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Journal articles on the topic 'Tooth Remineralization Acid Etching'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Chaudhary Tayal, Suruchi, Jaidev Dhillon, and Abhishek Tayal. "Effect of Prior etching on Bond Strength of Self-Etch adhesive in case of Sensitive Teeth treated with CPP-ACP." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 01, no. 01 (April 2013): 009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1670585.

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Abstract Introduction: The management of dentinal hypersensitivity involves remineralization by various means, one of which being CPP-ACP paste, followed by restoration. It was speculated that the bond strength of self-etching adhesive was affected following the application of CPP-ACP paste and prior etching with phosphoric acid. Aims and objectives: To evaluate the tensile bond strength (TBS) of G-Bond (GB, self-etching adhesive) to dentin following the application of CPP-ACP (Tooth Mousse/TM), with and without prior etching. Materials and method: Freshly extracted forty five permanent molars were collected for the study. All the teeth were ground and polished to expose the flat dentinal surface. The teeth were embedded in the resin in separate molds and were divided into three equal groups of fifteen samples each Group 1: Samples treated with Tooth Mousse for 60 min daily for 7 days and then restored with GB and composite (Filtek Z350, 3M ESPE). Group 2: Samples treated with Tooth Mousse and etched with phosphoric acid prior to restoration with GB and composite. Group3: Samples restored with GB and composite. A split brass mold was placed over the predesigned location and with help of the plasma coated instrument, composite resin was placed. Tensile loading was done using Universal Testing Machine. Conclusion: TBS of GB was not significantly reduced after CPP-ACP application, but after prior etching the CPP-ACP specimens, the bond strength of GB was significantly reduced.
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2

Cao, Li, Junling Wu, Qiang Zhang, Bashayer Baras, Ghalia Bhadila, Yuncong Li, Mary Anne S. Melo, et al. "Novel Protein-Repellent and Antibacterial Resins and Cements to Inhibit Lesions and Protect Teeth." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (July 2, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5602904.

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Orthodontic treatment is increasingly popular as people worldwide seek esthetics and better quality of life. In orthodontic treatment, complex appliances and retainers are placed in the patients’ mouths for at least one year, which often lead to biofilm plaque accumulation. This in turn increases the caries-inducing bacteria, decreases the pH of the retained plaque on an enamel surface, and causes white spot lesions (WSLs) in enamel. This article reviews the cutting-edge research on a new class of bioactive and therapeutic dental resins, cements, and adhesives that can inhibit biofilms and protect tooth structures. The novel approaches include the use of protein-repellent and anticaries polymeric dental cements containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM); multifunctional resins that can inhibit enamel demineralization; protein-repellent and self-etching adhesives to greatly reduce oral biofilm growth; and novel polymethyl methacrylate resins to suppress oral biofilms and acid production. These new materials could reduce biofilm attachment, raise local biofilm pH, and facilitate the remineralization to protect the teeth. This novel class of dental resin with dual benefits of antibacterial and protein-repellent capabilities has the potential for a wide range of dental and biomedical applications to inhibit bacterial infection and protect the tissues.
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Damasceno, Janaina Emanuela, Felipe Vilasboas Rodrigues, Luana Mendonça Dias, Patricia Akemi Nishitani Shibasaki, Max José Pimenta Lima, Roberto Paulo Corrreia De Araújo, Richard Mark Foxton, and Andrea Nóbrega Cavalcanti. "Effect of Dental Erosion and Methods for its Control on the Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Restorations with Different Adhesive Systems." Journal of Health Sciences 21, no. 5 (December 20, 2019): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n5p437-444.

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AbstractThe dentin exposed to erosive challenges is often superficially protected to prevent progression of the lesion. This study investigated the marginal and internal adaptation of composite resin restorations made on surfaces that had first been treated with different methods for controlling erosion. Cavities with margins in dentin were prepared in bovine incisors (n=360) and were divided into three groups according to the method for controlling the erosive challenge: negative control, topical application of fluoride and resin-modified glass ionomer varnish. The specimens were then randomly divided into three sub-groups according to the exposure to simulated gastric acid solution (DES) (5% HCl, pH=2.2) and subsequent remineralization (RE): negative control, 9 and 18 cycles of DES-RE. Finally, teeth were divided into four groups, depending on the bonding agent used for composite resin restoration (n=10): conventional etch-and-rinse adhesive system (2 and 3 steps) and self-etching (1 and 2 steps). Front and internal images of the interface tooth/restoration were recorded in stereoscopic microscope (15x) to quantify the percentage of adhesive failures. Despite the promising results of the resin-modified glass ionomer varnish after 9 cycles; no protective material prevented increased internal defects after 18 erosive cycles. More continuous internal margins were noted with etch-and-rinse acid systems after more intense erosion. The maintenance of internal margins in eroded substrates was positively influenced by the resin-modified glass ionomer varnish and, under the most aggressive challenge, by the use of etch-and-rinse adhesives systems. Keywords: Tooth Erosion. Dentin. Acid Gastric. ResumoA dentina exposta a desafios erosivos é muitas vezes superficialmente protegida para prevenir a progressão da lesão. Este estudo investigou a adaptação marginal e interna de restaurações de resina composta realizadas em superfícies que foram previamente tratadas com diferentes métodos para controlar a erosão. Cavidades com margens em dentina foram preparadas em dentes incisivos bovinos (n=360) e divididas em três grupos de acordo com o método de controle do desafio erosivo: controle negativo, aplicação tópica de flúor e verniz de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina. Os espécimes foram então divididos aleatoriamente em três subgrupos de acordo com a exposição à solução de ácido gástrico simulada (DES) (HCl a 5%, pH = 2,2) e posterior remineralização (RE): controle negativo, 9 e 18 ciclos de DES-RE. Por fim, os dentes foram divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com o agente de união utilizado para a restauração da resina composta (n=10): sistema adesivo convencional (2 e 3 passos) e autocondicionante (1 e 2 passos). Imagens frontais e internas da interface dente/restauração foram registradas em microscópio estereoscópico (15x) para quantificar a porcentagem de falhas adesivas. Apesar dos resultados promissores do verniz de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina após 9 ciclos; nenhum material de proteção impediu o aumento de defeitos internos após 18 ciclos erosivos. Margens internas mais contínuas foram observadas com sistemas adesivos convencionais após erosão mais intensa. A manutenção das margens internas em substratos erodidos foi influenciada positivamente pelo verniz de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina e, sob o desafio mais agressivo, pelo uso de sistemas de adesivos convencionais. Palavras-chave: Erosão Dentária. Dentina. Ácido Gástrico.
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4

Al-Khateeb, Susan, Rob Exterkate, Birgit Angmar-Månsson, and Bob ten Cate. "Effect of acid-etching on remineralization of enamel white spot lesions." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 58, no. 1 (January 2000): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000163500429406.

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5

Shimazu, K., K. Ogata, and H. Karibe. "Caries-Preventive Effect of Fissure Sealant Containing Surface Reaction-Type Pre-reacted Glass Ionomer Filler and Bonded by Self-etching Primer." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 36, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.36.4.n444r730r773un53.

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Objective: We aimed to evaluate the caries-preventive effect of a fissure sealant containing surface reactiontype pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) filler and bonded by self-etching primer versus those of 2 conventional resin-based sealants bonded by acid etching in terms of its impact on enamel demineralization and remineralization, enamel bond strength, and integrity of debonded enamel surfaces. Materials and method: Demineralization, remineralization, and bond strength on untreated enamel and enamel subsurface lesions of bovine incisors were assessed among the sealants by polarizing microscopy and microradiography; debonded enamel surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results: The conventional resin-based sealants bonded by acid etching caused surface defects on the enamel subsurface lesions and significantly increased the lesion depth (p = 0.014), indicative of enamel demineralization. However, the SPRG filler-containing sealant bonded by self-etching primer maintained the enamel surface integrity and inhibited enamel demineralization. No difference in bond strength on both untreated enamel and enamel subsurface lesions was noted among the sealants. Conclusions: An S-PRG filler-containing fissure sealant bonded by self-etching primer can prevent enamel demineralization, microleakage, and gaps without the tags created by acid etching regardless of the enamel condition. Such sealants are suitable for protecting the pits and fissures of immature permanent teeth.
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Metly, Annesha, Dedi Sumantri, and Fadil Oenzil. "The effect of pasteurized milk and pure soy milk on enamel remineralization." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 31, no. 3 (November 30, 2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol31no3.22833.

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Introduction: Tooth remineralization agent can be found in pasteurized milk and soy milk. Ca2+ and PO43- ions concentration in both products inhibited hydroxyapatite dissolution and enhanced remineralization. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of pasteurized milk and pure soy milk on tooth enamel remineralization. Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory with pre-test post-test control group design. Twenty-seven maxillary premolars were divided into 3 groups; 37% phosphoric acid used to demineralized the samples followed by initial enamel hardness measurement. All samples were immersed in aquadest, pasteurized milk, and pure soy milk for 14 days, 102 minutes per day. Final enamel hardness was measured with the Vickers hardness test. Results: Increasing enamel hardness was found in all groups. Two-way ANOVA test was used to compare the increase of enamel hardness in all group, which showed the p-value = 0.002. Post-hoc LSD test was then used to compare the increase of the enamel hardness in pasteurized milk and pure soy milk groups, which resulted in the p-value = 0.147. Conclusion: There was an effect of pasteurized milk and pure soy milk group on enamel remineralization. However, there was no difference in the increase of enamel hardness value between pasteurized milk and pure soy milk groups.Keywords: Pasteurized milk, pure soy milk, tooth enamel, remineralization.
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7

Zaharia, Agripina, Viorica Ghisman Plescan, Irina Atkinson, Oana Catalina Mocioiu, Alina Cantaragiu, and Viorica Musat. "Remineralization of Natural Tooth Enamel in Artificial Saliva Environment." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 3 (April 15, 2017): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.3.5490.

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This paper investigates in situ remineralization of the acid-etched natural enamel surface, by incubation in a phosphate solution with neutral pH, at 37 �C for 4-10 days, without using any enamel matrix derivative (EMD). We investigated the morphology, crystallinity, chemical composition and structure of the newly grown layer onto the natural enamel surface stored in contact with artificial saliva (AS) having a composition similar to natural oral environment. The crystalline phases, crystallite size and orientation, as well as the chemical and phase composition of the remineralized dental enamel samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The experimental results showed that the enamel crystals grown on the demineralized enamel surface are mainly Ca-deficient apatite hexagonal structure. Fluoridated hydroxyapatite and sylvite-type KCl crystallites, which amount considerable increased in the case of sample stored in AS for 10 days, were also identified.
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Yuanita, Tamara, Nanik Zubaidah, and Mifta Izha A R. "Enamel Hardness Differences After Topical Application Of Theobromine Gel And Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate." Conservative Dentistry Journal 10, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v10i1.2020.5-8.

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Background: Most soft drinks contain citric acid / phosphoric acid with pH <3.5. Strong acids in the oral cavity cause tooth erosion. Tooth erosion leads to demineralization enamel. Remineralization can prevent demineralization process. One of the commercial remineralization agents is Casein Phosphopeptide-amorphous Calcium Phosphate(CPP-ACP) but it has low solubility and less affordable price. Therefore, a natural ingredients such as theobromine from cocoa extract need to be developed as remineralization agent. Objective: To determine enamel hardness differences due to topical application of theobromine gel and CPP-ACP. Method: incisive crowns were cut off (1x1) cm then planted in cylindrical acrylic resin. All samples were immersed with citric acid for 90 minutes then divided into 3 groups. Group I (control) was immersed with aquades (96 min), group II was applied with theobromin gel 200 mg/l (96 min), group III was applied with CPP-ACP (96 min). By using vickers hardness tester, enamel hardness be measured (15 sec) at 3 points. Results: There were significant differences between the control group, CPP-ACP group, and theobromine gel group. Conclusion: Enamel hardnesse with theobromine gel application is higher than CPP-ACP application..
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Toledano, Manuel, Inmaculada Cabello, Fátima S. Aguilera, Estrella Osorio, Manuel Toledano-Osorio, and Raquel Osorio. "Improved Sealing and Remineralization at the Resin-Dentin Interface After Phosphoric Acid Etching and Load Cycling." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 6 (October 16, 2015): 1530–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615015317.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate micro-morphology of the resin-dentin inter-diffusion zone using two different single-bottle self-etching dentin adhesives with and without previous acid-etching, after in vitro mechanical loading stimuli. Extracted human third molars were sectioned to obtain dentin surfaces. Two different single-bottle self-etching dentin adhesives, Futurabond U and Experimental both from VOCO, were applied following the manufacturer’s instructions or after 37% phosphoric acid application. Resin-dentin interfaces were analyzed with dye assisted confocal microscopy evaluation (CLSM), including the calcium-chelation technique, xylenol orange (CLSM-XO). CLSM revealed that resin-dentin interfaces of unloaded specimens were deficiently resin-hybridized, in general. These samples showed a Rhodamine B-labeled hybrid complex and adhesive layer completely affected by fluorescein penetration (nanoleakage) through the porous resin-dentin interface, but thicker after PA-etching. Load cycling promoted an improved sealing of the resin-dentin interface at dentin, a decrease of the hybrid complex porosity, and an increment of dentin mineralization. Load cycled specimens treated with the XO technique produced a clearly outlined fluorescence due to consistent Ca-mineral deposits within the bonding interface and inside the dentinal tubules, especially when the experimental adhesive was applied.
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Onwubu, Stanley Chibuzor, Phumlane Selby Mdluli, Shenuka Singh, and Vishal Bharuth. "Remineralization Potential of a Modified Eggshell–Titanium Composite-Scanning Electron Microscope Study." European Journal of Dentistry 13, no. 02 (May 2019): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1695662.

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Abstract Objectives This article reports the remineralization potential of a modified eggshell–titanium dioxide (EB-TiO2) composite in the management of DH. Materials and Methods The prepared composite was further characterized using different techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field scanning electron microscopy (FSEM) to establish the modification. Forty freshly extracted bovine anterior teeth were used to evaluate the dentin tubule remineralization potential of EB-TiO2. Each tooth was sectioned mesiodistally to obtain dentin blocks. The dentin blocks were subsequently agitated in 4% wt. citric acid for 2 minutes to simulate sensitive tooth. Each dentin block was randomly assigned to five groups, namely Group 1: untreated, Group 2: EB alone, Group 3: EB-TiO2 treated, and Group 4: Colgate Sensitive, and Group 5: Sensodyne treated (n = 8) that were then subjected to remineralization protocol. Results Both the XRD and FTIR images confirm the surface medication of EB-TiO2. The TEM revealed a nonhomogeneous structure with an average particle size of 65 nm. FSEM further was used to observe the remineralization capabilities of the samples. The FSEM image of the dentin specimens treated with EB-TiO2 shows complete remineralization of the dentin tubules, which remain intact postacidic exposure. Conclusions This study confirmed that EB-TiO2 composite effectively remineralizes dentin tubules. More so, the composite could be a cheaper and more efficient therapy material in the management of DH.
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Takamizawa, T., WW Barkmeier, A. Tsujimoto, DD Scheidel, RL Erickson, MA Latta, and M. Miyazaki. "Effect of Phosphoric Acid Pre-etching on Fatigue Limits of Self-etching Adhesives." Operative Dentistry 40, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/13-252-l.

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SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to use shear bond strength (SBS) and shear fatigue limit (SFL) testing to determine the effect of phosphoric acid pre-etching of enamel and dentin prior to application of self-etch adhesives for bonding resin composite to these substrates. Three self-etch adhesives—1) G- ænial Bond (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); 2) OptiBond XTR (Kerr Corp, Orange, CA, USA); and 3) Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE Dental Products, St Paul, MN, USA)—were used to bond Z100 Restorative resin composite to enamel and dentin surfaces. A stainless-steel metal ring with an inner diameter of 2.4 mm was used to bond the resin composite to flat-ground (4000 grit) tooth surfaces for determination of both SBS and SFL. Fifteen specimens each were used to determine initial SBS to human enamel/dentin, with and without pre-etching with a 35% phosphoric acid (Ultra-Etch, Ultradent Products Inc, South Jordan, UT, USA) for 15 seconds prior to the application of the adhesives. A staircase method of fatigue testing (25 specimens for each test) was then used to determine the SFL of resin composite bonded to enamel/dentin using a frequency of 10 Hz for 50,000 cycles or until failure occurred. A two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used for analysis of SBS data, and a modified t-test with Bonferroni correction was used for the SFL data. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the area of the bonded restorative/tooth interface. For all three adhesive systems, phosphoric acid pre-etching of enamel demonstrated significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) SBS and SFL with pre-etching than it did without pre-etching. The SBS and SFL of dentin bonds decreased with phosphoric acid pre-etching. The SBS and SFL of bonds using phosphoric acid prior to application of self-etching adhesives clearly demonstrated different tendencies between enamel and dentin. The effect of using phosphoric acid, prior to the application of the self-etching adhesives, on SBS and SFL was dependent on the adhesive material and tooth substrate and should be carefully considered in clinical situations.
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Muşat, Viorica, Elena Maria Anghel, Agripina Zaharia, Irina Atkinson, Oana Cătălina Mocioiu, Mariana Buşilă, and Petrică Alexandru. "A Chitosan–Agarose Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel for Biomimetic Remineralization of Dental Enamel." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081137.

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Developing multifunctional systems for the biomimetic remineralization of human enamel is a challenging task, since hydroxyapatite (HAP) rod structures of tooth enamel are difficult to replicate artificially. The paper presents the first report on the simultaneous use of chitosan (CS) and agarose (A) in a biopolymer-based hydrogel for the biomimetic remineralization of an acid-etched native enamel surface during 4–10-day immersion in artificial saliva with or without (control group) fluoride. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and microhardness tests were applied to investigate the properties of the acid-etched and remineralized dental enamel layers under A and CS-A hydrogels. The results show that all biomimetic epitaxial reconstructed layers consist mostly of a similar hierarchical HAP structure to the native enamel from nano- to microscale. An analogous Ca/P ratio (1.64) to natural tooth enamel and microhardness recovery of 77.4% of the enamel-like layer are obtained by a 7-day remineralization process in artificial saliva under CS-A hydrogels. The CS component reduced carbonation and moderated the formation of HAP nanorods in addition to providing an extracellular matrix to support growing enamel-like structures. Such activity lacked in samples exposed to A-hydrogel only. These data suggest the potential of the CS-A hydrogel in guiding the formation of hard tissues as dental enamel.
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Kashkosh, L., T. Genaid, and W. Etman. "EFFECT OF REMINERALIZATION ON METROLOGY OF SURFACE FEATURES OF INDUCED ACID ERODED TOOTH ENAMEL." Egyptian Dental Journal 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/edj.2016.92735.

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Fanfoni, Lidia, Fulvia Costantinides, Federico Berton, Giulio Marchesi, Leila Polo, Roberto Di Lenarda, and Vanessa Nicolin. "From Erosion to Remineralization: The Possible Role of Two Topic Home Devices Used as Combined Treatment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 14, 2020): 4093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124093.

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Severe dental erosion could be one of the complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease and food disorders such as bulimia nervosa. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization efficiency and the erosion prevention capability obtained by combining the use of Elmex Erosion Protection (Elm-EP) and GC Tooth Mousse (GC-TM) in cases of strongly eroded enamel surfaces. Twenty-four specimens of bovine tooth were superficially treated with hydrochloric acid to mimic severe erosion conditions. The specimens were divided into 3 groups accordingly to a different remineralizing treatment for 15 days: immersion in artificial remineralizing saliva, brushing with Elm-EP and brushing with Elm-EP in association with a daily application of GC-TM paste. After the remineralization procedures, the specimens were exposed to a treatment with acid. The effectiveness of the treatments were assessed by surface profilometric analysis and scanning electron microscopy at four different steps. Furthermore, the quantity of the Ca2+ lost during erosion was determined. The combined action of Elm-EP and GC-TM led to a 50% roughness decrease of critically eroded dental surfaces. The tandem use of Elmex Erosion Protection and GC Tooth Mousse resulted a promising protecting strategy for the prevention of the dental mineral loss.
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El Moshy, Sara, Marwa M. S. Abbass, and Amal M. El-Motayam. "Biomimetic remineralization of acid etched enamel using agarose hydrogel model." F1000Research 7 (September 17, 2018): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16050.1.

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Background: Minimally invasive dentistry aims to prevent progression of caries and treats non-cavitated lesions through non-invasive approaches to preserve the integrity of tooth structure. The aim of this research was to investigate the possible biomimetic effect of agarose hydrogel in remineralizing a human demineralized enamel model. Methods: Mandibular third molars were distributed into three groups (G1, G2 and G3) according to the follow up time (2, 4 and 6 days respectively). Caries like lesion was prepared by applying 37% phosphoric acid gel for 1 minute and then remineralization was performed through applying agarose hydrogel on the demineralized surfaces. The specimens were placed in phosphate solution at 37˚C for 2, 4 & 6 days. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface microhardness (SMH) and surface roughness analysis (SR) were performed to assess the regenerated tissue. Results: SEM revealed mineral depositions on the demineralized enamel surface that increased in density by time resulting in a relatively smooth surface in G3. SR and SMH analysis revealed significant differences between the remineralized enamel surfaces of different groups (p< 0.00001) with the highest SR in G1 and the highest SMH in G3. Conclusions: Agarose hydrogel application is a promising approach to treat early carious lesion. Further studies are needed to clarify the stability of agarose hydrogels in clinical application.
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Roveri, Norberto, Elisa Battistella, Claudia Letizia Bianchi, Ismaela Foltran, Elisabetta Foresti, Michele Iafisco, Marco Lelli, Alberto Naldoni, Barbara Palazzo, and Lia Rimondini. "Surface Enamel Remineralization: Biomimetic Apatite Nanocrystals and Fluoride Ions Different Effects." Journal of Nanomaterials 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/746383.

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A new method for altered enamel surface remineralization has been proposed. To this aim carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanocrystals which mimic for composition, structure, nanodimensions, and morphology dentine apatite crystals and resemble closely natural apatite chemical-physical properties have been used. The results underline the differences induced by the use of fluoride ions and hydroxyapatite nanocrystals in contrasting the mechanical abrasions and acid attacks to which tooth enamel is exposed. Fluoride ions generate a surface modification of the natural enamel apatite crystals increasing their crystallinity degree and relative mechanical and acid resistance. On the other hand, the remineralization produced by carbonate-hydroxyapatite consists in a deposition of a new apatitic mineral into the eroded enamel surface scratches. A new biomimetic mineral coating, which progressively fills and shadows surface scratches, covers and safeguards the enamel structure by contrasting the acid and bacteria attacks.
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Onwubu, Stanley Chibuzor, Deneshree Naidoo, Sandile Cromwell Mkhize, Ntokozo Lihlithemba Ndumiso Mabaso, Phumlane Selby Mdluli, and Surendra Thakur. "An investigation in the remineralization and acid resistant characteristics of nanohydroxyapatite produced from eggshell waste via mechanochemistry." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 18 (January 2020): 228080002096835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2280800020968352.

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Objectives: This study focuses on the properties of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) in terms of remineralization and acid resistance. The nHAp were produced from waste eggshells via the mechanochemistry process. Materials and methods: The characterization was based on Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Field Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and High-Resolution Electron Microscope to determine the surface morphology of the nHAp. The acid and remineralization properties were evaluated using bovine enamel and dentine models ( n = 5) while the buffering properties against acids were studied using a pH meter. The biocompatibility of the produce nHAp was assessed in vitro against NIH 3T3. Results: The XRD and FTIR results confirm that nHAp were successfully produced from eggshell waste after 5 h of milling. The HRTEM reveals a semi-sphere morphology with an average dimension of 9 to 20 nm. The buffering test suggests that nHAp were highly effective in neutralizing common dietary acids. Also, the nHAp exhibits outstanding remineralization and occluding properties. The cytotoxicity assay suggests that the nHAp had a low toxicity. Conclusion: The study concludes that using eggshell waste to produce nHAp will help in waste management and at the same time, provide valuable biomaterial for the treatment of tooth sensitivity.
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Hsu, Shu-Min, Muhammad Alsafadi, Christina Vasconez, Chaker Fares, Valentin Craciun, Edgar O’Neill, Fan Ren, Arthur Clark, and Josephine Esquivel-Upshaw. "Qualitative Analysis of Remineralization Capabilities of Bioactive Glass (NovaMin) and Fluoride on Hydroxyapatite (HA) Discs: An In Vitro Study." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 3813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143813.

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Tooth decay is a prevalent disease that initiates when the oral pH becomes acidic. Fluoride and/or bioactive glass (NovaMin) were used to regenerate/repair teeth that had been decalcified. In this present study, we investigated the effect of fluoride and/or bioactive glass (NovaMin) on remineralization of hydroxyapatite (HA) discs, which mimic the enamel surface of natural teeth. HA discs were etched with phosphoric acid and treated with one of the following toothpastes: (1) Sensodyne toothpaste with fluoride; (2) Sensodyne toothpaste with fluoride and bioactive glass (NovaMin); (3) Tom’s toothpaste without fluoride or bioactive glass (NovaMin); and (4) Tom’s toothpaste with bioactive glass (NovaMin). The toothpastes were applied on the etched discs for two minutes, once a day for 15 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze surface morphologies and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze surface compositions. Tom’s toothpaste with only NovaMin demonstrated the most remineralization potential compared with the other groups. In conclusion, incorporating bioactive glass (NovaMin) into toothpastes could benefit the repair and remineralization of teeth.
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Zheng, L., J. Zheng, L. Q. Weng, L. M. Qian, and Z. R. Zhou. "Effect of remineralization on the nanomechanical properties and microtribological behaviour of acid-eroded human tooth enamel." Wear 271, no. 9-10 (July 2011): 2297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.11.025.

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20

Bastos-Bitencourt, Natália, Marilia Velo, Tatiana Nascimento, Cassiana Scotti, Maria Gardennia da Fonseca, Luiz Goulart, Lucio Castellano, Sergio Ishikiriama, Juliana Bombonatti, and Salvatore Sauro. "In Vitro Evaluation of Desensitizing Agents Containing Bioactive Scaffolds of Nanofibers on Dentin Remineralization." Materials 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051056.

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This study evaluated the effect of the incorporation of bioactive nanofibers in desensitizing agents on dentin permeability. Sixty disks of dentin were randomly distributed in four groups (n = 15). Distribution was based on the desensitizing agents, fluoride varnish and self-etching adhesive, and the presence of nanofibers: C (self-etching adhesive Clearfil SE Bond), CN (Clearfil SE Bond with 1% nanofiber), D (Duraphat varnish), and DN (Duraphat varnish with 1% nanofiber). Dentin permeability was determined using hydraulic conductivity. For a qualitative analysis, confocal laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The C group showed the lowest hydraulic conductance (Lp%) (89.33), while the DN group showed the highest Lp% (116.06). No statistical significance was observed in the Lp% values in all groups after the treatment and 6% citric acid challenge (p > 0.239). In the images, the CN group presented a higher superficial and intratubular deposition. In addition, this group presented a more homogeneous dentin surface and wide occlusion of dentinal tubules than the other treatments. Despite there being no statistical differences among the treatments employed, the images showed that the CN group presented a higher surface and intratubular deposition compared to the other treatments, even after the acid challenge.
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Baka, Zeliha Müge, Mehmet Akin, Zehra Ileri, and Faruk Ayhan Basciftci. "Effects of remineralization procedures on shear bond strengths of brackets bonded to demineralized enamel surfaces with self-etch systems." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/041515-247.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effects of different remineralization procedures on the surface roughness of teeth, shear bond strengths (SBSs), and Adhesive Remnant Index scores of self-etching primer (SEP) used to bond orthodontic brackets to previously treated demineralized enamel surfaces. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into seven equal groups. Group I was the control group. A demineralization procedure was performed in the other six groups. A remineralization procedure was performed before bonding by using casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, fluoride, a microabrasion mixture (18% hydrochloric acid-fine pumice), a microabrasion agent, and resin infiltration in groups III to VII. Brackets were bonded using a self-etching primer/adhesive system. The specimens were tested for SBS. The roughness and morphology of the enamel surfaces were analyzed using profilometer and scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, Tukey, and G-tests at the α = .05 level. Results: Significant differences were found in the SBS values among the seven groups (F = 32.69, P = .003). The lowest SBS value was found in group II (2.62 ± 1.46 MPa). No significant differences were found between groups I, III, and VII, between groups III and IV, or between groups V and VI. The differences in the roughness values were statistically significant among the groups (P = .002). Conclusions: Remineralization procedures restore the decreased SBS of orthodontic brackets and decrease surface roughness caused by enamel demineralization. SEPs provide clinically acceptable SBS values for bonding orthodontic brackets to previously treated demineralized enamel surfaces.
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Yuanita, Tamara, Nanik Zubaidah, and Jesica Ceren. "DIFFERENCES IN SURFACE HARDNESS OF BOVINE ENAMEL AFTER EXPOSURE OF THEOBROMINE, ALKALOID COCOA POD EXTRACT AND ACIDULATED PHOSPHATE FLUORIDE." Conservative Dentistry Journal 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v10i2.2020.71-74.

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Background: Acid diet could process demineralization on enamel surface. Process remineralization needed to prevent caries occurrence. The excessive fluorine usage could induce adverse side effects, therefore the development of natural resources such as theobromine and alkaloid cocoa extract as a remineralization is needed. Purpose: To discover the differences of bovine teeth enamel surface hardness after exposure to theobromine, alkaloid cocoa pod extract and acidulated phosphate fluoride. Method: Twenty-eight tooth crowns of bovine insisivus cut into the shape of the square then planted on the resin mold round shape and divided into four groups. The control group without treatment, the group I was exposed APF, the group II was exposed 1000 mg/L alkaloid cocoa pod extract, group III was exposed 200 mg/L Theobromine 200 mg/L. Surface hardness measured using Wolpert Wilson Vickers Microhardness Tool. Results: The group of theobromine produces the highest enamel surface hardness. The enamel surface hardness in alkaloid group of cocoa pod extract was higher compared to the APF group and the control group. Conclusion: The hardness surface of bovine tooth enamel after exposure to theobromine and alkaloid cocoa pod extract is harder than exposure to acidulated phosphate fluoride.
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23

Araújo, Diana Ferreira Gadelha, Fernanda Sandes de Lucena, Maria Cristina Carvalho de Almendra Freitas, Larissa Vasconcellos Nunes, Marília Mattar de Amoedo Campos Velo, Ana Carolina Magalhães, and Linda Wang. "Effect of enamel pretreatment on the fluoride remineralization of artificial white spot lesions." Brazilian Dental Science 21, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2018.v21i3.1585.

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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The topical fluoride application is the main strategy to remineralize white spots lesions (WSL). It is assumed that increasing its retention in the surface can favor remineralization. Therefore, previous treatments of the enamel surface are purposed to optimize its efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the remineralization capacity of the fluoride without and with the pre-treatment of the enamel with phosphoric acid and aluminum nitrate and then, the enamel acid-resistance after new acid challenge. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Twenty-four enamel bovine blocks were obtained and selected by means of initial surface microhardness (SMH) measurements. In sequence, WSL were artificially inducted by DE-RE cycling and randomized in two groups according to the enamel pretreatment to be tested (n=12): F (1.23% fluoride gel - APF- 4min) and P-Al-F (37% phosphoric acid- 30s + 0.05M aluminum nitrate 1min + APF- 4min). After then, a new acid challenge was equally performed. Additional SMH assessments were performed in each step. The values were processed and the percentage of SH loss (%SHL) was obtained. Data were statically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p&lt;0.05). <strong>Results:</strong> There was no difference between evaluated protocols. For both groups, a significant difference among the steps of study was detected: it was observed a decrease of %SHL after the treatment and increase of %SHL after the new acid challenge. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Enamel pretreatment with phosphoric acid associated with aluminum nitrate promoted similar protective effect compared to fluoride itself on the remineralization of artificial WSL, partially recovering the surface hardness. After new challenge, they also offered partial resistance.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Dental caries; Dental enamel; Fluoride; Tooth remineralization.</p><p> </p>
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Jung, Su-Jin, and Mi-Ra Lee. "Remineralization effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate on the tooth enamel according to the etching time and frequency of application." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 5602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.9.5602.

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25

Vasluianu, Roxana Ionela, Norina Consuela Forna, Elena Raluca Baciu, Mirela Zaltariov, Lavinia Vasiliu, and Alice Murariu. "In vitro Evaluation of Enamel Surface Treated with Fluoride After Bleaching and Etching Erosive Processes." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 7 (August 15, 2018): 1714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.7.6402.

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The anti-erosion effect of fluoride on the enamel surface was investigated by ATR-FTIR, SEM and EDX techniques. Four extracted teeth (two incisors and two premolars) were initially bleached with carabamide peroxide and etched with ortho-phosphoric acid then fluoride treatment was applied. Significant differences in enamel composition and morphology were observed providing the effect of fluoride application in remineralization of teeth. Infrared spectroscopy was employed to probe the changes in enamel structure. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed higher content in F of teeth enamel. Morphology changes revealed a re-mineralization of enamel surface after the treatment with fluoride gel.
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Choi, Samjin, Youjin Cheong, Gi-Ja Lee, and Hun-Kuk Park. "Effect of fluoride pretreatment on primary and permanent tooth surfaces by acid-etching." Scanning 32, no. 6 (November 2010): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.20211.

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27

Jima, Y., and T. Koulourides. "Mineral Density and Fluoride Content of in vitro Remineralized Lesions." Journal of Dental Research 67, no. 3 (March 1988): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345880670031001.

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This in vitro investigation studied the remineralization of experimental caries lesions in bovine enamel by use of three methods: (1) surface microhardness, (2) microradiography, and (3) abrasion biopsy for mineral density and fluoride content. The lesions were produced by a two-day exposure to 0.01 mol/L lactic acidlsodium hydroxide buffer partially saturated with 3.0 mmol/L Ca, 1.8 mmol/L P, in 1% CMC, at pH 4.0 and 37°C. The lesions were exposed to a remineralizing solution containing 3.0 mmol/L Ca, 1.8 mmol/L P, and 3 ppm F in 1% CMC at pH 7.0 and 37°C for two, six, and ten days, with solution changes every two days. The data derived from the three methods are presented in sequence from the baseline and at days two, six, and ten of the remineralizing treatment. Microhardness measurements showed hardness recoveries of 35.9, 78.9, and 87.5%, respectively. Microradiography suggested complete recovery with the ten-day remineralization. Abrasion biopsy of successive 10-μm layers to a depth of 100 μm indicated 15.2, 39.8, and 68.8% mineral density recoveries, with fluoride content of the surface layer increasing from a baseline of 300 ppm to 4600, 9000, and 9800 ppm F for the 2, 6, 10 days of remineralization, respectively. Subsequent acid-etching of thin sections from the ten-day-remineralized specimens showed that the fluoride-enriched remineralized area was more resistant to acid dissolution than was the underlying nonnal enamel.
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Yanakiev, Spartak Spasov, and Mirela Borislavova Marinova-Takorova. "Silane Heat Treatment Could Eliminate the Hydrofluoric Acid Etching of Lithium Disilicate Overlays: A Four-Year Follow-Up." Case Reports in Dentistry 2021 (June 22, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9961621.

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A four-year follow-up of a novel silane heat treatment method for bonding lithium disilicate overlays to tooth structures without hydrofluoric acid etching of the ceramic surface is presented in this case report. Silane heat treatment modifies the silane layer and thus enhances resin ceramic bond strength without hydrofluoric acid etching. The standard ceramic preparation technique prior to bonding silicate ceramics to tooth structure is hydrofluoric acid etching and applying a silane coupling agent, followed by dental adhesive. In this case, the micromechanical roughening of the ceramic surface was performed by air abrasion with Al2O3. Silane heat treatment with constant 120°C airflow, applied for 60 sec, followed by dental adhesive application enhanced the resin-ceramic bond strength. After a four-year follow-up, the restorations’ clinical appearance could be defined as excellent/very good according to the FDI clinical criteria for the evaluation of direct and indirect restorations. This clinical result supports many in vitro studies regarding the resin-ceramic bond strength and durability obtained through postsilanization heat treatment.
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Yang, Xiao, Bo Yang, Libang He, Ruiqi Li, Yixue Liao, Shuhui Zhang, Yinxin Yang, et al. "Bioinspired Peptide-Decorated Tannic Acid for in Situ Remineralization of Tooth Enamel: In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation." ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 3, no. 12 (October 23, 2017): 3553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00623.

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30

Edgar, W. M., S. M. Higham, and R. H. Manning. "Saliva Stimulation and Caries Prevention." Advances in Dental Research 8, no. 2 (July 1994): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374940080021701.

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The protective role of saliva is demonstrated by the rampant caries seen in human subjects with marked salivary hypofunction, and in desalivated animals. In normal cases, however, the relationship between saliva flow and coronal or root caries experience is doubtful, and to examine the concept that stimulation of saliva might have protective effects against caries, one must look beyond a simple correlation between caries and flow rate. Protective properties of saliva which increase on stimulation include salivary clearance, buffering power, and degree of saturation with respect to tooth mineral. These benefits are maximized when saliva is stimulated after the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, by reducing the fall in plaque pH leading to demineralization and by increasing the potential for remineralization. Plaque acid production is neutralized, and experimental lesions in enamel are remineralized, when gum is chewed to stimulate saliva after a carbohydrate intake. The pH-raising effects are more easily explained by the buffering action of the stimulated saliva than by clearance of carbohydrates. The remineralization action depends upon the presence of fluoride. These findings suggest that the protective actions of saliva can be mobilized by appropriate salivary stimulation, and that in addition to established procedures such as tooth cleaning and fluoride regimens, eating patterns which lead to saliva stimulation to increase the potential for saliva protection might be included in recommendations for caries prevention. Confirmation of this concept in clinical tests is required.
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31

Gorucu–Coskuner, Hande, Ezgi Atik, and Tulin Taner. "Tooth color change due to different etching and debonding procedures." Angle Orthodontist 88, no. 6 (August 3, 2018): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/122017-872.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To compare the effects of different etching techniques, 12–, 24–bladed tungsten carbide burs, and polishing discs on tooth color changes during orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: 59 individuals (mean age: 15.20 ± 1.59 years) were divided into four groups: 37% phosphoric acid and adhesive primer was used in Groups I and II whereas self–etch primer was used in Groups III and IV for enamel preparation. After orthodontic treatment, residual adhesives were cleaned with 12–bladed tungsten carbide burs in Groups I and III, while 24–bladed tungsten carbide burs were used in Groups II and IV. All teeth were polished with medium and fine Sof–Lex XT discs (3M ESPE, St Paul, Minnesota). Color measurements were taken from upper incisors and canines at pretreatment (T0), after cleaning with tungsten carbide burs (T1) and polishing with discs (T2). Wilcoxon test was used for evaluation of L*, a*, b* changes and Kruskal–Wallis for intergroup comparison of color changes. Results: L*, a*, b* values, except a* at Groups I, II, IV, and b* at Group III, changed significantly (P &lt; .05). Groups III and IV showed significantly different color alterations from T0 to T1 (P &lt; .05). After polishing, tooth color alterations were not significantly different among the groups. Conclusions: In self–etch bonding groups, a 12–bladed tungsten carbide bur caused less color change than the 24–bladed tungsten carbide bur. Orthodontic treatment resulted with visible and clinically unacceptable tooth color alterations regardless of the enamel preparation and clean–up techniques. Polishing reduced the effect of tungsten carbide burs, but did not affect the total influence of orthodontic treatment on the tooth color.
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Chaiyabutr, Y., and J. C. Kois. "The Effect of Tooth-preparation Cleansing Protocol on the Bond Strength of Self-adhesive Resin Cement to Dentin Contaminated with a Hemostatic Agent." Operative Dentistry 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/09-308-lr1.

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Clinical Relevance After contamination with hemostatic agents, tooth-preparation cleansing protocols using either particle abrasion with low-pressure aluminum oxide particles or phosphoric acid-etching restored bond strengths to pre-contamination levels for a self-adhesive resin cement.
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Hess, Elizabeth, Phillip M. Campbell, Allen L. Honeyman, and Peter H. Buschang. "Determinants of enamel decalcification during simulated orthodontic treatment." Angle Orthodontist 81, no. 5 (May 5, 2011): 836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/121710-726.1.

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Abstract Objective: To determine the relative effects that phosphoric acid etching, metal brackets, composite resin adhesives, and filled resin sealants have on enamel decalcification. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty teeth were randomly divided into six groups to test the effects of acid etching, brackets, and a composite resin adhesive. The right side of each tooth was sealed. The teeth were submitted to a simulated carious challenge by Streptococcus mutans in a nutritive media for 42 days. Scanning electron photomicrographs (SEMs) were used to qualitatively evaluate the tooth surfaces. DIAGNOdent laser fluorescence was used to quantify the decalcification changes that occurred. Results: SEMs showed normal enamel on the control teeth, etching patterns on the acid-etched teeth, surface degradation on the teeth that had resin, and sealant tags on the sealed side. The untreated control group showed significantly less decalcification (P ≤ .05) than did all groups except the no etch+bracket group. The no etch+bracket group showed significantly less decalcification than did the etch+bracket, no etch+resin, and the etch+resin groups. Acid-etched teeth demonstrated significantly more decalcification (34%) than did those that were not etched. The teeth with resin showed significantly more decalcification (24%) than did those without resin. There was no significant difference between teeth that did and did not have brackets. The unsealed side of the teeth showed small amounts of—but significantly more—decalcification (5%) compared to the sealed side. Conclusions: Acid etching and composite resin adhesives increase enamel decalcification in vitro, while brackets do not. Filled resin sealants protect the teeth from decalcification.
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Zheng, L., J. Zheng, Y. F. Zhang, L. M. Qian, and Z. R. Zhou. "Effect of CPP-ACP on the remineralization of acid-eroded human tooth enamel: nanomechanical properties and microtribological behaviour study." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 46, no. 40 (September 19, 2013): 404006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/40/404006.

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35

Ubaldini, ALM, RC Pascotto, F. Sato, VO Soares, ED Zanotto, and ML Baesso. "Effects of Bioactive Agents on Dentin Mineralization Kinetics After Dentin Bleaching." Operative Dentistry 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/18-272-l.

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SUMMARY Objectives: This study evaluated effects of Bioglass 45S5 (BG) and Biosilicate (BS) remineralization on the chemical composition and bond strength of control dentin (CD) and bleached dentin (BD) surfaces. Methods and Materials: Dentin bleaching treatment was performed using the walking bleaching technique with 0.01 g of sodium perborate and 0.5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide for 14 days. Remineralization treatment was carried out by rubbing a remineralization solution (0.015 g of BG or BS diluted in 1.35 mL of distilled water) on the etched dentin surface for 30 seconds. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) was used to quantitatively analyze the mineral matrix ratios of CD and BD (n=5) after remineralization treatment with BG and BS over 15 days of incubation in artificial saliva. The CD and BD discs (n=10) with and without remineralization treatment with BG and BS were restored using a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system (Optibond S, Kerr) and five layers of 1-mm-thick composite resin (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). The restored dentin discs were sectioned into nine bonded beams with cross-sectional areas of approximately 0.9 mm2 and tested for microtensile bond strength (μTBS). The dentin surface of one fractured beam per tooth was submitted to MRS to characterize the physicochemical composition (n=10) at the interface. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test (p&lt;0.005). Results: MRS bioactive analyses revealed that both BG and BS promoted increased mineral matrix ratios in the CD and BD. Significantly higher μTBS values were found after CD treatment with BG (CD: 57 MPa±11; CD-BG: 78 MPa±15) and when BG and BS were applied to the BD (BD: 42 MPa±5; BD-BG: 71 MPa±14; BD-BS: 64 MPa±11) (p&lt;0.005). The MRS analysis of the fractured dentin beam showed that the remineralization treatment significantly increased the dentin relative mineral concentration and promoted the appearance of new interface peaks, indicating a chemical interaction (p&lt;0.005). Conclusion: Remineralization of BD is an effective therapy to restore damage caused by dentin bleaching and acid conditioning. This approach not only increases dentin mineral compounds but also improves dentin's ability to interact chemically with the adhesive system.
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Aras, S., HC Küçükeçmen, and Sönmez I. öaroğlu. "Deproteinization Treatment on Bond Strengths of Primary, Mature and Immature Permanent Tooth Enamel." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 37, no. 3 (April 1, 2013): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.37.3.252n428508q2w204.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of pre-post deproteinization treatment with 5% sodium hypochloride on shear bond strength (sbs) of adhesive resin to primary, immature and mature permanent teeth enamel. Method: 30 teeth were used for each of primary, immature and mature permanent teeth groups. (totally 90). In control groups, enamel was etched for 60s with 37% phosphoric acid (3M) and rinsed for 10s (Procedure A). In experimental groups, deproteinization was applied with 5% NaOCI solution for 120s before (Procedure D+A) and after acid-etching (Procedure A+D). Gluma Comfort Bond (Heraeus-Kulzer) and Charisma (Heraeus-Kulzer) composite resin were applied to etched enamel surfaces. Data were determined with Two-Way ANOVA and LSD Multiple Comparison Test (p&lt;0.05). Results: SBS was significantly lower in primary and immature permanent teeth than mature permanent teeth (p&lt;0.05). “Procedure A+D” statistically increased sbs values in primary and immature permanent teeth (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Deproteinization after acid etching significantly enhanced the shear bond strength values in primary and immature permanent teeth.
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Imataki, Rie, Yukari Shinonaga, Takako Nishimura, Yoko Abe, and Kenji Arita. "Mechanical and Functional Properties of a Novel Apatite-Ionomer Cement for Prevention and Remineralization of Dental Caries." Materials 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 3998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233998.

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Especially in pediatric dentistry, prevention by the control of initial lesions prior to cavitation is very important, and application of a pit and fissure sealant is essential to achieve this. Numerous reports have suggested that resin-based sealants are inferior to sealants based on glass-ionomer cement (GIC), because of GIC’s many advantages, such as fluoride ion release properties and its good adhesion to tooth structures. However, the use of GIC is impeded due to its low flexural strength and fracture toughness. In this paper, we developed and characterized an apatite-ionomer cement (AIC) that incorporates hydroxyapatite (HAp) into the GIC; this development was aimed at not only reinforcing the flexural and compressive strength but also improving some functional properties for the creation of the material suitable for sealant. We examined the influence of differences in the compounding conditions of GIC powder, liquid, and HAp on flexural and compressive strengths, fracture toughness, fluoride ion release property, shear bond strength to bovine enamel, surface pH of setting cements, and acid buffer capability. These methods were aimed at elucidating the reaction mechanism of porous spherical-shaped HAp (HApS) in AIC. The following observations were deduced. (1) HAp can improve the mechanical strengths of AIC by strengthening the cement matrix. (2) The functional properties of AIC, such as acid buffer capability, improved by increasing the releasing amounts of various ions including fluoride ions. The novel AIC developed in this study is a clinically effective dental material for prevention and remineralization of tooth and initial carious lesion.
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Nam, Hyung-Jin, You-Min Kim, Yong Hoon Kwon, In-Ryoung Kim, Bong-Soo Park, Woo-Sung Son, Seung-Min Lee, and Yong-Il Kim. "Enamel Surface Remineralization Effect by Fluorinated Graphite and Bioactive Glass-Containing Orthodontic Bonding Resin." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2019): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081308.

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All orthodontic appliances are potentially cariogenic. The plaque around the orthodontic appliance can make demineralization on tooth surface causing white spot lesion (WSL). The most effective method to prevent WSL is Fluoride appliance and gargling, but this requires patient cooperation, which consumes additional treatment time and cost. As suggested in this study, biomaterials like bioactive glass and fluorinated graphite (FGt) having antibacterial and anti-demineralization ability effective and easy to use in the clinic. To clinically use orthodontic bonding resins containing Graphite Fluoride BAG (FGtBAG), its properties, biological stability, antimicrobial activity, and remineralization effect must be verified. BAG was mixed with 2.5% FGt containing 51 to 61% fluorine. This mixture was mixed with the CharmFill Flow (CF) in the ratios of 1, 3, and 5 wt%. Microhardness and shear bond strength tests were performed to evaluate its mechanical properties. MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetra) assay was performed for evaluating its safety. Streptococcus mutans, which is major cariogen by producing lactic acid, was evaluated for antibacterial ability of reducing WSL. In addition, x-ray images were obtained by CBCT (Cone beam computed tomography) after a pH cycle. The remineralization effect was verified in vivo and by Image J. FGtBAG did not differ significantly from CF in mechanical tests. The MTT assay found no significant differences between the groups. The antibacterial activity of FGtBAG at 24 h and 48 h was significantly higher than that of CF. The fluoride release rate tended to increase with the FGtBAG content. The pH cycle results showed that FGtBAG had higher concentration-dependent remineralization effect than CF. The results of this study suggests that orthodontic resins containing FGtBAG can prevent WSL owing to their antibacterial activity and remineralization effect.
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Cook, P. A., and C. C. Youngson. "An in vitro Study of the Bond Strength of a Glass Ionomer Cement in the Direct Bonding of Orthodontic Brackets." British Journal of Orthodontics 15, no. 4 (November 1988): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.15.4.247.

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The shear/peel bond strength of a ‘no-mix’ composite orthodontic bonding resin was compared in vitro with that of a glass ionomer cement. The effect of pre-treatment of the enamel, with either phosphoric acid or polyacrylic acid, prior to using the glass ionomer cement was also assessed. The composite resin had a significantly higher bond strength than the glass ionomer cement. Simple prophylaxis and drying of the enamel achieved the best results when using the glass ionomer cement, whilst etching the tooth surface with phosphoric acid produced a significantly poorer bond to the enamel. Investigation of the site of failure showed the composite resin bonded very well to the tooth and less well to the bracket, whilst the glass ionomer adhered significantly better to the bracket base than to the tooth surface.
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40

Margolis, H. C., and E. C. Moreno. "Composition and Cariogenic Potential of Dental Plaque Fluid." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411940050010101.

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Our understanding of the chemical events that take place at the tooth-plaque interface has improved greatly through studies of the chemical composition and properties of dental plaque fluid. In the absence of fermentable carbohydrate, plaque fluid has been found to be supersaturated with respect to tooth mineral and other calcium phosphate phases, thus exhibiting the potential to support calculus formation and the remineralization of incipient carious lesions. Following the exposure to fermentable carbohydrate, the degree of saturation of plaque fluid decreases rapidly, primarily due to lactic acid production and the lowering of plaque fluid pH. The extent of these chemical changes has been shown to be associated with differences in caries history. Such studies have been facilitated by the recent development of microanalytical techniques. Unfortunately, little is known about the relationship between the observed chemical changes in plaque fluid and the microbial composition of plaque. Limited information is also available on the association of immune factors in plaque fluid with dental disease.
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Dissanayake, Shama S. M., Manikandan Ekambaram, Kai Chun Li, Paul W. R. Harris, and Margaret A. Brimble. "Identification of Key Functional Motifs of Native Amelogenin Protein for Dental Enamel Remineralisation." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184214.

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Dental caries or tooth decay is a preventable and multifactorial disease that affects billions of people globally and is a particular concern in younger populations. This decay arises from acid demineralisation of tooth enamel resulting in mineral loss from the subsurface. The remineralisation of early enamel carious lesions could prevent the cavitation of teeth. The enamel protein amelogenin constitutes 90% of the total enamel matrix protein in teeth and plays a key role in the biomineralisation of tooth enamel. The physiological importance of amelogenin has led to the investigation of the possible development of amelogenin-derived biomimetics against dental caries. We herein review the literature on amelogenin, its primary and secondary structure, comparison to related species, and its’ in vivo processing to bioactive peptide fragments. The key structural motifs of amelogenin that enable enamel remineralisation are discussed. The presence of several motifs in the amelogenin structure (such as polyproline, N- and C-terminal domains and C-terminal orientation) were shown to play a critical role in the formation of particle shape during remineralization. Understanding the function/structure relationships of amelogenin can aid in the rational design of synthetic polypeptides for biomineralisation, halting enamel loss and leading to improved therapies for tooth decay.
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Cheong, Youjin, Samjin Choi, So Jung Kim, and Hun-Kuk Park. "Nanostructural effect of acid-etching and fluoride application on human primary and permanent tooth enamels." Materials Science and Engineering: C 32, no. 5 (July 2012): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.02.030.

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Abd El Halim, Sahar, and Rasha Raafat. "CHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN DEMINERALIZED ENAMEL SURFACE BY ACID AND LASER ETCHING FOLLOWING REMINERALIZATION BY MI PASTE PLUS." Egyptian Dental Journal 63, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 3351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/edj.2017.76197.

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Patil, Harshal Ashok, Shrikant S. Chitko, Veerendra V. Kerudi, Neeraj S. Patil, Amit Maheshwari, and Ruchika Singh. "Custom made profile projector: A new, innovative, and economical way to evaluation of tooth enamel loss after acid etching: An in vitro study." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 6 (March 4, 2016): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.177964.

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Introduction Aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the loss of tooth enamel after acid etching using a custom made profile projector (×100). Materials and Methods Twenty human extracted maxillary and mandibular premolars were collected, and each tooth was mounted on an acrylic block (2 cm × 1 cm) along with a 0.8 mm stainless steel wire partially embedded in acrylic in front of the buccal surface of the teeth. The 0.8 mm wire was used for reference; the image appeared on the projection screen was 80 mm implying that magnification ×100 has been achieved. Fabrication of custom made profile projector followed the principles of optics. Two projections of each sample before and after etching were projected. The projection was recorded using tracing paper. The difference between the two tracings before and after etching was measured using a millimeter scale. This reading was converted into microns, i.e., 1 mm = 10 μ. Results The statistical method used for this study is a measure of central tendency. The research shows that the average enamel loss was around 15.25 microns. The median is a value at the midpoint of the group, and median for enamel loss is 15 μ Mode for enamel loss is 15 μ that means most frequent or most repetitive enamel loss is 15 μ. The maximum enamel loss was 25 μ, and minimum of that was 10 μ. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that etching enamel with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s loses 15 μ of surface enamel using an economical and efficient custom made profile projector.
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SCARDINI, Iandara de Lima, Marcella Kretli Neves DIAS, Martha Chiabai Cupertino de CASTRO, Ana Paula Albuquerque GUEDES, and Letícia Monteiro PEIXOTO. "Effect of CPP-ACP on enamel eroded extrinsically: in vitro study." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 66, no. 1 (January 2018): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720180001000033193.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of CPP-ACP on tooth enamel that is eroded extrinsically. Methods: Sixty freshly extracted bovine teeth were stored in a solution of thymol (0.1%), cut into enamel blocks (6x6mm), abraded with silicon carbide sandpaper (600, 800 and 1200 grit) and polished with felt. The specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=15), varying the immersion medium , deionized water or citric acid, and the optional use of CPP-ACP. (G1: deionized water; G2: citric acid; G3: deionized water + CPP-ACP; G4: citric acid + CPP-ACP). The samples were subjected to 4 cycles of erosion every day, comprising 5 minutes immersion in one medium and 2 hours of immersion in artificial saliva, for 5 consecutive days. After each erosive cycle, 20 uL of the MI Paste was applied for 5 minutes on one half of the samples and washed with deionized water. Before and after the erosive cycling, the measurements of Vickers hardness and surface roughness were taken. Results: The results were evaluated through statistical testing. The final hardness and roughness values showed no statistically significant difference between G2 and G4. The paste in G4 did not promote an increase in hardness values nor a decrease in roughness values. Conclusion: It was concluded that CPP-ACP was unable to remineralize enamel subjected to extrinsic erosion, being ineffective in preventing erosion of enamel and in the remineralization of the eroded enamel.
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Koulourides, T., and M. C. Chien. "The ICT in situ Experimental Model in Dental Research." Journal of Dental Research 71, no. 3_suppl (April 1992): 822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002203459207100s06.

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The intra-oral cariogenicity test (ICT) in situ experimental model was introduced in 1964 for the study of caries on sample enamel in the human mouth. Slabs of human or bovine enamel are mounted with a Dacron gauze cover in the acrylic flanges of prosthetic appliances. The extent of enamel demineralization or remineralization of lesions is assessed from surface microhardness measurements and microradiography of the enamel sections. The ICT model offers the potential of studying various parameters related to caries. This publication presents a typical ICT study comparing the cariogenicity of 10% sucrose solutions containing 1, 3, 10, and 30 ppm F with that of the control solution, 10% sucrose (without fluoride). The treatments were applied to the ICT as 10-minute extra-oral immersions. The results indicate: (1) a strong effect of F in decreasing demineralization of sound enamel and increasing remineralization of pre-softened enamel in the ICT; (2) pronounced resistance to a subsequent in vitro acid test; (3) pronounced F incorporation into pre-softened enamel; and (4) a characteristic acid-resistant zone, as seen in microradiographs, associated with exposure to F. This in situ model enables one to study experimental caries with repeated testing of enamel that follows the development and/or the regression of subsurface enamel lesions, F incorporation, increased acid resistance, cariogenicity of substrates, and other parameters of caries that can be assessed under standard conditions of tooth substrate and microbial sheltering.
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Degli Esposti, Lorenzo, Andrei C. Ionescu, Eugenio Brambilla, Anna Tampieri, and Michele Iafisco. "Characterization of a Toothpaste Containing Bioactive Hydroxyapatites and In Vitro Evaluation of Its Efficacy to Remineralize Enamel and to Occlude Dentinal Tubules." Materials 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132928.

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Demineralization of dental hard tissues is a well-known health issue and the primary mechanism responsible for caries and dentinal hypersensitivity. Remineralizing toothpastes are nowadays available to improve conventional oral care formulations regarding the prevention and repair of demineralization. In this paper, we analyzed the chemical-physical features of a commercial toothpaste (Biosmalto Caries Abrasion and Erosion, Curasept S.p.A., Saronno, Italy), with particular attention paid to the water-insoluble fraction which contains the remineralizing bioactive ingredients. Moreover, the efficacy of the toothpaste to induce enamel remineralization and to occlude dentinal tubules has been qualitatively and semiquantitatively tested in vitro on human dental tissues using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Our results demonstrated that the water-insoluble fraction contained silica as well as chitosan and poorly crystalline biomimetic hydroxyapatite doped with carbonate, magnesium, strontium, and fluoride ions. The formulation showed excellent ability to restore demineralized enamel into its native structure by epitaxial deposition of a new crystalline phase in continuity with the native one. It was also able to occlude the dentinal tubules exposed completely by acid-etching. Overall, this study demonstrated that the tested toothpaste contained a biomimetic ionic-substituted hydroxyapatite-based active principle and that, within the in vitro conditions analyzed in this study, it was effective in dental hard tissue remineralization.
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Nanjannawar, Lalita G., and Girish S. Nanjannawar. "Effects of a Self-Etching Primer and 37% Phosphoric Acid Etching on Enamel: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 13, no. 3 (2012): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1137.

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ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the etching effects of a self-etching primer with 37% phosphoric acid on enamel by using a scanning electron microscope. Bond strength and the site of bond failure were also determined for brackets bonded using SEP and 37% phosphoric acid. Materials and methods A total of 60 maxillary premolar teeth were used for this study and they were divided into four groups. First two groups were used for studying the different types of etch patterns obtained and the next two groups were used to test the bond strength with the help of Universal testing machine. After debonding, the amount of residual adhesive was assessed according to adhesive remnant index using a stereomicroscope. Results The majority of etch patterns obtained in the 37% phosphoric acid group were type II, whereas in the SEP group, type IV pattern was more common. There was no statistically significant difference between mean bond strengths obtained with the SEP group and the phosphoric acid group. Use of SEP results in less amount of residual adhesive on tooth surface after debonding. Conclusion SEP produces more conservative etch pattern compared to 37% phosphoric acid. Use of SEP for bonding provides similar and clinically acceptable bond strength compared to use of 37% phosphoric acid etching technique and requires less clean-up procedures hence, reduces enamel loss. Clinical significance Use of 37% phosphoric acid for orthodontic bonding yields high bond strength but, causes enamel loss during both etching and debonding. SEPs not only provide adequate bond strength with a more conservative etch pattern but also enable easy debonding, thereby reducing the enamel damage. How to cite this article Nanjannawar LG, Nanjannawar GS. Effects of A Self-Etching Primer and 37% Phosphoric Acid Etching on Enamel: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(3):280-284.
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Campos, Maria de Fátima T. P., Dayanne Monielle Duarte Moura, Boniek Castillo Dutra Borges, Isauremi Vieira de Assuncao, Marilia Regalado Galvão Rabelo Caldas, Jeffrey A. Platt, Mutlu Özcan, and Rodrigo Othávio de Assunção e. Souza. "Influence of Acid Etching and Universal Adhesives on the Bond Strength to Dentin." Brazilian Dental Journal 31, no. 3 (June 2020): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202002884.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the application mode of three universal adhesive systems on interfacial physical properties of indirect composite restorations adhesively cemented to dentin cavities. Seventy-eight bovine lower incisors were selected and a slice of dentin (thickness: 2 mm) between the buccal surface and pulp chamber was obtained for each tooth. Conical cavities were made on this surface. The internal walls of the cavities were then coated with a hydrophilic gel, filled with composite resin and photopolymerized. The dentin/cone sets were divided into 6 groups (n=10) according to type of universal adhesive (TETRI: Tetric N Bond, FUT: Futura Bond U, SBU: Single Bond Universal) and acid etching on dentin (A: with acid etching; WA: without acid etching). The acid etching and the adhesive systems were applied to the surface of the dentin. All composite resin cones were sandblasted (Al2O3, 20 s) and silanized. After surface treatment, the cones were cemented (RelyX Ultimate) into the dentin cavity and photopolymerized. After thermocycling (10,000 cycles), samples were submitted to marginal adaptation analysis (using caries detector dye), push-out test (0.5 mm/min), and failure mode analysis. Additional samples were prepared for nanoleakage analysis (SEM). The data (MPa) were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test (5%). The groups in which the dentin was acid etched showed significantly lower bond strength values in the push-out test (p<0.01). Dentin acid etching significantly reduced the bond strength between universal adhesive systems and dentin in indirect restorative procedures.
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Chi, Minghan, Manlin Qi, Lan A, Ping Wang, Michael Weir, Mary Melo, Xiaolin Sun, et al. "Novel Bioactive and Therapeutic Dental Polymeric Materials to Inhibit Periodontal Pathogens and Biofilms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020278.

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Periodontitis is a common infectious disease characterized by loss of tooth-supporting structures, which eventually leads to tooth loss. The heavy burden of periodontal disease and its negative consequence on the patient’s quality of life indicate a strong need for developing effective therapies. According to the World Health Organization, 10–15% of the global population suffers from severe periodontitis. Advances in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and microbiology of periodontal pocket flora have called for antibacterial therapeutic strategies for periodontitis treatment. Currently, antimicrobial strategies combining with polymer science have attracted tremendous interest in the last decade. This review focuses on the state of the art of antibacterial polymer application against periodontal pathogens and biofilms. The first part focuses on the different polymeric materials serving as antibacterial agents, drug carriers and periodontal barrier membranes to inhibit periodontal pathogens. The second part reviews cutting-edge research on the synthesis and evaluation of a new generation of bioactive dental polymers for Class-V restorations with therapeutic effects. They possess antibacterial, acid-reduction, protein-repellent, and remineralization capabilities. In addition, the antibacterial photodynamic therapy with polymeric materials against periodontal pathogens and biofilms is also briefly described in the third part. These novel bioactive and therapeutic polymeric materials and treatment methods have great potential to inhibit periodontitis and protect tooth structures.
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