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Books on the topic 'Top-down and bottom-up structure'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Fisher, Roy. Top down bottom up. London: Circle Press, 1990.

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2

Marilyn, Taylor. Top down meets bottom up: Neighbourhood management. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000.

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3

Totzauer, Florian. Top-down- und Bottom-up-Ansätze im Innovationsmanagement. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06841-7.

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4

The administration of international organizations: Top down and bottom up. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2002.

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5

Johnson, H. Thomas. Relevance regained: From top-down control to bottom-up empowerment. New York: Free Press, 1992.

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6

Peacebuilding, memory and reconciliation: Bridging top-down and bottom-up approaches. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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7

Soewignjo, Ignatius. Hubungan pusat dan daerah dilihat dari pendekatan "bottom-up & top-down". [Jakarta]: Markas Besar Angkatan Bersenjata, Republik Indonesia, Lembaga Pertahanan Nasional, 1992.

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8

Ironside, R. G. The Alberta forest products industry: Top-down initiatives--bottom-up problems. [Thunder Bay, Ont.]: Lakehead Centre for Northern Studies, 1990.

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9

Winsor, John. Flipped: How bottom-up co-creation is replacing top-down innovation. Chicago: B2 Books, 2010.

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10

1959-, Winsor John, ed. Flipped: How bottom-up co-creation is replacing top-down innovation. Chicago: B2 Books, 2010.

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11

Hunt, Martina. 'Top-down' - 'bottom-up'?: A study of women's participation in NGOs in Kyrgyzstan. Oxford: INTRAC, 2001.

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12

Reid, Valerie. From top down to bottom up: A New Zealand guide to financial jargon. Christchurch [N.Z.]: Shoal Bay Press, 1996.

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13

Lemanski, Jens. Summa und System: Historie und Systematik vollendeter bottom-up- und top-down-Theorien. Münster: Mentis, 2013.

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14

Muysken, Pieter. Chapter 5 Linguistic areas, bottom-up or top-down?: The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2014.

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15

Bek, David Lawrence. Post-Apartheid development in South Africa: "top-down" meets "bottom-up" in the Western Cape. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2003.

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16

S, Kikula I., and Research on Poverty Alleviation (Tanzania), eds. When bottom-up meets top-down: The limits of local participation in local government planning in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2005.

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17

Pino, Ed. Remaking our schools: From the bottom up, not the top down : what has gone wrong and new ways to fix it. Menomonie, WI: IGS Pub., 1993.

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18

Zheng, Xin. What happens in the first 200 ms of word reading: ERP studies on visual word recognition with top-down and bottom-up approaches. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Psychology, 2008.

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19

Yayan. Analisis desain dan efektivitas kebijakan energi alternatif berbasis energi terbarukan di Indonesia dengan pendekatan model top-down bottom-up: Penelitian PPM produktif Universitas Padjadjaran : laporan akhir. Bandung: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Universitas Padjadjaran, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 2012.

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20

Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Primary Visual Perception from the Bottom Up. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0008.

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This chapter addresses primary visual perception, detailing how visual information comes about and, as a consequence, which visual properties provide particularly useful information about the environment. The brain extracts this information systematically, and also separates redundant and complementary visual information aspects to improve the effectiveness of visual processing. Computationally, image smoothing, edge detectors, and motion detectors must be at work. These need to be applied in a convolutional manner over the fixated area, which are computations that are predestined to be solved by means of cortical columnar structures in the brain. On the next level, the extracted information needs to be integrated to be able to segment and detect object structures. The brain solves this highly challenging problem by incorporating top-down expectations and by integrating complementary visual information aspects, such as light reflections, texture information, line convergence information, shadows, and depth information. In conclusion, the need for integrating top-down visual expectations to form complete and stable perceptions is made explicit.
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21

Nielsen, Karina Johanna. Bottom-up and top-down forces in tidepools: The influence of nutrients, herbivores, and wave exposure on community structure. 1998.

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22

Nielsen, Karina Johanna. Bottom-up and top-down forces in tidepools: The influence of nutrients, herbivores, and wave exposure on community structure. 1998.

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23

Nigg, Joel T. Self-Regulation, Behavioral Inhibition, and Risk for Alcoholism and Substance Use Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0009.

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Addiction liability involves multiple aspects of the person and the context. The within-person aspects can be organized within a broad temperament framework involving constituents of self-regulation. A fundamental dual-process model helps organize and structure the research program because self-regulation is conceived as involving both bottom-up and top-down capacities. From this perspective, addiction liability emerges and expresses itself in relation to early consolidation of bottom-up appetitive systems, organization of top-down control and executive processes, and progressive assembly of either self-regulation or its disruption in dysregulatory psychopathology such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems. Several key studies supporting this hierarchical and sequential emergence of liability and addiction risk are summarized in this chapter.
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24

Bueno, Otávio, and Steven French. Representing Physical Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815044.003.0005.

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This chapter extends the case study on quantum mechanics to include not only the ‘top-down’ application of group theory to quantum physics but also the ‘bottom-up’ construction of models of the phenomena, with the example of London’s explanation of the superfluid behaviour of liquid helium in terms of Bose–Einstein statistics. We claim that in moving from top to bottom, from the mathematics to what is observed in the laboratory, the models involved and the relations between them can again be accommodated by the partial structures approach, coupled with an appreciation of the heuristic moves involved in scientific work. Furthermore, as in the previous examples, this case fits with our inferential account of the application of mathematics, whereby immersion of the phenomena into the relevant mathematics allows for the drawing down of structure and the derivation of certain results that can then be interpreted at the phenomenological level.
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25

Kirchman, David L. Community structure of microbes in natural environments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0004.

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Community structure refers to the taxonomic types of microbes and their relative abundance in an environment. This chapter focuses on bacteria with a few words about fungi; protists and viruses are discussed in Chapters 9 and 10. Traditional methods for identifying microbes rely on biochemical testing of phenotype observable in the laboratory. Even for cultivated microbes and larger organisms, the traditional, phenotype approach has been replaced by comparing sequences of specific genes, those for 16S rRNA (archaea and bacteria) or 18S rRNA (microbial eukaryotes). Cultivation-independent approaches based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing have revealed that natural microbial communities have a few abundant types and many rare ones. These organisms differ substantially from those that can be grown in the laboratory using cultivation-dependent approaches. The abundant types of microbes found in soils, freshwater lakes, and oceans all differ. Once thought to be confined to extreme habitats, Archaea are now known to occur everywhere, but are particularly abundant in the deep ocean, where they make up as much as 50% of the total microbial abundance. Dispersal of bacteria and other small microbes is thought to be easy, leading to the Bass Becking hypothesis that “everything is everywhere, but the environment selects.” Among several factors known to affect community structure, salinity and temperature are very important, as is pH especially in soils. In addition to bottom-up factors, both top-down factors, grazing and viral lysis, also shape community structure. According to the Kill the Winner hypothesis, viruses select for fast-growing types, allowing slower growing defensive specialists to survive. Cultivation-independent approaches indicate that fungi are more diverse than previously appreciated, but they are less diverse than bacteria, especially in aquatic habitats. The community structure of fungi is affected by many of the same factors shaping bacterial community structure, but the dispersal of fungi is more limited than that of bacteria. The chapter ends with a discussion about the relationship between community structure and biogeochemical processes. The value of community structure information varies with the process and the degree of metabolic redundancy among the community members for the process.
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26

Koch, Charles G., and Brian Hooks. Believe in People: Bottom-Up Solutions for a Top-Down World. Macmillan Audio, 2020.

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27

Berntson, Gary G., Peter J. Gianaros, and Manos Tsakiris. Interoception and the autonomic nervous system: Bottom-up meets top-down. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0001.

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Although the efferent role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in homeostasis has long been recognized, afferent aspects of the ANS—especially interoception—are increasingly recognized to be equally important. Interoception is fundamental to the regulation of internal physiology, particularly as it is coordinated with contextually determined and adaptive behavioral processes. A cardinal but often underappreciated feature of interoception is its role in myriad cognitive and affective processes that are integrated in health and disease. This chapter introduces the concept of interoception and outlines its historical origins and applications in multiple domains of psychology and psychobiology. It provides an overview of its peripheral and central neural substrates, and it outlines how this construct is best conceptualized within a multi-system and multi-level regulatory framework.
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28

Believe in People: Bottom-Up Solutions for a Top-Down World. St. Martin's Press, 2020.

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29

Koch, Charles G., and Brian Hooks. Believe in People: Bottom-Up Solutions for a Top-down World. St. Martin's Press, 2020.

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30

Bueno, Otávio, and Steven French. Unifying with Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815044.003.0006.

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In this chapter, we examine a different case study, where the aim was to unify apparently unrelated domains, such as quantum states, probability assignments, and logical inference. This is John von Neumann’s development of an alternative framework to the Hilbert space formalism he pioneered: one articulated in terms of his theory of operators and what we now call von Neumann algebras. This allowed him to accommodate probabilities in the context of systems with infinite degrees of freedom. Here we find, in addition to ‘top-down’ moves from the mathematics to the physics, ‘bottom-up’ developments from empirical features, to a particular logic and thence to mathematical structures. Through a combination of such moves, crucially involving exploration of the structural relations that hold between the mathematical and the physical domains, von Neumann articulated the kind of unification across such domains that represents a further important aspect of the application of mathematics.
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31

Internet und Partizipation: Bottom-up oder Top-down? Politische Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten im Internet. Springer VS, 2014.

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32

Writing successful grant proposals from the top down and the bottom up. Sage, 2014.

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33

Koenderink, Jan. Visual Illusions? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0008.

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The very definition of “illusion” is elusive. Various distinct ontologies are considered. The concept is tightly bound to the understanding of reality, awareness, “God’s eye,” objectivity, subjectivity, emphatic relations, and several others. Here the distinctions between “illusion,” “ambiguity, “delusion,” and “deception,” are clarified. The very notion of illusion is closely tied to conceptual approaches to mind. Especially the dichotomy between a top-down “controlled hallucination” and a bottom-up “inverse physics” approach accounts for much confusion in the literature. It is suggested that a thoroughly biological approach might be preferable. In such an approach, experimental psychobiology would be a special sub-branch—devoted to the genus homo—of ethology. Does this help to impose a formal structure, such as a partial order, on the zoo of illusions as we know them? Unfortunately, not really. At this moment in history, we are still far from such a reasoned inventory.
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34

Davis, Elizabeth, Robert J. Sternberg, April C. Mason, Jeffrey S. Vitter, and Smith Robert V. Academic Leadership in Higher Education: From the Top down and the Bottom Up. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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35

Hanley, Torrance C., and Kimberley J. La Pierre. Trophic Ecology: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Interactions Across Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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36

Academic Leadership in Higher Education: From the Top down and the Bottom Up. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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37

Hanley, Torrance C., and Kimberly J. La Pierre. Trophic Ecology: Bottom-Up and Top-down Interactions Across Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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38

Khan, Qaiser, Jean-Paul Faguet, and Alemayehu Ambel. Blending Top-Down Federalism with Bottom-Up Engagement to Reduce Inequality in Ethiopia. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/29139.

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39

Proulx, Michael J. The Strategic Control of Attention in Visual Search- Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller e.K., 2007.

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40

Totzauer, Florian. Top-down- und Bottom-up-Ansätze im Innovationsmanagement: Managerverhalten und funktionsübergreifende Zusammenarbeit als Innovationstreiber. Springer Gabler, 2014.

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41

Simms, Leonard, Trevor F. Williams, and Ericka Nus Simms. Assessment of the Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.28.

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We review the current state of the science with respect to the assessment of the Five Factor Model (FFM), a robust structural model of personality that emerged from two distinct traditions: The lexical and questionnaire traditions. The lexical tradition is predicated on the hypothesis that important individual differences in personality are encoded as single words in language. This bottom-up tradition has suggested that five broad factors account for much of the personality variation observed among individuals: Extraversion (or Surgency), Agreeableness, Conscientiousness (or Dependability), Neuroticism (vs. Emotional Stability), and Openness to Experience (or Intellect/Culture). The questionnaire tradition emphasizes the measurement of similar constructs, largely through top-down development of measures. We examine the strengths and limitations associated with existing measures of the FFM and related models, focusing on measures rooted in the lexical and questionnaire traditions. We also consider maladaptive FFM measures and conclude by analyzing important issues in the FFM assessment literature.
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42

Silke, Tönshoff, and Weida Andreas 1965-, eds. Where top-down, where bottom-up?: Selected issues for regional strategies in the European Union. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.

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43

Goddard, Larry. Top-down vision and bottom-up management: A collaborative and motivational path to business success. York, 2002.

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44

Timilsina, Govinda, Jun Pang, and Xi Yang. Linking Top-Down and Bottom-Up Models for Climate Policy Analysis: The Case of China. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8905.

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45

Jakarta, BAPPEDA DKI, ed. Dimensi partisipasi: Keterpaduan bottom up-top down dalam rangka penyusunan program/proyek pembangunan di DKI Jakarta. [Jakarta]: Pemerintah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, 1991.

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46

Jakarta, BAPPEDA DKI, ed. Dimensi partisipasi: Keterpaduan bottom up-top down dalam rangka penyusunan program/proyek pembangunan di DKI Jakarta. [Jakarta]: Pemerintah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, 1991.

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47

Hartcher-O'Brien, Jess, Salvador Soto-Faraco, and Ruth Adam, eds. A Matter of Bottom-Up or Top-Down Processes: The Role of Attention in Multisensory Integration. Frontiers Media SA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-193-7.

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48

photographer, Gowdy Thayer Allyson, ed. Up, down, all-around stitch dictionary: More than 150 stitch patterns to knit top down, bottom up, back and forth, and in the round. 2014.

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49

Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0009.

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While bottom-up visual processing is important, the brain integrates this information with top-down, generative expectations from very early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Indeed, our brain should not be viewed as a classification system, but rather as a generative system, which perceives something by integrating sensory evidence with the available, learned, predictive knowledge about that thing. The involved generative models continuously produce expectations over time, across space, and from abstracted encodings to more concrete encodings. Bayesian information processing is the key to understand how information integration must work computationally – at least in approximation – also in the brain. Bayesian networks in the form of graphical models allow the modularization of information and the factorization of interactions, which can strongly improve the efficiency of generative models. The resulting generative models essentially produce state estimations in the form of probability densities, which are very well-suited to integrate multiple sources of information, including top-down and bottom-up ones. A hierarchical neural visual processing architecture illustrates this point even further. Finally, some well-known visual illusions are shown and the perceptions are explained by means of generative, information integrating, perceptual processes, which in all cases combine top-down prior knowledge and expectations about objects and environments with the available, bottom-up visual information.
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50

Bernard, Wendy. Japanese Stitches Unraveled: 160+ Stitch Patterns to Knit Top Down, Bottom Up, Back and Forth, and In the Round. Harry N. Abrams, 2018.

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