeons started bill-grasping earlier, indicating motor adaptation to the bill extension. Contrastingly, pecking in crows was deteriorated transiently with the bill extension, but was recovered by adjusting pecking at closer distances, suggesting a quick adjustment to the bill extension. These results indicate flexible visuomotor control to extended body parts in crows but not in pigeons.
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Van Rosendaal, G. "And then they took away the pigeon holes." Canadian Medical Association Journal 181, no. 6-7 (August 17, 2009): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090052.
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Singh, Neetu, Rajesh Kumar Vishwakarma, U. S. Shivhare, Santanu Basu, and G. S. Vijaya Raghavan. "Effect of Moisture Content and Orientation on Force-Deformation Behavior of Pigeon Pea Grains during Uniaxial Compression." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 3 (2017): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12070.
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Abstract. The force-deformation behavior of pigeon pea grains and its correlation with moisture content was studied. Hertz’s theory of contact stresses was applied to predict the splitting and failure of cotyledons during uni-axial compressive loading between two rigid parallel plates. The apparent modulus of elasticity of pigeon pea decreased from 280.52 to 9.29 MPa when force was applied normal to the hilum joint (horizontal loading), whereas it decreased from 208.08 to 33.37 MPa when force was applied in the direction of the hilum joint (vertical loading) with an increase in moisture content from 5.28% to 34.568% (d.b.). At higher moisture contents (15.17% and above), the grains yielded after considerable deformation, thus showing a change in nature from brittle to ductile. Distribution of stresses below the point of contact were calculated and plotted to predict the location of the critical point, which was found at 0.45 to 0.75 mm and at 0.50 to 0.67 mm below the contact point in vertical and horizontal loading, respectively, depending on moisture content. The bio-yield of pigeon pea grains was due to breakage of the cotyledons in horizontal loading, whereas it was due to separation of the cotyledons in vertical loading. Separation of the cotyledons from each other was initiated before yielding of the cotyledons at lower moisture contents, and thus splitting of the seed took place. Keywords: Contact stresses, Hertz theory, Mechanical properties, Pigeon peas, Splitting.
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Cascini, G., G. Giovani, P. Rissone, and F. Rotini. "Integrated design of turbomachinery through a STEP-XML platform for data exchange." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 219, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440505x32373.
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Design tool integration is a primary goal for any technical department in order to satisfy time constraints imposed by the market competition. While commercial products actually present valuable integration features, custom tools developed on the basis of company know-how are still lacking from this point of view. In this paper the authors describe a procedure to build an XML platform capable of integrating design tools, preserving their architecture. This database allows the storage of product configurations and its dimensional parameters in a hierarchical structure that can be easily translated into STEP format. In such a way a virtual prototype of the part can be obtained by a descriptor-based modelling system that allows design cycle automation and complete design tool integration. The work has been developed within the framework of cooperation between Nuovo Pignone, the Florentine plant of General Electric - Oil and Gas, and the University of Florence.
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Pettit, Benjamin, Andrea Flack, Robin Freeman, Tim Guilford, and Dora Biro. "Not just passengers: pigeons, Columba livia , can learn homing routes while flying with a more experienced conspecific." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1750 (January 7, 2013): 20122160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2160.
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For animals that travel in groups, the directional choices of conspecifics are potentially a rich source of information for spatial learning. In this study, we investigate how the opportunity to follow a locally experienced demonstrator affects route learning by pigeons over repeated homing flights. This test of social influences on navigation takes advantage of the individually distinctive routes that pigeons establish when trained alone. We found that pigeons learn routes just as effectively while flying with a partner as control pigeons do while flying alone. However, rather than learning the exact route of the demonstrator, the paired routes shifted over repeated flights, which suggests that the birds with less local experience also took an active role in the navigational task. The efficiency of the original routes was a key factor in how far they shifted, with less efficient routes undergoing the greatest changes. In this context, inefficient routes are unlikely to be maintained through repeated rounds of social transmission, and instead more efficient routes are achieved because of the interaction between social learning and information pooling.
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Jiang, Xiaogeng, and Robert J. Cripps. "Accuracy evaluation of rotary axes of five-axis machine tools with a single setup of a double ball bar." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 3 (August 8, 2016): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415617448.
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A double ball bar (DBB) is used extensively to evaluate the geometric and dynamic performance of three-axis machine tools by means of the XY, YZ and XZ planar circular tests. However, research using a DBB to test the rotary axes of five-axis machine tools simply, quickly and effectively is scarce. In this paper, a method having two steps to identify the imprecision of the rotary axes caused by the position-independent geometric errors (PIGEs) is presented for a tilting rotary type five-axis machine tool using a DBB. The first step is designed to evaluate two rotary axes with one setup. Its advantage of fast diagnosis effectively reduces the machine down time, and thus can be employed as a quick testing approach of the machine tool. However, if some of the diagnosed errors fall outside their tolerances, a more accurate but slower check needs to be carried out due to the limitation of the first step. The second step aims to test the two rotary axes separately, each in two sub-steps. By means of varying the position of the pivot, the A- and C-axes can be tested individually. Both steps are performed with only one axis moving, thus simplifying the error analysis. Implementation of the proposed methods was carried out on a Hermle C600U five-axis machine tool. To show the validity of the method, the identified PIGEs are compensated for in each step, which suggests that the first step can be used as a fast and preliminary indication of a five-axis machine tool’s performance, whilst the second can be carried out if a more thorough evaluation is needed.
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Huo, Mengzhen, Haibin Duan, and Yanming Fan. "Pigeon-Inspired Circular Formation Control for Multi-UAV System with Limited Target Information." Guidance, Navigation and Control 01, no. 01 (March 2021): 2150004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2737480721500047.
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The problem of cooperative circular formation with limited target information for multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system is addressed in this paper. A pigeon-inspired circular formation control method is proposed to form the desired circular distribution in a plane based on the intelligent pigeon behavior during hovering. To reach the goal of prescribed radius and angular distribution, the controller is designed consisting of a circular movement part and a formation distribution part. Therein, the circular movement part is designed to make each UAV rotate around the specified circle at the same angular speed only using the relative position between the UAV and the target. The formation distribution part could adjust the angular distance between each UAV and its neighbors with the jointly connected network to reduce communication cost. To smooth the speed variation, nonlinear PID-type method is delivered throughout the evolution of the system. The convergence analysis of the proposed control protocol is presented using Lyapunov theory and graph tools. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategies is demonstrated through numerical simulations.
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Пінчук, Н. Г. "Патогенність та вірулентність ізолятів Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiaе." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2018.02.23.
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae неоднорідний за здатністю до утворення токсинів, ферментів та інших факторів патогенності. У даній статті нами було охарактеризовано 54 польові ізоляти Erysipelothrix rhusio-pathiae, виділені з різних регіонів України, від різних видів тварин і встановлено, що 52 % ізолятів належить до середньо вірулентних; найменший відсоток (13 %) становлять високо вірулентні і 35 % – слабо вірулентні ізоляти. Необхідно зазначити, що високо вірулентні ізоляти були виділені від загиблих свиней Південного-Східного регіону України (Автономна республіка Крим із м. Севастополь, Дніпропетровська, Запорізька, Кіровоградська, Миколаївська, Одеська та Херсонська області). Отримані результати досліджень стали підставою для відбору 7 високо вірулентних ізолятів Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, які можуть бути використані як контрольні при контролюванні якості вакцин живих та інактивованих проти бешихи свиней на лабораторних білих мишах.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is heterogeneous in the ability to form toxins, enzymes and other pathogenicity factors. Despite the fact that the pathogens of pigs’ erysipelas belong to the number of microorganisms that are easy to isolate and identify, without using complex diagnostic tools and techniques, the issue of the pathogenicity of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and the presence of pathogenic factors involved in the mechanisms of the onset and development of pathological processes remains.
The material for the study was 47 isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, isolated from pigs with a septic form of the disease, in chronic and atypical course of the disease, and from clinically healthy pigs; 2 isolates are isolated from poultry (laying hens); 3 – from turkeys; 2 – pigeons.
In this article we have studied and characterized 54 field Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates isolated from different regions of Ukraine from different species of animals and found that 52 % of isolates belong to medium virulent; the smallest percentage (13 %) is highly virulent and 35 %, respectively, weakly virulent isolates.
As a result of the studies, it was found that 7 isolates belonging to the group of highly virulent cultures Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (6 isolated from pathological material of dead pigs and 1 – from turkeys; Log LD50 was 1.7–2.2). A slightly lower virulence was found in 24 cultures of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from the pathological material of dead pigs and 2 from turkeys, 1 from chickens, 1 – from the pigeon; Log LD50 was 2.93–4.05. 17 isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from pigs, 1 from laying hens and 1 from the pigeon were classified as weakly virulent (Log LD50> 6.0). It should be noted that highly virulent isolates were isolated from the dead pigs of the South-East region of Ukraine (Autonomous Republic of Crimea from Sevastopol, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Kirovograd, Mykolayiv, Odesa and Kherson regions).
The obtained results of the research became the basis for selection of 7 highly virulent isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, which can be used as controls for controlling the quality of vaccines live and inactivated against white skinned pigs in laboratory white mice.
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Xiong, Dan, Li Song, Zhiming Pan, and Xinan Jiao. "Molecular cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of pigeon (Columba livia) Toll-like receptor 5." Poultry Science 97, no. 11 (November 2018): 4031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey244.
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Bose, Michael, David Slick, Mickey J. Sarto, Patrick Murphy, David Roberts, Jacqueline Roberts, and Robert D. Barber. "Identification of SmtB/ArsRciselements and proteins in archaea using the Prokaryotic InterGenic Exploration Database (PIGED)." Archaea 2, no. 1 (2006): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/837139.
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Microbial genome sequencing projects have revealed an apparently wide distribution of SmtB/ArsR metal-responsive transcriptional regulators among prokaryotes. Using a position-dependent weight matrix approach, prokaryotic genome sequences were screened for SmtB/ArsR DNA binding sites using data derived from intergenic sequences upstream of orthologous genes encoding these regulators. Sixty SmtB/ArsR operators linked to metal detoxification genes, including nine among various archaeal species, are predicted among 230 annotated and draft prokaryotic genome sequences. Independent multiple sequence alignments of putative operator sites and corresponding winged helix-turn-helix motifs define sequence signatures for the DNA binding activity of this SmtB/ArsR subfamily. Prediction of an archaeal SmtB/ArsR based upon these signature sequences is confirmed using purifiedMethanosarcina acetivoransC2A protein and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Tools used in this study have been incorporated into a web application, the Prokaryotic InterGenic Exploration Database (PIGED; http://bioinformatics.uwp.edu/~PIGED/home.htm), facilitating comparable studies. Use of this tool and establishment of orthology based on DNA binding signatures holds promise for deciphering potential cellular roles of various archaeal winged helix-turn-helix transcriptional regulators.
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Jail, Mrs Manisha. "Evaluation of effect of different pesticides on pigeon pea using statistical tools in field experiment." IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 8, no. 8 (2014): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-08812427.
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Zentall, Thomas R., and Aaron P. Smith. "Delayed matching-to-sample: A tool to assess memory and other cognitive processes in pigeons." Behavioural Processes 123 (February 2016): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2015.07.002.
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Al-Noayme, Zahra A., and Ayman A. Al-Alhially. "A cytopathological study of the role of liver impression as a diagnostic tool in pigeons." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 35, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2020.127170.1477.
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Vines, Gail. "Review: Superdove: How the pigeons took Manhattan… and the world by Courtney Humphries." New Scientist 199, no. 2674 (September 2008): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(08)62379-9.
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Xiong, Dan, Li Song, Yang Jiao, Xilong Kang, Xiang Chen, Shizhong Geng, Zhiming Pan, and Xinan Jiao. "Mutational analysis identifies leucine-rich repeat insertions crucial for pigeon toll-like receptor 7 recognition and signaling." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 168, no. 1-2 (November 2015): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.012.
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Soliński, Wojciech. "Z Hrabalem wśród zwierząt." Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze, no. 17 (2020): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsl.2020.17.07.
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The article aims to interpret the so-called ‘animal prose’ by Bohumil Hrabal using some of the contemporary tools developed within animal studies, especially those that directly or indirectly address the broadly understood question of hunting. By ‘animal prose’ the author of this article understands these works by the Czech writer whose protagonists or narrative personae are wild, domesticated and breed animals, including the domestic and homing pigeons. All Hrabal’s works show a discernible tension in the human protagonists, torn between the species guilt and the realization that a return to the natural state is a classic example of wishful thinking.
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Dillard, Courtney. "Civil Disobedience: A Case Study in Factors of Effectiveness." Society & Animals 10, no. 1 (2002): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853002760030879.
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AbstractBetween 1989 and 1998, The Fund for Animals organized protests and acts of civil disobedience against the largest pigeon shoot in this country. During this long campaign, The Fund used a variety of approaches to argue for its position. This article focuses on two distinct enactments of civil disobedience at the Hegins shoot. Through an historical comparative analysis, the article describes the acts of civil disobedience and the context within which they took place for both 1992 and 1996. The article focuses on audience reaction, including media representatives, in order to discern why onlookers may have found one instance of civil disobedience more compelling than another. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of civil disobedience may be determined in part by the way it is enacted. Specifically, civil disobedience is more persuasive when enacted in clearly nonviolent/non-threatening ways and when participants demonstrate not only a willingness to suffer for their beliefs but also an interest in communicating that suffering to onlookers.
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Horn, Ruben V., Windleyanne G. A. Bezerra, Elisângela S. Lopes, Régis S. C. Teixeira, Isaac N. G. Silva, Mariana D. Bona, Alexandre Havt, and William M. Cardoso. "Antimicrobial susceptibility and diarrheagenic diagnosis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from feral pigeons (Columba livia) captured in Fortaleza, Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 11 (November 2018): 2150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5633.
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ABSTRACT: This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from captured feral pigeons in Fortaleza, Brazil, and, in addition to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and diagnose diarrheagenic E. coli strains. Pigeons were captured in four public locations in Fortaleza with three techniques. Individual cloacal swab samples were collected and submitted to bacterial isolation, biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Disk diffusion technique was used with twelve antibiotics. E. coli strains were submitted to DNA extraction followed by PCR to diagnose five diarrheagenic pathotypes. A total of 124 birds were captured. One bird was positive for Salmonella enterica (0.81%) and 121 (97.58%) were positive for E. coli. Among these, 110 isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test and 28.18% (31/110) presented resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance to azithromycin was the most frequent (21.82%), followed by tetracycline (10.91%) and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (8.9%). Multidrug resistance, calculated as a resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial classes, was identified in 3.64% (4/110) of strains. The maximum number of antimicrobial classes to which one strain was resistant was seven. Results demonstrated nine different resistance profiles and the most frequent was tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (4 strains), followed by chloramphenicol, azithromycin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (3 strains). Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and tobramycin presented lowest levels of antimicrobial resistance, to which none of the tested strains were resistant. A single strain was positive for the eltB gene, which is a diagnostic tool to identify the Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pathotype. None of the other investigated genes (stx1, stx2, estA, eaeA, ipaH, aatA and aaiC) were identified. The single isolate of S. enterica was a rough strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, but serotype identification was not possible. However, this isolate presented resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. Therefore, captured feral pigeons of Fortaleza presented a low prevalence of S. enterica and diarrheagenic E. coli. Considering the investigated pathogens, our results suggest a good health status and a low public health risk. However, important antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified.
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Andrade, Pedro, Małgorzata A. Gazda, Pedro M. Araújo, Sandra Afonso, Jacob A. Rasmussen, Cristiana I. Marques, Ricardo J. Lopes, M. Thomas P. Gilbert., and Miguel Carneiro. "Molecular parallelisms between pigmentation in the avian iris and the integument of ectothermic vertebrates." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): e1009404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009404.
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Birds exhibit striking variation in eye color that arises from interactions between specialized pigment cells named chromatophores. The types of chromatophores present in the avian iris are lacking from the integument of birds or mammals, but are remarkably similar to those found in the skin of ectothermic vertebrates. To investigate molecular mechanisms associated with eye coloration in birds, we took advantage of a Mendelian mutation found in domestic pigeons that alters the deposition of yellow pterin pigments in the iris. Using a combination of genome-wide association analysis and linkage information in pedigrees, we mapped variation in eye coloration in pigeons to a small genomic region of ~8.5kb. This interval contained a single gene, SLC2A11B, which has been previously implicated in skin pigmentation and chromatophore differentiation in fish. Loss of yellow pigmentation is likely caused by a point mutation that introduces a premature STOP codon and leads to lower expression of SLC2A11B through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. There were no substantial changes in overall gene expression profiles between both iris types as well as in genes directly associated with pterin metabolism and/or chromatophore differentiation. Our findings demonstrate that SLC2A11B is required for the expression of pterin-based pigmentation in the avian iris. They further highlight common molecular mechanisms underlying the production of coloration in the iris of birds and skin of ectothermic vertebrates.
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Mazumder, AC, S. Khatun, M. Nooruzzaman, EH Chowdhury, PM Das, and MR Islam. "Isolation and identification of Newcastle disease viruses from field outbreaks in chickens and pigeons." Bangladesh Veterinarian 29, no. 2 (March 30, 2013): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v29i2.14341.
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Eleven dead or sick birds submitted from farms in the year 2010 with a history of sudden death with respiratory and/or diarrhoeal signs were used for isolation and identification of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). All samples were subjected to routine necropsy. Pooled respiratory tissues were inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs and chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture. The growth of NDV was confirmed by embryo mortality, cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell culture, haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The presence of NDV was confirmed by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At necropsy seven cases were tentatively diagnosed as Newcastle disease (ND). Out of seven ND-suspected samples, four yielded virus in both embryos and cell culture, while one was positive only in embryos, one only in cell culture and one sample was negative in both embryos and cell culture. RT-PCR successfully amplified a 766 bp fragment covering parts of Matrix and Fusion protein genes of NDV from the samples that were positive either in embryos or in cell culture. It is suggested that RT-PCR could be a rapid and sensitive tool for the detection of NDV. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v29i2.14341 Bangl. vet. 2012. Vol. 29, No. 2, 41-48
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Portugal, Steven J., Rhianna L. Ricketts, Jackie Chappell, Craig R. White, Emily L. Shepard, and Dora Biro. "Boldness traits, not dominance, predict exploratory flight range and homing behaviour in homing pigeons." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1727 (July 3, 2017): 20160234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0234.
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Group living has been proposed to yield benefits that enhance fitness above the level that would be achieved through living as solitary individuals. Dominance hierarchies occur commonly in these social assemblages, and result, by definition, in resources not being evenly distributed between group members. Determinants of rank within a dominance hierarchy can be associated with morphological characteristics, previous experience of the individual, or personality traits such as exploration tendencies. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether greater exploration and positive responses to novel objects in homing pigeons ( Columba livia ) measured under laboratory conditions were associated with (i) greater initial exploration of the local area around the home loft during spontaneous exploration flights (SEF), (ii) faster and more efficient homing flights when released from further afield, and (iii) whether the traits of greater exploration and more positive responses to novel objects were more likely to be exhibited by the more dominant individuals within the group. There was no relationship between laboratory-based novel object exploration and position within the dominance hierarchy. Pigeons that were neophobic under laboratory conditions did not explore the local area during SEF opportunities. When released from sites further from home, neophobic pigeons took longer routes to home compared to those birds that had not exhibited neophobic traits under laboratory conditions, and had spontaneously explored to a greater extent. The lack of exploration in the neophobic birds is likely to have resulted in the increased costs of homing following release: unfamiliarity with the landscape likely led to the greater distances travelled and less efficient routes taken. Birds that demonstrated a lack of neophobia were not the dominant individuals inside the loft, and thus would have less access to resources such as food and potentially mates. However, a lack of neophobia makes the subordinate position possible, because subordinate birds that incur high travel costs would become calorie restricted and lose condition. Our results address emerging questions linking individual variation in behaviour with energetics and fitness consequences. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
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Stobbe, Nina, Gesche Westphal-Fitch, Ulrike Aust, and W. Tecumseh Fitch. "Visual artificial grammar learning: comparative research on humans, kea ( Nestor notabilis ) and pigeons ( Columba livia )." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1598 (July 19, 2012): 1995–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0096.
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Artificial grammar learning (AGL) provides a useful tool for exploring rule learning strategies linked to general purpose pattern perception. To be able to directly compare performance of humans with other species with different memory capacities, we developed an AGL task in the visual domain. Presenting entire visual patterns simultaneously instead of sequentially minimizes the amount of required working memory. This approach allowed us to evaluate performance levels of two bird species, kea ( Nestor notabilis ) and pigeons ( Columba livia ), in direct comparison to human participants. After being trained to discriminate between two types of visual patterns generated by rules at different levels of computational complexity and presented on a computer screen, birds and humans received further training with a series of novel stimuli that followed the same rules, but differed in various visual features from the training stimuli. Most avian and all human subjects continued to perform well above chance during this initial generalization phase, suggesting that they were able to generalize learned rules to novel stimuli. However, detailed testing with stimuli that violated the intended rules regarding the exact number of stimulus elements indicates that neither bird species was able to successfully acquire the intended pattern rule. Our data suggest that, in contrast to humans, these birds were unable to master a simple rule above the finite-state level, even with simultaneous item presentation and despite intensive training.
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Shibata, Yusuke, Le Hong Thuy Tien, Ryohei Nomoto, and Ro Osawa. "Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for Streptococcus gallolyticus." Microbiology 160, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.071605-0.
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Streptococcus gallolyticus is often found as a member of the normal gut microflora in various animals. However, it has been reported to cause mastitis in cattle, septicaemia in pigeons, and meningitis, septicaemia and endocarditis in humans. However, little is known about the epidemiology and crucial virulence factors of S. gallolyticus. To help address these issues, we developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for S. gallolyticus. Seven housekeeping gene fragments were sequenced from each of 58 S. gallolyticus isolates collected from diverse origins and sources. The MLST scheme had good discriminatory ability. The 63 strains, including the 5 whole genome sequenced strains examined, resolved into 57 sequence types (STs), with 52 STs represented by only a single strain. With respect to the identification of S. gallolyticus subspecies (i.e. S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus, S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus and S. gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus), the results of biochemical tests and DNA–DNA hybridization were in high concordance with those of the MLST scheme. The MLST scheme developed in this study may be a useful tool capable of replacing the conventional methods used for S. gallolyticus subspecies identification. The results of this study suggest that the biology and virulence of two pathogenic S. gallolyticus subspecies (i.e. S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus and S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus) are very different. The MLST scheme offers researchers a valuable typing tool that will promote further investigation of the epidemiology of S. gallolyticus.
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Pérez-Granados, Cristian, and Karl-L. Schuchmann. "Diel and Seasonal Variations of Vocal Behavior of the Neotropical White-Tipped Dove (Leptotila verreauxi)." Diversity 12, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12100402.
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Current knowledge regarding the vocal behavior in tropical non-passerines is very limited. Here, we employed passive acoustic monitoring to study the vocal activity of the white-tipped dove (Leptotila verreauxi) at three sites over a year in the Brazilian Pantanal. The diel pattern of vocal activity showed a bimodal pattern, with significantly higher vocal activity after sunrise than during the other hours of the day, in agreement with prior studies on this species and other members of Columbidae. The species was vocally active throughout the year, but vocal activity was maximum during May-June and lowest during January-February. Relative air humidity was positively associated with vocal activity, which may be related to the improvement of sound transmission under more humid conditions, but it could also be related to foraging efficiency due to a higher availability of invertebrates on wetter days. Vocal activity was not related to the mean air temperature or daily rainfall. Acoustic monitoring proved to be a useful tool for monitoring this shy forest species, for which a minimum number of three monitoring days was needed to detect a reliable vocal activity rate. Future studies should evaluate its use for monitoring other species of doves and pigeons that are secretive or threatened.
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Guo, Shijie, Shufeng Tang, and Dongsheng Zhang. "A Recognition Methodology for the Key Geometric Errors of a Multi-Axis Machine Tool Based on Accuracy Retentivity Analysis." Complexity 2019 (November 22, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8649496.
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This paper proposes a recognition methodology for key geometric errors using the feature extraction method and accuracy retentivity analysis and presents the approach of optimization compensation of the geometric error of a multiaxis machine tool. The universal kinematics relations of the multiaxis machine tool are first modelled mathematically based on screw theory. Then, the retentivity of geometric accuracy with respect to the geometric error is defined based on the mapping between the constitutive geometric errors and the time domain. The results show that the variation in the spatial error vector is nonlinear while considering the operation time of the machine tool and the position of the motion axes. Based on this aspect, key factors are extracted that simultaneously consider the correlation, similarity, and sensitivity of the geometric error terms, and the results reveal that the effect of the position-independent geometric errors (PIGEs) on the error vectors of the position and orientation is greater than that of the position-dependent geometric errors (PDGEs) of the linear and rotary axes. Then, the fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) is adopted to determine the compensation values through multiobjective tradeoffs between accuracy retentivity and fluctuation in the geometric errors. Finally, an experiment on a four-axis horizontal boring machine tool is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The experimental results show that the variations in the precision of each test piece are lower than 25.0%, and the maximum variance in the detection indexes between the finished test pieces is 0.002 mm when the optimized parameters are used for error compensation. This method not only recognizes the key geometric errors but also compensates for the geometric error of the machine tool based on the accuracy retentivity analysis results. The results show that the proposed methodology can effectively enhance the machining accuracy.
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Lapiedra, Oriol, Ferran Sayol, Joan Garcia-Porta, and Daniel Sol. "Niche shifts after island colonization spurred adaptive diversification and speciation in a cosmopolitan bird clade." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1958 (September 2021): 20211022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1022.
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Islands have long been recognized as key contributors to biodiversity because they facilitate geographic isolation and ecological divergence from mainland ancestors. However, island colonization has traditionally been considered an evolutionary dead-end process, and its consequences for continental biodiversity remain understudied. Here, we use the evolutionary radiation of Columbiformes (i.e. pigeons and doves) to examine if ecological niche shifts on islands shaped biological diversification and community composition on continents. We show that the colonization of islands by continental, terrestrial-foraging lineages led to the exploitation of a new ecological niche (i.e. arboreal foraging). This transition towards arboreal foraging was associated with evolutionary adaptation towards a new morphological optimum. In addition, arboreal-foraging lineages of islands experienced an increase in speciation rates, which was associated with successful range expansions to other islands as well as back colonization of continents. Our results provide empirical evidence that diversification on continents can only be fully understood when studying the diversification processes that took place on islands, challenging the view of islands as mere sinks of evolutionary diversity.
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A. Awad, Manal, Manal M. Alkhulaifi, Noura S. Aldosari, Shaykha Alzahly, and Ali Aldalbahi. "Novel Eco-Synthesis of PD Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization, Assessment of Its Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Properties." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 3890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233890.
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Nanomedicine is growing due to the development of new medical diagnostic tools and new nanostructure-based therapies that exert direct biological action or function as pharmacological carriers. Nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis provides an eco-friendly approach for different applications. Among NPs, silver NPs (AgNPs) are gaining considerable research interest due to their broad range of activity and their usability in the medical and biotechnology fields. In this study, a new AgNP synthesis method was developed using an aqueous pigeon dropping (PD) extract in silver nitrate (AgNO3). The rapid of AgNPs yield was detected visually. Analysis of UV-vis spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electron microscopy (TEM) transmission showed a spherical or near spherical shape of AgNPs with mean size of 135 nm. AgNPs antimicrobial activities (anti-bacterial and anti-fungal) were determined using agar well diffusion method. These NPs further screened for anticancer activity in vitro using A-549 and MCF-7 cell lines. The results showed that the inhibition zone for the obtained PD AgNPs versus Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus were 26, 18, 17 and 15 mm, respectively. PD AgNPs showed the highest antifungal effect against Aspergillus flavus and the lowest effect against Penicillium griseofulvum. In vitro anti-cancer activities showed that the inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) of AgNPs was 10.3 ± 1.15 and 12.19 ± 0.75 µg mL−1 against A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, respectively.
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Severino, Francisco José, and Pedro Jacob Christoffoleti. "Weed supression by smother crops and selective herbicides." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 1 (February 2004): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000100004.
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Using a smother crop is thought to suppress weed density and to add other beneficial effects in sustainable agricultural systems. Weed suppression ought to be considered an essential component of integrated weed management. However, very little is known about the effects of green manure plants on weeds. This study evaluated the influence of three green manure species on weed suppression and selectivity of herbicides. A field experiment was designed to determine the effect of the green manure species Crotalaria juncea, Arachis pintoi and pigeon pea on the weeds Brachiaria decumbens, guineagrass and hairy beggarticks, and on the natural weed infestation in the inter rows area of an avocado orchard. The weed species were suppressed differently by each green manure species. Soil samples collected from the field experiment presented a residual effect, of at least 30 d, in suppressing weed seed bank recruitment; this residual effect was caused by the residues of the green manure present in the soil. When the green manure was incorporated into the top 5 cm of soil or left on the surface, in a greenhouse experiment, the emergence of weed seeds was significantly inhibited, depending on the species, and on the amount and depth of green manure incorporation. Greenhouse experiments indicate that pre-emergence herbicides cause lower phytotoxicity than post-emergence Arachis pintoi. Smother crops using green manure species, when well established in an area, provide additional weed control to the cropping system and are effective and valuable tools in integrated weed management.
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Ali, Manal Abdeen, Ibtihag Awad Mahmoud, Sawsan Ahmed Balla, Rekha Lecomte, Laura Dehondt, Eman Ahmed Abdekareem, and AbdelHalim Rahma Gubara. "Acceptability and Satiety Evaluation of a Newly Developed Nutritionally Balanced School Meal." Food Science and Nutrition Studies 4, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fsns.v4n1p1.
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Five nutritious school meals were developed in a form of pastes based on leguminous seeds of Lentil, Chick pea, and Soya; and some dairy sources, all formulas contain groundnut, but few in crushed formed are used to test acceptance. The products were fortified with essential minerals and vitamins. Developed products were served as a breakfast meal to ~200 students (6-9 years juniors; 10-14 years seniors) in one of the Sudanese school where school feeding is in place (Omdurman City) for 21 days to substitute a traditional breakfast meal based on boiled Pigeon pea colloquially called “Balila” served routinely to the students. This paper covers acceptability of novel favorable products behavioral responses of senior and junior students to four meal/ subject interactions covering temptation to finishing the whole meal, reason(s) for not finishing the whole meal, time needed to finish the meal, and degree of satiety the students feel during class room hours.Almost 95% of the senior students interacted positively with pastes based on lentil or chick pea finishing or stop taking the meal in ? 10 minutes. All past products provide satiety; senior students judged on lentil based paste(s) as the meal that secures full satiety during school hours. Unlike seniors, more than 95% of junior students finished more of the soy based meal, one third of them took more time to finish lentil based meal, yet reflected satisfaction by taking less quantities from all products offered.. Degree of satiety feeling among junior students fluctuated where >90% of them showed satisfactory degree of satiety with all products offered.
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Neves Filho, Hernando Borges. "Columban simulation project: Quando computadores foram substituídos por pombos." Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento 9, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18761/pac.2017.016.
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Durante a década de 1980, Skinner e colegas publicaram uma série de pesquisas empíricas que trataram de temas como comunicação simbólica, uso de ferramentas, “Insight”, auto-reconhecimento e outros temas típicos de pesquisas de viés cognitivo. Tais pesquisas estavam vinculadas ao chamado Columban Simulation Project, que foi um projeto desenvolvido nos últimos anos de Skinner em Harvard, e tinha como objetivo central recriar em pombos fenômenos tradicionalmente tratados como complexos, observados em chimpanzés e humanos. Adicionalmente, o projeto também tinha o intuito de debater o papel de simulações de comportamento, no caso, comparando simulações de comportamentos em pombos com simulações de computador. O presente ensaio faz um apanhado de todos os principais trabalhos do Columban Simulation Project, discutindo e relacionando seus experimentos com pesquisas atuais, ao mesmo tempo em que trata também de algumas de suas críticas e legados. Conclui-se que o projeto chamou razoável atenção da comunidade científica, dentro e fora da Análise do Comportamento, assim como consolidou uma linha de pesquisa ativa sobre as origens operantes de comportamentos tradicionalmente chamados de “Insight”, e ao mesmo tempo serviu como uma ponte de aproximação da Análise do Comportamento com algumas vertentes atuais das ciências cognitivas e desenvolvimento de inteligências artificiais.
During the decade of 1980, Skinner and colleagues published a series of empirical research regarding themes such as symbolic communication, tool use, insight, self-awareness, and other popular themes of cognitive research. These papers were part of the so called Columban Simulation Project, an endeavor took by Skinner in his last years at Harvard, that aimed to recreate complex phenomena, easily observed in chimpanzees and humans, in pigeons. The project also had the objective to discuss the role of simulation research in Psychology experiments. The present essay offers a comprehensive description and discussion, in Portuguese, of all major papers related to the project. Implications of these papers to modern research in behavior analysis, cognitive science and computer science are discussed, among examples of some critics aimed to the project and also its lasting legacy to psychological research. It is concluded that the project had a reasonable impact in the scientific community at large, established a line of investigation of the operant determinants of problem solving performances, and that it also brought together discussions and data from research in behavior analysis, cognitive science and artificial intelligence.
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MAKARCHENKO, EUGENYI A., MARINA A. MAKARCHENKO, and ALEXANDER A. SEMENCHENKO. "New or little-known species of Chaetocladius s. str. Kieffer, 1911 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from the Amur River basin (Russian Far East)." Zootaxa 4247, no. 3 (March 27, 2017): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4247.3.5.
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Chironomids of the subgenus Chaetocladius s. str. from the Amur River basin are revised using both morphological characters and molecular data. Three new species, C. egorych sp. nov., C. lopatinskiy sp. nov. and C. yavorskayae sp. nov., are described and figured. The pupa of C. fedotkin is described for the first time. Adult males of C. ligni and C. piger, little-known in the Far East, are redescribed and annotated, and key to males of the Chaetocladius s. str. from the Amur River basin is provided. A reference 658 bp barcode sequence from a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was used as a tool for species delimitation. Comparisons with corresponding regions of COI between 5 species in the subgenus produced K2P genetic distances of 8.3–12.6%, values well associated with interspecific variation. Molecular data were also used for the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus Chaetocladius s. str.
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Kouam, Marc K., Honorine N. Tchouankui, and Arouna Njayou Ngapagna. "Epidemiological Features of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Cameroon." Veterinary Medicine International 2019 (January 27, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3796369.
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The epidemiology of avian influenza is unknown in Cameroon despite the two outbreaks that occurred in 2006 and 2016-2017, respectively. In order to fill the gap, an attempt was made to provide some basic information on the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Cameroon. Thus, data were collected from follow-up reports of the second HPAI outbreaks prepared by the veterinary health officials of Cameroon and sent to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Two HPAI virus strains (H5N1 and H5N8) turned out to occur, with H5N1 virus involved in the Center, South, West, and Adamawa regions outbreaks and H5N8 involved in the Far North outbreak only. The affected hosts were the laying hens, backyard chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, ducks, broiler and layer breeders, and geese for the H5N1 virus and the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), pigeon, ducks, backyard chickens, and guinea fowls for the H5N8 virus. The first outbreak took place in Mvog-Betsi poultry complex in the Center region on the 20th May 2016 and spread to other regions. The mortality rate varied from 8% to 72% for H5N1 virus and was 96.26% for the H5N8 strain in Indian peafowl. No human case was recorded. The potential supporting factors for disease dissemination identified on the field were the following: poultry and eggs dealers moving from one farm, market, or town to another without any preventive care; poor biosecurity measures on farms and live poultry markets. After the first HPAI H5N1 virus outbreak in 2006, the second HPAI outbreak ten years later (2016-2017) involving two virus strains is a cause of concern for the poultry industry. The Cameroon Epidemio-Surveillance Network needs to be more watchful.
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Liu, Tiezhong, Huyuan Zhang, and Hubo Zhang. "The Impact of Social Media on Risk Communication of Disasters—A Comparative Study Based on Sina Weibo Blogs Related to Tianjin Explosion and Typhoon Pigeon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030883.
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Social media has brought opportunities and challenges to risk communication of disasters by undermining the monopoly of traditional news media. This paper took blogs about Tianjin Explosion and Typhoon Pigeon posted through Sina Weibo as empirical objects. Moreover, the paper used the analytical method of social network to conduct a comparative study on the network structures of information disseminated among different types of disasters, with the goal of uncovering the impact of social media on different types of risk communication of disasters. The result shows a different impact of the risk communication on the two types of disasters. While the role of social media for the risk communication of natural disasters is mainly to influence information dissemination, the roles of social media for the risk communication of man-made disasters are to transmit information as well as to communicate emotions. The differences seen within the structure of social media networks are causes differences in functions. Specifically, the structure for the social media communication network on man-made disasters takes on a “core - periphery structure” which is endowed with both information communication and emotional communication functions. Also, the role of the opinion leaders for the subnet is found to be significant while the communication within small groups is kept pretty active; additionally, the slow speed of information transmission of the network could result in easily distorted information. On top of that, the network is characterized with intense vulnerability to the attacks on core nodes. In contrast, the social media network for natural disaster risk communication is not seen with an obvious “peripheral-core” structure which is a relatively pure information transmission network with relatively equal principal status. In other words, the entire network is found with stronger connectivity and relatively faster information transmission speed. Furthermore, the nodes inside the network are found to have weaker control over information transmission. In sum, the research results are helpful in improving the risk communication theory based on social relations, optimizing the communication structure of disaster information so as to change the effect of risk communication.
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Moni, FR, MS Hossen, A. Sultana, MS Rumi, BS Nahar, and MA Baten. "Impact of SIDR on Crops, livestock and Fisheries in Some Selected Villages of Pirojpur District of Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 6, no. 2 (February 10, 2015): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i2.22084.
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SIDR had great impact on crop, livestock and fisheries at Pirojpur district in Barisal Division. To perform this study data were collected from the three selected village (south Shailkati, Hothkhali and Lahori) affected people by random sampling after selecting the study topic and area. SIDR also created a great impact on the production of different types of crop. Rice production was reduced to 7.5%, chili to 11.66% and vegetables to 10%. After SIDR the production of pulse was increased 21.67% due to increase in acreage in Pirojpur. From this study we found vegetables lands (58.33%) and fish in river (70.83%) were affected by the saline water than the rice (33.33%), fruit (9.16%) and fish in pond (24.16%) respectively. Due to the tidal surge and storm the cattle reduced to 18%, goats to 14%, buffalos to 21%, chickens to 10.09%, duck to 8.82%, Pigeons to 24%; that means majority of the poultry birds were reduced than the livestock. The food habit of the affected people was also changed. They now took more flour rather than rice. The scarcity of agricultural production created the reduction of food stock. Most of the respondents had no food stock. But the situation is better than close post SIDR period. Most of the cases they are adopting with the changing socio-economic conditions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i2.22084 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(2): 25-30 2013
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Haryanti, Novi Diah. "POLA NARASI PADA ANTOLOGI CERPEN TARIAN SALJU KARABAN." Dialektika: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 6, no. 1 (October 2, 2019): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/dialektika.v6i1.12767.
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Abstract: This study aims to look at narrative patterns in the collection of short stories "Karaban Snow Dance" (TSK). From the fifteen short stories, the researchers took five main stories, namely the Karaban Snow Dance (Tarian Salju Karaban), The Fall of a Leaf (Gugurnya Sehelai Daun), Canting Kinanti Song (Tembang Canting Kinanti), Jagoan Men Arrived (Lelaki Jagoan Tiba), and Origami Pigeon (Merpati Origami). Of the five short stories, environmental themes and honesty appear most often. The place setting depicted shows the environment that is close to the author or according to the author's origin. The main characters in the four short stories are children, only one short story Male Hero Tiban (Lelaki Jagoan Tiban/LJK) who uses adult takoh as the main character. The child leaders in LJK only appear in the past stories of the main characters. The five short stories do not show a picture of whole parents (father and mother). The warm relationship between mother and child appears clearly, in contrast to the father-child relationship that is almost negligent. The five short stories also represent how children become heroes for their family, friends, and environment.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pola narasi pada kumpulan cerpen Tarian Salju Karaban (TSK). Dari limabelas cerpen yang ada, peneliti mengambil lima cerpen utama yakni “Tarian Salju Karaban”, “Gugurnya Sehelai Daun”, “Tembang Canting Kinanti”, “Lelaki Jagoan Tiba”, dan “Merpati Origami”. Kelima cerpen menampilkan tema lingkungan dan kejujuran. Latar tempat yang digambarkan memperlihatkan lingkuangan yang dekat dengan penulis atau sesuai dengan asal usul penulis. Tokoh utama dalam keempat cerpen tersebut ialah anak-anak, hanya satu cerpen “Lelaki Jagoan Tiban” (LJK) yang menggunakan takoh dewasa sebagai tokoh utama. Tokoh anak dalam LJK hanya muncul dalam cerita masa lalu tokoh utama. Kelima cerpen tersebut tidak memperlihatkan gambaran orangtua utuh (ayah dan ibu). Relasi yang hangat antara ibu dan anak muncul dengan jelas, berbeda dengan relasi bapak-anak yang nyaris alpa. Kelima cerpen tersebut juga merepresentasikan bagaimana anak-anak menjadi pahlawan bagi keluarga, sahabat, dan lingkungannya.