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Journal articles on the topic 'Tool Steel Powders'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Kataoka, Kota, and Hideshi Nakatsu. "Fabrication of Ultra-Fine Grained Hot Work Tool Steels by Powder Metallurgy Process through Mechanical Alloying Treatment." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1714.

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Hot work tool steels generally consist of the tempered martensitic structure and they are high strength materials using all strengthening mechanisms, such as strain strengthening, grain refinement strengthening, solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening. It is necessary to use the grain refinement strengthening that can bring both higher strength at high temperature and toughness than those of conventional steels. In this study, hot work tool steels with ultra-fine grained structure were fabricated by the mechanical alloying treatment. The powder mixture of atomized AISI H13 steel powders and Y2O3 powders was mechanically alloyed by a planetary ball mill for 360ks. The mechanically alloyed powders were packed in a stainless steel tube in a vacuum and then consolidated by hot rolling for full densification. The consolidated material was austenitized at 1293K, which was general austenitizing temperature of H13 steel, and then oil-quenched. Through this process, an ultra-fine grained H13 steel with equiaxed grains of about 0.3 microns in diameter could be obtained. A quenched hardness of the developed steel was comparable to that of an AISI M2 high speed steel produced by melting and hot-working process. Furthermore, although tempered hardness of the M2 steel decreases with increasing tempering temperature of 848K or higher, that of the developed steel does not decrease so much. Therefore the hardness of the developed steel exceeds that of the M2 steel at tempering temperatures over 923K.

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Mudiantoro, Sunoto, M. Gerry, Winarto Winarto, Muhammad Anis, M. Kemal, and M. Fadzli. "Surface Mechanical Properties of Tool Steel on the Addition of Carbon Nanotubes with the Process of Flame Spray Tungsten Carbide Coatings." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.238.

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Tungsten Carbide (WC) hard coating is widely used to coat the surface of the steel tools which provide tribological properties. In this paper, 0.25 wt% & 0.35 wt% of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) were mixed with tungsten carbide (WC) powders as the feedstock powders. Method of solution dispersion in ethanol media using an ultrasonic device was used for coating the surface of WC powders with CNT powder. The mixed powders were then used as the feedstock powder to coat onto the surface of tool steel using the flame spraying process. The coated surface microstructures were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used for the phase characterization and identification. The wear rate of coated steels was determined using the Ogoshi machine, and the Vickers hardness method used to measure their microhardness. The effects of CNT on the microstructure of the coated material and the surface mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the mixture powder preparation using an ultrasonic method in SDS solution and the ball-milling process was suitable to disperse the CNT on the surface of WC feed powders due to produce an adequate relationship between CNT' and WC powders increasing the surface mechanical properties of coatings. The wear resistance of the coated material produce using the mixture of WC powder with 0.35 wt% CNT increased around 50% higher than the WC coated steel without CNT addition. Also, the hardness of coating reinforced CNT increased significantly compared with the hardness of WC coated and the steel substrates. Microhardness value from the base metal to the WC-CNT coated steel increased from 550 HV to 1717 HV and also the wear rate from the base metal to the WC-CNT coated steel decreased from 0.86 mm3/min to 0.017 mm3/min. These results indicate that CNT is an excellent alternative to improve the surface mechanical properties of WC coatings.

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OTSU, M., T. FUKUNAGA, M. UEMURA, T. TAKEMASU, and H. MIURA. "APP-02: Laser Sintering of Low Alloy and Tool Steel Powders(APP-I: ADVANCED POWDER PROCESSING TECHNIQUE)." Proceedings of the JSME Materials and Processing Conference (M&P) 2005 (2005): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmp.2005.13_2.

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Hupalo, Marcio Ferreira, Selauco Vurobi Jr., Ricardo Sanson Namur, Isabela Rodrigues Diniz, and Osvaldo Mitsuyuki Cintho. "Sintering of AISI M2 Tool Steel Processed in High-Energy Planetary Mill." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.505.

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This work aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-sintering annealing heat treatments and sintering times in AISI M2 high-speed steel powders processed by high energy milling. Turning chips were obtained from an AISI M2 drill bit that was annealed during 2 hours at 900°C, under argon atmosphere, before machining. Subsequently, the chips were milled during 10 hours in a high energy planetary mill with a power ratio of 10:1, also under argon atmosphere. Half of the powder mass was annealed at 650oC during 30 minutes under argon atmosphere after milling. Three different samples were prepared, consisting of: non-annealed powder, annealed powder and a mixture 1:1 of annealed and non-annealed powders. All powders were compacted by uniaxial pressing before sintered. Compressibility curves were obtained for all samples. Sintering process was conducted at 1200°C during 1, 2 and 3 hours and samples were cooled inside the furnace. The annealed powder sample presented the best compactation behavior, due to its restored ductility, followed by the 1:1 mixture of annealed and non-annealed powders. The microstructure of sintered samples displayed a ferritic matrix surrounded by carbide networks at grain boundaries. Higher sintering times resulted in carbon impoverishing, leading to lower volume fractions of carbides and hence reducing its hardness. Non-annealed powders showed higher dependency of sintering time to reduce their porosity. The best results were obtained for the annealed powder with shorter sintering time, since it presented low volume fraction of porosities and smaller grain sizes.

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Chang, Shih Hsien, Tzu Piao Tang, Jhewn Kuang Chen, and Chung Ming Liu. "The Effects of Adding TiC Powders to VANADIS 4 Tool Steel by HIP Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.426.

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In this study, the commercial VANADIS 4 (V-4) tool steel powders with sifting classification below 25 μm to be the matrix with fine titanium carbide (TiC) powder to produce a new material with high hardness and wear resistance, via powder metallurgy, sintering and HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing) process. Experimental results showed that the TRS of original V-4 steel powder was 678.5 MPa, but below 25 μm of V-4 steel powder adding 35 wt% TiC enhanced to 868.6 MPa through 1673 K sintered. Beside, the hardness increased to HRA 86.2, TRS reached 1059.3 MPa, and porosity decreased to 1.0% of the V-4 steel powders (below 25 μm) added 35 wt% TiC after 1673 K sintered and heat treatments. Furthermore, HIP treatment can improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of V-4 composite material. TRS of V-4 composite steel increased to 1180.4 MPa and hardness was HRA 87.4 (HRC 71.7), porosity decreased to 0.71% after 1673 K sintered and HIP (1523 K, 150 MPa, 1 hour) treatments.

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de Araújo Filho, Oscar Olimpio, Rodrigo Tecchio Antonello, Cezar Henrique Gonzalez, Severino Leopoldino Urtiga Filho, and Francisco Ambrozio Filho. "Preparation of Molybdenum High Speed Tool Steels with Addition of Niobium Carbide by Powder Metallurgy Techniques." Materials Science Forum 802 (December 2014): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.802.102.

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High speed steels processed by Powder Metallurgy (PM) techniques present better mechanical properties when compared with similar steels obtained by the conventional process of cast to ingot and hot working. PM techniques produce improved microstructures with smaller and better distribution of carbides. Liquid phase sintering high speed steel seems to be a cheaper processing route in the manufacturing of tool steels if compared to the well-known and expansive hot isostatic pressing high speed steels. The introduction of niobium as alloying element began with the object of replacing elements like vanadium (V) and tungsten (W). Phase liquid sintering consists in a manufacturing technique to process high speed steels by powder metallurgy. The aim of this work of research is to process and obtain AISI M2 and M3:2 with and without the addition of niobium carbide by high energy milling, cold uniaxial compaction and vacuum sintering in the presence of a liquid phase. The powders of the AISI M2 and M3:2 were processed by high energy milling adding a small quantity of niobium carbide (6% in mass), then the powders were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) plus energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) in order to evaluate the milling process. The powders of the AISI M2 and M3:2 with the addition of niobium carbide (NbC) were uniaxially cold compacted and then submitted to vacuum sintering. The sintered samples had their microstructure, porosity and carbide distribution observed and evaluated by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the mechanical property of hardness was investigated by means of Vickers hardness tests. At least five samples of each steel were investigated.

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S., Ramesh, M. P. Jenarthanan, and Bhuvanesh Kanna A.S. "Experimental investigation of powder-mixed electric discharge machining of AISI P20 steel using different powders and tool materials." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 14, no. 3 (2018): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-04-2017-0025.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of powder-mixed electric discharge machining (PMEDM) using three different powders which are aluminium (Al), silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3). Besides that, the influence of different tool materials was also studied in this experimental investigation. Hence, the work material selected for this purpose was AISI P20 steel and tool materials were copper, brass and tungsten. The performance measures considered in this work were material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate and radial over cut (ROC).Design/methodology/approachThe process variables considered in this study were powder types, powder concentration, tool materials, peak current and pulse on time. The experimental design, based on Taguchi’s L27orthogonal array, was adopted to conduct experiments. Significant parameters were identified by performing the analysis of variance on the experimental data.FindingsBased on the analysis of results, it was observed that copper tool combined with Al powder produced maximum MRR (58.35 mm3/min). Similarly, the Al2O3powder combined with tungsten tool has resulted least ROC (0.04865 mm). It was also observed that wear rate of tungsten tool was very low (0.0145 mm3/min).Originality/valueThe experimental investigation of PMEDM involving three different powders (Al, SiC and Al2O3) was not attempted before. Moreover, the study of influence of different tool materials (Cu, brass and W) together with the different powders on the electric discharge machining performance was very limited.

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Bonek, Mirołsaw, and Leszek Adam Dobrzański. "Characterization Performance of Laser Melted Commercial Tool Steels." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1848.

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The purpose of this research paper is focused on the X40CrMoV5-1 hot work tool steel surface layers improvement properties using high power diode laser. In the effect of laser alloying with powders of carbides occurs size reduction of microstructure, as well as dispersion hardening through fused in but partially dissolved carbides and consolidation through enrichment of surface layer in alloying additions coming from dissolving carbides. Introduced particles of carbides and in part remain undissolved, creating conglomerates being a result of fusion of undissolved powder grains into molten metal base. In effect of convection movements of material in the liquid state, conglomerates of carbides arrange themselves in the characteristic of swirl. Laser alloying of surface layer of investigated steel without introducing alloying additions into liquid molten metal pool, in the whole range of used laser power, causes size reduction of dendritic microstructure with the direction of crystallization consistent with the direction of heat carrying away from the zone of impact of laser beam. Remelting of the steel without introducing into liquid molten pool the alloying additions in the form of carbide powders, causes slight increase of properties of surface layer of investigated steel in comparison to its analogical properties obtained through conventional heat treatment, depending on the laser beam power implemented for remelting. The outcome of the research is an investigation showing the structural mechanisms accompanying laser alloying.

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Ambroza, P., S. Bockus, and L. Kavaliauskiene. "Formation of Build Up Layers Microstructure by Arc Automatic Overlay Welding Using Secondary Raw Material Powders." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 2 (2013): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0034.

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Microstructure and properties of structural steel subjected to overlay welding with secondary materials powder is investigated. Crushed glass, grinding wheels (SiC), hard metals plates, high speed steel and cast iron chips as well as marble powders were used in automatic overlay welding of steel by low carbon wire. Powder spread over the steel surface and melted by continuously supplied wire arc enabled to obtain layers with graphite and carbides inclusions in the matrix; hardness of the matrix depends on the phases contained in it: martensite, troostite and residual austenite as well as secondary carbides. Depending on materials used for overlay welding the layers were obtained which abrasive wear resistance became equal to that of high alloyed hardened tool steel. Wear of these layers is much more less in comparison with low alloyed hardened tool steel.

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Wright, C. Steven, M. Youseffi, S. P. Akhtar, T. H. C. Childs, C. Hauser, and P. Fox. "Selective Laser Melting of Prealloyed High Alloy Steel Powder Beds." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.516.

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This paper presents the results of a recent comprehensive investigation of selective laser melting (slm) of prealloyed gas and water atomised M2 and H13 tool steel powders. The objective of the study was to establish the parameters that control the densification of single and multiple layers with the aim of producing high density parts without the need for infiltration. Powders were processed using continuous wave (CW) CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers. Relationships between alloy composition, powder particle size and shape, flowability, microstructure (phases present, their size, morphology and distribution), track morphology, post scanned density, surface finish and scan conditions (Laser power, spot size and scan speed) are discussed for single track, single layer and multi-layer (up to 25 layers) constructions. Processing with a Nd:YAG laser with powders placed on substrates rather than on a loose powder bed gave more stable builds than with the CO2 laser. Using the Nd:YAG laser densities up to ~90% relative were possible with H13 powder compared with a maximum of ~70% for M2 in multi-layer builds. Maximum density achieved with CW CO2 processing was only ~60%, irrespective of powder composition. The paper compares the processibility of these materials with stainless steel powders processed to higher densities (up to 99% relative) under similar conditions. The results of the work show that a crucial factor for high density processing is melt pool wettability and this is controlled largely by carbon content; low carbon contents producing better wettability, flatter tracks and higher densities. The significance of this observation for the processing high alloy steels by slm will be discussed.

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Bonek, Mirosław, and Eva Tillová. "Tribological Characteristic of Tool Steel Surface Layer Alloyed Using Laser." Solid State Phenomena 308 (July 2020): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.308.110.

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The article presents the results of research on the impact of laser surface treatment on selected steel properties. The laser treatment consisted of remelting and alloying high speed steel using hard ceramic phase powders. A high-power diode laser was used in the experiment to examine the effect of parameters such as beam power and powder type on the structure and properties of the surface layer. A structural mechanism was observed consisting in obtaining, after laser processing, a super fine crystalline structure and a dendritic structure at the remelting zone. Structural changes have been found to be associated with improved properties such as hardness, microhardness and wear resistance. Steel treated with conventional heat treatment was used as a comparative material.

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Marchetti, Lorenzo, and Christopher Hulme-Smith. "Flowability of steel and tool steel powders: A comparison between testing methods." Powder Technology 384 (May 2021): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.01.074.

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Jonda, Ewa, and Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz. "Influence of the HPDL Surface Treatment of the X40CrMoV5-1 Tool Steel on Wear Resistance." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.428.

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The paper presents the effect of alloying with WC and TaC powders on structure and mechanical properties of the X40CrMoV5-1 steel surface layer using the HPDL (High Power Diode Laser). The metallographic investigations on light microscope show that during alloying the X40CrMoV5-1 hot work tool steel with the WC and TaC powder the obtained run face is characteristic of the high roughness, multiple pores, irregularity, and flashes at the borders. The changes of the surface layers hardness formed as a result of alloying with ceramic powders containing carbides are accompanied with the increased tribological properties. The microstructure of the alloyed layers which were formed on the surface of the investigated hot work steel was examined using optical microscope. The tribological wear relationships using pin-on-disc test were specified for surface layers subject to laser treatment, determining the friction coefficient, and mass loss of the investigated surfaces.

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Rhodes, N. A., J. V. Wood, and J. R. Moon. "Some aspects of diffusion in mixtures of tool steel powders and iron powders." Powder Metallurgy 43, no. 2 (2000): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003258900665925.

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Alexandru, Petrică, and Simona Boiciuc. "The Selection and Characterization of the Absorptive Coatings Used to Laser Surface Treatments of Tool Steel Parts." Advanced Materials Research 1143 (February 2017): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1143.167.

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The paper presents the experimental results on the surface quenching by CO2 continuous wave laser action of solid phase steel with 1%C obtained, using different absorptive (ZnO, TiO2, ZrO2, graphite) powder coatings. The absorptivity of these coatings was determined by resolving the thermal conductivity equation for the irradiation with an energy punctual source on the massive body. Among the four investigated powders, for thermal treatment with laser of tools carbon steel it is recommend the powder of zinc oxide as coating with most efficient absorption capacity.

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Kawai, Nobuyasu, Minoru Hirano, Tsuneo Tatsuno, and Katsuhiko Honma. "Behavior of nitrogen absorption into high speed tool steel powders." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 34, no. 1 (1987): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.34.40.

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Zhou, Ming Hu, Hai Dong Yang, Hu Zhang, Jun Sheng Zhang, Xi Quan Xia, and Xiao Jun Liu. "The Research on Cutting Performance of Two Kinds of Ti (C,N)-Based Cermet Cutters." Key Engineering Materials 589-590 (October 2013): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.589-590.332.

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A systematic cutting test was conducted turning normalized AISI1045 carbon steel with two kinds of Ti (C, N)-based cermet cutters, which were made with micron and nanometer TiC powders. And the cutting performance and abrasion mechanism was discussed in the article. The effect of tool orthogonal clearance on tool life was also researched in this paper. Results showed that: The tool life was affected seriously by tool orthogonal clearance angle, and the optimum tool orthogonal clearance angle of Ti (C, N)-based cermet cutter was 5°when cutting normalized AISI1045 steel. The cutting Performance of Ti (C, N)-based cermet cutters which were made with nanoTiC powders was better than the ones which were made with micron TiC powders obviously. And the primary wear behaviors were wear.

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Reza, Mohammad S., Syarifah N. Aqida, Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff, and Dermot Brabazon. "Thermal Barrier Coatings on Laser Surface Modified AISI H13 Tool Steel Using Atmospheric Plasma Spray Technique." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.603.

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This paper presents yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating deposition on laser surface modified H13 tool steel using atmospheric plasma spray (APS) technique. A Praxair Plasma Spray System with SG-100 gun was used to deposit coating materials on laser-modified H13 tool steel substrate surface. A bond coat layer material was NiCrAlY alloy while the top coat was yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with powder size distribution range of-106 μm to +45 μm. A 23design of experiment (DOE) was used to deposit bond coat and top coat powders with three controlled factors of input current, powder feed rate and stand-off-distance. The design was optimised for minimum porosity and maximum hardness. The coating thickness and percentage of porosity were measured using IM7000 inverted optical microscope. Hardness properties of top coating layer were measured by using MMT-X7 Matsuzawa Hardness Tester Machine with Vickers hardness scale. The microscopy findings indicated variations of coating thickness at different parameters settings. Samples at the highest current and powder feed rate and lowest stand-off distance settings produced a lower porosity percentage and higher hardness. A higher powder feed rate with the smallest stand-off-distance allowed melted powders to travel uniformly onto the substrate surface. These findings were significant to development of thermal barrier coatings on semi-solid forming die surface.

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Childs, T. H. C., C. Hauser, and M. Badrossamay. "Selective laser sintering (melting) of stainless and tool steel powders: Experiments and modelling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 219, no. 4 (2005): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440505x8109.

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When a laser beam scans once across the surface of a metallic powder bed, the resulting track may be continuous with a crescent or an elliptic cross-section, irregularly broken, balled or only partially melted. This paper reports what laser powers and scan speeds lead to what types of track, for a CO2 laser beam focused to 0.55 mm and 1.1 mm diameters, scanning over beds made from M2 and H13 tool steel and 314S-HC stainless steel powders. Beds have been made with particle size ranges from 300 μm to 150 μm, from 150 μm to 75 μm, from 75 μm to 38 μm, and less than 38 μm. Measurements are also reported of bed physical properties that are used in a finite element model to predict melt pool dimensions and temperatures. Boundaries between regions of different track formation are explained in terms of melt surface temperature gradients, melt pool length-diameter ratio instabilities, and transitions from partial to complete melting. Implications for building metal parts in powder beds without supports are considered. The modelling is briefly extended to multi-track and multi-layer processing, to conclude that bonding by remelting between layers, while still maintaining control of the melt flow, places severe constraints on the maximum allowable layer thickness.

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Matula, Grzegorz, Mirołsaw Bonek, and Leszek Adam Dobrzański. "Comparison of Structure and Properties of Hard Coatings on Commercial Tool Materials Manufactured with the Pressureless Forming Method or Laser Treatment." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1830.

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The goal of the work is fabrication coatings with the pressureless forming method or laser treatment retaining the relatively high ductility of the coated tool's core. The paper presents selection of the binder portion and type, and also of the metallic and carbides powders (WC) being the constituents of the polymer-powder slurry which was applied onto the prepared surfaces of the test pieces from the conventional HS6-5-2 high speed steel. This materials was compared with the same conventional HS6-5-2 high speed steel heat-treatable steel after laser treatment conditions and alloying additions contained in WC. Investigation indicate the influence of the alloying carbides on the structure and properties of the surface layer of investigated steel depending on manufacturing conditions and power implemented laser (HPDL). In the effect of laser alloying with powders of carbides occurs size reduction of microstructure as well as dispersion hardening through fused in but partially dissolved carbides and consolidation through enrichment of surface layer in alloying additions coming from dissolving carbides. The resistivity to thermal fatique of laser remelted steel is higher than steel after heat treatment. It shows the possibility of applying the worked out technology to manufacturing or regeneration of chosen hot working tools.

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Pellizzari, Massimo, Anna Fedrizzi, and Mario Zadra. "Spark Plasma Co-Sintering of Mechanically Milled Tool Steel and High Speed Steel Powders." Materials 9, no. 6 (2016): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma9060482.

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Araujo Filho, Oscar O., Maurício David Martins das Neves, João Franklin Liberati, Luís Carlos Elias da Silva, Lucio Salgado, and Francisco Ambrozio Filho. "Sintering of AISI M3:2 High Speed Steel – Part II." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.358.

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Liquid phase sintering of high speed steels seems to be a cheaper processing route in the manufacturing of tool steels if compared to the well-known and expansive hot isostatic pressing high speed steels process. In a previous work a M3:2 high speed steel was vacuum sintered from irregular water atomized powders and had its sintering temperature determined. In this work the same powder was uniaxially cold compacted and vacuum sintered by adding some small quantity of graphite (0.3%C in weight) to prevent porosity and loss of carbon which result from the sintering cycle. The samples from all these experimental procedures were uniaxially cold compacted and vacuum sintered at five different temperatures and had its densities evaluated. The microstructure was evaluated using optical-electronic techniques in order to investigate the best range of sintering temperature. At least five parallel samples were tested to each condition of sintering.

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POGSON, S., P. FOX, W. ONEILL, and C. SUTCLIFFE. "The direct metal laser remelting of copper and tool steel powders." Materials Science and Engineering A 386, no. 1-2 (2004): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(04)01051-2.

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Konstanty, Janusz, and Dorota Tyrala. "Easily Sinterable Low-Alloy Steel Powders for P/M Diamond Tools." Metals 11, no. 8 (2021): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081204.

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The work presents the design and fabrication procedures used to manufacture inexpensive iron-base powders employed as a matrix in diamond-impregnated tool components. Three newly developed low alloy steel powders, containing from 94.4 to 99.4 wt.% Fe, have been formulated with the assistance of ThermoCalc software and produced by means of a proprietary process patented by AGH-UST. It has been shown that the powders are readily pressureless sintered to a closed porosity condition (>95% theoretical density) at a temperature range between 840 and 950 °C. All as-consolidated materials achieve the desired tool matrix hardness of more than 200 HV. One of the experimental powders has been designed to partly melt within the sintering window. This is particularly important in fabrication of wire saw beads by the conventional press and sinter route because sintering of a diamond-impregnated ring and its further brazing to a tubular steel holder can be combined into one operation.

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Baron, Yuri M., S. L. Ko, and Jung Il Park. "Characterization of the Magnetic Abrasive Finishing Method and Its Application to Deburring." Key Engineering Materials 291-292 (August 2005): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.291-292.291.

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This paper analyzes the effectiveness of using Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) to remove burrs on drilled holes located on planes. Basic elements of the equipment in this method are a magnetic inductor; powder with magnetic and abrasive properties, which serves as the cutting tool; and the face electromagnetic inductor and the vibrating table, which were developed for deburring and finishing on flat surfaces. The performance of magnetic abrasive powders produced by industry is also evaluated. A new technique was developed to compare the performance of the magnetic abrasive powders and to find the powder that is appropriate for finishing and deburring drilled holes placed on a plane steel surface.

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Jonda, E., Z. Brytan, K. Labisz, and A. Drygała. "The Influence of Laser Surface Alloying on the Thermal Fatigue Resistance of Hot Work Tool Steels." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 3 (2016): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0216.

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Abstract The paper presents results of the effect of laser surface remelting and alloying by carbides powders of NbC, TaC, TiC, VC and WC on the structure and thermal fatigue resistance of the surface layer of hot work tool steels X40CrMoV5-1 and 32CrMoV12-28. The laser surface alloying and remelting treatments was performed using a high power diode laser (HPDL ROFIN SINAR DL 020). In order to investigate the effect of applied laser treatments and used alloying powders on the microstructure and thermal fatigue resistance of processed surface layer of hot work tool steels, the microstructure evaluation by light microscopy, hardness test, and dedicated thermal fatigue resistance test were performed. The best results regarding fatigue cracks inhibition was obtained when the surface of hot work tool steels was alloyed with TiC and VC carbides at the laser beam power of 2.0 and 2.3 kW. The grain refinement effect of laser remelting has a lower impact on the thermal crack inhibition, than a strong strengthening effect of matrix saturation in alloying elements and precipitation of fine carbides in the steel matrix.

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Baek, Gyeong Yun, Gwang Yong Shin, Ki Yong Lee, and Do Sik Shim. "Effect of Post-Heat Treatment on the AISI M4 Layer Deposited by Directed Energy Deposition." Metals 10, no. 6 (2020): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060703.

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Currently, high-speed steel (HSS) powders are deposited locally on a metal surface through direct energy deposition (DED) onto hardface tool steel. Although the HSS powder enhances the hardness and the abrasion resistance of a metal surface, it makes the tool steel brittle because of its high carbon content. In addition, the steel is likely to break when subjected to a high load over time. This study focused on improving the steel toughness by applying a post-heat treatment. To fabricate a uniformly deposited layer through DED, M4 powder was deposited onto a pre-heated substrate (AISI D2). In addition, four post-heat-treated specimens were prepared, and their mechanical properties were compared. The Charpy impact and hardness tests were conducted to evaluate the durability required for the D2 die. The deposited M4 powder possessed a high hardness but a relatively low impact toughness. During laser melting, a stable bond formed between M4 and D2 without any cracks or delamination. The hardness of the initial M4 deposited layer was 63 HRC, which changed to 54–63 HRC depending on the effect of the post-heat treatment. Moreover, the post-heat-treatment process improves the impact toughness of the M4 deposited layer by changing its microstructure.

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Notomi, Kanji, Tatsuo Yamasaki, Tomiharu Matsushita, and Nobuyasu Kawai. "Hot isostatic compaction of tool steel powders by visco-plastic pressure medium." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 35, no. 7 (1988): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.35.665.

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Badrossamay, M., and T. H. C. Childs. "Further studies in selective laser melting of stainless and tool steel powders." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 47, no. 5 (2007): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2006.09.013.

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Shoji Aota, Leonardo, Priyanshu Bajaj, Hugo Ricardo Zschommler Sandim, and Eric Aimé Jägle. "Laser Powder-Bed Fusion as an Alloy Development Tool: Parameter Selection for In-Situ Alloying Using Elemental Powders." Materials 13, no. 18 (2020): 3922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13183922.

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The design of advanced alloys specifically tailored to additive manufacturing processes is a research field that is attracting ever-increasing attention. Laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) commonly uses pre-alloyed, fine powders (diameter usually 15–45 µm) to produce fully dense metallic parts. The availability of such fine, pre-alloyed powders reduces the iteration speed of alloy development for LPBF and renders it quite costly. Here, we overcome these drawbacks by performing in-situ alloying in LPBF starting with pure elemental powder mixtures avoiding the use of costly pre-alloyed powders. Pure iron, chromium, and nickel powder mixtures were used to perform in-situ alloying to manufacture 304 L stainless steel cube-shaped samples. Process parameters including scanning speed, laser power, beam diameter, and layer thickness were varied aiming at obtaining a chemically homogeneous alloy. The scientific questions focused on in this work are: which process parameters are required for producing such samples (in part already known in the state of the art), and why are these parameters conducive to homogeneity? Analytical modelling of the melt pool geometry and temperature field suggests that the residence time in the liquid state is the most important parameter controlling the chemical homogeneity of the parts. Results show that in-situ alloying can be successfully employed to enable faster and cost-efficient rapid alloy development.

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Tyrala, Dorota, Janusz Konstanty, and Izabela Kalemba-Rec. "A Newly Developed Easily Sinterable Low-Alloy Steel Powder." Materials 14, no. 2 (2021): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020406.

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The work presents a possibility of fabrication of inexpensive iron-based powders intended to form the matrix in sintered diamond-impregnated tool components. In this study, a finely dispersed, pre-alloyed steel powder, containing over 95 wt.% Fe, has been designed and fabricated by means of a proprietary process developed at AGH-University of Science & Technology. It has been shown that the experimental powder can be consolidated to a closed porosity condition (>95% theoretical density) by pressure-less sintering at a temperature below 900 °C. The as-consolidated material is characterized by an excellent combination of hardness (~250 HV) and mechanical strength (>1200 MPa in 3-point bending) that meets the diamond tooling requirements. Its properties can be modified to some extent by varying the cold forming pressure and sintering temperature.

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Chan, Tien Yin, De Xing Wang, Hua Jun Chang, and Chia Liang Chen. "Fabrication of Gas-Permeable Die Materials Having Orthogonally Arrayed Pore Channels." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.961.

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Defects of components as a result of entrapped gases during an injection process could be minimized with the utilization of a gas-permeable metal die material in the mold, due to its excellent permeability of air. Conventional gas-permeable die materials employ low temperature sintering of loosely packed steel powders with or without the addition of pore-forming polymers, whose microstructures are usually weak and their gas permeability values are also low. In this study, gas-permeable metal die materials are developed using tool steel powder, packed in a mold having the insertion of orthogonally arrayed polymer wires. Linear gas-permeable channels in orthogonal array are thus developed by the burning out of the polymer wires, which yield a large value of air permeability. The value of air permeability can be adjusted by changing the diameter and number density of the polymer wires. The tool steel powder can be made fully dense by supersolidus liquid phase sintering, yielding a microstructure with a wear resistance value much larger than that of the conventional gas-permeable die material.

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Krasheninnikov, Valeriy V., Аleksandr G. Malikov, Аnatolii M. Orishich, and Аleksandr O. Tokarev. "Investigation of the Laser-Powder Cladding Effect on Steel Surface Hardening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 788 (August 2015): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.788.52.

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The investigation was carried out in the laser-technological complex with the power up to 8 kW, ITAM SB RAS. An inert-gas jet was supplied coaxially with the beam. A protective nozzle from which gaseous Ar was injected was used to protect the hardening joint. The parameters of the laser hardening process with the surface alloying was optimized on the samples of low-carbon steel 20, construction steel 45, and spring steel 65G.Special cladding powders containing carbon, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, silicon, boron, and nitrogen were chosen for laser-powder cladding. They are intended for cladding wear-resistant layers onto machine parts, tools and equipment operated under abrasion-wear conditions with moderate shock loading.It was found that an optimal radiation power was 2 kW. Extra water cooling of treated parts is unpractical during laser hardening because it did not improve the hardening effect. The best effect of surface alloying was reached when the powder of rapid tool steel Р6М5 was injected in the liquid metal pool. High hardness of the clad layer remained at further heating up to 550°C. The use of laser thermal treatment and laser-powder cladding provides thermal hardening and enables increasing hardness and hence wear resistance of low-carbon steel parts by 3 - 4 times, whereas the base part remains viscous.

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Kostyk, K. O., V. O. Kostyk, and V. D. Kovalev. "Strengthening the Surface Layer of Tools with State-of-the-Art Technologies." Uspehi Fiziki Metallov 22, no. 1 (2021): 78–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.01.078.

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Increasing both the service life and the wear resistance of the tool by surface hardening is an urgent issue. Its solution contributes to a significant increase in the performance of products. Available methods of surface hardening of tools, based on coating or changing the surface condition, are becoming increasingly important due to the complexity of the operation of products. Plates made of the T5K10 (85%WC–6%TiC–9%Co) and T15K6 (79%WC–15%TiC–6%Co) hard alloys as well as cylindrical samples made of the W6Mo5Cr4V2 and W18Cr4V high-speed steels are used for the study. Studies have shown that, after processing the T15K6 alloy plates with a pulsed magnetic field, the cutting tool life improved by more than 200% as compared to the untreated ones. The proposed method will increase the strength of carbide plates and stabilize the physical and mechanical properties of the cutting tool. For tools made of alloy steels, the hardening treatment is carried out by the boron method in pastes with nanodisperse powders. As shown, the thickness of the boride layer for high-speed steels increases with the duration of the process; however, its growth rate depends on the composition of the steel. An increase in the holding time of the chemical and thermal treatment leads to the growth of boride layers. The layer thickness changes quadratically (as a second-degree polynomial) with duration time. A feature of formation of diffusion layers is revealed. The dependences of both the surface hardness and the thickness of boride layer on the borating time for high-speed steels are also shown. Studies have shown that boriding in a nanodisperse medium can significantly increase the wear resistance of steels. The method of expert assessments of the maximum values of the surface properties of the studied steels is carried out. As shown, it is more rational to use W6Mo5Cr4V2 steel as a cutting tool after hardening the surface layer by boriding in a nanodisperse boron-containing powder. The proposed processing method demonstrates the prospects of using it to improve the performance of products. In addition, this method of hardening can significantly increase the wear resistance of materials (by ≈3.38–3.75 times) as compared to steels without processing.

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Hatami, Sepehr, Ola Lyckfeldt, Lenny Tönnäng, and Karin Fransson. "Flow properties of tool steel powders for selective laser melting – influence of thermal and mechanical powder treatments." Powder Metallurgy 60, no. 5 (2017): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2017.1344451.

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Abu Bakar, Hadzley, Naim Fahmi, Faiz Mokhtar, et al. "Fabrication and Machining Performance of Powder Compacted Alumina Based Cutting Tool." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815004009.

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This study focuses on the fabrication of alumina based cutting tool for machining application. Specific weight of alumina powders were pressed in a mold using hydraulic press at 8 tons before compressed through Cold Isostatic Press (CIP) at 30000 psi. Green body then was dried and sintered at 1700 °C at 4 hours sintering time to form solid cutting tools. These cutting tools were then tested in turning operation to machine AISI 1045 with different cutting speeds. The results shows that CIP pressed alumina cutting tool obtained the hardness of 83.2 HRA which is considered adequate to machine AISI 1045 steel. The shrinkage of alumina powders recorded about 7% form green compact to sintered body. In terms of flank wear, the alumina cutting tool demonstrated decreased wear rate as the cutting speed increased from 150 m/min to 225 m/min. Wear area focused at the edge of cutting tool due to small nose radius with the minimum wear rate recorded at 0.0025 mm/s for 225 m/min cutting speed. The newly fabricated cutting tools can be improved if finer or secondary reinforced particles were used.

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Pinkerton, Andrew J., and Lin Li. "Direct additive laser manufacturing using gas- and water-atomised H13 tool steel powders." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 25, no. 5-6 (2004): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-1844-2.

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Andrievskii, R. A., and N. K. Kasmamytov. "Effect of dispersion on sintering of dispersed powders of high-speed tool steel." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 30, no. 10 (1991): 818–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00795847.

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Zhang, Yan Li, Bin Feng He, and Jun Dai. "Application of the Laser Alloy Cladding on Re-Manufacturing of the Machine Tool Axis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.606.

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In order to obtain better surface quality for swear parts of machine tools, the laser alloy cladding technology is used. The two alloy powders are laser cladded on axis parts separately, which is under different process parameters, such as laser power, feed rate and scanning speed etc. The microstructure and hardness of cladding layers are analyzed by using scanning electron microscope and hardness tester. Generally, the surface quality is improved apparently. Under the similar laser power and powder quantity, the thickness of Ni60 cladding layer is much larger than Fe60. The hardness of Ni60 layer is higher than that of Fe60, while both of them are all higher than 45 steel substrate. In conclusion, the parameters of sample 2 are optimal.

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Khan, Ahsan Ali, Mohammed Baba Ndaliman, Zakaria Mohd Zain, Mohammad F. Jamaludin, and Umar Patthi. "Surface Modification Using Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) with Powder Addition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.725.

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Powder mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM) is one of the recent innovations for the enhancement of the capabilities of EDM process. In this study, the effects of powder addition on the surface modification of mild steel were investigated. Copper tungsten electrode was used in the machining. Two different powders namely TiC and Al2O3 were used in the study with kerosene as the dielectric medium. The powder types and currents were manipulated to study their effects on the machined surface. The results show that increasing the current leads to increase in recast layer thickness, and the cracks. The Al2O3 powder gave higher layer thickness than TiC powder. TiC Powder addition also produced higher hardness, more tool material and carbon depositions on the work surface than Al2O3 powder.

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GABBITAS, BRIAN, ASMA SALMAN, DELIANG ZHANG, and PENG CAO. "REVIEW OF RESEARCH WORK ON Ti-BASED COMPOSITE COATINGS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (2009): 1707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209061500.

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The service life of industrial components is limited predominantly by Chemical corrosion/mechanical wear. The project is concerned with the investigation of the capability of Ti ( Al , O )/ Al 2 O 3 coatings to improve the service life of tool steel (H13) used for dies in aluminium high pressure die casting. This paper gives a general review on the research work conducted at the University of Waikato on producing and evaluating the titanium/alumina based composite coatings. The powder feedstocks for making the composite coatings were produced by high energy mechanical milling of a mixture of Al and TiO 2 powders in two different molar ratios followed by a thermal reaction process. The feedstocks were then thermally sprayed using a high velocity air-fuel (HVAF) technique on H13 steel substrates to produce a Ti ( Al , O )/ Al 2 O 3 composite coatings. The performance of the coating was assessed in terms of thermal shock resistance and reaction kinetics with molten aluminium. The composite powders and coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD).

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Soodi, Mehdi, Milan Brandt, and Syed H. Masood. "A Study of Microstructure and Surface Hardness of Parts Fabricated by Laser Direct Metal Deposition Process." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.648.

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This paper presents an investigation on the microstructure and surface hardness of the parts fabricated by laser assisted Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) technology. A series of engineering metallic alloy powders were used in the DMD process to produce simple 3D geometric structures. The alloy powders investigated include: 316L stainless steel, 420 Stainless Steel, Stellite(R) 6, tool steel (H13), Cholmoloy (Ni Based alloy), and Aluminium Bronze. These were chosen due to their frequent application in engineering parts and components. The microstructure and hardness values have been compared to those of the wrought products (as annealed) as reported in the SAE standards, Heat treater’s guide to metals ASM international, and material data sheets supplied by the materials manufacturers. A significant difference is reported in both hardness and microstructure of the laser deposited samples compared to those of the wrought form.

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Kloc, A., Leszek Adam Dobrzański, G. Matula, and José M. Torralba. "Effect of Manufacturing Methods on Structure and Properties of the Gradient Tool Materials with the Non-Alloy Steel Matrix Reinforced with the HS6-5-2 Type High-Speed Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2749.

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Investigations carried out referred to obtaining material based on the high-speed steel and non-alloy steel. The conventional powder metallurgy method was used for manufacturing these materials, consisting in compacting the powder in the closed die and sintering it next, the isostatic pressing method, and the modern pressureless forming powder metallurgy. Forming methods were developed during the investigations for high-speed and non-alloy steel powders, making it possible to obtain materials with three layers in their structure. Investigations included determining the sintering conditions, and especially the temperature and treatment cycle, as well as examining the selected mechanical properties. It was found out, basing on the comparison of structures and properties of test pieces made with the pressureless forming method, as well as with the isostatic pressing and pressing in the closed die, with further sintering, that in structures of all examined test pieces in the sintered state fine carbides occurred distributed homogeneously in the high-speed steel layer. It was noticed, that increase of the sintering temperature, regardless of the manufacturing method, results in the uncontrolled growth and coagulation of the primary carbides and melting up to forming of eutectics in layers consisting of the high-speed steel. It was found out basing on the microhardness tests that hardness of test pieces both those pressureless formed, compacted in the closed die, and isostatically cold pressed and sintered grows along with the sintering temperature. It was also noted that the sintering temperature range is bigger in case of the pressureless formed materials.

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Oleszak, Dariusz, A. Janczewski, and Agnieszka Grabias. "Phase Transformations in Carbon Steel Powders Subjected to Ball Milling." Solid State Phenomena 101-102 (January 2005): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.101-102.165.

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The tool carbon steel powder, containing 1.1 % C, was subjected to heavy cold working by ball milling in a Fritsch P5 planetary ball mill. XRD studies showed that ball milling results in a dissolution of cementite and formation of nanoferrite. The crystallite size and lattice strain of ferrite, calculated by applying Williamson-Hall method, were 10 nm and 1%, respectively. Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements confirmed the formation of a phase called “distorted ferrite”, characterized by the values of hyperfine field of 28.5 T and isomer shift of 0.15 mm/s, different from ones of ferrite (32.9 T and 0.00 mm/s, respectively). DSC investigations revealed two heat effects recorded during heating the sample after 100 h of ball milling: exothermic effect at 360oC and endothermic one at 580oC. The first one was attributed to the dramatic decreasing of lattice strain (from 1% after milling down to 0.1%, as showed XRD studies) and slightly increasing of crystallite size (from 10 to 25 nm).The formation of Fe3C was not observed in this temperature and the structure of nanoferrite was preserved. The second observed heat effect was reversible and probably related to the eutectoid transformation, shifted by ball milling to lower temperature range, comparing to equilibrium conditions.

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Pinkerton, Andrew J., and Lin Li. "The behaviour of water- and gas-atomised tool steel powders in coaxial laser freeform fabrication." Thin Solid Films 453-454 (April 2004): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2003.11.171.

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Günen, Ali, İsmail Hakki Karahan, Mustafa Serdar Karakaş, et al. "Properties and Corrosion Resistance of AISI H13 Hot-Work Tool Steel with Borided B4C Powders." Metals and Materials International 26, no. 9 (2019): 1329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00421-0.

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Bonek, M. "Formation of Hard Composite Layer on Tool Steel by Laser Alloying." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (2016): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0123.

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Abstract Investigations include alloying the PMHSS6-5-3 steel surface layer with carbide and ceramic powders WC, VC, TiC, SiC, Si3N4 and Al2O3, using the high power diode laser (HPDL). Laser treatment is especially promising for solving contemporary surface engineering problems making it possible to focus precisely the delivered energy in the form of heat in the surface layer. The structural mechanism was determined of surface layers development, effect was studied of alloying parameters, method on structure refinement and influence of these factors on the mechanical properties of surface layer, and especially on its abrasive wear resistance. The fine grained martensite structure is responsible for hardness increase of the alloyed layer. The tribological wear relationships were determined for laser treated surface layers, determining friction coefficient, and wear trace shape developed due to the abrasive wear of the investigated surfaces. Comparison of the laser treatment parameters and tribological properties of surface layer after remelting and alloying with hard particles of the PMHSS6-5-3 steel using the high power diode laser to obtain the optimum service properties is the outcome of the investigations carried out.

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Fernández-Vicente, A., G. Castro, J. L. Arias, and Maria Angeles Montealegre. "TiC Reinforced Steel Matrix Composite Layers Produced by Laser Surface Alloying." Advanced Materials Research 59 (December 2008): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.59.55.

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In the present work, laser surface alloying of H13 tool steel by using TiC has been performed by means of DHPDL (Direct high power diode laser). Different layers were produced by varying laser beam power and powder feeding rate. Several alloying degrees were obtained depending on the laser parameters employed. Laser surface alloyed layers were analyzed by using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Wear resistance was evaluated through pin-on-disk tests at room temperature. In general, it was observed that dilution of TiC powders into the molten H13 substrate decreased as the powder-feeding rate increased and particles size of the titanium carbide precipitates was larger for the higher feeding rates. Wear measurements showed lower values for the wear resistance coefficient of laser alloying layers produced at higher values of the powder injection (feeding) rate. Analysis of the wear surface track was conducted and the specific contribution of the microstructural features on the wear coefficient was assessed. Thus, it was found that larger particles sizes and particle contents protected the martensitic and dendritic steel matrix from being deeply worn. Lower TiC contents in the alloyed layer gave rise to a higher contribution of the plastic deformation in the wear track.

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Sasaki, Gen, Yong Bum Choi, Kenjiro Sugio, and Kazuhiro Matsugi. "Development of Tool Steel Matrix Composites with High Thermal Conductivity." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1956.

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The improvement of thermal conductivity of tool steel is extremely important for order to achieve life prolongation of metal die used in die-casting. In order to improve the thermal conductivity without the degradation of mechanical properties, VGCF (vapor grown carbon fiber) and TiB2 particles added in tool steel (SKD61) and to obtain the composites. Composites was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Before sintering, SKD61 powders with 70μm in diameter and 1.9-3.8 vol. % VGCF with 0.15-0.2μm in diameter and 10-20μm in length or 4-8 vol. % TiB2 particles with 2.62μm in average diameter was mixed by V shape type ball milling or planetary ball milling. Composites were sintered at 1273K with 50 MPa. The relative density of all composites is higher than 97%. The thermal conductivity improved from 20W/mK to 36W/mK by adding 8 vol. % TiB2 particles, and to 25W/mK by adding 1.9 vol. % VGCF. On the other hand, the tensile strength of 1.9 vol. % VGCF/ SKD61 composites prepared under the condition of V shape type ball milling has 2200MPa. Composites with addition of 4vol. % TiB2 particles with V shape type ball milling and 1.9 vol. % VGCF with planetary ball milling is almost equal to the monolithic alloy. Good mechanical properties of the composites are caused by the grain refinement or interfacial strengthening by adding dispersants. But as increasing the contents of dispersants, the aggregation of the dispersants degrade the mechanical properties.

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Masood, SH, D. Ruan, and P. Rajapatruni. "Mechanical performance of plymetal structures subjected to impact loading." International Journal of Protective Structures 9, no. 1 (2017): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419617729380.

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Plymetal is a new type of composite metallic structure based on the concept of plywood created by laser direct metal deposition additive manufacturing technology. Two different metal powders, 316L stainless steel and H13 tool steel, are deposited in alternative parallel rows in each layer in the defined orientations to create a plymetal structure. In this research, the plymetal was manufactured by the POM DMD 505 machine, in which a laser beam melts various metal powders deposited through a coaxial nozzle in a layer-by-layer manner to form a metallic structure. The ballistic performance of plymetal structures was then experimentally studied for high impact applications. Ballistic tests were carried out using a high-pressure gas gun. The plymetal plates of 3-mm-thick were subjected to impact of projectiles at various velocities and the results were compared with test results of stainless steel plates of different thicknesses. Results show that the ballistic resistance of the direct metal deposition generated plymetal structure is better than the ballistic resistance of the stainless steel 316L with the same thickness. Vickers hardness and face deformation characteristics of the plymetal samples and stainless steel samples were also investigated.

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