Relevant bibliographies by topics / Top-down and bottom-up structure

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Top-down and bottom-up structure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up structure"

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WARREN, DAVID S. "Top-down and Bottom-up Evaluation Procedurally Integrated." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 18, no. 3-4 (July 2018): 706–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068418000194.

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AbstractThis paper describes how the Logic Programming System XSB combines top-down and bottom-up computation through the mechanisms of variant tabling and subsumptive tabling with abstraction, respectively.It is well known that top-down evaluation of logical rules in Prolog has a procedural interpretation as recursive procedure invocation (Kowalski 1986). Tabling adds the intuition of short-circuiting redundant computations (Warren 1992). This paper shows how to introduce into tabled logic program evaluation a bottom-up component, whose procedural intuition is the initialization of a data structure, in which a relation is initially computed and filled, on first demand, and then used throughout the remainder of a larger computation for efficient lookup. This allows many Prolog programs to be expressed fully declaratively, programs which formerly required procedural features, such as assert, to be made efficient.
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McQueen, Donald J., Mark R. S. Johannes, John R. Post, Thomas J. Stewart, and David R. S. Lean. "Bottom‐Up and Top‐Down Impacts on Freshwater Pelagic Community Structure." Ecological Monographs 59, no. 3 (September 1989): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1942603.

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Kitching, R. L. "FOODWEBS INPHYTOTELMATA: “Bottom-Up” and “Top-Down” Explanations for Community Structure." Annual Review of Entomology 46, no. 1 (January 2001): 729–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.729.

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Kunkel, Joseph G. "Modeling the calcium and phosphate mineralization of American lobster cuticle." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 11 (November 2013): 1601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0034.

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Bottom-up modeling of American lobster (Homarus americanus) cuticle explains architecture and function ab initio, from first principles, starting with synthesis of component polymers and progressively building composite structure that should explain observed properties. A top-down perspective decomposes the lobster cuticle starting at the top level of structural complexity and function aiming to descend to the finest detail. Both approaches aim to ultimately model the same cuticle structure. Current bottom-up models of the cuticle do not succeed in explaining key structural and functional detail identified by top-down approaches. Top-down identified structures and associated functions are valuable as bases for potential vulnerabilities to microbial attack. An immediate objective is to inform the bottom-up approach of top-down identified model components critical to cuticle function. Top-down features include detail of protein expression and mineral heterogeneity and their function in observed structures. This function-directed approach provides a better understanding of the distribution and roles of minerals in relation to their immediate cuticle environment. The top-down identified features can hopefully be included in ab initio models to improve our understanding of cuticle design.
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Anitia, Dyah, Yuda Munarko, and Yufis Azhar. "PARSING TWITTER MENGGUNAKAN METODE LEFT-CORNER PARSING DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN POS TAGGER." Jurnal Repositor 2, no. 7 (May 31, 2020): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/repositor.v2i7.203.

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AbstrakPada penelitian ini dilakukan investigasi parser dengan pendekatan left-corner untuk data tweet bahasa Indonesia. Total koleksi tweet sebanyak 850 tweet yang dibagi menjadi tiga kumpulan data, yakni data train POS Tagger, data train dan data uji. Left-corner menggabungkan dua metode yakni top-down dan bottom-up. Dimana top-down digunakan pada proses pengenalan kelas kata dan bottom-up digunakan pada proses pengenalan struktur kalimat. Adapun jenis tag yang digunakan dalam proses top-down berjumlah 23 tagset dan frasa yang digunakan untuk menentukan struktur kalimat frasa yakni frasa nomina, frasa verbal, frasa adjektiva, frasa adverbia dan frasa preposisional. Hasilnya adalah untuk pendekatan left corner mencapai nilai precision 88,29%, nilai recall 68,3% dan F1 measure 77,02%. Nilai yang diperoleh dengan pendekatan left-corner lebih besar dibandingkan nilai dengan pendekatan bottom-up. Hasil dari nilai yang diperoleh dengan bottom up mencapai nilai precision 68,79%, nilai recall 47,12% dan F1 measure 55,9%. Hal ini disebabkan penggunaan kelas kata pada proses top-down berpengaruh pada sturuktur kalimat pada proses bottom up.AbstractIn this research, we investigated parser with left-corner parser approach for data tweet in Indonesian language. The data used was consisted of 850 tweets which divided for into three data set, that is data train for POS Tagger, data train for parser and data test. The left-corner combines two methods, top-down and bottom-up methods. Top-down used for processes a sequence of words, and attaches a part of speech tag to each and bottom-up used for processes a sentence structure. We used 41 tags and the pharse used to define the sentence structure is noun phrase, verbal phrase, adjective pharse, adverd phrase and prepositional pharse. The result was that precision 88,29%, recall 68,3% and F1 measure 77,02% of left-corner approach. The value obtained by the left-corner approach is greater than the value with the bottom-up approach. The result was that precision 68,29%, recall 47,12% and F1 measure 55,9% of bottom-up approach. This is because the use of word class in top-down process affect the sentence structure in the bottom up process. that is because the use of word class in top-down process affect the sentence structure in the bottom up process.
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McQueen, Donald J., John R. Post, and Edward L. Mills. "Trophic Relationships in Freshwater Pelagic Ecosystems." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-195.

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Relative impacts of bottom-up (producer controlled) and top-down (consumer controlled) forces on the biomass and size structure of five major components of freshwater pelagic systems (piscivores, planktivores, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and total phosphorus availability) were estimated. Predictions that emerge are (1) maximum biomass at each trophic level is controlled from below (bottom-up) by nutrient availability, (2) this bottom-up regulation is strongest at the bottom of the food web (i.e. phosphorus → phytoplankton) and weakens by a factor of 2 with each succeeding step up the food web, (3) as energy moves up a food web, the predictability of bottom-up interactions decreases, (4) near the top of the food web, top-down (predator mediated) interactions are strong and have low coefficients of variation, but weaken with every step down the food web, (5) variability around the bottom-up regressions can always be explained by top-down forces, and (6) interplay between top-down and bottom-up effects changes with the trophic status of lakes. In eutrophic lakes, top-down effects are strong for piscivore → zooplankton, weaker for planktivore → zooplankton, and have little impact for zooplankton → phytoplankton. For oligotrophic lakes, the model predicts that top-down effects are not strongly buffered, so that zooplankton → phytoplankton interactions are significant.
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Ruiz-Zambrana, César L., Magdalena Malankowska, and Joaquín Coronas. "Metal organic framework top-down and bottom-up patterning techniques." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 43 (2020): 15139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02207a.

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This perspective comprehensively summarizes the recent state of the art in the use of top-down and bottom-up methodologies to create metal organic framework (MOF) structures with a defined pattern at the nano- and micro-scale.
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Barker, Paul D. "Designing redox metalloproteins from bottom-up and top-down perspectives." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 13, no. 4 (August 2003): 490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-440x(03)00108-8.

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Eicken, Hajo, Finn Danielsen, Josephine-Mary Sam, Maryann Fidel, Noor Johnson, Michael K. Poulsen, Olivia A. Lee, et al. "Connecting Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in Environmental Observing." BioScience 71, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab018.

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Abstract Effective responses to rapid environmental change rely on observations to inform planning and decision-making. Reviewing literature from 124 programs across the globe and analyzing survey data for 30 Arctic community-based monitoring programs, we compare top-down, large-scale program driven approaches with bottom-up approaches initiated and steered at the community level. Connecting these two approaches and linking to Indigenous and local knowledge yields benefits including improved information products and enhanced observing program efficiency and sustainability. We identify core principles central to such improved links: matching observing program aims, scales, and ability to act on information; matching observing program and community priorities; fostering compatibility in observing methodology and data management; respect of Indigenous intellectual property rights and the implementation of free, prior, and informed consent; creating sufficient organizational support structures; and ensuring sustained community members’ commitment. Interventions to overcome challenges in adhering to these principles are discussed.
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Eastwood, Paul D., Sami Souissi, Stuart I. Rogers, Roger A. Coggan, and Craig J. Brown. "Mapping seabed assemblages using comparative top-down and bottom-up classification approaches." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-058.

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Acoustic technologies yield many benefits for mapping the physical structure of seabed environments but are not ideally suited to classifying associated biological assemblages. We tested this assumption using benthic infauna data collected off the south coast of England by applying top-down (supervised) and bottom-up (unsupervised) classification approaches. The top-down approach was based on an a priori acoustic classification of the seabed followed by characterization of the acoustic regions using ground-truth biological samples. By contrast, measures of similarity between the ground-truth infaunal community data formed the basis of the bottom-up approach to assemblage classification. For both approaches, individual assemblages were mapped by first computing Bayesian conditional probabilities for ground-truth stations to estimate the probability of each station belonging to an assemblage. Assemblage distributions were then interpolated over a regular grid and characterized using an indicator value index. While the two methods of classification yielded assemblages and output maps that were broadly comparable, the bottom-up approach arrived at a slightly better defined set of biological assemblages. This suggests that acoustically derived seabed data are not ideally suited to class ifying biological assemblages over unconsolidated sediments, despite offering considerable advantages in providing rapid and low-cost assessments of seabed physical structure.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up structure"

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Goncharov, Alexander. "Magnetization reversal processes in 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' magnetic structures." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414612.

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Vincent, Florian. "Fonctionnement et structure des écosystèmes aquatiques en réponse aux perturbations anthropiques de type bottom-up et top-down." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS472.

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Les activités humaines amplifient ou interfèrent régulièrement avec les forçages « top-down » et « bottom-up » sur les écosystèmes. Pourtant, la réponse des communautés à ces perturbations reste mal comprise. Ma thèse a pour objet de mesurer les effets des top-prédateurs et des nutriments sur la structure et le fonctionnement d’écosystèmes aquatiques expérimentaux. J’ai étudié dans des mésocosmes pélagiques de 9,5 m³ l’effet d’un forçage top-down induit par deux espèces de poissons. Je montre que ces changements de top-prédateurs s’accompagnent d’une réorganisation profonde de la structure du réseau trophique planctonique. Les réorganisations dépendent en partie de la taille des organismes et de leur comportement antiprédateur, mais c’est la phylogénie qui permet le plus efficacement de prédire la réponse du zooplancton aux poissons et les effets en cascade qui en découlent. J’ai également étudié la réponse à un forçage bottom-up par ajouts de phosphore et d’azote dans des macrocosmes de 750 m³ incluant une zone littorale végétalisée. Je montre que l’ajout de nutriments a eu un effet marqué sur la biomasse des producteurs primaires (biofilm, macrophytes littoraux), que les ajouts induisent une abondance plus forte de juvéniles de perche mais la biomasse du zooplancton n’est pas modifiée. La stœchiométrie des organismes et l’activité bactérienne n’ont été que peu changées par l’enrichissement. Ces résultats suggèrent que les effets des forçages bottom-up dans les milieux pélagiques sont bien prédits par la théorie des chaînes trophique mais, à l’échelle d’écosystèmes complexes, les macrophytes et le biofilm peuvent fortement atténuer la réponse à l’enrichissement
Human activities regularly amplify or interfere with top-down and bottom-up forcing on ecosystems. However, the communities' response to these disruptions remains poorly understood. My thesis aims to measure the effects of top-predators and nutrients on the structure and functioning of experimental aquatic ecosystems. I studied in 9.5 m³ pelagic mesocosms the effect of top-down forcing induced by two fish species. I show that these changes in top-predators are accompanied by a profound reorganization of the structure of the planktonic food web. Reorganizations depend in part on the size of organisms and their anti-predatory behaviour, but phylogeny is the most effective way to predict zooplankton response to fish and the resulting cascading effects. I also studied the response to bottom-up forcing by adding phosphorus and nitrogen in 750 m³ macrocosms including a vegetated littoral area. I show that the addition of nutrients has had a significant effect on the biomass of primary producers (biofilm, littoral macrophytes), that the additions induce a higher abundance of juveniles perch but the zooplankton biomass is not modified. The stoichiometry of organisms and bacterial activity were only slightly changed by enrichment. These results suggest that the effects of bottom-up forcings in pelagic environments are well predicted by food chain theory, but at the scale of complex ecosystems, macrophytes and biofilm can strongly reduce the response to enrichment
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Dalstein, Olivier. "Nanoporous thin films structured by top-down & bottom-up approaches : towards smartphone-compatible optical sensors." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066739.

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La structuration multi-échelle (à l’échelle micro- et nanométrique) de matériaux fonctionnels est un thème de recherche particulièrement actif en raison du grand potentiel des dispositifs miniatures utilisables en microélectronique, en optique (contrôle solaire, photonique) en microfluidique (lab-on-a-chip) ou pour de la détection de molécules cibles. Plusieurs techniques de micronanofabrication sont utilisées pour réaliser ces dispositifs miniaturisés. D’une part, des techniques dites « Top-Down » qui sont utilisées pour créer des formes complexes à l’échelle micro- et nanométriques à partir de matériaux massifs. Cette approche repose sur des techniques de lithographie qui offrent une grande liberté sur l’architecture finale du dispositif. Cependant, ce large choix de formes et de structures se fait au prix d’un faible rendement de fabrication qui diminue considérablement le transfert vers la production à grande échelle. A l’inverse, la fabrication de matériaux multi-échelle peut être faite par l’assemblage d’éléments moléculaires (« building blocks »). Cette seconde approche, dite « Bottom-Up » a le mérite de pouvoir être employée sur de grande surfaces mais permet seulement d’obtenir des architectures simples. La combinaison de ces deux approches ouvre un large champ d’exploration et permettrait d’obtenir des structures complexes inédites inaccessibles autrement. Le but de cette thèse est de combiner les approches « Top-Down » et « Bottom-Up » pour obtenir des matériaux à architecture hiérarchique et qui possèdent à la fois des propriétés chimiques et optiques originales. Concrètement, le cœur de ce travail de doctorat a été le dépôt par voie liquide (« Chemical Liquid Deposition ») de couches minces nanoporeuses grâce à une technique de trempage-retrait (« Dip-Coating »). Ce dépôt est suivi d’une structuration induite par évaporation ou bien par lithographie. La nanoporosité de ces couches minces, qui peuvent êtres inorganique ou organique-inorganique (hybride), est induite par un phénomène d’auto-assemblage se déroulant pendant la phase de séchage du film. La structure multi-échelle résultante possède une organisation périodique à l’échelle micro- voire submicrométrique (structure photonique) mais également une nanoporosité (<100 nm) structurée; le dispositif photonique est utilisé pour détecter des vapeurs de Composés Organiques Volatiles (COV). Un accent sera mis sur la compatibilité de ces capteurs optiques avec les caméras de smartphone. Le but final est en effet de fabriquer des capteurs à bas coût, dont la réponse optique est directement lisible par un smartphone
Multi-scale structuration of functional materials at nano- and micro- levels is an active scientific field driven by the tremendous potential of miniaturized devices in microelectronics, optics (light harvesting, photonics), sensing (selective sensors) or microfluidics (lab-on-a-chip). Diverse micro-nanofabrication techniques are exploited for device fabrication. On one hand, Top-Down techniques are developed to fabricate complex micro- and nano- structures from bulk materials; this approach relies on lithography which offers a wide flexibility on the final object architecture but suffers from low-throughput that hinders its use for large-scale production. On the other hand, Bottom-Up techniques based on the assembly of molecular building blocks are suited for the large-scale fabrication of nanostructured materials but are limited to simple architectures. The fruitful combination of both approaches is thus a vast field of investigation with promising technological outcomes.The scope of this thesis is to combine Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches to obtain hierarchical architectures with original chemical characteristics and optical properties. In practical terms, the deposition by Chemical Liquid Deposition (dip-coating) of nanoporous inorganic or organic-inorganic (hybrid) films structured by self-assembly and the subsequent patterning by either lithographic or evaporation-driven patterning will be presented. The resulting multi-scale structures possess periodic micro- or submicro- organization and engineered nanopores (<100 nm) and are used as optical sensing devices for the detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). In the pursuit of simplicity, the compatibility of these sensors with Smartphone technology is emphasized; the final goal is to fabricate low-cost sensors with pronounced chemical selectivity that produce an optical signal directly readable by Smartphone cameras
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WATANABE, Toyohide. "Document Analysis and Recognition." Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15027.

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Kapti, Alican. "Reform and change in police education: Examining the variations in the top-down and bottom-up structures in the process of implementation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11028/.

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This study examines the variations in the practice of implementation in different implementation structures using the case of police education reforms that were undertaken by the Turkish National Police (TNP) in 2001 and 2003. Differentiations and similarities in the top-down and bottom-up structures while practicing the process of implementation were investigated in this study. First, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the process of implementation and structure of implementation. Second, the study introduces TNP education reforms and explains the reasons for the reform. Third, a quantitative approach is used to measure the success of the TNP educational reforms. Specifically, multiple regression analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc tests are used to clarify if police performance in the TNP has improved since the reforms. Fourth, the study uses a qualitative approach to find out how features associated with top-down or bottom up approaches were involved in the process of implementation of the educational reforms. Finally, based upon the views of the participants in the qualitative analysis, the study examines the variations in the practice of implementation between decision makers and the street level bureaucrats.
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Holmquist, Johan. "Formalisation of edit operations for structure editors." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5946.

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Although several systems with structure editors have been built, no model exist to formally describe the edit operations used in such editors. This thesis introduces such a model --- a formalism to describe general structure edit operations for text oriented documents. The model allows free bottom-up editing for any tree-based structural document with a textual content. It can also handle attribute and erroneous structures. Some classes of common structures have been identified and structure editor specifications constructed for them, which can be used and combined in the creation of other structure editors.

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Kapti, Alican McEntire David A. "Reform and change in police education examining the variations in the top-down and bottom-up structures in the process of implementation /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11028.

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Batterbury, Sarah C. E. "Top-down meets bottom-up : institutional performance and the evaluation/monitoring of the EU's small and medium sized enterprise policies in Galicia and Sardinia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264556.

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Mansoorian, Mahfarid [Verfasser], Elke [Akademischer Betreuer] Pahl-Weber, Asef [Akademischer Betreuer] Bayat, Asef [Gutachter] Bayat, and Elke [Gutachter] Pahl-Weber. "Linking conflict and collaboration; bottom-up urban regeneration within top-down structure of urban policy in Istanbul and Tehran / Mahfarid Mansoorian ; Gutachter: Asef Bayat, Elke Pahl-Weber ; Elke Pahl-Weber, Asef Bayat." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1164076531/34.

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Song, Yang. "Protein Primary and Quaternary Structure Elucidation by Mass Spectrometry." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437649750.

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Books on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up structure"

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Fisher, Roy. Top down bottom up. London: Circle Press, 1990.

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Marilyn, Taylor. Top down meets bottom up: Neighbourhood management. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000.

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Totzauer, Florian. Top-down- und Bottom-up-Ansätze im Innovationsmanagement. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06841-7.

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The administration of international organizations: Top down and bottom up. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2002.

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Johnson, H. Thomas. Relevance regained: From top-down control to bottom-up empowerment. New York: Free Press, 1992.

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Peacebuilding, memory and reconciliation: Bridging top-down and bottom-up approaches. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Soewignjo, Ignatius. Hubungan pusat dan daerah dilihat dari pendekatan "bottom-up & top-down". [Jakarta]: Markas Besar Angkatan Bersenjata, Republik Indonesia, Lembaga Pertahanan Nasional, 1992.

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Ironside, R. G. The Alberta forest products industry: Top-down initiatives--bottom-up problems. [Thunder Bay, Ont.]: Lakehead Centre for Northern Studies, 1990.

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Winsor, John. Flipped: How bottom-up co-creation is replacing top-down innovation. Chicago: B2 Books, 2010.

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1959-, Winsor John, ed. Flipped: How bottom-up co-creation is replacing top-down innovation. Chicago: B2 Books, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up structure"

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Raja, Sachin, Ajoy Mondal, and C. V. Jawahar. "Table Structure Recognition Using Top-Down and Bottom-Up Cues." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2020, 70–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58604-1_5.

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Laverack, Glenn. "Bottom-Up and Top-Down." In A–Z of Health Promotion, 14–16. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-35049-7_5.

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Samli, A. Coskun. "Bottom-Up Globalization, Not Top-Down." In Globalization from the Bottom Up, 63–76. New York, NY: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77098-7_6.

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Suter, Andreas, Stefan Vorbach, and Doris Wild-Weitlaner. "Top-down vorgehen, bottom-up mitwirken." In Die Wertschöpfungsmaschine - Prozesse und Organisation strategiegerecht gestalten, 447–68. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446457386.014.

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Pessa, Eliano. "Bottom-Up and Top-Down Mechanisms." In Visual Attention Mechanisms, 61–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0111-4_6.

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Samli, A. Coskun. "Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Management." In Who Stole Our Market Economy?, 131–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53801-3_15.

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Baldwin, Steve. "Planning: top-down or bottom-up?" In The Myth of Community Care, 39–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4439-9_4.

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Donzelli, Aurora. "From “top-down” to “bottom-up”." In Contact Talk, 72–88. New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427848-5.

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Chang, Henry, Edoardo Charbon, Umakanta Choudhury, Alper Demir, Eric Felt, Edward Liu, Enrico Malavasi, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, and Iasson Vassiliou. "Bottom-Up Verification." In A Top-Down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog Integrated Circuits, 153–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8752-5_6.

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Sun, Ron. "Bottom-Up Learning and Top-Down Learning." In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, 479–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_387.

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Conference papers on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up structure"

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Wong, Tak Sing, Branden Brough, Karen L. Christman, Christopher M. Kolodziej, Adam Huang, Robert Lam, Jeffrey G. Forbes, Kuan Wang, Heather D. Maynard, and Chih-Ming Ho. "Manufacture of nanoscale structures through integrated top-down and bottom-up approaches." In 7th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2007.4601154.

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Yang, Da, Junyan Dai, Mingqi Li, and Christopher K. Ober. "The convergence of top-down and bottom-up nanofabrication: formation of 3D structures." In Optics East, edited by Warren Y. Lai, Stanley Pau, and O. Daniel Lopez. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.580239.

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Yefei Gong, Xianzhong Dai, and Xinde Li. "Structured-light based joint recognition using bottom-up and top-down combined visual processing." In 2010 International Conference on Image Analysis and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iasp.2010.5476064.

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Messer, Matthias, Ju¨rgen Grotepaß, Ulrich K. Frenzel, and Jitesh H. Panchal. "Towards a Function-Based Collective Innovation Framework." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86792.

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In this paper, we present a work-in-progress web-based framework to enable collective innovation via a combination of top-down structural and bottom-up self-organized processes in global enterprises. Problem: In current organizations, expertise is usually locked in discipline-specific project teams or departments based on existing product portfolios which restricts collective innovation through distributed networks of peers translating into increased innovation. Innovation projects are managed in stage gate processes using tools (such as proprietary project workspaces or product data management) that limit access to solutions on various levels of maturity/abstraction throughout the enterprise. Approach: Our approach to facilitate collective innovation in the early stages of product development involves identification and implementation of the following collective innovation mechanisms a) collective concept creation, b) collective concept selection, and c) collective information management. These innovation mechanisms are being instantiated in a web-enabled COllective INnovation (COIN) framework to synthesize collaborative bottom-up and structured top-down approaches fostering innovation. The COIN framework is thus based on self-organized collective innovation as well as function-based systematic conceptual design approaches thereby embodying both collaborative bottom-up and structured top-down structured aspects. From the proposed approach to collective innovation through innovation mechanisms and web enabled tools for implementing collaborative bottom-up and structured top-down structured aspects, global enterprises can benefit from the COIN-framework in fostering synergetic R&D-collaborations, know-how transfer and technology scouting during the early stages of product development. The value to global enterprises can further be significantly increased through application-tailored subspaces consisting of a collection of entities, loosely related by user-defined information links (e.g., tags), as exemplified for a sealing subspace and corkscrew design example in this paper.
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Rubayat-E Tanjil, Md, Stanley Agbakansi, Keegan Phayden Suero, Ossie Douglas, Yunjo Jeong, Zhewen Yin, Wyatt Panaccione, and Michael Cai Wang. "Top-Down Processing Towards Ångström-Thin Two-Dimensional (2D) Elemental Metals." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8495.

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Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials have recently garnered significant interest due to their novel and emergent properties. A plethora of 2D materials have been discovered and intensively studied, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, transitionmetal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and other metallic compound MXenes (nitrides, phosphides, and hydroxides), as well as elemental 2D materials (borophene, germanene, phosphorene, silicene, etc.). Considering the widespread interest in conventional van der Waals 2D materials, two-dimensional metallic nanosheets (2DMNS), a recent addition to the 2D materials family, have exhibited diverse potential spanning optics, electronics, magnetics, catalysis, etc. However, the close-packed, non-layered structure and non-directional, isotropic bonding of metallic materials make it difficult to access metals in their 2D forms, unlike 2D van der Waals materials, which have intrinsically layered structure (strong in-plane bonding in addition to the weak interlayer interaction). Until now, conventional top-down and bottom-up synthesis schemes of these 2DMNS have encountered various limitations such as precursor availability, substrate incompatibility, difficulty of control over thickness and stoichiometry, limited thermal budget, etc. To overcome these manufacturing limitations of 2DMNS, here we report a facile, rapid, large-scale, and cost-effective fabrication technique of nanometer-scale copper (Cu) 2DMNS via iterative rolling, folding, and calendering (RFC) that is readily generalizable to other conventional elemental metallic materials. Overall, we successfully show a scalable fabrication technique of 2DMNS.
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Wu, Yizhong, Renbin Xiao, Yifang Zhong, and Hanmin Shi. "A Study on Computer Aided Bionic Design System Based on Self-Organization of Modelons." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/dac-14521.

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Abstract All the design activities of new products are top-down processes, in turn, conceptual design, functional design, structural design and detailed design. Unfortunately, design activity under the most traditional CAD systems belongs to a bottom-up process that has many disadvantages such as low efficiency, difficulty of modification and limitation of original thoughts of designers. This paper will describe a new approach for product design, i.e., computer aided bionic design (CABD), integrating both top-down and bottom-up process, which imitates partible attribute of functional structure and self-organization mechanism of cells of organism. Bionic design includes constructing of modelons that constitute a product through computer aided conceptual design (CACD) and structural design, building of product’s local structural gene and global structural gene through self-organization planning of constraints, generating of modelons and automatic assembling of modelons based on the self-organization mechanism under the control of product structural gene. A prototype system based on this approach has been implemented and an example will be presented in this paper.
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Li, Siyuan. "Deep Reinforcement Learning with Hierarchical Structures." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/681.

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Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL), which enables control at multiple time scales, is a promising paradigm to solve challenging and long-horizon tasks. In this paper, we briefly introduce our work in bottom-up and top-down HRL and outline the directions for future work.
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Oosthuizen, Patrick H., and Neda Mansouri. "A Numerical Study of the Convective Heat Transfer From the Inner Surface of a Recessed Window Covered by a Double-Layer Honeycomb Top Down-Bottom Up Blind." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65883.

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The purpose of the present work was to investigate numerically the effect of the top and/or bottom blind openings on the convective heat transfer from a window fitted with a double-layered top down-bottom up honeycomb blind system. Top down-bottom up systems that utilize so-called honeycomb (or cellular) blinds can be opened at the top and/or the bottom. When a honeycomb blind is fully closed there are two or more vertical blind portions and a series of horizontal or nearly horizontal blind portions which join the vertical portions and form a column of cells. This gives the blind system its honeycomb or cellular structure. When opening a honeycomb blind the vertical portions of the blind bend or fold allowing the overall height of the blind to decrease. A double-layered honeycomb blind is constructed with three vertical blind portions and two columns of cells. A recessed window has been considered in the present study and only the convective heat transfer from the window to the surrounding room has been investigated. The surfaces of the blind are assumed to offer no resistance to heat transfer. The commercial CFD solver ANSYS FLUENT© has been used to obtain the solution. Over the range of parameters considered in this study, both laminar and turbulent flow can occur. The k-ε turbulence model has been used in obtaining the solutions. The convective heat transfer rate from the inner surface of the window, expressed in terms of a mean Nusselt number based on the window height and the difference between the window and the air temperatures, will depend on the Rayleigh number, also based on the window height, and the difference between the window and the air temperatures, the dimensionless top and bottom blind openings, and the dimensionless window recess depth. Variations of the mean Nusselt number with Rayleigh number for various values of these other parameters have been obtained and the results used to study how these other parameters affect the window heat transfer rate.
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Turner, Callaway, Scott Ferguson, and Joseph Donndelinger. "Exploring Heterogeneity of Customer Preference to Balance Commonality and Market Coverage." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48581.

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Offering increased variety in a market is one method of capturing greater market share. However, we generally observe diminishing marginal returns in share as the size of the product line is increased. Leveraging commonality is a means of offsetting this constraint as it leads to reductions in manufacturing costs and build complexity. Product platforms strive to capitalize on the naturally occurring phenomena that yield commonality in a product line. The structure of design variable values of individually optimized products create opportunities for commonality in a bottom-up platform, while a top-down platform discovers opportunities for commonality through similarity in customer preferences. This paper explores the effect of changing the number of products, and commonality between those products, on market share. Results from designing a varying number of products independently are leveraged to create a bottom-up product platform. A top-down product platform approach based on a heterogeneous discrete choice model and a multiobjective genetic algorithm is presented that allow commonality decisions and product configuration to occur simultaneously. Using the platforming techniques presented in this paper, it is shown that the top-down platforming approach allows for more well-informed platformed design by providing knowledge of the tradeoff between commonality and market share.
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Chakrabarti, Partha, Sanjay P. Joshi, and Manoj K. Maiti. "Pull-Down Analysis of Jack-Up Rigs." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29083.

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During demobilization of jack-up rigs, when the rig’s legs are stuck in the seabed due to resistance from the surrounding soil, the hull is lowered more than the neutrally buoyant condition to draw the legs up. This operation of pulling down the hull to provide net upward buoyancy force to extricate the legs is called ‘pull-down’ operation. The hull, being partly underwater, attracts considerable wave forces even during relatively calm weather. Due to the changing support condition at bottom of the leg, while it is being extricated, the natural period of the system changes continuously. The dynamic amplification may be high when the wave periods are close to the natural periods of the structure. This makes it imperative to consider dynamic analyses of the rig. A unique but simplified ‘pull-down’ analysis procedure is developed in this study considering the harmonic wave forces, added mass of the hull in water, boundary condition of the legs in soil, and distributed buoyancy springs under the hull. Wave excitation loads and added mass for the hull are computed using diffraction-radiation analysis of the hull in water. A number of steady state dynamic analyses of the complete jack-up rig structural model have been performed for a range of wave periods, water depths, and drafts of the hull. Three different bottom boundary condition scenarios have been considered — three legs supported, one leg free but two legs still stuck in soil, and two legs free but one leg still stuck. The static and the dynamic load cases are combined to get the maximum effects on the stresses of the leg members. Using this procedure the allowable safe wave heights are predicted for a range of wave periods for a particular water depth, and draft of the hull. Results are presented for one class of jack up rig. The results show that the leg stresses are strongly dependent on the wave periods, indicating the importance of including dynamic effects in the pull-down analysis.
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Reports on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up structure"

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Richards, Whitman. Top-Down Influences on Bottom-Up Processing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada261514.

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Richards, Whitman. Top-Down Influences on Bottom-Up Processing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238235.

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Ploos van Amstel, Dirk, Kuijer Lenneke, and Remko van der Lugt. Psychological Ownership Affordances as Routes to Influence Product Lifetime: Integrating top-down & bottom-up insights. University of Limerick, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/10243.

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Swartzentruber, Brian Shoemaker. "Bottom-up" meets "top-down" : self-assembly to direct manipulation of nanostructures on length scales from atoms to microns. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/984156.

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Richardson, Ruth. Improved Understanding of Microbial Iron and Sulfate Reduction Through a Combination of Bottom-up and Top-down Functional Proteomics Assays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1239632.

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Nicholls, David, Frank Barnes, Felicia Acrea, Chinling Chen, Lara Y. Buluç, and Michele M. Parker. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to greenhouse gas inventory methods—a comparison between national- and forest-scale reporting methods. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-906.

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Suntharasaj, Pattharaporn. Bridging the Missing Link between "Top-down" and "Bottom-up": A Strategic Policy Model for International Collaboration in Science and Technology. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1077.

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Heath, Garvin A. Reconciling Basin-Scale Top-Down and Bottom-Up Methane Emission Measurements for Onshore Oil and Gas Development: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-14-572. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1412102.

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Akasha, Heba, Omid Ghaffarpasand, and Francis Pope. Climate Change and Air Pollution. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.071.

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This rapid literature review explores the interactions between climate change and air pollution, with a focus on human health impacts. In particular, the report explores potential synergies in tackling climate change and air pollution together. The impacts and implications of the transition from a carbon-intensive economy upon air quality and consequently human health are examined. Discussing climate change without air pollution can lead to risks. For example, strategies that focus on electrification and transition to renewable energy achieve maximum health and air quality benefits compared to strategies that focus mainly on combustible renewable fuels (biofuel and biomass) with some electrification. Addressing climate change necessitates a shift towards a new low carbon era. This involves stringent and innovative changes in behaviour, technology, and policy. There are distinct benefits of considering climate change and air pollution together. Many of the processes that cause climate change also cause air pollution, and hence reductions in these processes will generate cleaner air and less global warming. Politically, the consideration of the two issues in tandem can be beneficial because of the time-inconsistency problems of climate change. Air pollution improvements can offer politicians victories, on a useful timescale, to help in their aims of reversing climate change. By coupling air pollution and air pollution agendas together, it will increase the media and political attention both environmental causes receive. Policies should involve the integration of climate change, air quality, and health benefits to create win-win situations. The success of the strategies requires financial and technical capacity building, commitment, transparency, and multidisciplinary collaboration, including governance stakeholders at multiple levels, in both a top-down and bottom-up manner.
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