Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tool steels

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tool steels'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tool steels"

1

Imbert, C. A. C., and H. J. McQueen. "Static Recrystallization of Tool Steels." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4458.

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Double-twist torsion tests were used to determine static softening in the hot working range of three tool steels – W1, a carbon steel (1.03% C - 0.8% other elements), A2 and D2, a medium and a high alloy steel, containing 8.45% and 14.82% alloying elements. The carbon steel, that was single-phase austenite in the hot-working range, experienced rapid static recrystallization due to increased diffusion rate caused by C in hot austenite, very little alloying solute and no carbides. Carbides in alloy tool steels, which exist throughout the hot-working range, have a retarding effect on the progress of recrystallization but are responsible for enhancing initiation due to formation of nuclei at the strain concentration near the particle/matrix interface. Static recrystallization (SRX) of the alloy tool steels was compared with austenitic stainless steels, with similar strengths but much greater alloying content, and with microalloyed steels, as well as with the dynamic recrystallization kinetics.
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Drozd, Kazimierz, Mariusz Walczak, Mirosław Szala, and Kamil Gancarczyk. "Tribological Behavior of AlCrSiN-Coated Tool Steel K340 Versus Popular Tool Steel Grades." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 4895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214895.

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The tribological performance of metalwork steel tools is of vital importance in both cold and hot working processes. One solution for improving metal tool life is the application of coatings. This paper investigates the differences in quantitative wear behavior and wear mechanisms between AlCrSiN-coated and bare steel K340 and five reference tool steels: X155CrVMo12-1, X37CrMoV5-1, X40CrMoV5-1, 40CrMnMo7 and 90MnCrV8. The investigated tool steels were heat-treated, while K340 was subjected to thermochemical treatment and then coated with an AlCrSiN hard film (K340/AlCrSiN). The hardness, chemical composition, phase structure and microstructure of steels K340 and K340/AlCrSiN were examined. Tribological tests were conducted using the ball-on-disc tester in compliance with the ASTM G99 standard. The tests were performed under dry unidirectional sliding conditions, using an Al2O3 ball as a counterbody. The wear factor and coefficient of friction were estimated and analyzed with respect to hardness and alloying composition of the materials under study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were made to identify the sliding wear mechanisms of the analyzed tool steels and physical vapor deposition (PVD)- coated K340 steel. In contrast to the harsh abrasive–adhesive wear mechanism observed for uncoated tool steels, the abrasive wear dominates in case of the AlCrSiN. The deposited thin film effectively prevents the K340 substrate from harsh wear severe degradation. Moreover, thanks to the deposited coating, the K340/AlCrSiN sample has a coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.529 and a wear factor of K = 5.68 × 10−7 m3 N−1 m−1, while the COF of the reference tool steels ranges from 0.70 to 0.89 and their wear factor ranges from 1.68 × 10−5 to 3.67 × 10−5 m3 N−1 m−1. The AlCrSiN deposition reduces the wear of the K340 steel and improves its sliding properties, which makes it a promising method for prolonging the service life of metalwork tools.
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Wieland, Michael, and Marion Merklein. "Characterization of Heat Transfer Coefficients of Tool Materials and Tool Coatings for Hot Stamping of Boron-Manganese Steels." Key Engineering Materials 438 (May 2010): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.438.81.

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One characteristic of hot stamping of ultra high strength steels is the high wear rate of the used tools which leads to shorter tool life. Coatings improving wear resistance can increase the lifetime of the used tools but process relevant data such as the heat transfer capability of coated tool steels are missing. Within this paper the heat transfer capabilities of coated tool steels for the hot stamping processes are determined. Therefore different coating systems based on AlCrN are applied on the tool steels and the pressure dependent heat transfer coefficient is determined using process relevant conditions. As semi-finished blank the hot stamping steel 22MnB5 with an aluminum-silicon pre-coating is used. With respect to a finite element analysis of the forming operation of the hot stamping process the heat transfer coefficient represents an important input data for the process layout.
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Won, Si Tae, and Dong Young Jang. "Measurement of TiAlN Coating Effects on Machining Characteristics of High Hardened Steel." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1357.

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Effects of TiAlN coating conditions on the cutting characteristics during machining high hardened tool steel using coated ball end mill were studied in this research. KP4 steel and STD 11 steel were used as workpieces. Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) was utilized in the cutting. Scanning electron microscope, optical tool, and a tool dynamometer were used to measure coating thickness and progress of tool wear. Results showed that the cutting distance using TiAlN coated ball end mills was longer than that using WC-Co ball end mill by 2.3~5.7 times for KP4 steels and about 2.5~4.3 times for STD11 heat treated steels. The multi layer TiAlN coated ball end mill showed better performance of machining of hard steels than single layered coated tools.
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Sandberg, Odd, Andreas Krona, Sigurd Berg, Flemming Kaad, and Göran Nord. "Application Experiences in Powder Compaction of Iron Powder - Influence of Tool Material on Tool Life." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.649.

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Tool steels for powder pressing are normally heat treated to a high hardness to counteract plastic deformation during the compacting process. Ductility and wear resistance of the die punch or core rod are determined by the type, size, amount, hardness and distribution of the hard phase in the martensitic matrix. Thus, tool steels can be designed and optimized for specific powder pressing application. To be able to utilize the full potential of the tool steel, also the design, heat treatment and eventual surface coating of the steel must be taken into account. In this paper new low-friction tool steel is investigated in PM manufacturing for a number of applications. An increase of tool life of more than two times compared to ordinary tool steels is found. Furthermore, the new low friction tool steel shows a potential for sintered parts with higher densities through the applicability of increased compaction pressure or minimized lubricant amount.
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Algarni, Mohammed. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Characterization of AISI “D2” and “O1” Cold Work Tool Steels." Metals 9, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111169.

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This research analyzes the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of two cold work tool steels: AISI “D2” and “O1”. Tool steels are an economical and efficient solution for manufacturers due to their superior mechanical properties. Demand for tool steels is increasing yearly due to the growth in transportation production around the world. Nevertheless, AISI “D2” and “O1” (locally made) tool steels behave differently due to the varying content of their alloying elements. There is also a lack of information regarding their mechanical properties and behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the plasticity and ductile fracture behavior of “D2” and “O1” via several experimental tests. The tool steels’ behavior under monotonic quasi-static tensile and compression tests was analyzed. The results of the experimental work showed different plasticity behavior and ductile fracture among the two tool steels. Before fracture, clear necking appeared on “O1” tool steel, whereas no signs of necking occurred on “D2” tool steel. In addition, the fracture surface of “O1” tool steel showed cup–cone fracture mode, and “D2” tool steel showed a flat surface fracture mode. The dimple-like structures in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that both tool steels had a ductile fracture mode.
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Huang, Shi Hong, Ting Lei, Hong Xiao Chi, and Dang Shen Ma. "Application of Si in Tool and Die Steel." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.35.

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This paper analyzed the application status of Si in high speed tool steel, cold working die steel, hot work die steel and plastic die steel. On this basis, the effect of Si on the properties of different types of tool and dies steels is summarized. There is the certain reference value of the application of Si in tool and die steels.
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Liška, Jaromír, and Josef Filípek. "The resistance of ledeburitic tool steels against the abrasive wear." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 6 (2012): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260060231.

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The ledeburitic tool steels which used to be used mainly for cutting and shaping tools nowadays are frequently used for a manufacture of injection moulds, moulds for pressure castings of aluminium alloys and for moulds for ceramics processing. The article deals with findings of ledeburitic tool steels resistance against abrasive wear. For the tests there were prepared the test samples of ledeburitic tool steels 19 436 and 19 573 (both according to ČSN). Moreover there were prepared the samples from structural abrasion resistant material Hardox 450 and from unalloyed structural steel 11 373 (according to ČSN). A wear resistance was examined by means of a laboratory test with an abrasive cloth and the Bond’s device. Hereafter the article deals with a possibility of utilisation of ledeburitic alloyed steels for a manufacture of tools for a land processing. For the examination of a resistance against wear in land there was made a plough test in which the tested samples were mounted on plough blades. By means of both the laboratory and operational tests there was found multiple higher resistance against wear of ledeburitic tool steels rather than of structural steels. During a land processing there was found unsuitability of steels processed for a maximum hardness, which came out as fractures of several samples.
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Šerák, Jan, Vojtěch Pečinka, and Dalibor Vojtěch. "Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Tool Steels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 395 (August 2019): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.395.85.

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In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of four types of high-speed tool steels (Vanadis 30, Vanadis 60, ASP 2052 and S 705) were studied. The steel S 705 was made by conventional ingot metallurgy technology, and other types of steels were manufactured by powder metallurgy technology. All studied steels were examined both in the soft state and further in the hardened condition with subsequent tempering. Microstructure of metallographic samples and fracture areas was studied by electron microscopy. Hardness, tensile properties and notch toughness were determined. Significant differences in the properties of steels in both studied states were documented.
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Muro, Maider, Garikoitz Artola, Anton Gorriño, and Carlos Angulo. "Wear and Friction Evaluation of Different Tool Steels for Hot Stamping." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3296398.

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The aim of this work is to investigate the durability of tool steels for hot stamping by comparing the wear resistance of three hot work tool steels. Friction and wear behaviours of different tool steels sliding against a 22MnB5 uncoated steel at elevated temperatures were investigated using a high-temperature version of the Optimol SRV reciprocating friction and wear tester at temperatures of 40 and 200°C. Our results show that friction decreased with increasing temperature, whereas wear of the tool steel increased with temperature for the second and the third tested tool steels. The slightly better wear behaviour of steel specimen 1 comes from the hardness of the carbides in the martensitic microstructure, which are rich in vanadium.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tool steels"

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Medvedeva, Anna. "Performance of advanced tool steels for cutting tool bodies." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5630.

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Performance of indexable insert cutting tools is not only about the performance of cutting inserts. It is also about the cutting tool body, which has to provide a secure and accurate insert positioning as well as its quick and easy handling under severe working conditions. The common damage mechanisms of cutting tool bodies are fatigue and plastic deformation. Cutting tools undergo high dynamic stresses going in and out cutting engagement; as a result, an adequate level of fatigue strength is the essential steel property. Working temperatures of tool bodies in the insert pocket can reach up to 600°C, why the tool steel requires high softening resistance to avoid plastic deformation. Machinability is also essential, as machining of the steel represents a large fraction of the production cost of a cutting tool. The overall aim of the study is to improve the tool body performance by use of an advanced steel grade with an optimized combination of all the demanding properties. Due to the high-temperature conditions, the thesis concerns mostly hot-work tool steels increasing also the general knowledge of their microstructure, mechanical properties and machinability. Knowing the positive effect of sulphur on machinability of steels, the first step was to indentify a certain limit of the sulphur addition, which would not reduce the fatigue strength of the tool body below an acceptable level. In tool bodies, where the demand on surface roughness was low and a geometrical stress concentrator was present, the addition of sulphur could be up to 0.09 wt%. Fatigue performance of the cutting tools to a large extent depended on the steel resistance to stress relaxation under high dynamic loading and elevated temperatures. The stress relaxation behaviour, material substructure and dislocation characteristics in low-alloyed and hot-work tool steels were studied using X-ray diffraction under thermal and mechanical loading.  Different tool steels exhibited different stress relaxation resistance depending on their microstructure, temper resistance and working temperature. Hot-work tool steels showed to be more preferable to low-alloyed tool steels because of their ability to inhibit the rearrangement and annihilation of induced dislocations. High-temperature softening resistance of the hot-work tool steels was investigated during high-temperature hold-times and isothermal fatigue and discussed with respect to their microstructure. Carbide morphology and precipitation were determined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Machinability of a prehardened hot-work tool steel of varying nickel content from 1 to 5 wt% was investigated in end milling and drilling operations. Machining the higher nickel containing steels resulted in longer tool life and generated lower cutting forces and tool/workpiece interface temperature. The difference in machinability of the steels was discussed in terms of their microstructure and mechanical properties.
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Norrby, Alexander. "Nanotribological characterization of advanced tool steels." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-35167.

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Tribological  problems  of  tool–work  piece  interaction  is  a  key  aspect  influencing  product quality,  process  performance  and  tool  lifetime.  For  example,  in  sheet  metal  forming operations, sliding contact may cause adhesive wear of sheet materials with build up of worn material on the tool surface. This tribological problem often resulted in loss of tolerance and product quality and is called galling.      It  was  demonstrated  that  tendency  to  adhesive  wear  depends  on  the  steel  grade,  which means high importance of chemical- and phase-constitution of the tool steel. It was suggested that  adhesion  to  the  matrix  is  critical  due  to  metal  to  metal  contact  while  carbide  phase prevent adhesion of conterbody materials. Nevertheless, in macroscale tests it is difficult or even impossible to separate contribution of each phase into the wear mechanism.       In the present work, selected steels are to be investigated  at nanoscale by means of AFM facilities. Main attention will be paid on adhesion and frictional properties of steel matrix and primary  phase.  As  expected  and  reported  in  several  articles,  carbides,  carbonitrides  and nitrides   may   behave   differently,   contributing   into   the   final   performance   differently. Additional  attention  will  be  paid  on  phase  size  and  distribution,  meaning  they  are  also important parameters influencing tribological behaviour.
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Leonard, Andrew John. "Tool steels with added ceramic particles." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268264.

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Hardell, Jens. "High temperature tribology of high strength boron steel and tool steels." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2007/36/index.html.

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Jonsson, Jonathan. "Different coatings effect on tool-life when milling hardened tool steels." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36663.

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Abstract This thesis work is about finding out which coating should be used for which hardened tool steel and this was done by testing different coated cutting tools in different kinds of tool steels. The thesis work is performed at Uddeholms AB together with Uddeholms AB in the department of R&D at machinability cooperating with eifeler-Vacotec GmbH. The thesis work is going on from the end of January to the start of June and is a part of the education as mechanical engineer at Karlstad University and includes a total of 22,5 hp. The objective after finished thesis work is to be able to leave a recommendation to Uddeholms AB which coating is most suitable for each tool steel. To be able to leave that recommendation cutting tests are performed in four different hardened steel grades from Uddeholms AB combined with seven different coatings from eifeler-Vacotec GmbH. Steel grades tested are NIMAX®, DIEVAR®, VANADIS® 10 and ORVAR® SUPREME and coatings tested are CROSAL®, EXXTRAL® and SISTRAL® in different compounds. ORVAR® SUPREME gave such a long cutting tool-life that it was left for further investigation due to time limits that the thesis work had. In the other three tool steels it was possible to get a recommendation out of the four coatings tested in each tool steel. The coating that is recommended for each tool steel is only based on the cutting tool lasting the longest in each tool steel. That is not how a recommendation usually is formed, however for this thesis work there is no time for checking all the aspects that is vital for a proper recommendation. In order to get a proper recommendation, further more aspects that are checked are for example: Different cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed, etc.) Different geometries on the cutting tool Smoothness of the cutting tool and the coating In table 1 there is a compilation of which coating that was recommended for which tool steel. Table 1. This is a compilation of which coating that was recommended for which tool steel. NIMAX®               CROSAL® V1 DIEVAR®             SISTRAL® Ultrafine VANADIS® 10    SISTRAL® S
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Kazymyrovych, Vitaliy. "Very high cycle fatigue of tool steels." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5877.

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An increasing number of engineering components are expected to have fatigue life in the range of 107 - 1010 load cycles. Some examples of such components are found in airplanes, automobiles and high speed trains. For many materials fatigue failures have lately been reported to occur well after 107 load cycles, namely in the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) range. This finding contradicts the established concept of a fatigue limit, which postulates that having sustained around 107 load cycles the material is capable of enduring an infinite number of cycles provided that the service conditions are unchanged. With the development of modern ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment it became possible to experimentally establish VHCF behaviour of various materials. For many of them the existence of the fatigue limit at 107 load cycles has been proved wrong and their fatigue strength continues to decrease with increasing number of load cycles. High performance steels is an important group of materials used for the components subjected to VHCF. This study explores the VHCF phenomenon using experimental data generated by ultrasonic fatigue testing of selected tool steels. The overall aim is to gain knowledge of VHCF behaviour of some common tool steel grades, while establishing a fundamental understanding of mechanisms for crack development in the very long life regime. The study demonstrates that VHCF cracks in tested steels initiate from microstructural defects like slag inclusions, large carbides or voids. It is established that VHCF life is almost exclusively spent during crack formation at below threshold stress intensity values which results in a unique for VHCF morphology on the fracture surface. Significant attention is devoted in the thesis to the ultrasonic fatigue testing technique, i.e. the validity and applicability of its results. FEM is employed to give an additional perspective to the study. It was used to calculate local stresses at fatigue initiating defects; examine the effect of material damping on ultrasonic stresses; and to evaluate various specimen geometries with respect to resulting stress gradient and maximum stressed material volume.
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Sandberg, Natalia. "On the Machinability of High Performance Tool Steels." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-172427.

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The continuous development of hot forming tool steels has resulted in steels with improved mechanical properties. A change in alloying composition, primarily a decreased silicon content, makes them tougher and more wear resistant at elevated temperatures. However, it is at the expense of their machinability. The aim of this study is to explain the mechanisms behind this negative side effect. Hot work tool steels of H13 type with different Si content were characterised mechanically, and evaluated analytically and by dedicated machining tests. Machining tests verified that materials with low Si content displayed reduced machinability due to their stronger tendency to adhere to the cutting edge. Three hypotheses were tested. The first hypothesis, that the improved toughness of the low Si steels is the reason behind their relatively poor machinability, was rejected after machining tests with one low Si steel heat treated to the same relatively low toughness as conventional hot work tool steels. The second hypothesis, that a change in oxidation properties, also associated with the change in Si composition, lies behind the reduced machinability was investigated by dedicated tests and evaluations. It was found that the oxide thickness increased with reduced Si content and that there was an enrichment of Cr at the oxide/steel interface. The differences in oxide thickness and the possible differences in oxidation properties may influence the machinability of the materials through their different abilities to adhere to the cutting edge. The third hypothesis, that a high enough temperature to initiate phase transformation from ferrite to austenite is generated during machining of the tool steels, was also investigated. This may lead to a reduced machinability because higher austenite content is directly related to higher compressive stresses and higher cutting forces. This causes accelerated tool wear. This hypothesis was verified by ThermoCalc calculation of austenite content in the steels, which showed a good agreement with Gleeble compression tests and cutting force measurements. This thesis confirms that a reduced Si content in conventional H13 steel improves the toughness, reduces the oxidation resistance and lowers the ferrite-to-austenite transformation temperature. The reduction in austenite temperature is probably the most important factor behind the reduced machinability.
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Shaikh, Qadeer Ahmed. "Wear studies of sintered high speed tool steels." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1988. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10826.

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The wear behaviour of wear resistant alloy steels has been studied using a crossed-cylinder wear test. The wear results have been related to current theories of friction and wear established in the published literature. Wear tests have been carried out on a wide range of alloy steels sintered in vacuum to full density; in particular the following have been studied in depth: M2, M42, T15, ASP30, D2 and EN24. These alloy steels were made by the process of powder metallurgy where alloy steel powders of the co=ect =mposi tion are pressed and sintered into wear resistant engineering ccmponents . A wear test method involving a crossed cylinder abrasion test has been developed to measure the wear rates of materials with hardnesses ranging from 100-1000 VHN. The test variables studied were: time (or distance travelled), load,abrasive grit size, sliding speed and hardness of test specimens ...
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Bennett, Robert. "The plasma nitriding of tool and bearing steels." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11876/.

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There is some evidence to suggest that nitriding of alloy steels, in particular high speed tool steels, under carefully controlled conditions might sharply increase rolling contact fatigue resistance. However, the subsurface shear stresses developed in aerospace bearing applications tend to occur at depths greater than the usual case depths currently produced by nitriding. Additionally, case development must be limited with certain materials due to case spalling and may not always be sufficient to achieve the current theoretical depths necessary to ensure that peak stresses occur within the case. It was the aim of' this work to establish suitable to overcome this problem by plasma nitriding. To assist this development a study has been made of prior hardening treatment, case development, residual stress and case cracking tendency. M2 in the underhardened, undertempered and fully hardened and tempered conditions all responded similarly to plasma nitriding - maximum surface hardening being achieved by plasma nitriding at 450°C. Case development varied linearly with increasing treatment temperature and also with the square root of the treatment time. Maximum surface hardness of M5O and Tl steels was achieved by plasma nitriding in 15% nitrogen/85% hydrogen and varied logarithmically with atmosphere nitrogen content. The case-cracking contact stress varied linearly with nitriding temperature for M2. Tl and M5O supported higher stresses after nitriding in low nitrogen plasma atmospheres. Unidirectional bending fatigue of M2 has been improved up to three times the strength of the fully hardened and tempered condition by plasma nitriding for 16hrs at 400°C. Fatigue strengths of Tl and M5O have been improved by up to 30% by plasma nitriding for 16hrs at 450°C in a 75% hydrogen/25% nitrogen atmosphere.
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Onate, Jose I. "Nitrogen implantation of tool steels and engineering coatings." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11936/.

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Ion implantation modifies the surface composition and properties of materials by bombardment with high energy ions. The low temperature of the process ensures the avoidance of distortion and degradation of the surface or bulk mechanical properties of components. In the present work nitrogen ion implantation at 90 keV and doses above 1017 ions/cm2 has been carried out on AISI M2, D2 and 420 steels and engineering coatings such as hard chromium, electroless Ni-P and a brush plated Co-W alloy. Evaluation of wear and frictional properties of these materials was performed with a lubricated Falex wear test at high loads up to 900 N and a dry pin-on-disc apparatus at loads up to 40 N. It was found that nitrogen implantation reduced the wear of AISI 420 stainless steel by a factor of 2.5 under high load lubricated conditions and by a factor of 5.5 in low load dry testing. Lower but significant reductions in wear were achieved for AISI M2 and D2 steels. Wear resistance of coating materials was improved by up to 4 times in lubricated wear of hard Cr coatings implanted at the optimum dose but lower improvements were obtained for the Co-W alloy coating. However, hardened electroless Ni-P coatings showed no enhancement in wear properties. The benefits obtained in wear behaviour for the above materials were generally accompanied by a significant decrease in the running-in friction. Nitrogen implantation hardened the surface of steels and Cr and Co-W coatings. An ultra-microhardness technique showed that the true hardness of implanted layers was greater than the values obtained by conventional micro-hardness methods, which often result in penetration below the implanted depth. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that implantation reduced the ploughing effect during wear and a change in wear mechanism from an abrasive-adhesive type to a mild oxidative mode was evident. Retention of nitrogen after implantation was studied by Nuclear Reaction Analysis and Auger Electron Spectroscopy. It was shown that maximum nitrogen retention occurs in hard Cr coatings and AISI 420 stainless steel, which explains the improvements obtained in wear resistance and hardness. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on these materials revealed that nitrogen is almost entirely bound to Cr, forming chromium nitrides. It was concluded that nitrogen implantation at 90 keV and doses above 3x1017 ions/cm2 produced the most significant improvements in mechanical properties in materials containing nitride formers by precipitation strengthening, improving the load bearing capacity of the surface and changing the wear mechanism from adhesive-abrasive to oxidative.
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Books on the topic "Tool steels"

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1933-, Krauss George, and Kennedy Richard, eds. Tool steels. 5th ed. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1998.

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Roberts, George A. Tool steels. 5th ed. Materials Park, OH: American Society for Metals, 1998.

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Hoyle, G. High speed steels. London: Butterworths, 1987.

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Hoyle, G. High speed steels. London: Butterworths, 1988.

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Nolan, Mary G. The pre-tempering of tool steels. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Sohar, Christian Rudolf. Lifetime Controlling Defects in Tool Steels. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21646-6.

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Sohar, Christian Rudolf. Lifetime Controlling Defects in Tool Steels. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

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O'Rourke, Gareth. The cryogenic heat treatment of tool steels. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Heat treatment, selection, and application of tool steels. Cincinnati, Ohio: Hanser Gardner Publications, 1997.

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Heat treatment, selection, and application of tool steels. 2nd ed. Cincinnati: Hanser Gardner Publications, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tool steels"

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Kubin, Michael, and Reinhold Schneider. "Manufacturing of Tool Steels." In Tool Steels, 11–40. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315181516-3.

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Bryson, William E. "Welding Tool Steels." In Heat Treatment, Selection, and Application of Tool Steels, 127–30. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446436701.018.

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Imbert, C. A. C., and H. J. McQueen. "Static Recrystallization of Tool Steels." In THERMEC 2006, 4458–63. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-428-6.4458.

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Bryson, William E. "Tool Steel Selection." In Heat Treatment, Selection, and Application of Tool Steels, 135–63. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446436701.020.

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Bryson, William E. "Heat-Treating Air-Hardening Tool Steels." In Heat Treatment, 120–36. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569904862.023.

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Bryson, William E. "Heat-Treating: Oil-Hardening Tool Steels." In Heat Treatment, 137–53. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569904862.024.

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Bryson, William E. "Heat-Treating: Water-Hardening Tool Steels." In Heat Treatment, 154–69. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569904862.025.

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Bryson, William E. "Appendix A: Suggested Tool Steels Uses." In Heat Treatment, 309–17. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569904862.032.

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Beiss, P., and G. Kientopf. "Hot isostatically pressed tool steels: microstructure." In Powder Metallurgy Data, 219–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10689123_12.

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Vilar, R., R. Colaço, and A. Almeida. "Laser Surface Treatment of Tool Steels." In Laser Processing: Surface Treatment and Film Deposition, 453–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0197-1_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tool steels"

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Adamiak, Stanisław, Wojciech Bochnowski, and Andrzej Dziedzic. "Laser strengthening of tool steels." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Wieslaw Wolinski, Zdzislaw Jankiewicz, and Ryszard S. Romaniuk. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.726546.

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Sista, Prasad S., Selden O. Swain, Srinivasan Chandrasekar, and Thomas N. Farris. "Tool Wear Characteristics of CBN Tools in the Finish Machining of Tool Steels." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1148.

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Abstract A study has been made of the wear characteristics of CBN tools in the dry and wet finish machining of M2 tool steel, heat treated to a hardness of 60–62 Rc. The repeatability of CBN tool flank wear, the Taylor tool life exponent for CBN tools, the effect of coolant on tool wear and tool life, and the variation of component surface finish and cutting forces with tool wear have been measured. It is found that the evolution of tool wear is very repeatable, the Taylor tool life exponent for CBN tools is 0.26 in dry finish machining and that the use of a coolant leads to a 20–25% increase in tool life. The variation of surface finish with flank wear is also observed to be qualitatively similar in multiple cutting experiments carried out at the same conditions in dry and wet machining. The machining forces show a steady increase with flank wear with the radial force showing the greatest increase. The specific cutting energy for the CBN finish machining of M2 steel has been estimated and it is found to be about 10 times smaller than the specific grinding energy.
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Ankuda, E. S., V. V. Kalmykov, M. V. Musokhranov, and I. D. Sokolova. "Wear resistant coatings for tool steels." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (FSAB 2021). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0068745.

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Ibrahim, Youssef, Khaled H. Khafagy, Tarek M. Hatem, and Hesham A. Hegazi. "Three-Dimensional Crystal Plasticity Modelling of High-Strength Tool Steels Using Fourier Based Spectral Solver." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24167.

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Abstract Tool steels are essential for any industry, being used to cut, drill, form, shear, and shape ferrous and non-ferrous materials in bulk or powder forms. Due to the harsh service environment, tool steels are engineered with superior properties that include high wear, corrosion, and impact resistance. The macro properties of tool steel alloys are acknowledged to depend upon their fine martensitic microstructure. Therefore, accurate representation of its microstructures will help to further study its behavior which shall lead in advancing and improving their properties. In the current research, a novel microstructure generator for tool steel alloys will be used to precisely simulate complex microstructures of tool steels. The novel generating algorithm along with multiple-slip crystal plasticity based model and specialize spectral solver formulations are used to investigate high-speed tools steels behavior. The spectral method for elastoviscoplastic boundary value problems implicitly uses fast Fourier transformation algorithm (FFT) by applying periodic BCs. Both quasi-static and dynamic uniaxial tensile loading in the [010] direction is applied on a RVE of AISI H11 martensitic tool steel. Validating the numerical results with the experimental results of tool steels is presented.
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Sucha´nek, Jan, and Peter Jurcˇi. "Adhesive Wear of Duplex-Treated Tool and Structural Steels." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59153.

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Thin ceramic coatings deposited on the surface of tools and machine parts by PVD methods improve considerably their tribological properties. However these hard brittle coatings can be damaged rapidly if plastic deformation initiates in the substrate near the coating-substrate interface when subject to a relatively high load. The logical way how to treat such problems is improvement of the mechanical characteristics of subsurface layers by heat treatment or thermo-chemical treatment such as plasma nitriding. The typical duplex process involves plasma nitriding and PVD coating treatment of steels. Thickness of the nitride layers depends on the activity of nitrogen in the plasma, process temperature and time. The type and thickness of nitrides can influence considerably the quality of the deposited PVD coatings and their adhesion to a nitrided substrate. High-speed steels and Cr-V ledeburitic steels were plasma nitrided and duplex-coated (pulse plasma nitriding + PVD TiN or CrN coating) at various combinations of processing parameters. The wear resistance of the non-nitrided, PVD coated and duplex-coated steel surface was examined by ring-on-plate and plate-on-plate tribological testers. The effect of subsequent PVD–coating performed on plasma nitrided specimens can be considered as very positive when the specimens were severe loaded. The tested duplex treated low-alloy steel 31CrMoV9 was pulse plasma nitrided and then coated by different PVD coatings (TiN, CrN, TiAlN and (CrN-TiN)x3). The results of tribological tests (ring-on-plate tribometer) confirmed the high wear resistance of duplex treated steels.
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Wilzer, J. J., and C. Escher. "Superior Tool Steels for Hot Stamping of AHSS." In 4th International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU2018). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813277984_0063.

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Tonomura, T., and P. Liu. "KDAHP1 Tool Steels for Hot Stamping Mold Dies." In 4th International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU2018). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813277984_0069.

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Dobrzański, Leszek A., Mirosław Bonek, Eugeniusz Hajduczek, and Andrzej Klimpel. "Laser alloyed hot-work tool steels with WC carbides." In ICALEO® 2004: 23rd International Congress on Laser Materials Processing and Laser Microfabrication. Laser Institute of America, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5060243.

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Wang, D., and I. Schruff. "Premium Tool Steels Solutions for Efficient Hot-stamping Applications." In 4th International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU2018). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813277984_0064.

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Dobrzański, Leszek A., Mirosław Bonek, Marek Piec, Eugeniusz Hajduczek, and Andrzej Klimpel. "Laser modification of hot-work tool steels gradient layers P551." In ICALEO® 2005: 24th International Congress on Laser Materials Processing and Laser Microfabrication. Laser Institute of America, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5060604.

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Reports on the topic "Tool steels"

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Yang, Ying, Kevin G. Field, Todd R. Allen, and Jeremy T. Busby. Development of a robust modeling tool for radiation-induced segregation in austenitic stainless steels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1221741.

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Gary Casuccio, Michael Potter, Fred Schwerer, Dr. Richard J. Fruehan, and Dr. Scott Story. Automated Steel Cleanliness Analysis Tool (ASCAT). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861927.

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Nandwana, Peeyush, Desarae Goldsby, Derek Siddel, Rangasayee Kannan, and James Sears. Binder Jet Printing of H13 Tool Steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1810015.

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McManigle, A. P. Cutting tool study: 21-6-9 stainless steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7273296.

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McManigle, A. P. Cutting tool study: 21-6-9 stainless steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10177994.

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Woods, Mel, Saskia Coulson, Raquel Ajates, Angelos Amditis, Andy Cobley, Dahlia Domian, Gerid Hager, et al. Citizen Science Projects: How to make a difference. WeObserve, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001193.

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Citizen Science Projects: How to make a difference, is a massive open online course (MOOC). It was developed by the H2020 WeObserve project and ran on the FutureLearn platform from 2019. The course was designed to assist learners from all backgrounds and geographical locations to discover how to build their own citizen science project to address global challenges and create positive change. It also helped learners with interpreting the information they collected and using their findings to educate others about important local and global concerns. The main learning objectives for the course were: * Discover what citizen science and citizen observatories are * Engage with the general process of a citizen science project, the tools used and where they can be accessed * Collect and analyse data on relevant issues such as environmental challenges and disaster management, and discuss the results of their findings * Explore projects happening around the world, what the aims of these projects are and how learners could get involved * Model the steps to create their own citizen science project * Evaluate the potential of citizen science in bringing about change This course also provided five open-source, downloadable tools which have been tested in previous citizen science projects and created for the use of a wider range of projects. These tools are listed below and available in the research repository: * Empathy timeline tool * Community-level indicators tool * Data postcards tool * Future newspaper tool * Co-evaluation tool
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Georgiev, G. Evt, V. Manolov, Ya Lukarski, and At Baikushev. Computer Simulation of the Heat Transfer in a Tool for Reinforcement Steel Production. Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/engsci.lv.18.01.03.

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Yilmaz, Ali, and Jeffery Gabelmann. A Low Frequency Electrode Array Tool for Fracture Diagnostics in Steel-Cased Wellbores. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1475425.

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Richards, Andrew Walter, David John Alexander, Kevin Ray Bohn, Robert Thomas Forsyth, Robert Errol Hackenberg, Daniel Edwin Hooks, Patrick Kenneth Kennedy, et al. Metallurgical Failure Analysis of A2 Tool Steel Die Set from High Explosive Pellet Pressing Event. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1457323.

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Barreix, Alberto Daniel, Martín Bes, Oscar Fonseca, María Fonteñez, Dalmiro Morán, Emilio Pineda, and Jerónimo Roca. Revisiting Personalized VAT: A Tool for Fiscal Consolidation with Equity. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004147.

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As the COVID-19 pandemic ends, the large fiscal imbalances will require Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) governments to pursue fiscal consolidation policies by increasing revenues and/or reducing expenditures. VAT represents 40 percent of total revenues in the region but has a regressive impact that can be mitigated through two alternatives. The first, so called the “universal” strategy, provides relief by identifying those goods and services that account for a large share of consumption among lower-income households and, exempting or taxing them at a reduced rate. Its main weakness stems from the fact that it implies forgoing revenue which could be used to finance public social spending. Additionally, untargeted tax relief confers greater benefits, in absolute terms, to those who consume the most, usually individuals in the upper deciles of the income distribution, and also, multiple rates and exemptions introduce complexity into the management of the tax. The alternative, Personalized VAT (P VAT) strategy presented in this study for four LAC countries overcomes VATs regressivity without puncturing the tax base as the “universal” solution does. P Vat consists of three elements: (i) broadening the tax base, (ii) moving towards a single VAT rate, and (iii) implementing a tax refund for intended beneficiaries, based on the incidence of VAT on consumption among the poorest deciles. Currently, five LAC countries and one Brazilian state are implementing this mechanism.
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