Journal articles: 'Tool steels'

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Imbert, C. A. C., and H. J. McQueen. "Static Recrystallization of Tool Steels." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4458.

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Double-twist torsion tests were used to determine static softening in the hot working range of three tool steels – W1, a carbon steel (1.03% C - 0.8% other elements), A2 and D2, a medium and a high alloy steel, containing 8.45% and 14.82% alloying elements. The carbon steel, that was single-phase austenite in the hot-working range, experienced rapid static recrystallization due to increased diffusion rate caused by C in hot austenite, very little alloying solute and no carbides. Carbides in alloy tool steels, which exist throughout the hot-working range, have a retarding effect on the progress of recrystallization but are responsible for enhancing initiation due to formation of nuclei at the strain concentration near the particle/matrix interface. Static recrystallization (SRX) of the alloy tool steels was compared with austenitic stainless steels, with similar strengths but much greater alloying content, and with microalloyed steels, as well as with the dynamic recrystallization kinetics.

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Drozd, Kazimierz, Mariusz Walczak, Mirosław Szala, and Kamil Gancarczyk. "Tribological Behavior of AlCrSiN-Coated Tool Steel K340 Versus Popular Tool Steel Grades." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 4895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214895.

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The tribological performance of metalwork steel tools is of vital importance in both cold and hot working processes. One solution for improving metal tool life is the application of coatings. This paper investigates the differences in quantitative wear behavior and wear mechanisms between AlCrSiN-coated and bare steel K340 and five reference tool steels: X155CrVMo12-1, X37CrMoV5-1, X40CrMoV5-1, 40CrMnMo7 and 90MnCrV8. The investigated tool steels were heat-treated, while K340 was subjected to thermochemical treatment and then coated with an AlCrSiN hard film (K340/AlCrSiN). The hardness, chemical composition, phase structure and microstructure of steels K340 and K340/AlCrSiN were examined. Tribological tests were conducted using the ball-on-disc tester in compliance with the ASTM G99 standard. The tests were performed under dry unidirectional sliding conditions, using an Al2O3 ball as a counterbody. The wear factor and coefficient of friction were estimated and analyzed with respect to hardness and alloying composition of the materials under study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were made to identify the sliding wear mechanisms of the analyzed tool steels and physical vapor deposition (PVD)- coated K340 steel. In contrast to the harsh abrasive–adhesive wear mechanism observed for uncoated tool steels, the abrasive wear dominates in case of the AlCrSiN. The deposited thin film effectively prevents the K340 substrate from harsh wear severe degradation. Moreover, thanks to the deposited coating, the K340/AlCrSiN sample has a coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.529 and a wear factor of K = 5.68 × 10−7 m3 N−1 m−1, while the COF of the reference tool steels ranges from 0.70 to 0.89 and their wear factor ranges from 1.68 × 10−5 to 3.67 × 10−5 m3 N−1 m−1. The AlCrSiN deposition reduces the wear of the K340 steel and improves its sliding properties, which makes it a promising method for prolonging the service life of metalwork tools.

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Wieland, Michael, and Marion Merklein. "Characterization of Heat Transfer Coefficients of Tool Materials and Tool Coatings for Hot Stamping of Boron-Manganese Steels." Key Engineering Materials 438 (May 2010): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.438.81.

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One characteristic of hot stamping of ultra high strength steels is the high wear rate of the used tools which leads to shorter tool life. Coatings improving wear resistance can increase the lifetime of the used tools but process relevant data such as the heat transfer capability of coated tool steels are missing. Within this paper the heat transfer capabilities of coated tool steels for the hot stamping processes are determined. Therefore different coating systems based on AlCrN are applied on the tool steels and the pressure dependent heat transfer coefficient is determined using process relevant conditions. As semi-finished blank the hot stamping steel 22MnB5 with an aluminum-silicon pre-coating is used. With respect to a finite element analysis of the forming operation of the hot stamping process the heat transfer coefficient represents an important input data for the process layout.

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Won, Si Tae, and Dong Young Jang. "Measurement of TiAlN Coating Effects on Machining Characteristics of High Hardened Steel." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1357.

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Effects of TiAlN coating conditions on the cutting characteristics during machining high hardened tool steel using coated ball end mill were studied in this research. KP4 steel and STD 11 steel were used as workpieces. Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) was utilized in the cutting. Scanning electron microscope, optical tool, and a tool dynamometer were used to measure coating thickness and progress of tool wear. Results showed that the cutting distance using TiAlN coated ball end mills was longer than that using WC-Co ball end mill by 2.3~5.7 times for KP4 steels and about 2.5~4.3 times for STD11 heat treated steels. The multi layer TiAlN coated ball end mill showed better performance of machining of hard steels than single layered coated tools.

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Sandberg, Odd, Andreas Krona, Sigurd Berg, Flemming Kaad, and Göran Nord. "Application Experiences in Powder Compaction of Iron Powder - Influence of Tool Material on Tool Life." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.649.

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Tool steels for powder pressing are normally heat treated to a high hardness to counteract plastic deformation during the compacting process. Ductility and wear resistance of the die punch or core rod are determined by the type, size, amount, hardness and distribution of the hard phase in the martensitic matrix. Thus, tool steels can be designed and optimized for specific powder pressing application. To be able to utilize the full potential of the tool steel, also the design, heat treatment and eventual surface coating of the steel must be taken into account. In this paper new low-friction tool steel is investigated in PM manufacturing for a number of applications. An increase of tool life of more than two times compared to ordinary tool steels is found. Furthermore, the new low friction tool steel shows a potential for sintered parts with higher densities through the applicability of increased compaction pressure or minimized lubricant amount.

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Algarni, Mohammed. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Characterization of AISI “D2” and “O1” Cold Work Tool Steels." Metals 9, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111169.

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This research analyzes the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of two cold work tool steels: AISI “D2” and “O1”. Tool steels are an economical and efficient solution for manufacturers due to their superior mechanical properties. Demand for tool steels is increasing yearly due to the growth in transportation production around the world. Nevertheless, AISI “D2” and “O1” (locally made) tool steels behave differently due to the varying content of their alloying elements. There is also a lack of information regarding their mechanical properties and behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the plasticity and ductile fracture behavior of “D2” and “O1” via several experimental tests. The tool steels’ behavior under monotonic quasi-static tensile and compression tests was analyzed. The results of the experimental work showed different plasticity behavior and ductile fracture among the two tool steels. Before fracture, clear necking appeared on “O1” tool steel, whereas no signs of necking occurred on “D2” tool steel. In addition, the fracture surface of “O1” tool steel showed cup–cone fracture mode, and “D2” tool steel showed a flat surface fracture mode. The dimple-like structures in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that both tool steels had a ductile fracture mode.

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Huang, Shi Hong, Ting Lei, Hong Xiao Chi, and Dang Shen Ma. "Application of Si in Tool and Die Steel." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.35.

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This paper analyzed the application status of Si in high speed tool steel, cold working die steel, hot work die steel and plastic die steel. On this basis, the effect of Si on the properties of different types of tool and dies steels is summarized. There is the certain reference value of the application of Si in tool and die steels.

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Liška, Jaromír, and Josef Filípek. "The resistance of ledeburitic tool steels against the abrasive wear." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 6 (2012): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260060231.

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The ledeburitic tool steels which used to be used mainly for cutting and shaping tools nowadays are frequently used for a manufacture of injection moulds, moulds for pressure castings of aluminium alloys and for moulds for ceramics processing. The article deals with findings of ledeburitic tool steels resistance against abrasive wear. For the tests there were prepared the test samples of ledeburitic tool steels 19 436 and 19 573 (both according to ČSN). Moreover there were prepared the samples from structural abrasion resistant material Hardox 450 and from unalloyed structural steel 11 373 (according to ČSN). A wear resistance was examined by means of a laboratory test with an abrasive cloth and the Bond’s device. Hereafter the article deals with a possibility of utilisation of ledeburitic alloyed steels for a manufacture of tools for a land processing. For the examination of a resistance against wear in land there was made a plough test in which the tested samples were mounted on plough blades. By means of both the laboratory and operational tests there was found multiple higher resistance against wear of ledeburitic tool steels rather than of structural steels. During a land processing there was found unsuitability of steels processed for a maximum hardness, which came out as fractures of several samples.

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Šerák, Jan, Vojtěch Pečinka, and Dalibor Vojtěch. "Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Tool Steels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 395 (August 2019): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.395.85.

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In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of four types of high-speed tool steels (Vanadis 30, Vanadis 60, ASP 2052 and S 705) were studied. The steel S 705 was made by conventional ingot metallurgy technology, and other types of steels were manufactured by powder metallurgy technology. All studied steels were examined both in the soft state and further in the hardened condition with subsequent tempering. Microstructure of metallographic samples and fracture areas was studied by electron microscopy. Hardness, tensile properties and notch toughness were determined. Significant differences in the properties of steels in both studied states were documented.

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Muro, Maider, Garikoitz Artola, Anton Gorriño, and Carlos Angulo. "Wear and Friction Evaluation of Different Tool Steels for Hot Stamping." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3296398.

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The aim of this work is to investigate the durability of tool steels for hot stamping by comparing the wear resistance of three hot work tool steels. Friction and wear behaviours of different tool steels sliding against a 22MnB5 uncoated steel at elevated temperatures were investigated using a high-temperature version of the Optimol SRV reciprocating friction and wear tester at temperatures of 40 and 200°C. Our results show that friction decreased with increasing temperature, whereas wear of the tool steel increased with temperature for the second and the third tested tool steels. The slightly better wear behaviour of steel specimen 1 comes from the hardness of the carbides in the martensitic microstructure, which are rich in vanadium.

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Hirsch, M., B. Krönauer, Roland Golle, Hartmut Hoffmann, Matthias Golle, and Gerhard Jesner. "Innovative Tools and Tool Steels for the Blanking of Press-Hardened Ultra High-Strength Manganese-Boron Steels." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.123.

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One substantial goal of modern vehicle construction is to reduce weight at a high level of crash safety. When steel is used in lightweight construction, the process of press hardening of boron-alloyed steels can be of great importance. The heat treatment during hot forming process increases the material’s tensile strength to a level of approximately 1500 MPa. The increased tensile strength needs to be considered in subsequent manufacturing processes, such as punching operations. At present, laser cutting is a common method to cut press hardened sheet metal, a process which is more cost-intensive and time-consuming as conventional tools and tool steels cannot be produced with a profitable output. One aim of the present project has been the investigation of tool steels as well as the different damage mechanisms occurring during the blanking of press-hardened sheet metal. A new tool concept has therefore been realized, which comprises the entire expertise of the Institute. Thus, the tool developed is a very good basis for assessing tool steels and their damage behaviour. Tool life and damage mechanisms have been analyzed.

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Krbata, Michal, Maros Eckert, Jozef Majerik, and Igor Barenyi. "Wear Behaviour of High Strength Tool Steel 90MnCrV8 in Contact with Si3N4." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060756.

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Tool steels are used in technological processes of forming and cutting and as cutting tools due to their good mechanical properties. During their working cycle, steels are exposed to several aggressive conditions, such as thermal stress, fatigue and various forms of wear. In this article, the selected 90MnCrV8 tool steel slid against the Si3N4 testing ceramic bearing ball. All measurements were performed on a universal tribometric device UMT TriboLab (TA Instruments, New Castle, Delaware, USA) under dry conditions. The main objective of the performed experiments was to analyse the frictional properties and compare the wear of the 90MnCrV8 tested tool steel in contact with the 6.35 mm diameter ceramic ball at different friction speeds. In this measurement evaluation, the authors of the article mainly focused on the influence of the magnitude of the peripheral speed on the wear change and coefficient of friction. Further analysis was focused on the change of surface roughness of the counterpart ceramic balls as well as of the tested tool steel samples. Experimental results show the fact that tested tool steels, which can also be considered as high strength steels, can also successfully represent wear-resistant steels. It has been shown experimentally that increasing the friction speed also leads to significant degradation of the material on the sample surface. Finally, the effect of hardness on wear has also been experimentally demonstrated. The Si3N4 ceramic ball with its high strength also behaves like an abrasive, thus increasing the wear rate on the experimental tool steel samples.

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Xu, Qingzhong, Jichen Liu, Gangjun Cai, Dewen Jiang, and Jian Zhou. "A Fuzzy Evaluation of Tool Materials in the Turning of Marine Steels." Metals 11, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111710.

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To recommend one suitable tool material for the cutting of marine steels under special conditions and requirements in emergency rescues of capsized steel ships, the cermet tools, cemented carbide tools and coated carbide tools were evaluated using a fuzzy evaluation method concerning cutting force, cutting temperature, surface roughness and tool wear. Experimental results indicate that the tool cutting performance was diverse and difficult to evaluate with a single evaluation index. The cemented carbide tools presented bad cutting performance with severe wear. Compared with the cemented carbide tools, the cermet tools showed excellent wear resistance with about 60.3% smaller tool flank wear value and good surface quality with about 46.8% smaller surface roughness. The coated carbide tools presented low cutting temperatures about 15.6% smaller than those of the cermet tools. The result of fuzzy evaluation demonstrates that the cermet tools presented the best cutting performance, followed by the coated carbide tools, and then the cemented carbide tools. The cermet tools are recommended to cut marine steels in emergency rescues of capsized steel ships.

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Ota, Hisashi, Seiji Kurata, and Kunio Namiki. "Tool Steels. 50HRC Type Pre-hardened Cold Work Tool Steel, CX1." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 71, no. 2 (2000): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.71.171.

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Stepanov, Makar S., Yuri M. Dombrovskii, and Levon V. Davidyan. "Microarc surface alloying of tool steels." MATEC Web of Conferences 226 (2018): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822603007.

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A new method of accelerating of steel diffusion saturation during thermo-chemical treatment – microarc surface alloying is proposed. The steel product is placed in a metal container filled with coal powder, and heated by passing an electric current. Powder having microarcs, which are concentrated around the surface of the product with the formation of zones of local gas discharge. This significantly speeds up the diffusion saturation. After carburizing of steel 20Cr13 is formed a diffusion layer thickness of 13-15 μm microhardness of 10.5 to 12.5 HPa, located below the eutectoid area a thickness of 300 μm and a hardness of 6.5 GPA. After boriding of steel Cr12V1 after standard heat treatment, the surface layer with a thickness of 170-180 μm consists of a base with microhardness of 9.3-9.6 GPA with inclusions of microhardness of 14.5-15.0 GPA. After boriding of steel 5CrNiMo formed a layer thickness of 250-260 μm with a composite structure consisting of sections of the eutectoid structure of microhardness of 7.0-8.0 GPA, surrounded by boride eutectic microhardness 12.0-12.5 GPA. The composite structure provides the combination of very hard boride eutectic and eutectoid plastic mixture. After boriding of steel W6Mo5Co5 after standard heat treatment, the surface layer thickness of 230-240 μm consists of a base of microhardness 11,0-11,2 GPA with inclusions of microhardness 13,5-14,5 GPA. Given the high intensity of diffusion saturation, microarc surface alloying is recommended for surface hardening of tool steels.

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Escher, C., and C. Mutke. "Additive Manufacturing of Tool Steels*." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1002.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing of tool steels represents a great challenge, yet it offers new possibilities for the tool manufacture of, for example, complex forming tools with conformal cooling. First, this contribution gives an overview of the most relevant additive manufacturing processes, the materials and processing concepts. By means of a hybrid manufactured press hardening tool for high-strength sheet metal parts, an example of practical implementation is presented subsequently.

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de Lima, J. G., R. F. de Ávila, and A. M. Abrão. "Turning of hardened AISI 4340 steel using coated carbide inserts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 221, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem847.

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The machining of hardened steels employing polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and ceramic tooling has been comprehensively investigated over the last 20 years; however, the development of newer cemented carbide grades has extended the use of this group of materials to the machining of steels hardened up to 45 HRC (Rockwell C). The current paper is therefore concerned with continuous turning of AISI 4340 steel hardened from 250 to 525 HV using coated carbide tools in order to investigate whether this cutting tool grade is capable of providing a satisfactory performance when machining a steel with increasing levels of hardness. Machining forces, tool life, and wear mechanisms were assessed and the results indicated that the relationship between the hardness of the work material and the machining force is not straightforward. In general, the machining force components increased with the work material hardness, however, the cutting force decreased slightly as the work hardness increased from 250 to 345 HV. Tool wear was lower when machining the 345 HV workpiece compared with cutting the 250 HV steel. Finally, abrasion was the principal wear mechanism observed and catastrophic failure took place when attempting to machine the 525 HV steel.

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Danninger, Herbert, Christian Sohar, Christian Gierl Mayer, Agnieszka Betzwar-Kotas, and Brigitte Weiss. "Gigacycle Fatigue Response of PM versus Ingot Metallurgy Tool Steels." Materials Science Forum 672 (January 2011): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.672.23.

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In this work, the gigacycle fatigue response of several tool steel grades has been studied using an ultrasonic resonance testing device. It showed that both with ingot metallurgy (IM) and powder metallurgy (PM) tool steels, a true fatigue limit does not exist up to 10E10 cycles. PM steels resulted in significantly higher endurance strength levels than IM grades. However, there was virtually no effect of the composition and hardness of the materials, both for PM and IM grades cold work tool steels and high speed steels exhibiting virtually the same S-N curves. In the IM tool steel grades, crack initiation started at large primary carbides or carbide clusters, while in the PM grades, nonmetallic inclusions were the critical sites. In any case it is very important to avoid introducing residual stresses into the specimen surfaces during preparation, which would markedly shift the endurance strength levels.

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Chowwanonthapunya, Thee, Chaiyawat Peeratatsuwan, and Manote Rithinyo. "Cryogenic treatment of tool steels: A brief review and a case report." Maritime Technology and Research 4, no. 1 (September 2, 2021): Manuscript. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2022.253445.

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Tool steels used in marine industries demand for the effective approach to enhance their properties. Normally, conventional heat treatment is widely used to increase the performance of tool steels. However, this method cannot fully enhance the tool steel performance. On the other hand, cryogenic treatment is a supplementary process to the conventional heat treatment, which can promote the conversion of retained austenite to martensite and accelerate the precipitation of fine carbides. In this paper, a systematic review of cryogenic treatment of tool steels was presented. A wide range of useful investigations was reviewed, particularly in the details of the transformation of retained austenite to martensite and the precipitation of the fine carbides. A case study on a tool steel subjected to conventional heat treatment, conventional cold treatment, and deep cryogenic treatment was also given and discussed to give an insight in the cryogenic treatment of tool steels.

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Matsuda, Yukinori, and Tamiki Yanagisawa. "Tool Steels. The Development of High-hardenability High Speed Tool Steel MH88." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 68, no. 2 (1997): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.68.123.

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Ichikawa, Jiroh, and Koh-ichi Sudoh. "Special Issue Tool Steels. Effect of Steel Composition on Dissolution Behavior of Tool Steels in Molten Al Alloy." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 64, no. 3 (1993): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.64.152.

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Iwamoto, Kouji. "Special Issue Tool Steels. Machinability of Die Steels." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 64, no. 3 (1993): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.64.191.

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Rassili, Ahmed. "Modelling and Experimental Investgations of Tooling Issues for Thixoforming of Steel." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.347.

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Since the early 90’s, and from the very early investigations of steel thixoforming, tool materials as well as different kinds of coatings, including different tool steels and fully ceramic systems have been evaluated. The failure mechanisms have been carefully investigated by experiments and simulations and are nearly fully understood. Analysis of the reported literature on this topic shows that there is still a lot to do in this field and no excellent solution exists now a days for steel thixoforming. The aim of this work is to evaluate the thermal and mechanical loadings applied to the tools during steel thixoforming process in order to determine appropriate tool materials and solutions. This evaluation was realized thanks to experimental trials and to the finite elements simulations. The effect of these loadings on the tool’s failure modes are highlighted and compared to the ones observed in classical forming processes. Beyond this, the failure modes of different tool materials and solutions are presented. The tested materials are hot-working tool steels. Other possibilities and tool coating or surface treatments are discussed as well.

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Černý, Michal, Josef Filípek, Pavel Mazal, and David Varner. "Notch aspects of RSP steel microstructure." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 5 (2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260050049.

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For a rather long time, basic research projects have been focused on examinations of mechanical properties for Rapid Solidification Powder (RSP) steels. These state-of-art steels are commonly known as “powdered steels“. In fact, they combine distinctive attributes of conventional steel alloys with unusual resistance of construction material manufactured by so called “pseudo-powdered” metallurgy.Choice of suitable materials for experimental verification was carried out based on characteristic application of so called “modern steel”. First, groups of stainless and tool steel types (steel grades ČSN 17 and 19) were selected. These provided representative specimens for the actual comparison experiment. For stainless steel type, two steel types were chosen: hardenable X47Cr14 (ČSN 17 029) stainless steel and non-hardenable X2CrNiMo18-14-3 (ČSN 17 350) steel. They are suitable e.g. for surgical tools and replacements (respectively). For tooling materials, C80U (ČSN 19 152) carbon steel and American D2 highly-alloyed steel (ČSN “equivalent” being 19 572 steel) were chosen for the project. Finally, the M390 Böhler steel was chosen as representative of powdered (atomized) steels. The goal of this paper is to discuss structural aspects of modern stainless and tool steel types and to compare them against the steel made by the RSP method. Based on the paper's results, impact of powdered steel structural characteristics on the resistance to crack initiation shall be evaluated.

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Míšková, Jana, Petr Martínek, and Pavel Podaný. "Defects in Tool Steels for Dies." Key Engineering Materials 647 (May 2015): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.647.228.

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Selecting and correctly heat treating an appropriate tool steel for production a die is not a simple task. This paper points out defects which are encountered most frequently in dies when a poor-quality material or an inadequate heat treating schedule was selected or when the prescribed heat treating schedule was not followed. The most common deficiencies in semi-finished products from tool steels for die making include carbide banding and non-uniform microstructure with substantial variance in grain size. Incorrect tempering parameters are often used and the materials are thus treated in the region of temper brittleness. Cases of the above kind have been investigated by the laboratory at COMTES FHT a.s. in recent years and their summary is given in the text below.

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Lopez-Perrusquia, N., M. A. Doñu-Ruiz, S. Rodríguez-González, D. L. Rosado Cruz, and Frumencio Vasquez-Ramírez. "Formation of Hard Layers in Tool Steels." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 2059–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2059.

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In the present study, identify the fracture toughness and strength adhesion of borided layers on grade tools steels by Boronizing, two commonly used steel AISI 4140 and AISI 9840 are considered, the steels contain 1.0 - 0.8 wt% Cr and 0.20 - 0.25 wt% Mo, respectively. The formation of the borided layers was carried out by the powder pack boriding process at a temperature range of 1273 K for 4, 6 and 8 h. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed peak of FeB, Fe2B and CrB, the Fracture toughness of the layers is estimated at 15 and 30 um from surface using four different Vickers indentation loads, using Palmqvist crack model, the adherence of the layer/substrate was evaluate in qualitative form though the Rockwell C. The fracture toughness of the borides depends strongly on temperature and time bronzing. Also, good adhesion is obtained around the Rockwell C indentation prints on the borided layer-substrate-interface.

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YU, Z. Q., Y. K. HOU, S. H. LI, Z. Q. LIN, and W. G. ZHANG. "SURFACE DAMAGE BEHAVIOR OF GALVANIZED STEEL SHEETS IN FORMING PROCESS UNDER TENSION-BENDING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 30 (December 10, 2010): 5877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210057481.

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The surface damage behaviors of different galvanized steel sheets were investigated under the condition of tension-bending. The U-channel forming tests were performed for HDGI (hot-dip galvanized) and HDGA (hot-dip galvannealed) steels. Experimental results indicate that HDGI steel shows better damage resistance than HDGA steel in sheet metal forming. Scratching is the main surface damage in the forming of HDGI steel while exfoliating and scratching of coating are two types of surface damage for HDGA steel. And tool hardness and surface topography have crucial effects on part surface damage in the forming of the two kinds of galvanized steels. Different surface treatments should be applied to the forming tools in the forming of HDGI and HDGA steels for better surface qualities of products.

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Krbata, Michal, Maros Eckert, Lenka Bartosova, Igor Barenyi, Jozef Majerik, Pavol Mikuš, and Petra Rendkova. "Dry Sliding Friction of Tool Steels and Their Comparison of Wear in Contact with ZrO2 and X46Cr13." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102359.

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Tool steels are used in stamping, shearing processes, and as cutting tools due to their good mechanical properties. During their working cycle, steels are subject to aggressive conditions such as heat stress, fatigue, and wear. In this paper, three tool steels, namely X153CrMoV12, X37CrMoV5-1, and X45NiCrMo4 were selected against two types of bearing balls, ZrO2 and X46Cr1. All measurements were performed on a UMT TriboLab universal tribometric instrument under dry conditions. The main objective of the experiment was to analyze and compare tool steel wear in contact with two kinds of bearing balls with a diameter of 4.76 mm. This evaluation is focused on the hardness, surface roughness, and microstructure of all samples and on the impact of the input parameters on the resulting wear. All three types of tool steels were measured in the basic annealed state and, subsequently, in the state after hardening and tempering. Experimental results show that tool steels, belonging to high strength steels, can successfully represent wear resistant steels. The content of carbide elements, their size, and shape in the microstructure play an important role in the friction process and subsequent wear. Three types of loads were used and compared in the experiments 30, 60, and 90 N. Increasing the load results in significant degradation of the material on the sample surface. Lastly, the impact of hardness and roughness of materials on wear has also been proven. If abrasive wear occurs in the friction process, there is a greater degree of wear than that of adhesive wear. This is due to less abrasive particles, which behave like a cutting wedge and are subject to subsequent deformation strengthening due to the load increase, which adversely affects the further friction process. Analysis of the results showed that the ZrO2 ceramic ball showed significantly better wear values when compared to the X46Cr13 stainless steel ball. It also improves the values of the coefficient of friction with respect to the type of wear that occurs when the experimental materials and counterparts are in contact.

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Chernykh, I. K., E. V. Vasil’ev, A. M. Badamshin, and A. G. Kushnareva. "Friction stir processing as a method of hardening cutting tools." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2182, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2182/1/012046.

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Abstract One of the most perspective methods of hardening is friction stir processing. The study shows processing methods based on the friction stir principle. The results of hardening of tool steels 1089 (Fe97%, C0.8%), 3343 (Fe80%, C0.9%, Cr4%, Mo5%, W6%, V2%), 440C (Fe78%, Cr18%, C0.95%) are presented. As a result of hardening, it was possible to increase the microhardness of carbon tool steel by more than 3 times, and also to achieve a decrease in the average grain size in the treated area by more than 10 times in relation to the base material. It is proposed to use the FSP in the manufacture of cutting tools from tool steels to increase physical and mechanical properties.

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Stratton, P. "Cold treatment of tool steels." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 67, no. 2 (April 2012): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/105.110134.

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Zvezdin, V. V., R. M. Khisamutdinov, V. A. Grechishnikov, R. R. Saubanov, I. Kh Israfilov, S. M. Portnov, and S. Yu Yurasov. "Laser Machining of Tool Steels." Russian Engineering Research 38, no. 12 (December 2018): 1038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x18120213.

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Artinger, István, M. Korach, and T. Tarasowa. "Local Alloying of Tool Steels." Key Engineering Materials 46-47 (January 1991): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.46-47.209.

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Imbert, C. A. C., and H. J. McQueen. "Hot Ductility of Tool Steels." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 40, no. 2 (January 2001): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000844301794388461.

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Adaskin, A. M., L. S. Kremnev, and I. Yu Sapronov. "Tool steels of new generation." Inorganic Materials: Applied Research 5, no. 5 (September 2014): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2075113314050025.

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King, P. C., R. W. Reynoldson, A. Brownrigg, and J. M. Long. "Ferritic nitrocarburising of tool steels." Surface Engineering 21, no. 2 (April 2005): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329405x40920.

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Samotugin, S. S. "Plasma treatment of tool steels." Welding International 12, no. 3 (January 1998): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119809448477.

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Yao, Hong, and Sriram Sadagopan. "Effect of Tool Coatings and Tool Steels on Formability of Advanced High Strength Steels." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 4, no. 1 (April 12, 2011): 369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0232.

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Kanlayasiri, Kannachai, Prajak Jattakul, and Niwat Mookam. "Machinability of tool steels machined by electric-discharge machining." SNRU Journal of Science and Technology 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55674/snrujst.v14i1.244172.

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SKD11 has been a widely used tool steel for cold works for many years while DC53 tool steel is intently developed to replace SKD11. In this paper, the machinability of these two tool steels was compared in terms of material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear ratio (EWR), and arithmetic mean of value of roughness (Ra) of the specimen machined by electric-discharge machining. The machining variables involved were electric-discharge time and electric-discharge peak current. The machining electrode was made from a copper alloy. Results show that both electric-discharge time and electric-discharge peak current had an influential effect on MRR, EWR, and Ra of both tool steels. MRR of SKD11 was significantly higher than that of DC53 while DC53 caused higher EWR than SKD11. It was found that SKD11 provided a better surface finish than DC53. Empirical models for MRR, EWR, and Ra were also presented in this paper.

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Kucukomeroglu, T., and S. M. Aktarer. "Microstructure, microhardness and tensile properties of FSWed DP 800 steel." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 81 (April 1, 2017): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2038.

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Purpose: Dual phase (DP) steels are widely used in the automotive industry due to their properties of a high balance of strength and formability. However, it is known that conventional welding of high strength steel leads to some undesirable results such as hardness decrease in the heat affected zone. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid state joining method, which is used to join these steels due to its advantage of low heat input. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microstructural change and mechanical properties of friction stir welded DP800 steel. Design/methodology/approach: DP 800 steels with 1.5 mm thickness were subjected to friction stir welding, by using a tungsten carbide (WC) tool. The tool was tilted 2°, and downforce of the tool was kept constant at 6 kN. During processing, the tool rotation and traverse speed were fixed at 1600 rpm and 170 mm∙min-1, respectively. Findings: The friction stir welded region comprises martensite, bainite, refined ferrite. The average microhardness of stir zone has increased from 260 HV0.2 to about 450 HV0.2. The tensile sample shows a decrease in the ultimate tensile strength (σUTS) about 3%, from 827 MPa to 806 MPa for the joint. The yield strength (YS) of the joint is about 566 MPa and the value is near that of DP800. Research limitations/implications: The tungsten carbide tool used for the friction stir welding has suffered deterioration in the pin profile after 1 meter welding operation. It may be advisable to drill a pre-hole in the specimens for a longer tool life. Practical implications: Tool wear for industrial applications will be a major problem. Therefore, the use of tools with high wear resistance such as polycrystalline cubic boron nitride may be recommended. Originality/value: Works on friction stir welding of dual phase steels are limited and they mostly focus on spot welding. Also, this study systematically investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of dual-phase 800 steels after the friction stir welding.

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Göbl, Michael, Harald Eder, Aude Prestl, Ingo Siller, and Ronald Schnitzer. "Diffusion Bonding of High-Alloyed Tool Steels with Maraging and Precipitation Hardening Steels." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121622.

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Steel composites for application as protective plates were produced via diffusion bonding. Cold work tool steels were combined with a precipitation hardening steel or a maraging steel using a deformation dilatometer and a vacuum furnace at 1150 °C for 8 h in total. Subsequently, a heat treatment was applied to achieve the final mechanical properties. The microstructure of the interface was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and hardness measurements. The results are compared with a simulation of the diffusion of elements performed by MatCalc. Both composites achieve high hardness near the surface of the cold work tool steels, which can have a positive effect on the destruction of projectiles on impact. The influence of carbon diffusion can be observed up to a depth of 3 mm from the interface. As a result of carbon diffusion, soft zones are formed on both sides of the interface, which can be attributed to decarburization, phase transformation and carbide formation. The tough back layer is designed to absorb the remaining energy of the projectile. The combination of a hard front layer and a tough rear layer provides an optimal combination of materials against ballistic threats.

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Gogte, Chandrashekhar, Dilip Peshwe, Ajay Likhite, and Sachin Lomte. "On the Mechanism of the Effect of the Cryogenic Treatment on High Speed Steels." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7138.

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The effect of subzero treatment on tool steels is well known, and is commercially practiced for certain varieties of tool steels. Substantial research is being carried out on the behavior of tool steels after cryogenic treatment (CT). While it has been established that CT improves the wear properties in some steels, the mechanism of this behavioral aspect is not yet fully known. Most work has been focused on AISI M2 high speed steel related to the effect on different properties, but the microstructural change is not yet conclusively identified. Neither the past research has brought forth the exact principles on which CT should be based. Some of these important issues are addressed in this paper.

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Kostyk, K. O., V. O. Kostyk, and V. D. Kovalev. "Strengthening the Surface Layer of Tools with State-of-the-Art Technologies." Uspehi Fiziki Metallov 22, no. 1 (March 2021): 78–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.01.078.

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Increasing both the service life and the wear resistance of the tool by surface hardening is an urgent issue. Its solution contributes to a significant increase in the performance of products. Available methods of surface hardening of tools, based on coating or changing the surface condition, are becoming increasingly important due to the complexity of the operation of products. Plates made of the T5K10 (85%WC–6%TiC–9%Co) and T15K6 (79%WC–15%TiC–6%Co) hard alloys as well as cylindrical samples made of the W6Mo5Cr4V2 and W18Cr4V high-speed steels are used for the study. Studies have shown that, after processing the T15K6 alloy plates with a pulsed magnetic field, the cutting tool life improved by more than 200% as compared to the untreated ones. The proposed method will increase the strength of carbide plates and stabilize the physical and mechanical properties of the cutting tool. For tools made of alloy steels, the hardening treatment is carried out by the boron method in pastes with nanodisperse powders. As shown, the thickness of the boride layer for high-speed steels increases with the duration of the process; however, its growth rate depends on the composition of the steel. An increase in the holding time of the chemical and thermal treatment leads to the growth of boride layers. The layer thickness changes quadratically (as a second-degree polynomial) with duration time. A feature of formation of diffusion layers is revealed. The dependences of both the surface hardness and the thickness of boride layer on the borating time for high-speed steels are also shown. Studies have shown that boriding in a nanodisperse medium can significantly increase the wear resistance of steels. The method of expert assessments of the maximum values of the surface properties of the studied steels is carried out. As shown, it is more rational to use W6Mo5Cr4V2 steel as a cutting tool after hardening the surface layer by boriding in a nanodisperse boron-containing powder. The proposed processing method demonstrates the prospects of using it to improve the performance of products. In addition, this method of hardening can significantly increase the wear resistance of materials (by ≈3.38–3.75 times) as compared to steels without processing.

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Barari, Nader, Seyed Ali Niknam, and Hedayeh Mehmanparast. "Tool wear morphology and life under various lubrication modes in turning stainless steel 316L." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2019-0051.

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One of the most important industrial demands is to improve the machinability of hard steels. Among hard steels, 316L stainless steel has significant mechanical and thermal properties recommended for many industrial applications and products, including aero-engines and gas turbines. Similar to many other hard-to-cut materials, the machining of 316L stainless steel requires an adequate selection of cutting parameters and lubrication modes. Limited studies have been found in this regard. In the present study, turning tests were conducted on 316L steel and the tool wear magnitude and morphology were assessed under four lubrication modes. Furthermore, to improve machining performance, a minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) system was used and the obtained results under this lubrication mode were compared to three other types of lubrication modes, including dry, wet, and MQCL. The composition of the adhered material on the cutting tools shows that in all lubrication modes, built-up edge (BUE) occurred. Furthermore, the use of high pressure-lubricated machining (MQCL) led to longer tool life as compared to the other three lubrication modes used. In fact, double the tool life was recorded for the cutting tools used under the MQCL mode.

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Yang, Fa Zhan, Jun Zhao, Cheng Liang Sun, and Guang Yao Meng. "Experimental Investigations of Tool Wear Mechanisms in Machining 1Cr18Ni9Ti Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1858.

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The purpose of this investigation is to recognize the wear mechanisms of cemented carbide tools in dry hard turning of stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti). From the view point of machining, stainless steels are often considered as poor machinability materials. Turning tests were carried out by using a CA6140 lathe and a cutting force measuring device. For this purpose, both microscopic and microstructural aspects of the tools were taken into consideration. Meanwhile, the cutting forces are also measured in the experiment. The chips were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The machinability of 1Cr18Ni9Ti austenitic stainless steels is examined in terms of tool life and cutting parameter presented in this paper. Results show that cutting forces vary greatly with the experimental cutting parameters. Analysis indicated that tool wear mechanisms observed in the machining tests involve abrasion wear, thermal and fatigue shock wear and adhesive wear.

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Klocke, Fritz, Kristian Arntz, Gustavo Francisco Cabral, Martin Stolorz, and Marc Busch. "Characterization of Tool Wear in High-Speed Milling of Hardened Powder Metallurgical Steels." Advances in Tribology 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/906481.

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In this experimental study, the cutting performance of ball-end mills in high-speed dry-hard milling of powder metallurgical steels was investigated. The cutting performance of the milling tools was mainly evaluated in terms of cutting length, tool wear, and cutting forces. Two different types of hardened steels were machined, the cold working steel HS 4-2-4 PM (K490 Microclean/66 HRC) and the high speed steel HS 6-5-3 PM (S790 Microclean/64 HRC). The milling tests were performed at effective cutting speeds of 225, 300, and 400 m/min with a four fluted solid carbide ball-end mill ( = 6, TiAlN coating). It was observed that by means of analytically optimised chipping parameters and increased cutting speed, the tool life can be drastically enhanced. Further, in machining the harder material HS 4-2-4 PM, the tool life is up to three times in regard to the less harder material HS 6-5-3 PM. Thus, it can be assumed that not only the hardness of the material to be machined plays a vital role for the high-speed dry-hard cutting performance, but also the microstructure and thermal characteristics of the investigated powder metallurgical steels in their hardened state.

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Greškovič, František, Ľudmila Dulebová, Branislav Duleba, and Janusz W. Sikora. "Evaluation of Process Wear of Selected Tool Steels for Injection Molds." Advanced Materials Research 739 (August 2013): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.739.171.

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The aim of this contribution is to test the suitability of selected types of tool steels used for manufacturing of injection molds. Experiments were realized by the simulation of adhesive wear using laboratory equipment Amsler, which allows the testing of grinding pairs. Evaluated grinding pairs consisted of tool steel and two types of roundels. Tested polymeric materials were based on pure PA6 and PBT filled with short glass fibers, prepared by mixing process in twin screw extruder. The wear of five types of tool steels were evaluated by weight decrease before and after the experiment, while changing the friction coefficient of grinding pairs, material of grinding pairs and sensing the roughness of steel before and after wear.

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47

Tóth, László, Zoltán Nyikes, and Mhatre Umesh. "Increasing Tool Steel Surface Wear Resistance by Surface Treatment." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 13, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2020.13.32.

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Abstract The industry is imposing increasing wear and tear requirements on tools, which can no longer be satisfied with the development of base materials (tool steels). Surface treatment technologies can provide a solution as the surface of the working tool must be suitable. It can determine a relationship between the hardness, surface roughness and the abrasion resistance of various surface treatments and the coating technologies such as PVD as a result of tool steel surface layers. These relationships form the basis for tool selection and provide a theoretical basis for the design of surface technologies.

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Muro, Maider, Garikoitz Artola, Josu Leunda, Carlos Soriano, and Carlos Angulo. "Retained Austenite Control for the Soft Machining of High-Hardness Tool Steels." Metals 8, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8070564.

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Most high-hardness tool steels comprising forming dies require expensive finish machining operations to compensate for the dimensional distortion and surface oxidation caused by the die heat treatment. Precipitation-hardening (PH) tool steels allow for soft finish machining followed by an aging treatment without major deformation or oxidation in the die, but exhibit poor wear performance owing to the lack of carbides in their structure. This drawback can be overcome by combining laser cladding technology, austenite retention, and cryogenic treatments. Hence, an alternative die manufacturing route based on laser cladding was explored. The forming surface of a modified chemistry tool steel die was subjected to cladding. The martensite finish (Mf) temperature of the steel was tuned to enhance austenite retention at room temperature. The cladded surface was then machined in a reduced-hardness condition resulting from retained austenite formation. Subsequent deep cryogenic treatment of the die favoured the retained-austenite-to-martensite transformation, thereby increasing the die hardness without major distortion or oxidation. This process combined the advantages of high-carbide-bearing tool steels and PH steels, allowing for a die with hardness exceeding 58 HRC to be finish machined at <52 HRC. Controlling the occurrence of retained austenite represents an effective strategy for achieving new manufacturing scenarios.

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Choudhury, Imtiaz Ahmed, S. W. Gan, and Nukman Yusoff. "Experimental Determination of Cutting Temperature and Force when Turning Assab Steel with Coated Carbide Inserts." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 993–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.993.

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The study is about an experimental investigation of the different factors influencing the temperature occurring at the coating/substrate and chip interface when machining Assab steels 760 and DF2 with two different coated carbide tools. Results show that tool temperature was higher when turning Assab steel 760. Temperature along the major flank face was higher that that at the minor flank. However, the magnitude of temperature was lower than expected with maximum only around 260 oC near the tool tip. The performance of Al2O3 coated WC inserts appeared to be better compared to TiN coated WC inserts. The cutting temperature was lower with alumina coated tools. While turning Assab DF2 steel, cutting temperature was lower compared to Assab 760 steel for the same coated tool.

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Smoljan, B., Dario Iljkic, N. Tomasic, Imre Felde, G. E. Totten, and Tamás Réti. "Evaluation of Steel Hardenability by JM^®-Test." Materials Science Forum 537-538 (February 2007): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.537-538.607.

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The modified Jominy-test was designed for prediction of hardenability of high-hardenability tool steels and possibility of application of modified Jominy-test in computer simulation of quenching of high-hardenability tool steels has been investigated. Because of high hardenability there are limits in application of original Jominy-specimen in simulation of quenching of steels. The performance of investigated modified Jominy-test in simulation of quenching of high-hardenability tool steels was estimated by comparison of cooling curves of modified Jominy-specimen (JM®-specimen) and cylindrical specimen. The influence of dimension of JM®-specimen on cooling curves has been investigated. The time of cooling, t8/5 relevant for results of quenching was predicted. Modified Jominy-test can be applied in simulation of quenching of steel with higher hardenability rather than original Jominy-test.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tool steels'

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