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1
Medvedeva, Anna. "Performance of advanced tool steels for cutting tool bodies." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5630.
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Performance of indexable insert cutting tools is not only about the performance of cutting inserts. It is also about the cutting tool body, which has to provide a secure and accurate insert positioning as well as its quick and easy handling under severe working conditions. The common damage mechanisms of cutting tool bodies are fatigue and plastic deformation. Cutting tools undergo high dynamic stresses going in and out cutting engagement; as a result, an adequate level of fatigue strength is the essential steel property. Working temperatures of tool bodies in the insert pocket can reach up to 600°C, why the tool steel requires high softening resistance to avoid plastic deformation. Machinability is also essential, as machining of the steel represents a large fraction of the production cost of a cutting tool. The overall aim of the study is to improve the tool body performance by use of an advanced steel grade with an optimized combination of all the demanding properties. Due to the high-temperature conditions, the thesis concerns mostly hot-work tool steels increasing also the general knowledge of their microstructure, mechanical properties and machinability. Knowing the positive effect of sulphur on machinability of steels, the first step was to indentify a certain limit of the sulphur addition, which would not reduce the fatigue strength of the tool body below an acceptable level. In tool bodies, where the demand on surface roughness was low and a geometrical stress concentrator was present, the addition of sulphur could be up to 0.09 wt%. Fatigue performance of the cutting tools to a large extent depended on the steel resistance to stress relaxation under high dynamic loading and elevated temperatures. The stress relaxation behaviour, material substructure and dislocation characteristics in low-alloyed and hot-work tool steels were studied using X-ray diffraction under thermal and mechanical loading. Different tool steels exhibited different stress relaxation resistance depending on their microstructure, temper resistance and working temperature. Hot-work tool steels showed to be more preferable to low-alloyed tool steels because of their ability to inhibit the rearrangement and annihilation of induced dislocations. High-temperature softening resistance of the hot-work tool steels was investigated during high-temperature hold-times and isothermal fatigue and discussed with respect to their microstructure. Carbide morphology and precipitation were determined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Machinability of a prehardened hot-work tool steel of varying nickel content from 1 to 5 wt% was investigated in end milling and drilling operations. Machining the higher nickel containing steels resulted in longer tool life and generated lower cutting forces and tool/workpiece interface temperature. The difference in machinability of the steels was discussed in terms of their microstructure and mechanical properties.
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Norrby, Alexander. "Nanotribological characterization of advanced tool steels." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-35167.
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Tribological problems of tool–work piece interaction is a key aspect influencing product quality, process performance and tool lifetime. For example, in sheet metal forming operations, sliding contact may cause adhesive wear of sheet materials with build up of worn material on the tool surface. This tribological problem often resulted in loss of tolerance and product quality and is called galling. It was demonstrated that tendency to adhesive wear depends on the steel grade, which means high importance of chemical- and phase-constitution of the tool steel. It was suggested that adhesion to the matrix is critical due to metal to metal contact while carbide phase prevent adhesion of conterbody materials. Nevertheless, in macroscale tests it is difficult or even impossible to separate contribution of each phase into the wear mechanism. In the present work, selected steels are to be investigated at nanoscale by means of AFM facilities. Main attention will be paid on adhesion and frictional properties of steel matrix and primary phase. As expected and reported in several articles, carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides may behave differently, contributing into the final performance differently. Additional attention will be paid on phase size and distribution, meaning they are also important parameters influencing tribological behaviour.
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Leonard, Andrew John. "Tool steels with added ceramic particles." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268264.
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Hardell, Jens. "High temperature tribology of high strength boron steel and tool steels." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2007/36/index.html.
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Jonsson, Jonathan. "Different coatings effect on tool-life when milling hardened tool steels." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36663.
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Abstract This thesis work is about finding out which coating should be used for which hardened tool steel and this was done by testing different coated cutting tools in different kinds of tool steels. The thesis work is performed at Uddeholms AB together with Uddeholms AB in the department of R&D at machinability cooperating with eifeler-Vacotec GmbH. The thesis work is going on from the end of January to the start of June and is a part of the education as mechanical engineer at Karlstad University and includes a total of 22,5 hp. The objective after finished thesis work is to be able to leave a recommendation to Uddeholms AB which coating is most suitable for each tool steel. To be able to leave that recommendation cutting tests are performed in four different hardened steel grades from Uddeholms AB combined with seven different coatings from eifeler-Vacotec GmbH. Steel grades tested are NIMAX®, DIEVAR®, VANADIS® 10 and ORVAR® SUPREME and coatings tested are CROSAL®, EXXTRAL® and SISTRAL® in different compounds. ORVAR® SUPREME gave such a long cutting tool-life that it was left for further investigation due to time limits that the thesis work had. In the other three tool steels it was possible to get a recommendation out of the four coatings tested in each tool steel. The coating that is recommended for each tool steel is only based on the cutting tool lasting the longest in each tool steel. That is not how a recommendation usually is formed, however for this thesis work there is no time for checking all the aspects that is vital for a proper recommendation. In order to get a proper recommendation, further more aspects that are checked are for example: Different cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed, etc.) Different geometries on the cutting tool Smoothness of the cutting tool and the coating In table 1 there is a compilation of which coating that was recommended for which tool steel. Table 1. This is a compilation of which coating that was recommended for which tool steel. NIMAX® CROSAL® V1 DIEVAR® SISTRAL® Ultrafine VANADIS® 10 SISTRAL® S
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Kazymyrovych, Vitaliy. "Very high cycle fatigue of tool steels." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5877.
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An increasing number of engineering components are expected to have fatigue life in the range of 107 - 1010 load cycles. Some examples of such components are found in airplanes, automobiles and high speed trains. For many materials fatigue failures have lately been reported to occur well after 107 load cycles, namely in the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) range. This finding contradicts the established concept of a fatigue limit, which postulates that having sustained around 107 load cycles the material is capable of enduring an infinite number of cycles provided that the service conditions are unchanged. With the development of modern ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment it became possible to experimentally establish VHCF behaviour of various materials. For many of them the existence of the fatigue limit at 107 load cycles has been proved wrong and their fatigue strength continues to decrease with increasing number of load cycles. High performance steels is an important group of materials used for the components subjected to VHCF. This study explores the VHCF phenomenon using experimental data generated by ultrasonic fatigue testing of selected tool steels. The overall aim is to gain knowledge of VHCF behaviour of some common tool steel grades, while establishing a fundamental understanding of mechanisms for crack development in the very long life regime. The study demonstrates that VHCF cracks in tested steels initiate from microstructural defects like slag inclusions, large carbides or voids. It is established that VHCF life is almost exclusively spent during crack formation at below threshold stress intensity values which results in a unique for VHCF morphology on the fracture surface. Significant attention is devoted in the thesis to the ultrasonic fatigue testing technique, i.e. the validity and applicability of its results. FEM is employed to give an additional perspective to the study. It was used to calculate local stresses at fatigue initiating defects; examine the effect of material damping on ultrasonic stresses; and to evaluate various specimen geometries with respect to resulting stress gradient and maximum stressed material volume.
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Sandberg, Natalia. "On the Machinability of High Performance Tool Steels." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-172427.
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The continuous development of hot forming tool steels has resulted in steels with improved mechanical properties. A change in alloying composition, primarily a decreased silicon content, makes them tougher and more wear resistant at elevated temperatures. However, it is at the expense of their machinability. The aim of this study is to explain the mechanisms behind this negative side effect. Hot work tool steels of H13 type with different Si content were characterised mechanically, and evaluated analytically and by dedicated machining tests. Machining tests verified that materials with low Si content displayed reduced machinability due to their stronger tendency to adhere to the cutting edge. Three hypotheses were tested. The first hypothesis, that the improved toughness of the low Si steels is the reason behind their relatively poor machinability, was rejected after machining tests with one low Si steel heat treated to the same relatively low toughness as conventional hot work tool steels. The second hypothesis, that a change in oxidation properties, also associated with the change in Si composition, lies behind the reduced machinability was investigated by dedicated tests and evaluations. It was found that the oxide thickness increased with reduced Si content and that there was an enrichment of Cr at the oxide/steel interface. The differences in oxide thickness and the possible differences in oxidation properties may influence the machinability of the materials through their different abilities to adhere to the cutting edge. The third hypothesis, that a high enough temperature to initiate phase transformation from ferrite to austenite is generated during machining of the tool steels, was also investigated. This may lead to a reduced machinability because higher austenite content is directly related to higher compressive stresses and higher cutting forces. This causes accelerated tool wear. This hypothesis was verified by ThermoCalc calculation of austenite content in the steels, which showed a good agreement with Gleeble compression tests and cutting force measurements. This thesis confirms that a reduced Si content in conventional H13 steel improves the toughness, reduces the oxidation resistance and lowers the ferrite-to-austenite transformation temperature. The reduction in austenite temperature is probably the most important factor behind the reduced machinability.
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Shaikh, Qadeer Ahmed. "Wear studies of sintered high speed tool steels." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1988. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10826.
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The wear behaviour of wear resistant alloy steels has been studied using a crossed-cylinder wear test. The wear results have been related to current theories of friction and wear established in the published literature. Wear tests have been carried out on a wide range of alloy steels sintered in vacuum to full density; in particular the following have been studied in depth: M2, M42, T15, ASP30, D2 and EN24. These alloy steels were made by the process of powder metallurgy where alloy steel powders of the co=ect =mposi tion are pressed and sintered into wear resistant engineering ccmponents . A wear test method involving a crossed cylinder abrasion test has been developed to measure the wear rates of materials with hardnesses ranging from 100-1000 VHN. The test variables studied were: time (or distance travelled), load,abrasive grit size, sliding speed and hardness of test specimens ...
9
Bennett, Robert. "The plasma nitriding of tool and bearing steels." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11876/.
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There is some evidence to suggest that nitriding of alloy steels, in particular high speed tool steels, under carefully controlled conditions might sharply increase rolling contact fatigue resistance. However, the subsurface shear stresses developed in aerospace bearing applications tend to occur at depths greater than the usual case depths currently produced by nitriding. Additionally, case development must be limited with certain materials due to case spalling and may not always be sufficient to achieve the current theoretical depths necessary to ensure that peak stresses occur within the case. It was the aim of' this work to establish suitable to overcome this problem by plasma nitriding. To assist this development a study has been made of prior hardening treatment, case development, residual stress and case cracking tendency. M2 in the underhardened, undertempered and fully hardened and tempered conditions all responded similarly to plasma nitriding - maximum surface hardening being achieved by plasma nitriding at 450°C. Case development varied linearly with increasing treatment temperature and also with the square root of the treatment time. Maximum surface hardness of M5O and Tl steels was achieved by plasma nitriding in 15% nitrogen/85% hydrogen and varied logarithmically with atmosphere nitrogen content. The case-cracking contact stress varied linearly with nitriding temperature for M2. Tl and M5O supported higher stresses after nitriding in low nitrogen plasma atmospheres. Unidirectional bending fatigue of M2 has been improved up to three times the strength of the fully hardened and tempered condition by plasma nitriding for 16hrs at 400°C. Fatigue strengths of Tl and M5O have been improved by up to 30% by plasma nitriding for 16hrs at 450°C in a 75% hydrogen/25% nitrogen atmosphere.
10
Onate, Jose I. "Nitrogen implantation of tool steels and engineering coatings." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11936/.
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Ion implantation modifies the surface composition and properties of materials by bombardment with high energy ions. The low temperature of the process ensures the avoidance of distortion and degradation of the surface or bulk mechanical properties of components. In the present work nitrogen ion implantation at 90 keV and doses above 1017 ions/cm2 has been carried out on AISI M2, D2 and 420 steels and engineering coatings such as hard chromium, electroless Ni-P and a brush plated Co-W alloy. Evaluation of wear and frictional properties of these materials was performed with a lubricated Falex wear test at high loads up to 900 N and a dry pin-on-disc apparatus at loads up to 40 N. It was found that nitrogen implantation reduced the wear of AISI 420 stainless steel by a factor of 2.5 under high load lubricated conditions and by a factor of 5.5 in low load dry testing. Lower but significant reductions in wear were achieved for AISI M2 and D2 steels. Wear resistance of coating materials was improved by up to 4 times in lubricated wear of hard Cr coatings implanted at the optimum dose but lower improvements were obtained for the Co-W alloy coating. However, hardened electroless Ni-P coatings showed no enhancement in wear properties. The benefits obtained in wear behaviour for the above materials were generally accompanied by a significant decrease in the running-in friction. Nitrogen implantation hardened the surface of steels and Cr and Co-W coatings. An ultra-microhardness technique showed that the true hardness of implanted layers was greater than the values obtained by conventional micro-hardness methods, which often result in penetration below the implanted depth. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that implantation reduced the ploughing effect during wear and a change in wear mechanism from an abrasive-adhesive type to a mild oxidative mode was evident. Retention of nitrogen after implantation was studied by Nuclear Reaction Analysis and Auger Electron Spectroscopy. It was shown that maximum nitrogen retention occurs in hard Cr coatings and AISI 420 stainless steel, which explains the improvements obtained in wear resistance and hardness. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on these materials revealed that nitrogen is almost entirely bound to Cr, forming chromium nitrides. It was concluded that nitrogen implantation at 90 keV and doses above 3x1017 ions/cm2 produced the most significant improvements in mechanical properties in materials containing nitride formers by precipitation strengthening, improving the load bearing capacity of the surface and changing the wear mechanism from adhesive-abrasive to oxidative.
11
Lindwall, Greta. "Multicomponent diffusional reactions in tool steels : Experiment and Theory." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Termodynamisk modellering, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103328.
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Many phenomena determining the microstructure of a tool steel and consequently the properties of the material, are governed by multicomponent diffusion. The diffusion driven reactions that take place during, for example, tempering of a hot-work tool steel or when the microstructure develops during hot isostatic pressing of cold-work tool steel, are dependent on the types and amounts of alloying elements. In order for computational methods to be usable, these alloying effects need to be understood and incorporated in the models. In this work the influence of some typical tool steel alloying elements on the coarsening behavior of precipitates is investigated. Experimental coarsening studies are performed and the impact of the diffusion mobility descriptions and the thermodynamic descriptions are investigated by means of DICTRA coarsening calculations. The kinetic descriptions for diffusion in the body centered-cubic phase in the case of the chromium-iron-vanadium system and the chromium-iron-molybdenum system are improved by assessments of diffusion mobility parameters, and are shown to have a large impact on the calculated coarsening rate for vanadium-rich and molybdenum-rich precipitates. The effect of cobalt is examined by a coarsening experiment for vanandiumrich carbides and by a diffusion couple experiment for the investigation of the vanadium interdiffusion. The presence of cobalt is experimentally shown to have retarding effect on the coarsening rate of the carbides, but not on the vanadium diffusion. The coarsening rate of nitrogen-rich precipitates is compared to the coarsening rate of carbon-rich precipitates, and a lower coarsening rate for nitrides compared to carbides can be confirmed. Correlation between coarsening calculations and experiments is obtained suggesting that the thermodynamic description of the two systems is the underlaying reason for the different coarsening rates. Further, calculations utilizing the DICTRA software are combined with experimental investigations in order to study the possibility to apply computational methods for compound material development and explore application areas for high nitrogen alloyed tool steels produced by powder metallurgy.QC 20121011
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Wang, Xihong. "Wear behavior of PVD titanium nitride-coated tool steels /." Full text open access at:, 1989. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,237.
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Komatsubara, N. "Microstructure and mechancial properties of rapidly solidified tool steels." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276570.
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Hardell, Jens. "Tribology of hot forming tool and high strength steels." Doctoral thesis, Luleå : Department of Applied Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, 2009. http://pure.ltu.se/ws/fbspretrieve/3353754.
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Okafor, Uzochukwu Chimezie. "Mechanical Characterization of A2 and D2 Tool Steels By Nanoindentation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115131/.
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Nanoindentation technique was used to investigate the surface properties of A2 and D2 tool steel subjected to different heat treatments. the mechanical characteristics of these two easily available tool steels were studied based on microstructural images obtained from SEM, the grain growth after heat treatment using X-ray diffraction method and nanoindentation technique. the investigation showed that a single nanoindentation result can explain how heat treatment influences reliability and failure in A2 and D2 tool steels. in this work, the causes and effects of these variations were studied to explain how they influence reliability and failure in A2 and D2 tool steel. Finally, a cube-corner indenter tip was used to determine the fracture toughness of silicon wafer. the emphasis of this research is on how nanoindentation technique is more extensive in material characterization.
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Leong, Ka Ip. "Laser surface modification of tool steels for enhancing surface properties." Thesis, University of Macau, 2006. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636564.
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Sjöström, Johnny. "Chromium martensitic hot-work tool steels : damage, performance and microstructure." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, fysik och matematik, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2553.
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Chromium martensitic hot-work tool steel (AISI H13) is commonly used as die material in hot forming techniques such as die casting, hot rolling, extrusion and hot forging. They are developed to endure the severe conditions by high mechanical properties attained by a complex microstructure. Even though the hot-work tool steel has been improved over the years by alloying and heat treatment, damages still occur. Thermal fatigue is believed to be one of the most common failure mechanisms in hot forming tools. In this thesis tools used in hot forging and die casting were examined to determine damage, material response, thermal fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Different chromium martensitic hot-work tool steels, heat treated at four different austenitizing temperatures were experimentally tested in thermal fatigue and isothermal fatigue. The materials were then evaluated using X-ray line broadening analysis and transmission electron microscopy to explore the relation between fatigue softening and the change in microstructure. The high temperature fatigue softening was also simulated using an elasto-plastic, non-linear kinematic and isotropic model. The model was implemented in a numerical simulation to support the integration of die design, tool steel properties and its use. It was found that the dominant damage mechanisms in the investigated tools were thermal fatigue and that tool material experiences a three stage softening at high temperature loading. The primary stage was concluded to be influenced by the dislocation density and the second stage by the temper resistance i.e. carbide morphology. The microstructural changes during the softening stages were also connected to the non-linear kinematic and isotropic model. The general aim of this thesis is to increase the knowledge of the chromium martensitic hot-work tool steel damage, performance and microstructure.
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Nilsson, Robin. "Experimental Methodologies for Analyzing Austenite Recrystallization in Martensitic Tool Steels." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-176091.
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Revealing the prior austenite grain boundaries from a martensitic structure is well known to be very difficult and dependent on the chemical composition and the thermomechanical processing of the steel. In the present study, four different chemical etching reagents and additional thermal etching have been conducted for thermomechanical simulated tool steels Orvar Supreme and Stavax ESR. The etching results have been characterized using light optical microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. The obtained results show that saturated aqueous picric acid, oxalic and sodium bisulfite based acid reveals prior austenite grain boundaries well for Orvar Supreme. For Stavax ESR, only aqueous CrO3-NaOH-picric acid provides good results in revealing the prior austenite grain boundaries. Thermal etching shows good potential and if conducted properly, thermal etching is a good alternative to the chemical reagents from a health- and environmental perspective.
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Randelius, Mats. "Influence of microstructure on fatigue and ductility properties of tool steels." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Materialvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4624.
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Doran, Marc C. "Nanoindentation as a Characterization Tool for Wear Resistance in Stainless Steels." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462807632.
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Rey, Tomas. "Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Hot-work Tool Steels." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210699.
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Hot-work tool steels make up an important group of steels that are able to perform with good strength and toughness properties at elevated temperatures and stresses. They are able to gain this behavior through their alloy composition and heat treatment, which relies on the precipitation of alloy carbides to counter the loss in strength as the tempered material becomes more ductile. As demand grows for materials that are suitable for even harsher applications and that show improved mechanical qualities, the steel industry must continuously investigate the development of new steel grades. Within this context, the present work focuses on examining the mechanical properties and microstructure of two hot-work tool steels, of which one is a representative steel grade (Steel A) and the second a higher-alloyed variant (Steel B), at different tempering conditions. To complement the experimental work, precipitation simulations are used to monitor the progression of secondary carbide precipitation and to examine the predicted microstructural changes through varying the alloy composition. The study finds that Steel B does not actually have improved properties with respect to Steel A and suggests that the precipitation behavior of both steels is virtually identical. Despite this, the simulation work reveals that this behavior can change dramatically to favor more positive hardness contributions by increasing the alloy content of V. In short, with the project being part of an ongoing investigation, there remain several areas of analysis that need to be completed before offering a complete picture that can ultimately play a part in the development of a new hot-work tool steel grade.
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Strahin, Brandon L. "The Effect of Engineered Surfaces on the Mechanical Properties of Tool Steels Used for Industrial Cutting Tools." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1506692623324192.
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Steneholm, Karin. "The effect of ladle vacuum treatment on inclusion characteristics for tool steels." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-317.
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W, Lindvall Fredrik. "Adhesive wear testing and modelling of tool steels sliding against sheet metals." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap och fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-31793.
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Sheet metal forming is a manufacturing method used because of its versatility. Sheets are plastically deformed by a tool to create a product. A tool is expected to last for several 100,000 forming operations and efforts are made to optimize the tools. A common type of wear referred to as galling is the adhesion of sheet material to the tools. This problem has become more prevalent as new high strength sheet materials have been developed at the same time as lubricants have become heavily regulated. This has forced the development of new tool steels with improved resistance to galling. There are many parameters influencing the response to galling. In this work the influence of surface preparation, contact geometry, material selection and lubrication has been investigated. The surface of the forming tools has a large influence on the tools effective life. To refurbish a forming tool is expensive and often requires special shops and hand polishing. The influence on galling of different surface preparations suited for sheet metal forming was investigated using a strip-reduction equipment. The contact conditions of a tool sliding against metal sheets were investigated using FE models. The contact conditions were calculated for a U-bending test and for a sliding-on-flat-surface wear tester. The results were compared to those found in literature. One model incorporated the surface roughness of a sheet as measured by optical profilometry. The strength of the interface between the tool and the sheet material determine if material can be transferred onto the tool. The interface between the tool and adhered sheet material was closely studied using transmission electron microscopy of thin lamellas produced by focused ion beam milling. This showed sheet material adhering to the tool without the formation of an interlayer. Finally, several different combinations of tool steels and sheet materials were tested with regards to their ability to withstand galling.Baksidestext: Sheet metal forming can be used to produce a wide range of products but the initial costs are high as the forming tools are expensive. Wear of the tools in the form of galling i.e. the adhesion of tiny pieces of sheet material to the tools has become more prevalent as high strength sheet materials have been developed and lubricants have become heavily regulated. In this work the influence on galling of surface preparation, contact geometry, material selection and lubrication has been investigated. It was found that tool surfaces should be polished as rougher surfaces quickly picked up material that adhered to the tools and subsequently scratched the sheets. The strength of the interface between the tool and the sheet material determine if material can be transferred onto the tool. The interface was studied using bright field transmission electron microscopy and the sheet material was found to adhere to the tool without the formation of an interlayer. The conditions under which galling occurs were studied using a slider on flat surface wear tester and several different material combinations were tested with regards to their galling resistance. The contact conditions of the test equipment were also modeled using FE models to better understand the strains of the materials involved.
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Andersson, Henrik. "Thermal fatigue and soldering experiments of additively manufactured hot work tool steels." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68677.
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Modern manufacturing processes are under a never ending evolvement. Lowered manufacturing costs, higher part quality, shorter lead times and lower environmental impact are some important drivers for this development. Aluminum die casting is an effective and attractive process when producing components for e.g. the automotive sector. Die casting process development, and hot work tool steel development for the die casting dies has led to the state of the art of die casting today. However, with the disruptive emergence of Additive Manufacturing (AM) of hot work steel alloys, new interesting features such as improved conformal cooling channels inside die casting molds can be produced. The new way to manufacture die casting dies, need basic investigating of the AM produced hot work tool steel properties, and their applicability in this demanding hot work segment. Die casting dies face several detrimental wear mechanisms during use in production, three of which has been isolated and used for testing three AM produced steel alloys and one conventional premium hot work tool steel. The wear mechanisms simulated are; thermal fatigue, static soldering and agitated soldering. The aim is to study the AM produced steels applicability in the die casting process. The tested materials are; Premium AISI H13 grade Uddeholm Orvar Supreme, AM 1.2709, AM UAB1 and AM H13. Based on current investigations the conclusion that can be made is that with right chemistry, and right AM processing, conventional material Uddeholm Orvar Supreme still is better than AM H13. This also complies with the literature study results, showing that conventional material still is better than AM material in general.Våra moderna tillverkningsprocesser är under ständig utveckling. Drivande motiv är minskade tillverkningskostnader, högre tillverkningskvalitet, kortade ledtider samt minskad miljöpåfrestning. Pressgjutning av aluminium är en effektiv och attraktiv tillverkningsprocess ofta använd inom till exempel fordonsindustrin. Utvecklingen av pressgjutningsteknologin har gått hand i hand med utvecklingen av det varmarbets-verktygsstål som används i gjutformarna (pressgjutningsverktyget). Den utvecklingen har lett till dagens processnivå och branschstandard. Men med den revolutionerande additiva tillverkningsteknologins (AM) intåg, och möjlighet att producera komponenter av varmarbetsstål, kommer nya intressanta möjligheter att integrera komplex geometri så som yt-parallella kylkanaler i verktyget utan att tillverkningskostnaden blir för hög etc. Det nya sättet att producera pressgjutningsverktyg ger upphov till behovet av grundläggande materialundersökningar av sådant AM-material, samt hur tillförlitligt det är i pressgjutningsverktyg med pressgjutningens krävande materialegenskapsprofil. Pressgjutningsverktyg utsätts för många förslitningsmekanismer och för höga laster, tre av dessa mekanismer har isolerats för kontrollerade tester av ett konventionellt material och tre AM materials responser. Förslitningsmekanismerna som efterliknats är; termisk utmattning, statisk soldering och agiterad soldering. Målet med undersökningarna är att studera AM producerade materials lämplighet i pressgjutningsprocessen. De material som testats är konventionella premium varmarbetsstålet Uddeholm Orvar Supreme av typ AISI H13, AM 1.2709, AM UAB1 och AM H13. Undersökningarnas slutsats är att med rätt kemisk sammansättning, och med rätt AM printing parametrar, är konventionellt material fortfarande mer applicerbart i pressgjutning än AM producerat. Den slutsatsen faller väl I samklang med resultaten från mekanisk provning som återspeglas i litteraturstudien, som visade visar att konventionellt material är generellt bättre än AM material.
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Jubica, Jubica. "Characterization of Secondary Carbides in Low-Alloyed Martensitic Model Alloy Tool Steels." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284449.
Full textAbstract:
The development of tool steels for making and shaping other materials requires a better understanding of the material's properties during manufacture. These high-quality steels include many alloying elements, which give increased hardness during tempering. For producing hardened microstructures, austenite generation is essential. The martensite formed by rapid quenching of austenite followed by tempering helps develop high strength steels. Studying carbide precipitation is a challenge as they are very small in size, present only in small volume fractions and high number densities. The carbide reactions are complicated due to so-called metastable carbides, which are only present as part of the precipitation process. This work focuses on model alloys with two main elements in addition to iron and carbon, molybdenum, and vanadium, to clarify and simplify the carbide characterization. This is done to determine the effect of molybdenum and vanadium carbides on the overall hardness. In this work, two model alloys, A and B, are tempered at 550°C and 600°C with the same vanadium content but different molybdenum contents. The hardness of the materials is evaluated and compared at these temperatures. A more detailed characterization work is done for material A with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) to understand the microstructure and analyze the precipitates. Simulations are performed with Thermo-Calc Prisma (TC-Prisma) to support the experimental work, which includes the simulation of the secondary carbide precipitation, mainly molybdenum carbides in material A tempered for 24h at 600°C, and predicts the carbide precipitation behavior in this steel. The results from STEM-EDS and TC-Prisma for material A, show that the small secondary carbides in the martensite contribute to the increased strength of material A. Due to the overaging of the carbides at 600°C, the hardness at 550°C is higher than at 600°C for material A. The given thesis work is an attempt to interpret the development of secondary carbides of Mo and V in the martensitic matrix and their role in the overall hardness.Den ständiga utvecklingen av högpresterande stål för transport, konstruktion och energisektorn kräver bättre förståelse för materialets egenskaper vid tillverkning. Dessa martensitiska stål inkluderar många legeringselement vilket ger ökad hårdhet vid härdning och anlöpning. Att studera utskiljning av karbider är en utmaning eftersom de är närvarande endast i liten volymsfraktion. Karbidreaktionerna är komplexa till följd av så kallade metastabila karbider vilka endast är närvarande vid en del av utskiljningsförloppet. För att tydliggöra och förenkla karbidkarakteriseringen fokuserar detta arbete på modellegeringar med två huvudelement utöver järn och kol, molybden och vanadin. Detta görs för att fastställa effekten av molybden och vanadinkarbider på den totala hårdheten. I detta arbete studeras två modellegeringar, A och B, härdade och anlöpta vid 550 °C och 600 °C med samma vanadininnehåll men olika molybdeninnehåll. Materialens hårdhet utvärderas och jämförs vid dessa temperaturer. Ett mer detaljerat karaktäriseringsarbete görs för material A med hjälp av STEM-EDS för att förstå mikrostrukturen och analysera utskiljningarna. Simuleringar görs med TC-PRISMA för att stödja det experimentella arbetet, vilket inkluderar simulering av den sekundära karbidutskiljningen och predikterar karbidstrukturen i dessa stål. Resultaten visar att de små sekundärkarbiderna i martensiten bidrar till den ökade styrkan hos material A. Hårdheten vid 550 °C är högre än vid 600 °C för material A eftersom både utskiljningen av karbider är sker långsammare och även dislokationsåterhämtning.
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Gram, Michael D. "Fineblanking of High Strength Steels: Control of Materials Properties for Tool Life." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1280869210.
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Coll, Ferrari María Teresa. "Effect of austenitising temperature and cooling rate on microstructures of hot-work tool steels." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för tillverkningsprocesser, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-8614.
Full textAbstract:
The average size of hot-work tools has gradually increased over the past years.This affects the effective temperature cycle tools experience during hardening,as large dimensions prevent uniform and rapid cooling, and thereby the resulting microstructures and properties. In order to avoid the formation of coarse structures or cracking during heat treatment it has become common practise to lower the austenitising temperature below that recommended by the steel manufacturer.In this work, therefore, the effects of austenitising at temperatures lower thancommonly recommended are investigated. Three 5% Cr hot-work tool steelsalloyed with Mo and V were heat treated, resulting microstructures andtempering carbides were studied and transformation characteristics determined for different austenitising temperatures and different cooling rates. The temperatures and cooling rates have been chosen to be representative for heat treatments of different sizes of tools. Bainite rather than martensite formed during slow cooling regardless of austenitising temperature. A lowered austenitising temperature produced largeramounts of both bainite and retained austenite while a higher caused graingrowth. Carbon partitioning during the bainitic transformation resulted in anincrease of the carbon content in the retained austenite of at least 0.3 wt.%. The austenitising temperature influences also the type and amount of tempering carbides that precipitate, which affects the properties of the steel. Higher austenitising temperatures favour the precipitation of MC carbides during tempering. The Mo rich M2C type carbides were proven to be more prone to coarsening during service at 560°C-600°C, while V rich MC carbides preserve their fine distribution. A best practice heat treatment needs to balance the increase of grain size with increasing austenitising temperatures, with the possibility to form more tempering carbides. Higher austenitising temperatures also give less retained austenite, which can affect dimensional stability and toughness negatively after tempering
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Kazymyrovych, Vitaliy. "Very high cycle fatigue of high performance steels." Licentiate thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-3066.
Full textAbstract:
Many engineering components reach a finite fatigue life well above 109 load cycles. Some examples of such components are found in airplanes, automobiles or high speed trains. For some materials the fatigue failures have lately been found to occur well after 107 load cycles, namely in the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) range. This finding contradicted the established concept of fatigue limit for these materials, which postulates that having sustained 107 load cycles the material is capable of enduring an infinite number of cycles provided that the service conditions are unchanged. With the development of modern ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment it became possible to experimentally establish VHCF behaviour of various materials. For most of them the existence of the fatigue limit at 107 load cycles has been proved wrong and their fatigue strength continues to decrease with increasing number of load cycles.
One important group of materials used for the production of high performance components subjected to the VHCF is tool steels. This study explores the VHCF phenomenon using experimental data of ultrasonic fatigue testing of some tool steel grades. The causes and mechanisms of VHCF failures are investigated by means of high resolution scanning electron microscopy, and in relation to the existing theories of fatigue crack initiation and growth. The main type of VHCF origins in steels are slag inclusions.
However, other microstructural defects may also initiate fatigue failure. A particular attention is paid to the fatigue crack initiation, as it has been shown that in the VHCF range crack formation consumes the majority of the total fatigue life. Understanding the driving forces for the fatigue crack initiation is a key to improve properties of components used for very long service lives. Finite element modelling of VHCF testing was added as an additional perspective to the study by enabling calculation of local stresses at the fatigue initiating defects.
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Picas, Anfruns Ingrid. "Mechanical behaviour of tools for shearing Ultra High-Strength Steels: influence of the microstructure on fracture and fatigue micro-mechanisms of tool steels and evaluation of micro-mechanical damage in tools." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/112059.
Full textAbstract:
On account of environmental and safety related requirements, the majority of the most popular automotive manufacturers convey to introduce Ultra High Strength Steels (UHSS) and Press Hardened Steels (PHS) in the vehicle body-in-white. Nevertheless, the real success of UHSS and PHS parts implementation into the upcoming automobiles is being so far restricted by their harsh cold forming and post forming operations, e.g. shearing. Their high yield stress leads to accelerated damage and premature fracture of forming and cutting tools and this stands as great handicap of their manufacturing process. Tool materials require the maximum hardness ¿ toughness relationship so as to face up to such severe mechanical solicitations. The performance of tool steels during cold forming and shearing applications depends on the mechanical properties resulting from the complex interaction between their main microstructural constituents; i.e. primary alloy carbides and tempered martensite matrix (which consists in a fine distribution of nanometer-sized alloy carbides, the so-called secondary hardening carbides, precipitated in a martensite matrix).In this regard, the present Thesis has analysed the microstructure, macro- and micro-mechanical properties, crack nucleation and growth under monotonic loads, R-curve behaviour and fatigue crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms of four different cold work tool steels: 1.2379, UNIVERSAL, K360 and HWS. The mechanical and tribological behaviour of industrial and laboratory tools made of these steels have been studied, as well as the effects of shearing process parameters on their performance and quality of sheet sheared edges. The suitability of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) based models to estimate the performance of tools has been evaluated in order to predict their service lives. Rationalisation of damage on tool steels from a micro-mechanical point of view in laboratory samples as well as in real tools has permitted to identify the aspects that a model should consider in order to successfully predict tool lives. In addition, it has permitted to propose a new approach to estimate tool performances based on the reduction of tool steels mechanical properties with the increase of the number of strokes. 1.2379, UNIVERSAL and K360 are produced following conventional ingot metallurgy routes while HWS is obtained by Powder Metallurgy (PM). As follows from their different chemical compositions and manufacturing routes, these steels show different primary alloy carbide features and distributions in the microstructure. Nucleation of cracks in tool steels is due to the failure of primary carbides by cleavage (and inclusion particles in case of PM steels). Small cracks nucleated from primary carbides in ingot cast steels are initially very shallow, but they tend to grow to semi-circular shapes as they propagate through the matrix bands. Ingot cast tool steels present R-curve behaviour, i.e. small cracks nucleated in the microstructure have lower toughness values than those determined for long cracks in standard measurement tests. The main failure mechanism of tools for punching and slitting UHSS is chipping at the cutting edge. Plastic deformation and nucleation of cracks at the surface of tools occurs as a result of the high frictional forces during sliding against the sheet. Due to the high contact pressures at the surface, carbides within a narrow range of depth beneath the surface are broken and cracks are also nucleated from surface asperities. Chipping is then explained by the nucleation and coalescence of these cracks. In presence of marked grinding grooves, failure of tools is significantly accelerated. Models based on LEFM have proved to predict with rather poor accuracy the life of tools. A new approach to predict tool performances is proposed which holds the idea that the micro-mechanical properties of the metallic matrix in tool steels decrease due to the application of repetitive loadPer tal de satisfer les creixents demandes de seguretat i medi ambient, la major part d’empreses del sector de l’automoció han convingut en la introducció d’acers d’ultra alta resistència mecànica (UHSS) i acers d’estampació en calent (PHS) per la fabricació de peces estructurals en vehicles . Tanmateix, l’èxit de la implementació d’aquestes peces es veu afectat per les dificultats que deriven de les seves operacions de conformació i tall. L’elevat límit elàstic dels acers UHSS i PHS condueix al dany accelerat i fractura prematura de les eines, el que esdevé un impediment important a l’hora de dur a terme aquestes operacions a escala industrial.Els acers d’eina han de presentar alts valors de duresa i tenacitat per tal de resistir les elevades sol•licitacions mecàniques que reben. El seu rendiment ve determinat per les propietats micro-mecàniques que deriven de la complexa interacció entre els principals constituents microestructurals, és a dir els carburs primaris i la matriu de martensita revinguda.En aquesta Tesi s’han analitzat la microestructura, propietats macro- i micro-mecàniques, nucleació i creixement d’esquerdes a nivell monotònic, comportament de corba-R i mecanismes de nucleació i propagació d’esquerdes a fatiga en quatre acers d’eina diferents: 1.2379, UNIVERSAL, K360 i HWS. S’ha estudiat el comportament mecànic i tribològic d’eines fabricades a partir d’aquests acers treballant a escala industrial i de laboratori, així com els efectes dels paràmetres de tall en el rendiment de les eines i la qualitat dels marges tallats. La idoneïtat dels models basats en la Mecànica de la Fractura Elàstica Lineal (LEFM) a l’hora de estimar el rendiment de les eines ha estat avaluada per tal de predir la vida d’aquestes. La racionalització del dany en acers d’eina des d’un punt de vista micro-mecànic, en provetes de laboratori així com en eines reals, ha permès identificar els aspectes que un model hauria de considerar per predir de forma satisfactòria la vida d’eines. A més, també ha permès proposar una nova aproximació en aquest sentit, basada en la reducció de les propietats mecàniques de la matriu metàl•lica com a conseqüència de l’aplicació de càrregues repetitives. Els acers 1.2379, UNIVERSAL i K360 es fabriquen seguint processos de fosa i forja convencionals mentre que l’HWS s’obté per pulvimetal•lúrgia. Les diferents composicions químiques i processos de fabricació d’aquests acers expliquen que presentin microestructures amb carburs primaris de diferents característiques i distribucions. La nucleació d’esquerdes es deu a la fractura de carburs primaris per clivatge (i d’inclusions no metàl•liques en l’HWS). Les esquerdes petites nucleades a partir de carburs primaris en els acers fosos i forjats són inicialment molt poc profundes, però tendeixen a adquirir formes semi-circulars al créixer a través de la matriu metàl•lica. Els acers fosos i forjats presenten comportament de corba-R, és a dir que les esquerdes petites nucleades a la microestructura tenen una tenacitat inferior al valor determinat per esquerdes grans en els assajos estàndard. El principal mecanisme de dany observat en eines de tall d’acers UHSS és la fractura per fatiga a baix nombre de cicles. La deformació plàstica i nucleació d’esquerdes a la superfície de les eines s’explica per les elevades forces de fricció que es desenvolupen pel lliscament de la xapa. A més, les altes pressions de contacte a la superfície provoquen que els carburs primaris trenquin lleugerament per sota d’aquesta, i que d’altres esquerdes s’iniciïn a partir d’aspreses superficials. Les fractures es poden entendre doncs, per la nucleació i coalescència de les esquerdes esmentades. La presència de línies de mecanitzat afecta negativament la vida de les eines ja que accelera de forma molt significativa els processos de fractura. Els models basats en LEFM no s’han mostrat prou adients per predir la vida de les eines de tall i per això, una nova aproximació ha estat proposada.
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Martínez, González Eva. "Detection of failure mechanisms of tool steels by means of acoustic emission technique." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/133491.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is focused on the calibration of the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique to detect and identify damage mechanisms
in tool steels. The AE measurement procedure has been calibrated for two mechanical tests: fracture test (three-point
bending test) and indentation test (spherical indentation).
Fracture tests cause cracks due to tensile stress. The damage begins with the nucleation of cracks (cracking carbides and
local plastic deformation) and afterwards, the cracks spread through the metallic matrix following the broken carbides. This
research proposes an AE filtering process to detect each stage of fracture: the cracking of carbides (nucleation), the stage
where the crack passes through to the steel matrix and final catastrophic failure.
Spherical indentation tests enable the creation of a more complex distribution of stresses in an affected part of the specimen.
Applying low level loads, an elastic field was created in the specimen under the ball indenter. Nevertheless, AE activity was
detected in this elastic field, and these signals were related to the breaking of carbides located in the zone of maximum
shear stress. An important feature of this test is that the cracking of carbides takes place without plastic deformation, and
therefore the damage signals were clearly identified with carbide breakage.
In both tests, carbide breakage was confirmed by means of AE as the cause of nucleation of cracks in tool steels. AE made it
possible to identify the carbide breakage and the propagation of cracks through the metallic matrix and predict the final
fracture of the specimen in bending tests. This thesis proposes a new acquisition and filtering configuration in fracture tests
to eliminate spurious signals due to contact damage between the specimen and machine supports, as a methodology for
identifying different damage mechanisms in small-sized specimens based on certain AE waveform features. From the
standpoint of research into materials, coupling the proposed AE setup in each test significantly improves the tests, since it
permits the evolution of the damge to be identified during the loading cycle. The laboratory results obtained endorse the
possible use of AE in preventive maintenance in the tool-shaping industry.
Barcelona 22Aquesta tesi es centra en calibrar la tècnica d'emissió acústica (EA) per detectar i identificar mecanismes de dany en acers per eines. El procediment de mesura de l’EA s'ha desenvolupat i calibrat per a dos assajos mecànics: assaig de flexió i assaig d’indentació esfèrica. A l’assaig de flexió es generen esquerdes a la superfície de la proveta on la tensió de tracció és màxima. El dany s'inicia amb la nucleació d'esquerdes (trencament de carburs i deformació plàstica local) i després, les esquerdes es propaguen a través de la matriu metàl•lica seguint els carburs trencats. La monitorització de l’assaig amb EA, permet detectar i identificar cada etapa de la fractura: el trencament de carburs i plastificació (nucleació), creixement de l’esquerda a través de la matriu d’acer i la fallada catastròfica final de la mostra. L’assaig d' indentació esfèrica permeten la creació d'una distribució de tensions en la part afectada de la mostra més complexa. Amb l’ aplicació de càrregues baixes, es genera un camp de tensions en el rang elàstic sota l’indentador esfèric. Durant els assajos, es va detectar activitat d'EA en aquest rang elàstic, i aquests senyals es relacionen amb la ruptura de carburs situats a la zona d'esforç tallant màxim. Una característica important d'aquest assaig és que la ruptura de carburs es porta a terme sense deformació plàstica, i per tant els senyals de dany es van identificar clarament amb el trencament de carburs. En ambdós assajos, el trencament dels carburs va ser confirmat per mitjà de la EA com causa de la nucleació d'esquerdes en acers per a eines. L’EA va fer possible identificar el trencament de carburs i la propagació d'esquerdes a través de la matriu metàl•lica i predir la fractura final de la mostra en els assajos de flexió. Aquesta tesi proposa una nova configuració de filtratge en assajos de fractura per eliminar senyals espúries a causa del dany provocat pel contacte entre la mostra i els suports de la màquina, així com una metodologia per a l’identificació de mecanismes de dany en mostres de mida petita sobre la base de certes característiques de la forma d'ona dels senyals d’EA. Des del punt de vista de la recerca de materials, l'acoblament d’EA amb la configuració que es proposa en cada assaig millora significativament els resultats obtinguts dels assajos, ja que permet identificar l'evolució del dany durant el cicle de càrrega. Els resultats experimentals obtinguts avalen el possible ús de l’EA en el manteniment preventiu d’eines de conformat a la industria.
Esta tesis se centra en calibrar la técnica de la emisión acústica (EA) para detectar e identificar los mecanismos de daño en aceros para herramientas. El procedimiento de medida de la EA se ha desarrollado y calibrado para dos ensayos mecánicos: ensayo de flexión y de indentación esférica. En el ensayo de flexión se generan grietas en la superficie de la probeta donde la tensión de tracción es máxima. El daño se origina con la nucleación de las grietas (rotura de carburos y deformación plástica local) y después, las grietas propagan a través de la matriz metálica siguiendo la línea de carburos rotos. La monitorización del ensayo con EA permite detectar e identificar cada una de las etapas de la fractura: rotura de carburos y plastificación (nucleación), crecimiento de grietas por la matriz de acero y el fallo catastrófico final de la muestra. El ensayo de indentación esférica permite la creación de una distribución de tensiones en la parte afectada de la muestra más compleja. Con la aplicación de cargas bajas, se genera un campo de tensiones en el rango elástico situado bajo el indentador esférico. En los ensayos, se detectó actividad de EA en este rango, y estas señales se pudieron relacionar con la rotura de carburos situados en la zona de tensión tangencial màxima. Una característica importante de este ensayo es que la rotura de los carburos tiene lugar sin deformación plàstica del material, y por tanto las señales de daño se identificarion claramente con la rotura de estos carburos. En ambos ensayos, la rotura de los carburos fue confirmada mediante EA como causa de la nucleación de grietas en aceros para herramientas. La EA hizo posible identificar la rotura de carburos primarios y la propagación de grietas a través de la matriz metálica, y predecir la fractura final de la muestra en los ensayos de flexión. En esta tesis se propone una nueva configurción de filtrado para ensyaos de flexión para eliminar las señales espúrias a causa del daño rpovocado por el contacto entre la probeta y los soportes de la máquina, así como una metodoología para identificar los mecanismos de daño en muestras de pequeñas deimensiones sobre la base de ciertas características de la forma de onda de las señales de la forma de onda de las señales de EA. Desde el punto de vista de investigación de materiales, incorporar la EA, con la configuración propuesta, a cada uno de los ensayos mejora significativamente los resultados obtenidos, ya que permite identificar la evolución del daño durante el ciclo de carga. Los resultados experimentales obtenidos avalan el posible uso de la EA para el mantenimiento preventivo de herramientas de conformado en la industria.
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Bratberg, Johan. "Phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of high-alloy tool steels : theoretical and experimental approach." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-453.
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Heikkilä, Irma. "The Positive Effect of Nitrogen Alloying of Tool Steels Used in Sheet Metal Forming." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-198747.
Full textAbstract:
Sheet metal forming processes are mechanical processes, designed to make products from metal sheet without material removal. These processes are applied extensively by the manufacturing industry to produce commodities such as heat exchangers or panels for automotive applications. They are suitable for production in large volumes. A typical problem in forming operations is accumulation of local sheet material adherents onto the tool surface, which may deteriorate the subsequent products. This tool failure mechanism is named galling. The aim of this work is to explain the mechanisms behind galling and establish factors how it can be reduced. The focus of this work is on the influence of tool material for minimum risk of galling. Experimental tool steels alloyed with nitrogen were designed and manufactured for systematic tribological evaluation. Reference tool materials were conventional cold forming tool steels and coated tool steels. The sheet material was austenitic stainless steel AISI 304, which is sensitive for galling. A variety of lubricants ranging from low to high viscous lubricants were used in the evaluation. The properties of the tool materials were characterized analytically and their tribological evaluation included industrial field tests and several laboratory-scale tests. The testing verified that nitrogen alloying has a very positive effect for improving galling resistance of tool steels. Tool lives comparable to the coated tool steels were achieved even with low viscous lubricants without poisonous additives. The hypothesis used for the explanation of the positive effect of nitrogen alloying is based on the critical local contact temperature at which the lubrication deteriorates. Therefore, the contact mechanism at the tool-sheet interface and the local energy formation were studied systematically. Theoretical considerations complemented with FEA analysis showed that a small size of hard particles with a high volume fraction gives low local contact loads, which leads to low frictional heating. Also, an even spacing between the hard particles and their frictional properties are of importance. Nitrogen alloyed tool steels have these properties in the form of small carbonitrides. The finding of this work can be applied to a wide range of applications that involve sliding metal contacts under severe tribological loading.
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Rhodes, Nigel Anthony. "The growth, structure and properties of sinter-necks in mixed ferrous powder systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263406.
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Arain, Attaullah. "Heat treatment and toughness behavior of tool steels (D2 and H13) for cutting blades." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0003/MQ45596.pdf.
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Wei, Jianfei [Verfasser]. "Anisotropic Distortion of High Alloyed Tool Steels During Gas Quenching and Tempering / Jianfei Wei." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/117261458X/34.
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Niu, Caotan. "A study of tool life and machinability parameters in high speed milling of hardened die steels." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39557170.
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Niu, Caotan, and 牛草坛. "A study of tool life and machinability parameters in high speed milling of hardened die steels." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557170.
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Yanardag, Emre. "Effect Of Spherodizing On Machinability Characteristics And Microstructure Of Medium Carbon Steels." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605297/index.pdf.
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This study includes examination of the machinability characteristics of two medium carbon steel types (SAE 1040 and SAE 1050) as a result of spherodizing treatment. Both steel types were handled into four categories according to their spherodizing treatment parameters (temperature and time). Microstructural investigation, hardness and ultrasonic sound velocity measurement (with both longitudinal and transverse waves) of these steels were performed, and effect of applied heat treatments on microstructure, hardness and ultrasonic sound velocity was investigated. Pulse-echo method has been used for ultrasonic sound velocity measurements, and measurements were performed with 5 and 10 MHz longitudinal and 5 MHz transverse wave probes. Tool life criterion was used for determining the machinability characteristics of the steels. For this purpose, flank wear land measurements were performed on the cutting tools. Results have showed that, by appliying heat treatment it is possible to change the microstructure, hardness, ultrasonic sound velocity and machinability characteristics of a steel.
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Joshi, Kunal J. "OPTIMIZATION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE MACHINING OF SINTERED POWDER METAL STEELS USING PCBN AND CARBIDE TOOLS." UKnowledge, 2006. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/379.
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Powder metals are becoming a popular choice in the automotive and other manufacturing industries because of their ability to meet wide ranging product functional requirements without compromising the performance of the product. They offer various advantages, including weight reduction, near net-shape processing capability, and their ability to be sintered to achieve desired properties in the end-product. However, in order to satisfy the product design requirements during manufacturing, they need to be machined to the required tolerances. Machining of powder metals is quite different to machining of traditional metals because of their specific properties, including porosity. This thesis work deals with the finish machining of powder metal steels in automotive applications, for increased tool-life/reduced tool-wear. Tool-life is affected by a variety of factors such as tool grade selection, tool coating, cutting conditions and tool geometry including cutting edge geometry. This work involves optimization of cutting conditions for plunge cutting and boring operations of automotive powder metal components using PCBN and carbide tools. The cycle time of the process introduces an additional constraint for the optimization model along with the tool-wear criterion. Optimized cutting conditions are achieved for maximum tool-life.
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Hansson, Per. "Control of weldability : Research leading to the development of two new quenched and tempered tool steels." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Production Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-70.
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The understanding of the hardenability is important in steel development with respect to weldability of steels as well as to the design of quenched and tempered steels.The common way to judge if steel is suitability to welding is the use of a carbon equivalent, which reflects the alloy content to the hardenability of the heat affected zone (HAZ). Most common of these equivalent is the IIW carbon equivalent wich has been in use for decades.
However, this is an empirical equivalent, developed for CMn steels, and it doesn't say anything about the mechanical properties obtained in the HAZ. As a guideline a maximum HAZ hardness of 350 HV is normally put to avoid cold cracking in the HAZ. Numerous carbon equivalents have been published during the years, but few have been accepted and used. A drawnback of all these equivalents is that they have been evaluated for a set of chemical compositions which may be quite narrow, or that they have been evaluated on steels produced having other cleanliness, residual element levels etc. as is common in modern steelmarketing.
The hardenability of steel designated to quenching and tempering is normally evaluated using either Jominy testing or using a calculation using the Grossmann formalism. As the hardenability described in the carbon equivalents used in welding and the hardenability of quenched and tempered steels using the Grossmann formalism are two different descriptions of the same phenomenon the aim of this thesis is to link these two formalisms together and use the knowledge from the HAZ hardenability to design quenched and tempered steels. The goal is to produce such steel grades having a much better weldability as compared with standard grades available at the market.
In this work the hardenability in the heat affected zone (HAZ) in weldments in high strength low alloyed steels (HSLA steels) having a yield strength of 350 MPa. This part microalloying elements on the phase transformations which take place during cooling from the peak temperature of the welding cycle. These results have been linked to the mechanical properties of the HAZs.
In the second part of this thesis the development of tool steel grades with respect to optimise both hardenability with respect to;
- matrix hardenability (i.e the Grossmann approach)
- an enhanced weldability of such new steels due to a lower alloying content than is usual in such grades
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Ånmark, Niclas. "Inclusion Characteristics and Their Link to Tool wear in Metal Cutting of Clean Steels Suitable for Automotive Applications." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Tillämpad processmetallurgi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-164875.
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This thesis covers some aspects of hard part turning of carburised steels using a poly‑crystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tool during fine machining. The emphasis is on the influence of the steel cleanliness and the characteristics of non‑metallic inclusions in the workpiece on the active wear mechanisms of the cutting tool. Four carburising steel grades suitable for automotive applications were included, including one that was Ca‑treated. A superior tool life was obtained when turning the Ca-treated steel. The superior machinability is associated with the deposition of lubricating (Mn,Ca)S and (CaO)x-Al2O3-S slag layers, which are formed on the rake face of the cutting tool during machining. Moreover, the transfer of work material to the rake face crater is characteristic in hard part turning of clean steels. It can be because of the lack of sulfides that protect the cutting edge when turning machinability treated steels. This corresponds to the more pronounced crater wear caused by the low‑sulfur steels than that of the steels with higher sulfur contents. It was also concluded that the composition of the non‑metallic inclusions in the Ca‑treated steel is a more important factor than the inclusion number and size, in hard part turning using a PCBN cutting tool. Also, a 3D analysis after electrolytic extraction was found to give a more precise characterisation of non‑metallic inclusions than the conventional 2D analysis by SEM‑EDS. In turn, better correlations to machinability and mechanical properties can be obtained. Hence, the use of this technique is beneficial for future material development. Finally, the challenge for future metallurgy is to manufacture high‑performance steels with improved combined properties of mechanical strength and machinability.QC 20150422
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Hedberg, Petra. "Method to assess machinability of engineering steels using coated carbide tools." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-442898.
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In this master thesis, performed at Ovako Group R&D (Hofors) a new machining test method for ranking heats of calcium-treated steels, M-Steels, has been proposed. A total of six different heats of 42CrMo4-M steel in the quenched-and-tempered (Q+T) condition were tested. The proposed method uses dry turning with coated cemented carbide tools at a cutting speed of 225 m/min, 2 mm depth of cut, and a feed rate of 0.35 rev/min. The machining test is tuned so that M-Steels within medium-sized bar diameters and a small hardness interval can be differentiated by monitoring the flank wear progression of the cutting tool. This method is easily taught to a CNC-operator, it mimics real workshop conditions and can be repeated with relative robustness and ease of execution. It is possible to get a ranking where both the M-Steel treatment and hardness are included. The major differentiator of tool wear performance was found to be a combination of wear of the outermost Al2O3 coating and the build-up and renewal of protective slag deposits on the tool rake. The rake face wear was found similar between the M-Steels samples, so it is thought that the effect of the slag deposits, as thermal barriers, affect the plastic deformation and wear of the flank face. Given the slag deposits sub-micron thickness, this indirect method of recording the flank wear is highly recommended to showcase the positive effects of the M-Steel in machining The inclusion content was evaluated according to ASTM E45 and with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) automated inclusion assessment. The link between the machinability performance of the M-Steels and their inclusion characteristics could not be clarified in this work. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten
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Andersson, Oscar. "Influence of primary precipitate shape, size volume fraction and distribution in PM tool steels on galling resistance." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap och fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-37813.
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In sheet metal forming (SMF), the major failure reason is galling. Galling is a process of different wear stages that leads to destruction of both the forming tool and the sheet metal working piece and is, because of that, of big economic importance for the SMF industries. Therefore, investigations and researches about how tool steels microstructure affect the tool steels galling resistance is of high priority. In the present work, different carbide properties were studied to find out how their properties affected the tool materials galling resistance. The investigated carbide properties were: Shape and size of the carbides Carbide volume fraction Carbide distribution in the microstructure The investigation included three tools, all made of the PM tool steel S390, that were heattreated differently in order to achieve different carbide properties but still maintain the same hardness. The tools were galling tested in a slider-on-flat-surface (SOFS) tribometer to determine their galling resistances. In a scanning surface electron microscope (SEM) the tools galling marks were analyzed to find explanations for the SOFS tribometer results and the connection to the tools different carbide properties. The investigations most galling resistant tool was the tool that had the microstructure with largest carbides which were distributed at grain boundaries and the second highest carbide volume fraction among the investigated tools.
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Barradas, Martinez Juan Alfredo 1974. "Process-based cost modeling of tool-steels parts by transient liquid-phase infiltration of powder-metal preforms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28869.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-75).
(cont.) cost between these two processes was related mainly to their powder scrap rates, 15 % for the Pressing-TLI and 80% for the 3DP-TLI. The high scrap rate value of the 3DP process originates from the fact that powder is sieved before printing, eliminating the coarse and very fine particles. A possible option to decrease this value is to recycle or sell the extra powder, which will reduce the fabrication cost significantly. The model also shows that the main cost for both processes is the powder cost. TLI technical parameters such as heating and cooling rates were included in the model in order to predict the cost behavior when those are manipulated. Because the powder cost dominates the total fabrication cost, variations in the heating and cooling rates do not significantly affect the cost.
Tool steels are iron-based alloys that are melted and processed to develop characteristics useful in the working and shaping of other metals. Tools for such processes must withstand high loads without breaking and without undergoing excessive wear or deformation. Fabrication of direct tool steel parts with complex geometry is possible using Transient Liquid-Phase Infiltration (TLI) in conjunction with Three-Dimensional Printing (3DP). Tool steel parts can also be manufactured using TLI in combination with Cold Powder Methods such as Uniaxial Pressing. Both approaches produce a final part of homogenous composition without significant dimensional change, offering advantages over-traditional infiltration and full-density sintering [1]. Now that the expertise in the TLI has been developed in the MIT laboratories, an economic evaluation represents a complementary action for introducing TLI in the commercial market of Rapid Prototyping and Powder Metallurgy. A process-based cost model was developed to describe and measure the performance of the 3DP-TLI and Pressing-TLI combined processes. Operating conditions such as cycle time, material cost, labor cost, production volume and financial parameters were introduced into the model in order to calculate a total fabrication cost per part. Different charts showing cost behaviors and their relations with production volume, batch size, effectiveness in the powder utilization, and weight of the part are presented. The results show that the optimum point in the cost-production volume curve was located at 13,000 parts per year with a fabrication cost of $19.90 per part, for the Pressing-TLI case, and $61.73 per part for the 3DP-TLI alternative (based on a one-half pound D2 tool steel part). The difference in cost
by Juan Alfredo Barradas Martinez.
M.Eng.
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Ekengren, Jens. "Large and rare : An extreme values approach to estimating the distribution of large defects in high-performance steels." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-8226.
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The presence of different types of defects is an important reality for manufacturers and users of engineering materials. Generally, the defects are either considered to be the unwanted products of impurities in the raw materials or to have been introduced during the manufacturing process. In high-quality steel materials, such as tool steel, the defects are usually non-metallic inclusions such as oxides or sulfides. Traditional methods for purity control during standard manufacturing practice are usually based on the light optical microscopy scanning of polished surfaces and some statistical evaluation of the results. Yet, as the steel manufacturing process has improved, large defects have become increasingly rare. A major disadvantage of the traditional quality control methods is that the accuracy decreases proportionally to the increased rarity of the largest defects unless large areas are examined. However, the use of very high cycle fatigue to 109 cycles has been shown to be a powerful method to locate the largest defects in steel samples. The distribution of the located defects may then be modelled using extreme value statistics. This work presents new methods for determining the volume distribution of large defects in high-quality steels, based on ultrasonic fatigue and the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. The methods have been developed and verified by extensive experimental testing, including over 400 fatigue test specimens. Further, a method for reducing the distributions into one single ranking variable has been proposed, as well as a way to estimate an ideal endurance strength at different life lengths using the observed defects and endurance limits. The methods can not only be used to discriminate between different materials made by different process routes, but also to differentiate between different batches of the same material. It is also shown that all modes of the GEV are to be found in different steel materials, thereby challenging a common assumption that the Gumbel distribution, a special case of the GEV, is the appropriate distribution choice when determining the distribution of defects. The new methods have been compared to traditional quality control methods used in common practice (surface scanning using LOM/SEM and ultrasound C-scan), and suggest a greater number of large defects present in the steel than could otherwise be detected.
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Nurbanasari, M. "Influence of conventional heat treatment and thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and hardness of two tungsten hot working tool steels." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4105/.
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The H21 and H23 tungsten hot working tool steels are used at elevated working temperatures due to their resistance to softening, high hot hardness, and high compressive strength. The mechanical properties of these tool steels are strongly affected by the presence of carbides. High concentration of carbide forming elements in these tool steels tends to form brittle eutectic carbide networks. Carbide networks in the as cast condition are detrimental to their mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to identify controlled thermomechanical processing (TMP) parameter, namely deformation temperature at two different solutioning temperatures to break down carbide networks and improve hardness. The primary focus of this research was on the H21 tool steel owing to its promising hardness after TMP. The H21 tool steel was double tempered after TMP to improve its toughness. For comparison purposes, conventional heat treatment was also performed on both tool steels. The TMP process was an axisymmetric compression test at a constant true strain rate of 0.01 s-1, that was performed at 1000, 1050 and 1100 °C after solutioning at 1100 or 1250 °C. Double tempering was carried out at 650, 750 and 800 °C, with air cooling in between the first and second temper. The solutioning and double tempering temperatures in the conventional heat treatment were the same as for the TMP samples. An overview of the flow curves and the characterisation of microstructures showed no evidence of dynamic recrystallisation. The increase in flow stress with decreasing solutioning and deformation temperatures was attributed to dislocation movement and the presence of fine and dispersed carbides causing a Zener pinning effect. The peak stress, microstructure and hardness data indicated that the optimum hot deformation condition was solutioning at 1250 °C and deformation at 1100 °C. No secondary hardening occurred after double tempering the H21 tool steel samples that were first subjected to hot deformation. The highest double tempered hardness (354 HV) of the H21 tool steel occurred after double temper at 650 °C following solutioning at 1250 °C and subsequent deformation at 1000 °C. It is suggested that the operating temperature for the H21 tool steel with the conditions used in this study should be less than 650 °C.
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Irshad, Muhammad Aatif. "The effect of prior austenite grain size on the machinability of a pre-hardened mold steel. : Measurement of average grain size using experimental methods and empirical models." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-8777.
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The use of pre-hardened mold steels has increased appreciably over the years; more than 80% of the plastic mold steels are used in pre-hardened condition. These steels are delivered to the customer in finished state i.e. there is no need of any post treatment. With hardness around ~40HRC, they have properties such as good polishability, good weldability, corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity. Machinability is a very important parameter in pre-hardened mold steels as it has a direct impact on the cost of the mold. In normal machining operations involving intricate or near net shapes, machining constitutes around 60% of the total mold cost. Efforts are underway to explore every possible way to reduce costs associated with machining and to make production more economical. All the possible parameters which are considered to affect the machinability are being investigated by the researchers. This thesis work focuses on the effect of prior austenite grain size on the machinability of pre-hardened mold steel (Uddeholm Nimax). Austenitizing temperatures and holding times were varied to obtain varying grain sized microstructures in different samples of the same material. As it was difficult to delineate prior-austenite grain boundaries, experimental and empirical methods were employed to obtain reference values. These different grain sized samples were thereafter subjected to machining tests, using two sets of cutting parameters. Maximum flank wear depth=0.2mm was defined for one series of test which were more akin to rough machining, and machining length of 43200mm or maximum wear depth=0.2mm were defined for second series of tests which were similar to finishing machining. The results were obtained after careful quantative and qualitative analysis of cutting tools. The results obtained for Uddeholm Nimax seemed to indicate that larger grain sized material was easier to machine. However, factors such as retained austenite content and work hardening on machined surface, which lead to degradation of machining operations were also taken into consideration. Uddeholm Nimax showed better machinability in large grained samples as retained austenite(less than 2%) content was minimal in the large grained sample. Small grained sample in Uddeholm Nimax had a higher retained austenite (7+2%) which resulted in degradation of machining operation and a lesser cutting tool life.
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Ng, Ka Fai. "An examination of the effect of multiple parameters on the properties of diamond-like carbon coatings applied to cold forming tool steels." Thesis, Brunel University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444680.
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Öhman, Sebastian. "Wear on Alumina Coated Tools and the Influence of Inclusions when Turning Low-Alloy Steels : Master Thesis - Chemical Engineering." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302956.
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In this master thesis, performed at Sandvik Coromant Västberga (Stockholm), a comprehensive study has been made to investigate the wear on textured alumina (Inveio™) coated cutting tools when turning low-alloy steels. Specifically, wear studies have been made on tools’ rake faces when turning two separate batches of SS2541, after an initial turning time of 4 min. A particular focus has been given to elucidate what particular role the inclusions might have for the wear of the alumina coating onthe tools. Evaluation of tool wear has been made by employing several different analytical techniques, such as LOM, SEM, Wyko, Auger-spectrometry (AES), EPMA and XRD. The results shows that the arisen wear marks on both tested tool types may be divided into three separate and highly distinguishable wear zones, denoted here in thiswork as “wear bands”. Largest amount of wear tended to occur initially at the topmost part of the 3rd wear band. This was true for both tested tool types. This area demonstrated a characteristic 'lamellar' wear pattern, composed of narrow andstructured ridges. All the tools tested demonstrated the adhesion of workpiece materials of various composition that formed into smeared layers in these formed ridges. Depth-profiling Auger-spectrometry revealed that a significant amount of calcium was present in the machined alumina coating layers. This suggests that a reaction between the calcium-containing inclusions found in the steel and the aluminacoating layer had occurred during the performed turning tests.These results arecontradictory to the general belief that alumina is chemical inert during machiningand has previously, to the authors knowledge, not yet been published. Based on the results from this thesis and from a literature review concerning thebehavior of α-alumina during deformation, a new theoretical wear model has been developed. In this model, it is emphasised that the sliding of hard inclusions from the steel may activate pyramidal slip systems in the textured alumina coating. This causes a nano-crystallisation and/or amorphisation in the topmost part of the coating, which facilitates the further wear of these coated tools.I detta examensarbete, som har utförts vid Sandvik Coromant i Västberga (Stockholm), har en omfattande studie gjorts i syfte att undersöka slitaget på texturerad aluminiumoxid-belagda skärverktyg (Inveio™) vid svarvningen av låglegerade stålsorter. Förslitningsstudier har framförallt gjorts på verktygens spånsidor vid svarvningen av två separata batcher av stålsorten SS2541 efter en inledande ingreppstid på 4 min. Ett särskilt fokus har även ägnats åt att belysa vilken roll stålets inneslutningar kan ha för slitaget av aluminiumoxidbeläggningen. Utvärderingen av verktygsslitaget har gjorts med hjälp av flera olika analytiska tekniker, däribland LOM, SEM, Wyko, Auger-spektrometri (AES), EPMA samt XRD. Resultaten från detta examensarbete visar på att det uppkomna slitaget på de verktyg som har testats kan uppdelas till tre separata och mycket distinkta ”slitagezoner”. Dessa zoner har för detta arbete benämnts som ”nötningsband”. Störst förslitning framträdde initialt i den översta delen av det 3:e nötningsbandet på de testade skärverktygen. Detta område uppvisade ett karaktäristiskt ”lamell”-liknande utseende, bestående av smala och strukturerade åsar och skåror. Vidare uppvisade samtliga undersökta verktyg på förekomsten av påsmetat arbetsmaterial av varierande sammansättning i dessa bildade åsar. När de slitna verktygen undersöktes med djuprofilerande Auger-spektrometri påvisades det att en signifikant mängd kalcium fanns inuti aluminiumoxidbeläggningen. Detta tyder på att en reaktion mellan de kalciuminnehållande inneslutningarna (som finns inuti stålet) och aluminiumoxidbeläggningen har reagerat med varandra under bearbetningsförloppet. Dessa resultat är motsägande till den allmänna uppfattningen om att aluminiumoxid är kemiskt inert vid bearbetningen av stål. Därutöver har dessa resultat även, till författarens kännedom, aldrig tidigare publicerats. Baserat på de resultat som har erhållits från detta examensarbete, och från en omfattande litteraturstudie gällande deformationen av α-aluminiumoxid, har en ny teoretisk förslitningsmodell utarbetats. I denna modell betonas det särskilt att glidningen av hårda inneslutningar från stålet kan aktivera s.k. pyramidala glidsystem i den texturerade aluminiumoxidbeläggningen. Detta orsaker en nano-kristallisering och/eller amorfisering av den översta delen av aluminiumoxidbeläggningen. Denna omvandling tros kunna underlätta den fortsatta förslitningen av dessa belagda skärverktyg.