Journal articles on the topic 'Tooth Numbering System'

Abstract In dentistry, a tooth numbering system helps identify specific tooth positions in the mouth. This system includes quadrant types for primary and permanent teeth, making it easy to locate and document tooth positions. The tooth notation system is crucial for recording an individual’s case history and efficient clinical record keeping and standardizing diagnostic makeover. However, existing tooth charting systems lack the denotation of dental anomalies. To address this issue, we have introduced a modification in the commonly used tooth nomenclature (Zsigmondy Palmer system) to incorporate details of both clinical and radiographically diagnosed tooth anomalies. Modified tooth numbering system can be a useful tool in interpreting clinical and radiographical information about dental abnormalities among clinicians.

Teeth Numbering Systems help in easy communication and documentation of the tooth or teeth of concern. They are devised in a manner in which their implementation is easy. However, confusion arises when there is an additional tooth in the arch. This article explains how a supernumerary tooth is numbered.

Objective: This study evaluated the use of a deep-learning approach for automated detection and numbering of deciduous teeth in children as depicted on panoramic radiographs. Methods and materials: An artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm (CranioCatch, Eskisehir-Turkey) using Faster R-CNN Inception v2 (COCO) models were developed to automatically detect and number deciduous teeth as seen on pediatric panoramic radiographs. The algorithm was trained and tested on a total of 421 panoramic images. System performance was assessed using a confusion matrix. Results: The AI system was successful in detecting and numbering the deciduous teeth of children as depicted on panoramic radiographs. The sensitivity and precision rates were high. The estimated sensitivity, precision, and F1 score were 0.9804, 0.9571, and 0.9686, respectively. Conclusion: Deep-learning-based AI models are a promising tool for the automated charting of panoramic dental radiographs from children. In addition to serving as a time-saving measure and an aid to clinicians, AI plays a valuable role in forensic identification.

Introduction: Cleft lip and palate patients often present with unique anatomical challenges, making dental anomaly detection and numbering particularly complex. The accurate identification of teeth in these patients is crucial for effective treatment planning and long-term management. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool for enhancing diagnostic precision, yet its application in this specific patient population remains underexplored. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of an AI-based software in detecting and numbering teeth in cleft lip and palate patients. The research focused on assessing the system’s sensitivity, precision, and specificity, while identifying potential limitations in specific anatomical regions and demographic groups. Methods: A total of 100 panoramic radiographs (52 males, 48 females) from patients aged 6 to 15 years were analyzed using AI software. Sensitivity, precision, and specificity were calculated, with ground truth annotations provided by four experienced orthodontists. The AI system’s performance was compared across age and gender groups, with particular attention to areas prone to misidentification. Results: The AI system demonstrated high overall sensitivity (0.98 ± 0.03) and precision (0.96 ± 0.04). No statistically significant differences were found between age groups (p > 0.05), but challenges were observed in the maxillary left region, which exhibited higher false positive and false negative rates. These findings were consistent with the prevalence of unilateral left clefts in the study population. Conclusions: The AI system was effective in detecting and numbering teeth in cleft lip and palate patients, but further refinement is required for improved accuracy in the cleft region, particularly on the left side. Addressing these limitations could enhance the clinical utility of AI in managing complex craniofacial cases.

Dental notation systems (DNSs) play a crucial role in dentistry, facilitating accurate communication and efficient record-keeping. In this study, we explore the use of different dental notation systems among dental professionals in Benghazi. Background: As the Dental notation systems utilize symbols and abbreviations to represent specific teeth, these systems enable effective communication between dental professionals, laboratory technicians, and dental assistants. Aim: To assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of DNSs by the dentists in Benghazi dental clinics and to know the most common types of DNSs used in Benghazi dental clinics Materials & method: A cross-sectional survey. a self-completed structured questionnaire containing yes or no questions was randomly distributed to Benghazi dentists during the summer 2023. The survey comprised of the gender, and experience. The remaining part focused on the questions related to most commonly used and understandable Tooth numbering system. Results 69 responses on the randomly distributed questionnaire to dentists were received. 91.3 % 0f participants were females and only 8.7% were males. The results revealed that the participants used Palmer system very common 63.8% and 72.5% for primary dentition and permanent dentition respectively Conclusion: The most common type is Palmer system for both primary and permanent teeth but there is shift toward electronic communication which favors the FDI system. Clarity, consistency, and ease of use remain critical considerations for effective dental notation. Keywords: Notation, Tooth numbering system (TNS), FDI, Palmer, Universal system

Dental charting, referral notes, and dental financial claims are integral parts of dental practices for their smooth and effective usage. Currently, dental charting is proceeded by one of the three commonly used tooth notation systems, The Zsigmondy-Palmer, Federation Dentaire International, and American Dental Association. Although these systems have been used and adopted internationally, in practice, there is much confusion in referring to a tooth, which leads to mismanagement and eventually leads to confusion affecting the clinician-patient relationship. Hence, a growing need for a new system to make dental charting simple, secure, and void of confusion is always felt. In this experiment, we evaluated currently in use tooth notation systems and introduced three tooth numbering systems named based on the place of origin as the Herat Dentistry Faculty 1, Herat Dentistry Faculty 2, and Herat Dentistry Faculty 3 tooth notation systems. A questionnaire containing 17 questions was designed, a meeting was held with the participants where both systems were introduced, and the questionnaire was explained to them. The questionnaire was filled by a population of 481, among which 213 were randomly selected, and data were entered into SPSS. The results proved that the three newly suggested systems are more efficient in terms of learning and entering into patient files compared to traditionally in-use systems.

To prevent the sequelae of hard and soft tissue loss after tooth extraction, future need of bone augmentation procedures and utilisation of benefits during early stages of tissue healing, early implant promises to be an armoury for dental implantologists to perfectly simulate the natural dentition in anterior aesthetic areas. Here, a case of 30 years old male with a missing #11 (according to two-digit numbering system) planned for early implant placement and immediate temporisation with delayed loading is presented.

Subject of research: A review of the existing teeth numbering and classification methods on images is presented. The available architectural peculiarities and their practical importance are considered. The best solutions comparison and identification in these areas were carried out. Method: To evaluate the teeth numbering and classification methods results, the following quality metrics were selected: IoU, average precision, and accuracy, as well as other metrics that were given in the reviewed studies. Also, attention is paid to the data pre-processing, the image sources, and the amount of data used to train and test the models. The advantages and disadvantages of each solution are considered. Main results: Based on the study results, the best algorithm for regression-based tooth numbering was identified. This method allows us to carry out qualitative teeth segmentation. The advantage of this approach besides the superiority in metrics values is that it is capable of finding out a position of missing teeth. Practical relevance: This research can be useful for specialists in the field of machine learning technologies, as well as physicians conducting research in the field of medical process automation. The results of this work may be useful in the dental X-ray image recognition system implementation in medical assistants.

Background: Dental disorders are one of the most important health problems, affecting billions of people all over the world. Early diagnosis is important for effective treatment planning. Precise dental disease segmentation requires reliable tooth numbering, which may be prone to errors if performed manually. These steps can be automated using artificial intelligence, which may provide fast and accurate results. Among the AI methodologies, deep learning has recently shown excellent performance in dental image processing, allowing effective tooth segmentation and numbering. Methods: This paper proposes the Squeeze and Excitation Inception Block-based Encoder–Decoder (SE-IB-ED) network for teeth segmentation in panoramic X-ray images. It combines the InceptionV3 model for encoding with a custom decoder for feature integration and segmentation, using pointwise convolution and an attention mechanism. A dataset of 313 panoramic radiographs from private clinics was annotated using the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) system. PSPL and SAM augmented the annotation precision and effectiveness, with SAM automating teeth labeling and subsequently applying manual corrections. Results: The proposed SE-IB-ED network was trained and tested using 80% training and 20% testing of the dataset, respectively. Data augmentation techniques were employed during training. It outperformed the state-of-the-art models with a very high F1-score of 92.65%, mIoU of 86.38%, and 92.84% in terms of accuracy, precision of 92.49%, and recall of 99.92% in the segmentation of teeth. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, the proposed method has great potential for the accurate segmentation of all teeth regions and backgrounds in panoramic X-ray images.

This case report describes the successful management of an oblique fracture of #11 with a fracture line that extended subgingivally by following a multidisciplinary protocol to preserve biological width and improve long-term prognosis. A 28-year-old male patient presented with a fractured front tooth caused by a fall. After a brief period of pain following the trauma, the patient was asymptomatic. An oblique fracture (Ellis Class III) in the coronal third of the upper right central incisor (#11 in the FDI teeth numbering system) with exposed pulp tissue was discovered during the routine clinical examination. When the fractured fragment was removed under local anesthesia, the fracture line was found to be extending subgingivally along the palatal aspect of the tooth. A multidisciplinary approach involving endodontic therapy and periodontal management involving flap reflection was adopted to attain a favorable long-term prognosis. The therapy comprised root canal treatment, crown lengthening, mucoperiosteal flap reflection, osseous re-contouring, composite core build-up, and final restoration using a porcelain fused to metal crown. This multidisciplinary approach, at 1-year follow-up, showed uneventful healing, and was able to achieve excellent esthetics and function while also preserving the patient’s natural tooth.

Two new species of the genus Alburnoides are described from the river Seman drainage in the eastern Adriatic Sea basin in Albania. Both species have a pharyngeal tooth formula of 2.5–4.2. Alburnoides fangfangae, which occurs in the upper Osum river system, is distinguished from other members of the genus by a combination of characters including 11½–13½ anal fin branched rays, small scales numbering 46–53 in the total pored lateral line, total vertebrae usually 40 (20+20 and 21+19) or 41 (21+20 and 20+21), caudal peduncle depth 43–48% body depth at dorsal fin origin, usually a mostly or completely scaleless ventral keel, the mouth with a curved and only slightly slanted cleft and a produced fleshy snout, the interorbital width 1.3–1.5 times the eye diameter, a weakly ossified preethmoid, and a depressed and considerably expanded anterior tip of the basihyal (a unique feature among the western European Alburnoides). Alburnoides devolli, which is described from the upper Devoll river system, differs in having 11½–13½ anal fin branched rays, larger scales numbering 44–48 in the total pored lateral line, total vertebrae usually 40 (20+20), caudal peduncle depth 35–43% body depth at dorsal fin origin, usually a mostly or completely scaled ventral keel, the mouth with a straight and upturned cleft, the interorbital width 1.1–1.4 times the eye diameter, a completely ossified preethmoid, and a narrow, very deeply indented anterior tip of the urohyal (a unique feature among the western European Alburnoides). A comparison with Alburnoides species from River Danube and Prespa, Ohrid, and Skadar lakes is provided.

Background/Objectives: Dental caries is a widespread chronic infection, affecting a large segment of the population. Proximal caries, in particular, present a distinct obstacle for early identification owing to their position, which hinders clinical inspection. Radiographic assessments, particularly bitewing images (BRs), are frequently utilized to detect these carious lesions. Nonetheless, misinterpretations may obstruct precise diagnosis. This paper presents a deep-learning-based system to improve the evaluation process by detecting proximal dental caries from BRs and classifying their severity in accordance with ICCMSTM guidelines. Methods: The system comprises three fundamental tasks: caries detection, tooth numbering, and describing caries location by identifying the tooth it belongs to and the surface, each built independently to enable reuse across many applications. We analyzed 1354 BRs annotated by a consultant of restorative dentistry to delineate the pertinent categories, concentrating on the detection and localization of caries tasks. A pre-trained YOLOv11-based instance segmentation model was employed, allocating 80% of the dataset for training, 10% for validation, and the remaining portion for evaluating the model on unseen data. Results: The system attained a precision of 0.844, recall of 0.864, F1-score of 0.851, and mAP of 0.888 for segmenting caries and classifying their severity, using an intersection over union (IoU) of 50% and a confidence threshold of 0.25. Concentrating on teeth that are entirely or three-quarters presented in BRs, the system attained 100% for identifying the affected teeth and surfaces. It achieved high sensitivity and accuracy in comparison to dentist evaluations. Conclusions: The results are encouraging, suggesting that the proposed system may effectively assist dentists in evaluating bitewing images, assessing lesion severity, and recommending suitable treatments.

ABSTRACT Aim and objective The aim of this case report was to describe regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) of the previously treated mature teeth with long-term results. Background Regenerative endodontic procedures are aimed to treat apical periodontitis and regenerate the pulp–dentin complex in necrotic teeth. However, there is no consensus in using REPs in the previously treated mature teeth. The aim of this case report was to describe REPs of the previously treated mature teeth with long-term results. Case description A 25-year-old woman presented pain on chewing on 15 and swelling (WHO numbering system). The tooth had been endodontically treated and restored 4 years ago. After removing the old root canal filing, the roots were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA using sonic activation. Calcium hydroxide (CH) was used as medicament for 3 weeks. At the second visit, CH was removed, and canals were irrigated as like as the first visit. Apical bleeding was induced, and concentrated growth factors (CGFs) were placed inside the root canal. The tooth has been followed up to 3 years. Conclusion The tooth was functional and asymptomatic at the recall visits. Since the first-year follow-up, the tooth responded to the electric pulp test and the thermal test. Radiological examinations revealed healing of apical lesion and hard tissue deposition. Clinical significance Regenerative endodontic procedures can offer an advantage over traditional endodontic procedures in terms of tertiary healing, with a predictable, user-friendly procedure also for retreatment cases. How to cite this article Turk T, Cicconetti A, Di Nardo D, et al. Nonsurgical Retreatment Using Regenerative Endodontic Protocols: A Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2020;21(11):1275–1278.

Introduction. While there are many root morphology classification systems with their own distinct advantages, there are many shortcomings that come along with each system. Objectives. The aim of this review was to compare the various root and root canal morphology classifications, their advantages, limitations, and clinical and research implications. Data Sources and Selection. An extensive literature search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus to identify the published data on root and root canal classification systems published until 1 May 2020 using keywords, root canal classification system, classification systems for root canals, and root morphology. The related literature was reviewed and then summarized. Data Synthesis. Several studies have analysed and detailed root and root canal classifications and further added new subsystems, works of Weine et al. (1969) and Vertucci et al. (1974). Besides, Sert and Bayirli (2004) added supplementary types to Vertucci’s classification system. A new classification was most recently introduced by Ahmed et al. (2017) involving the use of codes for tooth numbering, number of roots, and canal configuration. Conclusions. Weine et al. classified only single-rooted teeth, without considering multirooted teeth and complex configurations. Vertucci’s classification included complex configurations, with Sert and Bayirli adding further complex supplemental types. Ahmed et al.’s classification simplifies classifying root and canal morphology while overcoming the limitations of several previous classification systems making it beneficial for implementation in dental schools.

Rationale: Endodontic surgery, which includes apex resection, retro-fill and some regeneration procedures, is a traditional way to deal with apex fenestration. The endodontic surgery could bring large flap, curtate root length, non-healing mucosa and soft tissue deficiency in the apex area. Other treatment options might be considered according to different etiological factors. Mucogingival surgery provides some ideas in accumulation of soft and hard tissues, especially some unique methods such as “tunnel technique” bringing us a view of minimal invasive surgery approach. A novel surgery named “apical tunnel surgery” was reported here to resolve a root apex exposure with the tunnel-like technique. Patient concerns: A young female complained about root exposure of upper right anterior tooth without history of trauma or orthodontic treatment. Diagnosis: The intraoral examination revealed a buccal root apex exposure about 3mm in diameter of #12 (FDI teeth numbering system). The tooth was slightly dark with Class 1 mobility. The periodontal situation was good and the occlusion check revealed no traumatic bite on #12. The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed a bone fenestration from the buccally lower 1/2 root surface to the apex and bone absorption around the apex. It also revealed a bone contour deficiency in #12 area. Interventions: Root canal treatment, root surface debridement, and soft tissue combined with hard tissue accumulation were carried out in one tunnel-like surgery. Outcomes: Examination of 12-month follow-up showed a healed and thickened mucosa in the buccally apical region and CBCT showed the continuous lamina dura occupied the buccal aspect of #12 root apex. Lessons: This new apical tunnel surgery provided soft and hard tissue accumulation in one minimal invasive way in the apex exposure case caused by bone fenestration and thin mucosa.

We’ll have trouble now!The Archaeological Society of Jutland was founded on Sunday, 11 March 1951. As with most projects with which P.V Glob was involved, this did not pass off without drama. Museum people and amateur archaeologists in large numbers appeared at the Museum of Natural History in Aarhus, which had placed rooms at our disposal. The notable dentist Holger Friis, the uncrowned king of Hjørring, was present, as was Dr Balslev from Aidt, Mr and Mrs Overgaard from Holstebro Museum, and the temperamental leader of Aalborg Historical Museum, Peter Riismøller, with a number of his disciples. The staff of the newly-founded Prehistoric Museum functioned as the hosts, except that one of them was missing: the instigator of the whole enterprise, Mr Glob. As the time for the meeting approached, a cold sweat broke out on the foreheads of the people present. Finally, just one minute before the meeting was to start, he arrived and mounted the platform. Everything then went as expected. An executive committee was elected after some discussion, laws were passed, and then suddenly Glob vanished again, only to materialise later in the museum, where he confided to us that his family, which included four children, had been enlarged by a daughter.That’s how the society was founded, and there is not much to add about this. However, a few words concerning the background of the society and its place in a larger context may be appropriate. A small piece of museum history is about to be unfolded.The story begins at the National Museum in the years immediately after World War II, at a time when the German occupation and its incidents were still terribly fresh in everyone’s memory. Therkel Mathiassen was managing what was then called the First Department, which covered the prehistoric periods.Although not sparkling with humour, he was a reliable and benevolent person. Number two in the order of precedence was Hans Christian Broholm, a more colourful personality – awesome as he walked down the corridors, with his massive proportions and a voice that sounded like thunder when nothing seemed to be going his way, as quite often seemed to be the case. Glob, a relatively new museum keeper, was also quite loud at times – his hot-blooded artist’s nature manifested itself in peculiar ways, but his straight forward appearance made him popular with both the older and the younger generations. His somewhat younger colleague C.J. Becker was a scholar to his fingertips, and he sometimes acted as a welcome counterbalance to Glob. At the bottom of the hierarchy was the student group, to which I belonged. The older students handled various tasks, including periodic excavations. This was paid work, and although the salary was by no means princely, it did keep us alive. Student grants were non-existent at the time. Four of us made up a team: Olfert Voss, Mogens Ørsnes, Georg Kunwald and myself. Like young people in general, we were highly discontented with the way our profession was being run by its ”ruling” members, and we were full of ideas for improvement, some of which have later been – or are being – introduced.At the top of our wish list was a central register, of which Voss was the strongest advocate. During the well over one hundred years that archaeology had existed as a professional discipline, the number of artefacts had grown to enormous amounts. The picture was even worse if the collections of the provincial museums were taken into consideration. We imagined how it all could be registered in a card index and categorised according to groups to facilitate access to references in any particular situation. Electronic data processing was still unheard of in those days, but since the introduction of computers, such a comprehensive record has become more feasible.We were also sceptical of the excavation techniques used at the time – they were basically adequate, but they badly needed tightening up. As I mentioned before, we were often working in the field, and not just doing minor jobs but also more important tasks, so we had every opportunity to try out our ideas. Kunwald was the driving force in this respect, working with details, using sections – then a novelty – and proceeding as he did with a thoroughness that even his fellow students found a bit exaggerated at times, although we agreed with his principles. Therkel Mathiassen moaned that we youngsters were too expensive, but he put up with our excesses and so must have found us somewhat valuable. Very valuable indeed to everyon e was Ejnar Dyggve’s excavation of the Jelling mounds in the early 1940s. From a Danish point of view, it was way ahead of its time.Therkel Mathiassen justly complained about the economic situation of the National Museum. Following the German occupation, the country was impoverished and very little money was available for archaeological research: the total sum available for the year 1949 was 20,000 DKK, which corresponded to the annual income of a wealthy man, and was of course absolutely inadequate. Of course our small debating society wanted this sum to be increased, and for once we didn’t leave it at the theoretical level.Voss was lucky enough to know a member of the Folketing (parliament), and a party leader at that. He was brought into the picture, and between us we came up with a plan. An article was written – ”Preserve your heritage” (a quotation from Johannes V. Jensen’s Denmark Song) – which was sent to the newspaper Information. It was published, and with a little help on our part the rest of the media, including radio, picked up the story.We informed our superiors only at the last minute, when everything was arranged. They were taken by surprise but played their parts well, as expected, and everything went according to plan. The result was a considerable increase in excavation funds the following year.It should be added that our reform plans included the conduct of exhibitions. We found the traditional way of presenting the artefacts lined up in rows and series dull and outdated. However, we were not able to experiment within this field.Our visions expressed the natural collision with the established ways that comes with every new generation – almost as a law of nature, but most strongly when the time is ripe. And this was just after the war, when communication with foreign colleagues, having been discontinued for some years, was slowly picking up again. The Archaeological Society of Jutland was also a part of all this, so let us turn to what Hans Christian Andersen somewhat provocatively calls the ”main country”.Until 1949, only the University of Copenhagen provided a degree in prehistoric archaeology. However, in this year, the University of Aarhus founded a chair of archaeology, mainly at the instigation of the Lord Mayor, Svend Unmack Larsen, who was very in terested in archaeology. Glob applied for the position and obtained it, which encompassed responsibility for the old Aarhus Museum or, as it was to be renamed, the Prehistoric Museum (now Moesgaard Museum).These were landmark events to Glob – and to me, as it turned out. We had been working together for a number of years on the excavation of Galgebakken (”Callows Hill”) near Slots Bjergby, Glob as the excavation leader, and I as his assistant. He now offered me the job of museum curator at his new institution. This was somewhat surprising as I had not yet finished my education. The idea was that I was to finish my studies in remote Jutland – a plan that had to be given up rather quickly, though, for reasons which I will describe in the following. At the same time, Gunner Lange-Kornbak – also hand-picked from the National Museum – took up his office as a conservation officer.The three of us made up the permanent museum staff, quickly supplemented by Geoffrey Bibby, who turned out to be an invaluable colleague. He was English and had been stationed in the Faeroe Islands during the war, where he learned to speak Danish. After 1945 he worked for some years for an oil company in the Gulf of Persia, but after marrying Vibeke, he settled in her home town of Aarhus. As his academic background had involved prehistoric cultures he wanted to collaborate with the museum, which Glob readily permitted.This small initial flock governed by Glob was not permitted to indulge inidleness. Glob was a dynamic character, full of good and not so good ideas, but also possessing a good grasp of what was actually practicable. The boring but necessary daily work on the home front was not very interesting to him, so he willingly handed it over to others. He hardly noticed the lack of administrative machinery, a prerequisite for any scholarly museum. It was not easy to follow him on his flights of fancy and still build up the necessary support base. However, the fact that he in no way spared himself had an appeasing effect.Provincial museums at that time were of a mixed nature. A few had trained management, and the rest were run by interested locals. This was often excellently done, as in Esbjerg, where the master joiner Niels Thomsen and a staff of volunteers carried out excavations that were as good as professional investigations, and published them in well-written articles. Regrettably, there were also examples of the opposite. A museum curator in Jutland informed me that his predecessor had been an eager excavator but very rarely left any written documentation of his actions. The excavated items were left without labels in the museum store, often wrapped in newspapers. However, these gave a clue as to the time of unearthing, and with a bit of luck a look in the newspaper archive would then reveal where the excavation had taken place. Although somewhat exceptional, this is not the only such case.The Museum of Aarhus definitely belonged among the better ones in this respect. Founded in 1861, it was at first located at the then town hall, together with the local art collection. The rooms here soon became too cramped, and both collections were moved to a new building in the ”Mølleparken” park. There were skilful people here working as managers and assistants, such as Vilhelm Boye, who had received his archaeological training at the National Museum, and later the partners A. Reeh, a barrister, and G.V. Smith, a captain, who shared the honour of a number of skilfully performed excavations. Glob’s predecessor as curator was the librarian Ejler Haugsted, also a competent man of fine achievements. We did not, thus, take over a museum on its last legs. On the other hand, it did not meet the requirements of a modern scholarly museum. We were given the task of turning it into such a museum, as implied by the name change.The goal was to create a museum similar to the National Museum, but without the faults and shortcomings that that museum had developed over a period of time. In this respect our nightly conversations during our years in Copenhagen turned out to be useful, as our talk had focused on these imperfections and how to eradicate them.We now had the opportunity to put our theories into practice. We may not have succeeded in doing so, but two areas were essentially improved:The numerous independent numbering systems, which were familiar to us from the National Museum, were permeating archaeological excavation s not only in the field but also during later work at the museum. As far as possible this was boiled down to a single system, and a new type of report was born. (In this context, a ”report” is the paper following a field investigation, comprising drawings, photos etc. and describing the progress of the work and the observations made.) The instructions then followed by the National Museum staff regarding the conduct of excavations and report writing went back to a 19th-century protocol by the employee G.V. Blom. Although clear and rational – and a vast improvement at the time – this had become outdated. For instance, the excavation of a burial mound now involved not only the middle of the mound, containing the central grave and its surrounding artefacts, but the complete structure. A large number of details that no one had previously paid attention to thus had to be included in the report. It had become a comprehensive and time-consuming work to sum up the desultory notebook records in a clear and understandable description.The instructions resulting from the new approach determined a special records system that made it possible to transcribe the notebook almost directly into a report following the excavation. The transcription thus contained all the relevant information concerning the in vestigation, and included both relics and soil layers, the excavation method and practical matters, although in a random order. The report proper could then bereduced to a short account containing references to the numbers in the transcribed notebook, which gave more detailed information.As can be imagined, the work of reform was not a continuous process. On the contrary, it had to be done in our spare hours, which were few and far between with an employer like Glob. The assignments crowded in, and the large Jutland map that we had purchased was as studded with pins as a hedge hog’s spines. Each pin represented an inuninent survey, and many of these grew into small or large excavations. Glob himself had his lecture duties to perform, and although he by no means exaggerated his concern for the students, he rarely made it further than to the surveys. Bibby and I had to deal with the hard fieldwork. And the society, once it was established, did not make our lives any easier. Kuml demanded articles written at lightning speed. A perusal of my then diary has given me a vivid recollection of this hectic period, in which I had to make use of the evening and night hours, when the museum was quiet and I had a chance to collect my thoughts. Sometimes our faithful supporter, the Lord Mayor, popped in after an evening meeting. He was extremely interested in our problems, which were then solved according to our abilities over a cup of instant coffee.A large archaeological association already existed in Denmark. How ever, Glob found it necessary to establish another one which would be less oppressed by tradition. Det kongelige nordiske Oldsskriftselskab had been funded in 1825 and was still influenced by different peculiarities from back then. Membership was not open to everyone, as applications were subject to recommendation from two existing members and approval by a vote at one of the monthly lecture meetings. Most candidates were of course accepted, but unpopular persons were sometimes rejected. In addition, only men were admitted – women were banned – but after the war a proposal was brought forward to change this absurdity. It was rejected at first, so there was a considerable excitement at the January meeting in 1951, when the proposal was once again placed on the agenda. The poor lecturer (myself) did his best, although he was aware of the fact that just this once it was the present and not the past which was the focus of attention. The result of the voting was not very courteous as there were still many opponents, but the ladies were allowed in, even if they didn’t get the warmest welcome.In Glob’s society there were no such restrictions – everyone was welcome regardless of sex or age. If there was a model for the society, it was the younger and more progressive Norwegian Archaeological Society rather than the Danish one. The main purpose of both societies was to produce an annual publication, and from the start Glob’s Kuml had a closer resemblance to the Norwegian Viking than to the Danish Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie. The name of the publication caused careful consideration. For a long time I kept a slip of paper with different proposals, one of which was Kuml, which won after having been approved by the linguist Peter Skautrup.The name alone, however, was not enough, so now the task became to find so mething to fill Kuml with. To this end the finds came in handy, and as for those, Glob must have allied him self with the higher powers, since fortune smiled at him to a considerable extent. Just after entering upon his duties in Aarhus, an archaeological sensation landed at his feet. This happened in May 1950 when I was still living in the capital. A few of us had planned a trip to Aarhus, partly to look at the relics of th e past, and partly to visit our friend, the professor. He greeted us warmly and told us the exciting news that ten iron swords had been found during drainage work in the valley of lllerup Aadal north of the nearby town of Skanderborg. We took the news calmly as Glob rarely understated his affairs, but our scepticism was misplaced. When we visited the meadow the following day and carefully examined the dug-up soil, another sword appeared, as well as several spear and lance heads, and other iron artefacts. What the drainage trench diggers had found was nothing less than a place of sacrifice for war booty, like the four large finds from the 1800s. When I took up my post in Aarhus in September of that year I was granted responsibility for the lllerup excavation, which I worked on during the autumn and the following six summers. Some of my best memories are associated with this job – an interesting and happy time, with cheerful comradeship with a mixed bunch of helpers, who were mainly archaeology students. When we finished in 1956, it was not because the site had been fully investigated, but because the new owner of the bog plot had an aversion to archaeologists and their activities. Nineteen years later, in 1975, the work was resumed, this time under the leadership of Jørgen Ilkjær, and a large amount of weaponry was uncovered. The report from the find is presently being published.At short intervals, the year 1952 brought two finds of great importance: in Februar y the huge vessel from Braa near Horsens, and in April the Grauballe Man. The large Celtic bronze bowl with the bulls’ heads was found disassembled, buried in a hill and covered by a couple of large stones. Thanks to the finder, the farmer Søren Paaske, work was stopped early enough to leave areas untouched for the subsequent examination.The saga of the Grauballe Man, or the part of it that we know, began as a rumour on the 26th of April: a skeleton had been found in a bog near Silkeborg. On the following day, which happened to be a Sunday, Glob went off to have a look at the find. I had other business, but I arrived at the museum in the evening with an acquaintance. In my diary I wrote: ”When we came in we had a slight shock. On the floor was a peat block with a corpse – a proper, well-preserved bog body. Glob brought it. ”We’ll be in trouble now.” And so we were, and Glob was in high spirits. The find created a sensation, which was also thanks to the quick presentation that we mounted. I had purchased a tape recorder, which cost me a packet – not a small handy one like the ones you get nowadays, but a large monstrosity with a steel tape (it was, after all, early days for this device) – and assisted by several experts, we taped a number of short lectures for the benefit of the visitors. People flocked in; the queue meandered from the exhibition room, through the museum halls, and a long way down the street. It took a long wait to get there, but the visitors seemed to enjoy the experience. The bog man lay in his hastily – procured exhibition case, which people circled around while the talking machine repeatedly expressed its words of wisdom – unfortunately with quite a few interruptions as the tape broke and had to be assembled by hand. Luckily, the tape recorders now often used for exhibitions are more dependable than mine.When the waves had died down and the exhibition ended, the experts examined the bog man. He was x-rayed at several points, cut open, given a tooth inspection, even had his fingerprints taken. During the autopsy there was a small mishap, which we kept to ourselves. However, after almost fifty years I must be able to reveal it: Among the organs removed for investigation was the liver, which was supposedly suitable for a C-14 dating – which at the time was a new dating method, introduced to Denmark after the war. The liver was sent to the laboratory in Copenhagen, and from here we received a telephone call a few days later. What had been sent in for examination was not the liver, but the stomach. The unfortunate (and in all other respects highly competent) Aarhus doctor who had performed the dissection was cal1ed in again. During another visit to the bogman’s inner parts he brought out what he believed to be the real liver. None of us were capable of deciding th is question. It was sent to Copenhagen at great speed, and a while later the dating arrived: Roman Iron Age. This result was later revised as the dating method was improved. The Grauballe Man is now thought to have lived before the birth of Christ.The preservation of the Grauballe Man was to be conservation officer Kornbak’s masterpiece. There were no earlier cases available for reference, so he invented a new method, which was very successful. In the first volumes of Kuml, society members read about the exiting history of the bog body and of the glimpses of prehistoric sacrificial customs that this find gave. They also read about the Bahrain expeditions, which Glob initiated and which became the apple of his eye. Bibby played a central role in this, as it was he who – at an evening gathering at Glob’s and Harriet’s home in Risskov – described his stay on the Persian Gulf island and the numerous burial mounds there. Glob made a quick decision (one of his special abilities was to see possibilities that noone else did, and to carry them out successfully to everyone’s surprise) and in December 1952 he and Bibby left for the Gulf, unaware of the fact that they were thereby beginning a series of expeditions which would continue for decades. Again it was Glob’s special genius that was the decisive factor. He very quickly got on friendly terms with the rulers of the small sheikhdoms and interested them in their past. As everyone knows, oil is flowing plentifully in those parts. The rulers were thus financially powerful and some of this wealth was quickly diverted to the expeditions, which probably would not have survived for so long without this assistance. To those of us who took part in them from time to time, the Gulf expeditions were an unforgettable experience, not just because of the interesting work, but even more because of the contact with the local population, which gave us an insight into local manners and customs that helped to explain parts of our own country’s past which might otherwise be difficult to understand. For Glob and the rest of us did not just get close to the elite: in spite of language problems, our Arab workers became our good friends. Things livened up when we occasionally turned up in their palm huts.Still, co-operating with Glob was not always an easy task – the sparks sometimes flew. His talent of initiating things is of course undisputed, as are the lasting results. He was, however, most attractive when he was in luck. Attention normally focused on this magnificent person whose anecdotes were not taken too seriously, but if something went wrong or failed to work out, he could be grossly unreasonable and a little too willing to abdicate responsibility, even when it was in fact his. This might lead to violent arguments, but peace was always restored. In 1954, another museum curator was attached to the museum: Poul Kjærum, who was immediately given the important task of investigating the dolmen settlement near Tustrup on Northern Djursland. This gave important results, such as the discovery of a cult house, which was a new and hitherto unknown Stone Age feature.A task which had long been on our mind s was finally carried out in 1955: constructing a new display of the museum collections. The old exhibitio n type consisted of numerous artefacts lined up in cases, accompaied ony by a brief note of the place where it was found and the type – which was the standard then. This type of exhibition did not give much idea of life in prehistoric times.We wanted to allow the finds to speak for themselves via the way that they were arranged, and with the aid of models, photos and drawings. We couldn’t do without texts, but these could be short, as people would understand more by just looking at the exhibits. Glob was in the Gulf at the time, so Kjærum and I performed the task with little money but with competent practical help from conservator Kornbak. We shared the work, but in fairness I must add that my part, which included the new lllerup find, was more suitable for an untraditional display. In order to illustrate the confusion of the sacrificial site, the numerous bent swords and other weapons were scattered a.long the back wall of the exhibition hall, above a bog land scape painted by Emil Gregersen. A peat column with inlaid slides illustrated the gradual change from prehistoric lake to bog, while a free-standing exhibition case held a horse’s skeleton with a broken skull, accompanied by sacrificial offerings. A model of the Nydam boat with all its oars sticking out hung from the ceiling, as did the fine copy of the Gundestrup vessel, as the Braa vessel had not yet been preserved. The rich pictorial decoration of the vessel’s inner plates was exhibited in its own case underneath. This was an exhibition form that differed considerably from all other Danish exhibitions of the time, and it quickly set a fashion. We awaited Glob’s homecoming with anticipation – if it wasn’t his exhibition it was still made in his spirit. We hoped that he would be surprised – and he was.The museum was thus taking shape. Its few employees included Jytte Ræbild, who held a key position as a secretary, and a growing number of archaeology students who took part in the work in various ways during these first years. Later, the number of employees grew to include the aforementioned excavation pioneer Georg Kunwald, and Hellmuth Andersen and Hans Jørgen Madsen, whose research into the past of Aarhus, and later into Danevirke is known to many, and also the ethnographer Klaus Ferdinand. And now Moesgaard appeared on the horizon. It was of course Glob’s idea to move everything to a manor near Aarhus – he had been fantasising about this from his first Aarhus days, and no one had raised any objections. Now there was a chance of fulfilling the dream, although the actual realisation was still a difficult task.During all this, the Jutland Archaeological Society thrived and attracted more members than expected. Local branches were founded in several towns, summer trips were arranged and a ”Worsaae Medal” was occasionally donated to persons who had deserved it from an archaeological perspective. Kuml came out regularly with contributions from museum people and the like-minded. The publication had a form that appealed to an inner circle of people interested in archaeology. This was the intention, and this is how it should be. But in my opinion this was not quite enough. We also needed a publication that would cater to a wider public and that followed the same basic ideas as the new exhibition.I imagined a booklet, which – without over-popularsing – would address not only the professional and amateur archaeologist but also anyone else interested in the past. The result was Skalk, which (being a branch of the society) published its fir t issue in the spring of 1957. It was a somewhat daring venture, as the financial base was weak and I had no knowledge of how to run a magazine. However, both finances and experience grew with the number of subscribers – and faster than expected, too. Skalk must have met an unsatisfied need, and this we exploited to the best of our ability with various cheap advertisements. The original idea was to deal only with prehistoric and medieval archaeology, but the historians also wanted to contribute, and not just the digging kind. They were given permission, and so the topic of the magazine ended up being Denmark’s past from the time of its first inhabitant s until the times remembered by the oldest of us – with the odd sideways leap to other subjects. It would be impossible to claim that Skalk was at the top of Glob’s wish list, but he liked it and supported the idea in every way. The keeper of national antiquities, Johannes Brøndsted, did the same, and no doubt his unreserved approval of the magazine contributed to its quick growth. Not all authors found it easy to give up technical language and express themselves in everyday Danish, but the new style was quickly accepted. Ofcourse the obligations of the magazine work were also sometimes annoying. One example from the diary: ”S. had promised to write an article, but it was overdue. We agreed to a final deadline and when that was overdue I phoned again and was told that the author had gone to Switzerland. My hair turned grey overnight.” These things happened, but in this particular case there was a happy ending. Another academic promised me three pages about an excavation, but delivered ten. As it happened, I only shortened his production by a third.The 1960s brought great changes. After careful consideration, Glob left us to become the keeper of national antiquities. One important reason for his hesitation was of course Moesgaard, which he missed out on – the transfer was almost settled. This was a great loss to the Aarhus museum and perhaps to Glob, too, as life granted him much greater opportunities for development.” I am not the type to regret things,” he later stated, and hopefully this was true. And I had to choose between the museum and Skalk – the work with the magazine had become too timeconsuming for the two jobs to be combined. Skalk won, and I can truthfully say that I have never looked back. The magazine grew quickly, and happy years followed. My resignation from the museum also meant that Skalk was disengaged from the Jutland Archaeological Society, but a close connection remained with both the museum and the society.What has been described here all happened when the museum world was at the parting of the ways. It was a time of innovation, and it is my opinion that we at the Prehistoric Museum contributed to that change in various ways.The new Museum Act of 1958 gave impetus to the study of the past. The number of archaeology students in creased tremendously, and new techniques brought new possibilities that the discussion club of the 1940s had not even dreamt of, but which have helped to make some of the visions from back then come true. Public in terest in archaeology and history is still avid, although to my regret, the ahistorical 1960s and 1970s did put a damper on it.Glob is greatly missed; not many of his kind are born nowadays. He had, so to say, great virtues and great fault s, but could we have done without either? It is due to him that we have the Jutland Archaeological Society, which has no w existed for half a century. Congr tulat ion s to the Society, from your offspring Skalk.Harald AndersenSkalk MagazineTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

Exotic companion mammals represent a branch of veterinary medicine with important implications in dentistry. The standard dental nomenclature and the systems of numbering teeth have not been applied in detail in these species and are not very familiar to many veterinarians. Selected species such as lagomorphs and rodents have anatomic and physiologic features that affect terminology and numbering. The dentition of marsupial species is also different than in placental mammals, complicating use of the modified Triadan system. This article describes, illustrates, and compares the 4 numbering systems that currently are used in dentistry for the most common exotic mammal species, and proposes a modification to the Triadan system for application to marsupials.

Objective: n this study, in order to test the usability of artificial intelligence technologies in dentistry, which are becoming widespread and expanding day by day, and to investigate ways to benefit more from artificial intelligence technologies; a tooth detection and numbering study was performed on panoramic radiographs using a deep learning software.
 Methods: A radiographic dataset containing 200 anonymous panoramic radiographs collected from individuals over the age of 18 was assessed in this retrospective investigation. The images were separated into three groups: training (80%), validation (10%), and test (10%), and tooth numbering was performed with the DCNN artificial intelligence software.
 Results: The D-CNN system has been successful in detecting and numbering teeth. of teeth. The predicted precision, sensitivity, and F1 score were 0.996 (98.0%), 0.980 (98.0%), and 0.988 (98.8%), respectively.
 Conclusion: The precision, sensitivity and F1 scores obtained in our study were found to be high, as 0.996 (98.0%), 0.980 (98.0%) and 0.988 (98.8%), respectively. Although the current algorithm based on Faster R-CNN shows promising results, future studies should be done by increasing the number of data for better tooth detection and numbering results.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate an automated detection system to detect and classify permanent teeth on orthopantomogram (OPG) images using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Methods: In total, 591 digital OPGs were collected from patients older than 18 years. Three qualified dentists performed individual teeth labelling on images to generate the ground truth annotations. A three-step procedure, relying upon CNNs, was proposed for automated detection and classification of teeth. Firstly, U-Net, a type of CNN, performed preliminary segmentation of tooth regions or detecting regions of interest (ROIs) on panoramic images. Secondly, the Faster R-CNN, an advanced object detection architecture, identified each tooth within the ROI determined by the U-Net. Thirdly, VGG-16 architecture classified each tooth into 32 categories, and a tooth number was assigned. A total of 17,135 teeth cropped from 591 radiographs were used to train and validate the tooth detection and tooth numbering modules. 90% of OPG images were used for training, and the remaining 10% were used for validation. 10-folds cross-validation was performed for measuring the performance. The intersection over union (IoU), F1 score, precision, and recall (i.e. sensitivity) were used as metrics to evaluate the performance of resultant CNNs. Results: The ROI detection module had an IoU of 0.70. The tooth detection module achieved a recall of 0.99 and a precision of 0.99. The tooth numbering module had a recall, precision and F1 score of 0.98. Conclusion: The resultant automated method achieved high performance for automated tooth detection and numbering from OPG images. Deep learning can be helpful in the automatic filing of dental charts in general dentistry and forensic medicine.

Dental record is a method that is used to identify a person. The identification process needs a system that could recognize each individual tooth automatically. The similar intensity level between the teeth and the gums is one of the main problem in tooth identification in a dental radiograph. The intensity problem could influence the segmentation process of the system. In this paper, we proposed a new contrast enhancement by using parameter sigmoid transform to increase the segmentation accuracy. There are five main steps in this method. The first step is to fix the contrast of the image with the proposed method. The next steps are to segment the teeth using horizontal and vertical integral projection, feature extraction, and classification using Support Vector Machine (SVM). The last step is teeth numbering. The experiment result using the proposed method have an accuracy rate of 88% for classification and 73% for teeth numbering.

Abstract Objectives The current study aimed to automatically detect tooth presence, tooth numbering, and types of periodontal bone defects from CBCT images using a segmentation method with an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm. Methods This study utilized a dataset of CBCT volumes collected from 502 individual subjects. Initially, 250 CBCT volumes were used for automatic tooth segmentation and numbering. Subsequently, CBCT volumes from 251 patients diagnosed with periodontal disease were employed to train an AI system to identify various periodontal bone defects using a segmentation method in web-based labeling software. In the third stage, CBCT images from 251 periodontally healthy subjects were combined with images from 251 periodontally diseased subjects to develop an AI model capable of automatically classifying patients as either periodontally healthy or periodontally diseased. Statistical evaluation included ROC curve analysis and confusion matrix model. Results The AUC values for the models developed to segment teeth, total alveolar bone loss, supra-bony defects, infra-bony defects, perio-endo lesions, buccal defects, and furcation defects were 0.9594, 0.8499, 0.5052, 0.5613 (with cropping, AUC: 0.7488), 0.8893, 0.6780 (with cropping, AUC: 0.7592), and 0.6332 (with cropping, AUC: 0.8087), respectively. Additionally, the classification CNN model achieved an accuracy of 80% for healthy individuals and 76% for unhealthy individuals. Conclusions This study employed AI models on CBCT images to automatically detect tooth presence, numbering, and various periodontal bone defects, achieving high accuracy and demonstrating potential for enhancing dental diagnostics and patient care.

AbstractDeep learning techniques for automatically detecting teeth in dental X-rays have gained popularity, providing valuable assistance to healthcare professionals. However, teeth detection in X-ray images is often hindered by alterations in tooth appearance caused by dental prostheses. To address this challenge, our paper proposes a novel method for teeth detection and numbering in dental panoramic X-rays, leveraging two separate CNN-based object detectors, namely YOLOv7, for detecting teeth and prostheses, alongside an optimization algorithm to refine the outcomes. The study utilizes a dataset of 3138 radiographs, of which 2553 images contain prostheses, to build a robust model. The tooth and prosthesis detection algorithms perform excellently, achieving mean average precisions of 0.982 and 0.983, respectively. Additionally, the trained tooth detection model is verified using an external dataset, and six-fold cross-validation is conducted to demonstrate the proposed method’s feasibility and robustness. Moreover, the investigation of performance improvement resulting from the inclusion of prosthesis information in the teeth detection process reveals a marginal increase in the average F1-score, rising from 0.985 to 0.987 compared to the sole teeth detection method. The proposed method is unique in its approach to numbering teeth as it incorporates prosthesis information and considers complete restorations such as dental implants and dentures of fixed bridges during the teeth enumeration process, which follows the universal tooth numbering system. These advancements hold promise for automating dental charting processes.

Background: Universal tooth numbering system is an old topic of oral anatomy course. MICAP is a new tooth notation but it is not yet in dental curriculum. Aim: To compare the learning of MICAP (new) vs Universal (old) tooth notations using lecture method. Method: Designs: A pre-test and post-test design. Settings: Islamic International Dental College – Islamabad. Period: October 2016 to February 2017. Participants: Novice undergraduate first year dental students (N=45) participated in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups. Interventions: MICAP and Universal tooth notations were taught to group A and B respectively by a 30 minute lecture prepared on power point slides in similar sequence. The study participants, before any intervention, completed fourteen randomly selected permanent teeth using Universal and MICAP notation method as pretest data and after eight weeks, posttest data were collected. Chi square test was applied for analysis. Results: The posttest showed an improved learning of two notations by both groups. Over all, no significant difference was found in correct write up of given set of fourteen teeth for two notations except ‘Maxillary right central incisor, Mandibular left canine’ and Mandibular Right 2nd Premolar (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Learning of new (MICAP) notation was as easy as the old (Universal) numbering system. However, this was a small scale study and multiple teaching centers with larger number of participants are recommended.

Abstract Background While artificial intelligence-driven approaches have shown great promise in dental diagnosis and treatment planning, most research focuses on dental radiographs. Only three studies have explored automated tooth numbering in oral photographs, all focusing on permanent dentition. Our study aimed to introduce an automated system for detection and numbering of teeth across mixed and permanent dentitions in occlusal photographs. Methods A total of 3215 occlusal view images of maxilla and mandible were included. Five senior dental students, trained under the guidance of an associate professor in dental public health, annotated the dataset. Samples were distributed across the training, validation, and test sets using a ratio of 7:1.5:1.5, respectively. We employed two separate convolutional neural network (CNN) models working in conjunction. The first model detected tooth presence and position, generating bounding boxes, while the second model localized these boxes, conducted classification, and assigned tooth numbers. Python and YOLOv8 were utilized in model development. Overall performance was assessed using sensitivity, precision, and F1 score. Results The model demonstrated a sensitivity of 99.89% and an overall precision of 95.72% across all tooth types, with an F1 score of 97.76%. Misclassifications were primarily observed in underrepresented teeth, including primary incisors and permanent third molars. Among primary teeth, maxillary molars showed the highest performance, with precisions above 94%, 100% sensitivities, and F1 scores exceeding 97%. The mandibular primary canine showed the lowest results, with a precision of 88.52% and an F1 score of 93.91%. Conclusion Our study advances dental diagnostics by developing a highly precise artificial intelligence model for detecting and numbering primary and permanent teeth on occlusal photographs. The model’s performance, highlights its potential for real-world applications, including tele-dentistry and epidemiological studies in underserved areas. The model could be integrated with other systems to identify dental problems such as caries and orthodontic issues.

Abstract Background Panoramic radiography is an imaging method for displaying maxillary and mandibular teeth together with their supporting structures. Panoramic radiography is frequently used in dental imaging due to its relatively low radiation dose, short imaging time, and low burden to the patient. We verified the diagnostic performance of an artificial intelligence (AI) system based on a deep convolutional neural network method to detect and number teeth on panoramic radiographs. Methods The data set included 2482 anonymized panoramic radiographs from adults from the archive of Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. A Faster R-CNN Inception v2 model was used to develop an AI algorithm (CranioCatch, Eskisehir, Turkey) to automatically detect and number teeth on panoramic radiographs. Human observation and AI methods were compared on a test data set consisting of 249 panoramic radiographs. True positive, false positive, and false negative rates were calculated for each quadrant of the jaws. The sensitivity, precision, and F-measure values were estimated using a confusion matrix. Results The total numbers of true positive, false positive, and false negative results were 6940, 250, and 320 for all quadrants, respectively. Consequently, the estimated sensitivity, precision, and F-measure were 0.9559, 0.9652, and 0.9606, respectively. Conclusions The deep convolutional neural network system was successful in detecting and numbering teeth. Clinicians can use AI systems to detect and number teeth on panoramic radiographs, which may eventually replace evaluation by human observers and support decision making.

Fe-Ni alloys present excellent heat resistance properties while preserving their rigidity, strength, toughness, and dimensional stability at high temperatures. As a result, they are widely used in manufacturing aerospace or aeronautic parts where the operating temperature is very close to their melting temperature. Supra50 (named in the Unified Numbering System UNS as K94800) is a Fe-Ni alloy currently used in space and aviation industries, which confirmed its efficiency. However, improving the surface roughness of this high-precision part is challenging to overcome in manufacturing. The main objective of this study is to carry out an experiment based on a factorial plan and aims to predict the surface roughness of Supra50 parts as a function of cutting parameters in a milling process. Results show that the best combination of cutting parameters, giving the best surface roughness, is obtained at the lowest value of feed per tooth. Results also show that cutting speed and radial depth have little effect on roughness quality.

The aim of this study was to find the most commonly used Tooth Numbering System to teach and learn in dental collages in various universities (Benghazi University, Omar Mukhtar University and Libyan International Medical University) by both academic staff and fourth year dental students, to identify the most commonly taught TNS in different dental colleges, to understand the reason why dental staff prefer to use a specific TNS, and the consequences of using more than one TNS. This cross-sectional study was conducted within the dental collages of various Medical Universities. The questionnaire containing 11 questions was randomly distributed to 120 individuals (60 deans of academic staff and 50 fourth year dental students). The palmer notation system was the most commonly used to teach and learn by academic staff and dental students in teaching and practiced in dental collages, while the universal notation system was the least used to teach and learn by academic staff and dental students. As well as the most TNS preferred to use by academic staff and dental students in operative, oral surgery departments and orthodontic department in academic teaching was the palmer notation system while the least TNS use was universal notation system. The Palmer TNS proved to be the most taught TNS in dental colleges in different University. It is advised that the Palmer TNS be implemented as a unified system in my country, due to the advantages of this particular TNS and the benefits of using one single TNS.

PurposeForensic dentistry is the application of dentistry in legal proceedings that arise from any facts relating to teeth. The ultimate goal of forensic odontology is to identify the individual when there are no other means of identification such as fingerprint, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), iris, hand print and leg print. The purpose of selecting dental record is for the teeth to be able to withstand decomposition, heat degradation up to 1600 °C. Dental patterns are unique for every individual. This work aims to analyze the contour shape extraction and texture feature extraction of both radiographic and photographic dental images for person identification.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve an accurate identification of individuals, the missing tooth in the radiograph has to be identified before matching of ante-mortem (AM) and post-mortem (PM) radiographs. To identify whether the missing tooth is a molar or premolar, each tooth in the given radiograph has to be classified using a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier; then, it is matched with the universal tooth numbering system. In order to make exact person identification, this research work is mainly concentrate on contour shape extraction and texture feature extraction for person identification. This work aims to analyze the contour shape extraction and texture feature extraction of both radiographic and photographic images for individual identification. Then, shape matching of AM and PM images is performed by similarity and distance metric for accurate person identification.FindingsThe experimental results are analyzed for shape and feature extraction of both radiographic and photographic dental images. From this analysis, it is proved that the higher hit rate performance is observed for the active contour shape extraction model, and it is well suited for forensic odontologists to identify a person in mass disaster situations.Research limitations/implicationsForensic odontology is a branch of human identification that uses dental evidence to identify the victims. In mass disaster circumstances, contours and dental patterns are very useful to extract the shape in individual identification.Originality/valueThe experimental results are analyzed both the contour shape extraction and texture feature extraction of both radiographic and photographic images. From this analysis, it is proved that the higher hit rate performance is observed for the active contour shape extraction model and it is well suited for forensic odontologists to identify a person in mass disaster situations. The findings provide theoretical and practical implications for individual identification of both radiographic and photographic images with a view to accurate identification of the person.