Relevant bibliographies by topics / Top-down approach

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Top-down approach'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Top-down approach"

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Gavan, Khashayar Babaei, Jan H. Rector, Kier Heeck, Dhwajal Chavan, Grzegorz Gruca, Tjerk H. Oosterkamp, and Davide Iannuzzi. "Top-down approach to fiber-top cantilevers." Optics Letters 36, no. 15 (July 27, 2011): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.36.002898.

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Kiryluk-Dryjska, Ewa. "CONFLICT BOTTOM UP-TOP DOWN: GAME THEORETIC APPROACH." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 477 (2017): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.477.10.

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Mathieu, R. G. "Top-down approach to computing." Computer 35, no. 1 (2002): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.976930.

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Inomjonovna, Mannonova Shahnoza. "BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN APPROACHES IN ENGLISH LESSONS." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-12-30.

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Top-down and bottom-up approach are essential in teaching English, especially reading and listening. In teaching English at academic lyceums and schools it is required using both of them in order to increase the level effectiveness of learning new theme. Top-down processing leads the learners to have the general idea first and eventually into the details. Bottom-up approach pays attention to small units in the text or listening first and from details to the main idea of the text. The purpose of this article is to give detailed description of top-down and bottom-up approaches and an example of the lesson where these approaches used in the way of activities with some exercises.
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Hocken, Robert J., R. Fesperman, J. Overcash, O. Ozturk, and C. Stroup. "Engineering Nanotechnology: The Top Down Approach." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.3.

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Nanotechnology can be defined as “the study, development and processing of materials, devices, and systems in which structure on a dimension of less than 100 nm is essential to obtain the required functional performance.” There are currently two very different approaches to nanotechnology, the first and more classical approach is commonly called engineering nanotechnology. This approach involves using classical deterministic mechanical and electrical engineering principles to build structures with tolerances at levels approaching a nanometer. The other approach, sometimes called molecular nanotechnology, is concerned with self-assembled machines and the like and is far more speculative. At UNC Charlotte’s Center for Precision Metrology we have been working in engineering nanotechnology for more than a decade. We started with molecular manipulation with scanning probe microscopes in the late 1980s [1] and have continued to develop new measurement systems [2], nano-machining systems [3,4], and nano-positioning devices. One of the largest challenges is precision motion control of macroscopic stages. Currently we have three stages under development or modification. The first is the Sub Atomic Measuring Machine (SAMM) [5] which is being modified to provide picometer resolution; the second is the Multi-Scale Alignment and Positioning System (MAPS) initially to be used for nanoimprinting; the third is an Ultra-Precision Vacuum Stage [6], which is the subject of another paper in this conference. This paper will discuss the first two systems.
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Mishra, P. "Processor validation: a top-down approach." IEEE Potentials 24, no. 1 (February 2005): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mp.2005.1405799.

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Chen, Jiquan. "Landscape Ecology: A Top–Down Approach." Ecological Engineering 18, no. 4 (March 2002): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8574(02)00006-x.

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The Lancet. "A top-down approach to diabetes." Lancet 377, no. 9779 (May 2011): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60714-9.

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Heckman, Jonathan J., and Tom Rudelius. "Top down approach to 6D SCFTs." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 52, no. 9 (February 1, 2019): 093001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/aafc81.

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Hothorn, Torsten. "Top-down transformation choice." Statistical Modelling 18, no. 3-4 (January 15, 2018): 274–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1471082x17748081.

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Simple models are preferred over complex models, but over-simplistic models could lead to erroneous interpretations. The classical approach is to start with a simple model, whose shortcomings are assessed in residual-based model diagnostics. Eventually, one increases the complexity of this initial overly simple model and obtains a better-fitting model. I illustrate how transformation analysis can be used as an alternative approach to model choice. Instead of adding complexity to simple models, step-wise complexity reduction is used to help identify simpler and better interpretable models. As an example, body mass index (BMI) distributions in Switzerland are modelled by means of transformation models to understand the impact of sex, age, smoking and other lifestyle factors on a person's BMI. In this process, I searched for a compromise between model fit and model interpretability. Special emphasis is given to the understanding of the connections between transformation models of increasing complexity. The models used in this analysis ranged from evergreens, such as the normal linear regression model with constant variance, to novel models with extremely flexible conditional distribution functions, such as transformation trees and transformation forests.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Top-down approach"

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Sakellaridou, Irini. "A top-down analytic approach to architectural composition." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504524.

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This thesis is an exercise in theory with an empirical exercise. It deals with the traditional architectural ideas of 'composition' and 'parti', and applies a formal analytic approach to them. It takes a top-down approach to the notion of 'composition', which tries to reflect the way architects think, and looks at the 'parti' as the deep structure of the building, which is abstract, global, and capable of many realisations. As a case study, 19 houses of Mario Botta are analysed. The purpose of the empirical exercise is to explore how far it is possible to produce an analytic construction of the notion of 'parti'. It asks: are there formal top-down themes which underly the composition of the houses and have to do with their relational structure? After the description of the houses a formal analysis of the identified themes takes place. These formal top-down themes are defined as rules. A distinction is made between the nature of the rule, the degree of its realisation and the domains (mass, elevations, plan) of its realisation. Formal analysis, thus, measures properties of the mass, the elevations and the plan. What analysis shows is that the interrelations of the rules define the 'parti'. Three phases are identified in the development of the 'parti' of the houses which show an evolution of it from combinations to structure. A distinction between a short and a long genotype for order is thus made, as well as a distinction between the intension and the extension of the rule seen as a relation. In the last part the thesis explores what these findings suggest towards theory building as well as implications for further research by addressing the notion of relation and by defining two different types of interrelations.
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Santhana, Krishnan Archanaa. "Top-down Approach To Securing Intermittent Embedded Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105128.

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The conventional computing techniques are based on the assumption of a near constant source of input power. While this assumption is reasonable for high-end devices such as servers and mobile phones, it does not always hold in embedded devices. An increasing number of Internet of Things (IoTs) is powered by intermittent power supplies which harvest energy from ambient resources, such as vibrations. While the energy harvesters provide energy autonomy, they introduce uncertainty in input power. Intermittent computing techniques were proposed as a coping mechanism to ensure forward progress even with frequent power loss. They utilize non-volatile memory to store a snapshot of the system state as a checkpoint. The conventional security mechanisms do not always hold in intermittent computing. This research takes a top-down approach to design secure intermittent systems. To that end, we identify security threats, design a secure intermittent system, optimize its performance, and evaluate our design using embedded benchmarks. First, we identify vulnerabilities that arise from checkpoints and demonstrates potential attacks that exploit the same. Then, we identify the minimum security requirements for protecting intermittent computing and propose a generic protocol to satisfy the same. We then propose different security levels to configure checkpoint security based on application needs. We realize configurable intermittent security to optimize our generic secure intermittent computing protocol to reduce the overhead of introducing security to intermittent computing. Finally, we study the role of application in intermittent computing and study the various factors that affect the forward progress of applications in secure intermittent systems. This research highlights that power loss is a threat vector even in embedded devices, establishes the foundation for security in intermittent computing.
Doctor of Philosophy
The embedded systems are present in every aspect of life. They are available in watches, mobile phones, tablets, servers, health aids, home security, and other everyday useful technology. To meet the demand for powering up a rising number of embedded devices, energy harvesters emerged as a solution to provide an autonomous solution to power on low-power devices. With energy autonomy, came energy scarcity that introduced intermittent computing, where embedded systems operate intermittently because of lack of constant input power. The intermittent systems store snapshots of their progress as checkpoints in non-volatile memory and restore the checkpoints to resume progress. On the whole, the intermittent system is an emerging area of research that is being deployed in critical locations such as bridge health monitoring. This research is focused on securing intermittent systems comprehensively. We perform a top-down analysis to identify threats, mitigate them, optimize the mitigation techniques, and evaluate the implementation to arrive at secure intermittent systems. We identify security vulnerabilities that arise from checkpoints to demonstrate the weakness in intermittent systems. To mitigate the identified vulnerabilities, we propose secure intermittent solutions to protect intermittent systems using a generic protocol. Based on the implementation of the generic protocol and its performance, we propose several optimizations based on the needs of the application to securing intermittent systems. And finally, we benchmark the security properties using two-way relation between security and application in intermittent systems. With this research, we create a foundation for designing secure intermittent systems.
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Chandra, Naveen. "A top-down approach to delta-sigma modulator design /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32955.

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This work presents the use of a new design methodology for the creation of analog integrated circuit components featuring optimization with Matlab and Simulink. This procedure allows circuit design to take place at the highest level of abstraction, and has the added advantage that designs can be implemented with currently used, and widely available tools. It results in building block requirements being specified prior to the undertaking of transistor level simulations, thereby saving much valued design time.
Also presented are the issues behind the design of an audio-band, single bit switched capacitor delta-sigma modulator with 16 bits of performance. This begins with the filtering function design, continues with the realization in a low voltage standard CMOS process, and concludes with experimental measurements to gauge performance. The creation of the modulator was carried out using the proposed top-down design methodology, and its experimental performance is used to help validate the procedure.
In addition, the design and fabrication of a multibit DeltaSigma modulator including a novel internal DAC was carried out. The multibit DAC is based on encoding DC levels into digital PDM bitstreams, which are then decoded by a single analog filter. The use of a single filtering path reduces mismatch effects in the DAC. The functionality, performance, and limitations are explored by examining the experimental results of a 2.5 V, audio-band, 2nd order, 3-bit DeltaSigma modulator in a 0.25 mum CMOS process.
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Laurinen, P. (Perttu). "A top-down approach for creating and implementing data mining solutions." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514281268.

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Abstract The information age is characterized by ever-growing amounts of data surrounding us. By reproducing this data into usable knowledge we can start moving toward the knowledge age. Data mining is the science of transforming measurable information into usable knowledge. During the data mining process, the measurements pass through a chain of sophisticated transformations in order to acquire knowledge. Furthermore, in some applications the results are implemented as software solutions so that they can be continuously utilized. It is evident that the quality and amount of the knowledge formed is highly dependent on the transformations and the process applied. This thesis presents an application independent concept that can be used for managing the data mining process and implementing the acquired results as software applications. The developed concept is divided into two parts – solution formation and solution implementation. The first part presents a systematic way for finding a data mining solution from a set of measurement data. The developed approach allows for easier application of a variety of algorithms to the data, manages the work chain, and differentiates between the data mining tasks. The method is based on storage of the data between the main stages of the data mining process, where the different stages of the process are defined on the basis of the type of algorithms applied to the data. The efficiency of the process is demonstrated with a case study presenting new solutions for resistance spot welding quality control. The second part of the concept presents a component-based data mining application framework, called Smart Archive, designed for implementing the solution. The framework provides functionality that is common to most data mining applications and is especially suitable for implementing applications that process continuously acquired measurements. The work also proposes an efficient algorithm for utilizing cumulative measurement data in the history component of the framework. Using the framework, it is possible to build high-quality data mining applications with shorter development times by configuring the framework to process application-specific data. The efficiency of the framework is illustrated using a case study presenting the results and implementation principles of an application developed for predicting steel slab temperatures in a hot strip mill. In conclusion, this thesis presents a concept that proposes solutions for two fundamental issues of data mining, the creation of a working data mining solution from a set of measurement data and the implementation of it as a stand-alone application.
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Ma, Chuan. "A computational approach to top-down hierarchical supervisory control of DES." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0004/MQ45611.pdf.

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Brady, Eric Bonham. "Security Analysis: A Suggested Method for a Comprehensive Top-Down Approach." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/319941.

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Alhajj, Tarek. "TCSIM: a top-down approach to mixed-signal circuits and systems design." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19236.

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Design methodologies have evolved over the years, especially due to shrinking transistors in CMOS technology. This has encouraged the use of behavioural modelling in Matlab and Simulink over other less accurate or time consuming options for design and simulation, hence the development of TCSIM (Top-down Circuit Simulation In Matlab). The following components are modelled for this initial prototype: the output voltage limitation of operational amplifiers (opamps), the current limitation and parasitic capacitances of operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs), the finite and nonlinear variation of on resistance in switches, and the nonideal behaviour of switched capacitor (SC) integrators. This is complemented by an analysis of the noise in these circuits. The models are verified with Cadence simulations and are shown to be both accurate and easy to map to the circuit level. It is also possible to optimize complete systems to efficiently meet specifications. The top-down methodology is demonstrated with the design of a delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to be both accurate and simple with TCSIM.
Les methodologies de conception ont evolue au fil des annees, notamment en raison de la diminution de la taille des transistors dans la technologie CMOS. Ceci a favorise l'utilisation de la modelisation comportementale a l'aide de Matlab et Simulink, en remplacement des anciennes techniques qui etaient moins precises et demandaient plus de temps, ce qui a mene au developpement de TCSIM (Topdown Circuit Simulation In Matlab). Dans le cadre de ce prototype initial, les composantes suivantes ont ete modelisees: la limitation du voltage de sortie des amplificateurs operationnels (opamps), la limitation du courant et de la capacitance parasitique des amplificateurs-transconductance operationnels (OTAs), les variations finies et non-lineaire de la resistance des interrupteurs et le comportement non-ideal des integrateurs a condensateur commute. A ces modelisations s'ajoute une analyse du bruit dans ces circuits. Les modeles ont ete valides a l'aide de simulations dans Cadence. Ces simulations demontrent la precision des modeles mais aussi la facilite avec laquelle ils peuvent etre transposes au niveau circuit. Les modeles permettent l'optimisation de systemes complets en vue d'atteindre les specifications. La methodologie "top-down" est illustree a l'aide du design d'un convertisseur analogue-a-digital (ADC) delta-sigma. Le travail demontre la facilite avec laquelle ce design peut etre effectue grace a TCSIM.
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MARONGIU, DANIELA. "Top down and bottom up approach to self-assemble functional porous films." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19116.

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A double simultaneous approach has been used in this doctorate work in order to obtain complex multi-functional porous materials which can fi nd application in bio-senors and lab-on-a-chip devices. On one side a method to achieve an increase in the biological analyte detection within the mesoporous fi lms has been studied through the application of deep x-ray lithography. This technique causes multiple effects on the fi lm allowing to easily obtain the final desired structure. On the other hand, wider pores than mesopores are required for the use of thin films as a host for biological species, both due to the size requirement and for the easier pores accessibility by mean of larger pores. The possibility to tune important parameters such as pore size and shape and pore accessibility or selectivity has been achieved in this work thus giving rise to multi-functional macro-mesoporous materials in form of thin films.
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Andison, R. Mark. "Community futures : an evaluation of a top-down approach to community economic development." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29894.

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Communities throughout Canada have been faced with economic problems as a result of global restructuring, national and regional recessions, and a reduced demand for primary resource commodities. Over the course of the past decade those communities have begun to utilize various forms of community economic development (CED) strategies to overcome local economic problems. Although CED has been interpreted in various ways, resulting in no single readily identifiable definition of the term, a few concepts seem to prevail throughout most of the interpretations. Generally, CED is a process which involves community members banding together to initiate their own solutions to their common economic problems. There are, however, several impediments to this bottom-up approach to economic development Community Futures, a program sponsored by the federal government, has been designed to promote and facilitate CED by helping to remove some of those impediments. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the extent to which a government program, namely Community Futures, can promote CED. A three part methodology has been used to accomplish this goal. First, a review of the relevant CED literature was performed to determine the goals of this approach to economic development and the impediments which exist. Four goals were identified: self-reliance, local control, institution-building, and equity. Self-reliance can be achieved through policies which decrease the level of economic leakages from the community and by recognizing the significance of the informal economy. Local control is a key element of the CED model. The goal is to increase the broader community's political control over the local economy through increased participation in community affairs. Local control manifests itself in institution-building processes. Community-based institutions allow the community to better control its collective economic destiny and ensure equitable access to resources by all community members, through policies which decrease the level of economic leakages from the community and by recognizing the significance of the informal economy. Local control is a key element of the CED model. The goal is to increase the broader community's political control over the local economy through increased participation in community affairs. Local control manifests itself in institution-building processes. Community-based institutions allow the community to better control its collective economic destiny and ensure equitable access to resources by all community members. The impediments to bottom-up CED are: difficulty accessing financial resources, difficulty accessing information, and underdeveloped human resources. These are the impediments which government programs should attempt to overcome to facilitate the CED process. The second part of the methodolgy consisted of a historic review of Canadian regional and local economic development policy to determine the nature of top-down economic development in Canada. This study found some of the relevant trends which have developed throughout the past decades, thus placing Community Futures into its appropriate historical context. Among the trends which emerged, we witness that policy: has been slow to develop; has lacked significant innovation; has traditionally been firmly controlled by the federal bureaucracy; has been influenced by political disputes at all levels; has been subject to the quantifiable, efficiency indicators which characterize the policy analysis approach to planning; and has regularly failed to meet its prescribed objectives. Having analyzed the relevant theory and practice, the third part of the methodology studied the policy design of Community Futures to determine the program's ability to overcome the impediments to bottom-up CED and thereby facilitate the acheivement of the goals described by CED writers. Eligibility requirements of the program, such as unemployment and minimum levels of economic infrastructure, restrict the ability of the program to operate comprehensively and be universally available. Other eligibility requirements, such as minimum population requirements and ministerial approval requirements tend to be counterproductive to the local control objective of CED. A positive effect of the program is its ability to facilitate institution-building through the use of a community-based Community Futures Committee. However, the ability of that committee to develop a community-based plan is restricted by the limited nature of the program and by the onerous procedural guidelines set by CEIC. Five broad conclusions concerning government involvement in CED programs are drawn from the literature review, the historical review, and the Community Futures case study. First, top-down strategies do, to a degree, have the potential to promote the goals of CED by addressing the impediments to the bottom-up approach. Second, the state's potential ability to promote comprehensive CED is impeded by the scale and national focus of top-down programs. Third, the government's sectoral structure also acts as an impediment to comprehensive top-down CED. Fourth, programs which are considered to be bureaucratic innovations may not be substantially different from those programs which preceded them. And finally, quantitative techniques of analysis and evaluation which characterize the policy analysis approach to planning are not capable of assessing the success of communities in achieving the ‘softer’ goals advocated by CED proponents.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Lee, Jun-Youl. "A new approach of top-down induction of decision trees for knowledge discovery." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Books on the topic "Top-down approach"

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James, Sanderson, and Harris Larry D, eds. Landscape ecology: A top-down approach. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 2000.

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1956-, Ross Keith W., ed. Computer networking: A top-down approach. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2012.

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Adair, James. Problem solving: A top-down approach. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1989.

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1956-, Ross Keith W., ed. Computer networking: A top-down approach. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2007.

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Scragg, Greg W. Computer organization: A top-down approach. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

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1956-, Ross Keith W., ed. Computer networking: A top-down approach. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2012.

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Firouz, Mosharraf, ed. Computer networks: A top-down approach. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012.

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Problem solving: A top-down approach. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1989.

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Computer organization: A top-down approach. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

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1956-, Ross Keith W., ed. Computer networking: A top-down approach. 5th ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Top-down approach"

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Krauthausen, Clemens. "Subjects vs. Objects – A Top-Down Approach." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 163–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29133-3_11.

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Piotrowski, Jacek. "Top-Down Approach to Image Similarity Measures." In Computer Vision and Graphics, 66–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02345-3_7.

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Nunes, Rui M. D. "Sculpting Nanometric Patterns: The Top-down Approach." In Ideas in Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, 379–400. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527630530.ch15.

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Zhang, Xiaojing. "The Path of Reform: Grassroots Explorations and Top-Down Design." In The Chinese Approach, 1–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1899-4_1.

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Sun, Yaguang, and Bernhard Bauer. "A Novel Top-Down Approach for Clustering Traces." In Advanced Information Systems Engineering, 331–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19069-3_21.

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Yiu, Sze-Chun, Cheuk-Lam Ho, and Wai-Yeung Wong. "Nanopatterning of Functional Metallopolymers via Top-Down Approach." In Polymer-Engineered Nanostructures for Advanced Energy Applications, 51–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57003-7_3.

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Delsanto, Pier Paolo, and S. Hirsekorn. "Towards a Top-Down Approach in Materials Science." In Universality of Nonclassical Nonlinearity, 3–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35851-2_1.

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Edwards, Erik, Amanda Robinson, Najmeh Sadoughi, Greg P. Finley, Maxim Korenevsky, Michael Brenndoerfer, Nico Axtmann, Mark Miller, and David Suendermann-Oeft. "Speaker Diarization: A Top-Down Approach Using Syllabic Phonology." In Speech and Computer, 123–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99579-3_14.

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Yu, Christine Y., and Daniel W. Hommes. "Step-Up vs. Top-Down Approach in Crohn’s Disease." In Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, 481–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33703-6_48.

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Kranzlmüller, Dieter, Roland Hügl, and Jens Volkert. "MAD—A top down approach to parallel program debugging." In High-Performance Computing and Networking, 1207–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100691.

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Conference papers on the topic "Top-down approach"

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Reek, Margaret M. "A top-down approach to teaching programming." In the twenty-sixth SIGCSE technical symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/199688.199696.

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Bellini, Alexandre, Antonio Francisco do Prado, and Luciana Aparecida Martinez Zaina. "Top-Down Approach for Web Services Development." In 2010 Fifth International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciw.2010.71.

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"A Top-down Approach to Combining Logics." In International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004324803460351.

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Ekielski, Marek, Marek Wzorek, Marcin Juchniewicz, Eliana Kaminska, Anna Piotrowska, and Pawel Prystawko. "Novel approach of top-down GaN nanorods fabrication." In 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2015.7388779.

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Garcia-Bernardo, Javier, and Margaret J. Eppstein. "Evolving small GRNs with a top-down approach." In GECCO '14: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2598394.2598443.

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Larmuth, James N., Willem A. Landamn, and Paul Gauché. "A top-down approach to heliostat cost reduction." In SOLARPACES 2015: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4949037.

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Muhammad Yasin, Muhammad Yazuwan Sallij, Ir Suhana Muhammad, Wan Fatin Izyan Wan Mohd Zamri, and Shahrul Nizam Mohd Radzi. "Top-Down Approach to Area Development Plan Maturation." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206054-ms.

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Abstract In maturing an Area Development Plan (ADP), most of the data used are incomplete, too fragmented, or sometime due to time constraint; need to be deduced down to assumptions. Due to this fact, an ADP is bound to have updates, even during the course of maturing it. This is where the issue starts. Since the conventional approach is "bottom-up", room to accommodate changes is limited; at times require the whole proposal to be reworked. This is because it focuses on getting the best development concept for a given field first before rolling it up to study the network/interrelationship between fields. A "top-down" approach in maturing an ADP intends to better assist any given team to be agile whilst focusing on value added solutions from a strategic bird's eye point of view. The approach in discussion was adopted and tested to a regional ADP study in year 2020 which initially involves more than 1000 fields (discovered, prospects, and leads). This approach allows for any changes throughout the course of maturing the ADP because, its main focus is to get the best network/interrelationship between fields first, before focusing on the development concept of each of the fields. Other benefits that can be observed by adopting the approach in discussion is a shorter study duration. Based on the case study, the study duration was reduced from 10 months to 6.5 months. With shorter duration too, can help the Company in better manage its manpower resources to focus on things that matters.
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Peña, Joaquín, Rafael Corchuelo, and José L. Arjona. "A top down approach for MAS protocol descriptions." In the 2003 ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/952532.952544.

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Daofei Li, Bin Li, Fan Yu, Shangqian Du, and Yongchao Zhang. "A top-down integration approach to vehicle stability control." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icves.2007.4456383.

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Rafsanjani, Amir Jahangard, and Seyed-Hassan Mirian-Hosseinabadi. "A top down approach to semi-structured database design." In 2009 Second International Conference on the Applications of Digital Information and Web Technologies (ICADIWT). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icadiwt.2009.5273935.

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Reports on the topic "Top-down approach"

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Campbell, Bryan, and Michel Magnan. Towards the new bioeconomy: Bio-manufacturing as a strategic economic development initiative for Quebec. CIRANO, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/aktj9050.

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Globally, the bioeconomy can be defined as the domain of the economy based on products, services and processes derived from biological resources. In this regard, synthetic biology refers to the characteristics of a field derived from biology that has developed over the past thirty years thanks to advances in applied genetics and bioengineering. Some predict that the future economy will primarily be a bioeconomy based on these emerging techniques, which are consistent with the decarbonization of our economy. We first describe the international reality of the "Bio Revolution" and then aim to assess Quebec's position. Next, we present some government policies following a top-down approach from different jurisdictions. A case study of a Montreal-based company allows us to highlight the problems it faced in attracting the financial capital needed for its growth. Another critical issue in the field is the scalability of production processes. We explore this issue further in agritech, a high potential sector but whose realization faces several socio-economic challenges. This analysis serves as a backdrop to our recommendations to develop a roadmap for government support for synthetic biology.
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Nicholls, David, Frank Barnes, Felicia Acrea, Chinling Chen, Lara Y. Buluç, and Michele M. Parker. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to greenhouse gas inventory methods—a comparison between national- and forest-scale reporting methods. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-906.

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Eyal, Yoram, and Sheila McCormick. Molecular Mechanisms of Pollen-Pistil Interactions in Interspecific Crossing Barriers in the Tomato Family. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573076.bard.

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During the evolutionary process of speciation in plants, naturally occurring barriers to reproduction have developed that affect the transfer of genes within and between related species. These barriers can occur at several different levels beginning with pollination-barriers and ending with hybrid-breakdown. The interaction between pollen and pistils presents one of the major barriers to intra- and inter-specific crosses and is the focus of this research project. Our long-term goal in this research proposal was defined to resolve questions on recognition and communication during pollen-pistil interactions in the extended tomato family. In this context, this work was initiated and planned to study the potential involvement of tomato pollen-specific receptor-like kinases (RLK's) in the interaction between pollen and pistils. By special permission from BARD the objectives of this research were extended to include studies on pollen-pistil interactions and pollination barriers in horticultural crops with an emphasis on citrus. Functional characterization of 2 pollen-specific RLK's from tomato was carried out. The data shows that both encode functional kinases that were active as recombinant proteins. One of the kinases was shown to accumulate mainly after pollen germination and to be phosphorylated in-vitro in pollen membranes as well as in-vivo. The presence of style extract resulted in dephosphorylation of the RLK, although no species specificity was observed. This data implies a role for at least one RLK in pollination events following pollen germination. However, a transgenic plant analysis of the RLK's comprising overexpression, dominant-negative and anti-sense constructs failed to provide answers on their role in pollination. While genetic effects on some of the plants were observed in both the Israeli and American labs, no clear functional answers were obtained. An alternative approach to addressing function was pursued by screening for an artificial ligand for the receptor domain using a peptide phage display library. An enriched peptide sequence was obtained and will be used to design a peptide-ligand to be tested for its effect o pollen germination and tube growth. Self-incompatibility (SI) in citrus was studied on 3 varieties of pummelo. SI was observed using fluorescence microscopy in each of the 3 varieties and compatibility relations between varieties was determined. An initial screen for an S-RNase SI mechanism yielded only a cDNA homologous to the group of S-like RNases, suggesting that SI results from an as yet unknown mechanism. 2D gel electrophoresis was applied to compare pollen and style profiles of different compatibility groups. A "polymorphic" protein band from style extracts was observed, isolated and micro-sequenced. Degenerate primers designed based on the peptide sequence date will be used to isolate the relevant genes i order to study their potential involvement in SI. A study on SI in the apple cultivar Top red was initiated. SI was found, as previously shown, to be complete thus requiring a compatible pollinator variety. A new S-RNase allele was discovered fro Top red styles and was found to be highly homologous to pear S-RNases, suggesting that evolution of these genes pre-dated speciation into apples and pears but not to other Rosaceae species. The new allele provides molecular-genetic tools to determine potential pollinators for the variety Top red as well as a tool to break-down SI in this important variety.
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Yorulmaz, Merve, and Susanne Bührer-Topçu. The impact of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). A co-created template with a compilation of the scientific, societal and economic impacts of RRI. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.548.

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In this paper, we show how the policy concept Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) intends to offer added value to scientific research processes and its manifold results and how these anticipated benefits can be measured. We set out to address the recognized challenge of impact monitoring for projects working with RRI by developing a template that can pay attention to the so far hardly considered outputs, outcomes and impacts of a particular RRI project. Its usage goes beyond monitoring and evaluating purposes at the end of a project, as our proposed set of indicators can provide scholars and practitioners with guidance and inspiration in the early design or implementation phase of a project. From a policy-making point of view, this paper also highlights that developing monitoring and evaluation systems can significantly profit from stakeholder engagement and co-creation approaches, adding a bottom-up perspective to top-down suggestions of the research funders.
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Rarasati, Niken, and Rezanti Putri Pramana. Giving Schools and Teachers Autonomy in Teacher Professional Development Under a Medium-Capability Education System. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/050.

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A mature teacher who continuously seeks improvement should be recognised as a professional who has autonomy in conducting their job and has the autonomy to engage in a professional community of practice (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010). In other words, teachers’ engagement in professional development activities should be driven by their own determination rather than extrinsic sources of motivation. In this context, teachers’ self-determination can be defined as a feeling of connectedness with their own aspirations or personal values, confidence in their ability to master new skills, and a sense of autonomy in planning their own professional development path (Stupnisky et al., 2018; Eyal and Roth, 2011; Ryan and Deci, 2000). Previous studies have shown the advantages of providing teachers with autonomy to determine personal and professional improvement. Bergmark (2020) found that giving teachers the opportunity to identify areas of improvement based on teaching experience expanded the ways they think and understand themselves as teachers and how they can improve their teaching. Teachers who plan their own improvement showed a higher level of curiosity in learning and trying out new things. Bergmark (2020) also shows that a continuous cycle of reflection and teaching improvement allows teachers to recognise that the perfect lesson does not exist. Hence, continuous reflection and improvement are needed to shape the lesson to meet various classroom contexts. Moreover, Cheon et al. (2018) found that increased teacher autonomy led to greater teaching efficacy and a greater tendency to adopt intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) instructional goals. In developed countries, teacher autonomy is present and has become part of teachers’ professional life and schools’ development plans. In Finland, for example, the government is responsible for providing resources and services that schools request, while school development and teachers’ professional learning are integrated into a day-to-day “experiment” performed collaboratively by teachers and principals (Niemi, 2015). This kind of experience gives teachers a sense of mastery and boosts their determination to continuously learn (Ryan and Deci, 2000). In low-performing countries, distributing autonomy of education quality improvement to schools and teachers negatively correlates with the countries’ education outcomes (Hanushek et al., 2011). This study also suggests that education outcome accountability and teacher capacity are necessary to ensure the provision of autonomy to improve education quality. However, to have teachers who can meet dynamic educational challenges through continuous learning, de Klerk & Barnett (2020) suggest that developing countries include programmes that could nurture teachers’ agency to learn in addition to the regular content and pedagogical-focused teacher training materials. Giving autonomy to teachers can be challenging in an environment where accountability or performance is measured by narrow considerations (teacher exam score, administrative completion, etc.). As is the case in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, teachers tend to attend training to meet performance evaluation administrative criteria rather than to address specific professional development needs (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). Generally, the focus of the training relies on what the government believes will benefit their teaching workforce. Teacher professional development (TPD) is merely an assignment for Jakarta teachers. Most teachers attend the training only to obtain attendance certificates that can be credited towards their additional performance allowance. Consequently, those teachers will only reproduce teaching practices that they have experienced or observed from their seniors. As in other similar professional development systems, improvement in teaching quality at schools is less likely to happen (Hargreaves, 2000). Most of the trainings were led by external experts or academics who did not interact with teachers on a day-to-day basis. This approach to professional development represents a top-down mechanism where teacher training was designed independently from teaching context and therefore appears to be overly abstract, unpractical, and not useful for teachers (Timperley, 2011). Moreover, the lack of relevancy between teacher training and teaching practice leads to teachers’ low ownership of the professional development process (Bergmark, 2020). More broadly, in the Jakarta education system, especially the public school system, autonomy was never given to schools and teachers prior to establishing the new TPD system in 2021. The system employed a top-down relationship between the local education agency, teacher training centres, principals, and teachers. Professional development plans were usually motivated by a low teacher competency score or budgeted teacher professional development programme. Guided by the scores, the training centres organised training that could address knowledge areas that most of Jakarta's teachers lack. In many cases, to fulfil the quota as planned in the budget, the local education agency and the training centres would instruct principals to assign two teachers to certain training without knowing their needs. Realizing that the system was not functioning, Jakarta’s local education agency decided to create a reform that gives more autonomy toward schools and teachers in determining teacher professional development plan. The new system has been piloted since November 2021. To maintain the balance between administrative evaluation and addressing professional development needs, the new initiative highlights the key role played by head teachers or principals. This is based on assumption that principals who have the opportunity to observe teaching practice closely could help teachers reflect and develop their professionalism. (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). As explained by the professional development case in Finland, leadership and collegial collaboration are also critical to shaping a school culture that could support the development of professional autonomy. The collective energies among teachers and the principal will also direct the teacher toward improving teaching, learning, and caring for students and parents (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010; Hargreaves, 2000). Thus, the new TPD system in Jakarta adopts the feature of collegial collaboration. This is considered as imperative in Jakarta where teachers used to be controlled and join a professional development activity due to external forces. Learning autonomy did not exist within themselves. Hence, teachers need a leader who can turn the "professional development regulation" into a culture at schools. The process will shape teachers to do professional development quite autonomously (Deci et al., 2001). In this case, a controlling leadership style will hinder teachers’ autonomous motivation. Instead, principals should articulate a clear vision, consider teachers' individual needs and aspirations, inspire, and support professional development activities (Eyal and Roth, 2011). This can also be called creating a professional culture at schools (Fullan, 1996). In this Note, we aim to understand how the schools and teachers respond to the new teacher professional development system. We compare experience and motivation of different characteristics of teachers.
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Bano, Masooda. International Push for SBMCs and the Problem of Isomorphic Mimicry: Evidence from Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/102.

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Establishing School-Based Management Committees (SBMCs) is one of the most widely adopted and widely studied interventions aimed at addressing the learning crisis faced in many developing countries: giving parents and communities a certain degree of control over aspects of school management is assumed to increase school accountability and contribute to improvements in learning. Examining the case of Nigeria, which in 2005 adopted a national policy to establish SBMCs in state schools, this paper reviews the evidence available on SBMCs’ ability to mobilise communities, and the potential for this increased community participation to translate into improved learning. The paper shows that while local community participation can help improve school performance, the donor and state supported SBMCs struggle to stay active and have positive impact on school performance. Yet for ministries of education in many developing countries establishing SBMCs remains a priority intervention among the many initiatives aimed at improving education quality. The paper thus asks what makes the establishment of SBMCs a priority intervention for the Nigerian government. By presenting an analysis of the SBMC-related policy documents in Nigeria, the paper demonstrates that an intervention aimed at involving local communities and developing bottom-up approaches to identifying and designing education policies is itself entirely a product of top-down policy making, envisioned, developed, and funded almost entirely by the international development community. The entire process is reflective of isomorphic mimicry—a process whereby organisations attempt to mimic good behaviour to gain legitimacy, instead of fixing real challenges. Adopting the policy to establish SBMCs, which is heavily promoted by the international development community and does not require actual reform of the underlying political-economy challenges hindering investment in education, enables education ministries to mimic commitment to education reforms and attain the endorsement of the international community without addressing the real challenges. Like all cases of isomorphic mimicry, such policy adoption and implementation has costs: national ministries, as well as state- and district-level education authorities, end up devoting time, resources, and energy to planning, designing, and implementing an intervention for which neither the need nor the evidence of success is established. Additionally, such top-down measures prevent state agencies from identifying local opportunities for delivering the same goals more effectively and perhaps at a lower cost. The paper illustrates this with the case of the state of Kano: there is a rich indigenous culture of supporting community schools, yet, rather than learning why local communities support certain kinds of school but not state schools, and trying to replicate the lessons in state schools, the SBMC model introduced is designed by development agencies at the national level and is administratively complicated and resource-intensive. The opportunity for local learning has not been realised; instead, both the agenda and the implementation framework have been entirely shaped by international aid agencies. The paper thus demonstrates how apparently positive policy interventions resulting from pressure exerted by the international community could be having unintended consequences, given the national-level political-economy dynamics.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. The Role of Local Actors in the Delivery of Services to Vulnerable Groups in Protracted Crises. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.127.

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As the needs of people affected by conflict, natural disasters and other crises grow year-on-year and become increasingly complex, the need for adapted service delivery has become ever more pressing. There is widespread recognition that top-down, externally driven support to service delivery is ineffective in reaching vulnerable populations in need of humanitarian support. Increasing strategic engagement by and with local actors is now an accepted norm for effective international humanitarian action (Metcalfe-Hough et al., 2021). International commitments have been made to improve the provision of services in protracted crises. A body of literature indicates that engaging local actors in service delivery is one of the main ways to achieve improved service delivery. Despite the general acceptance of this principle, progress in achieving more localised responses to protracted crises has been slow. Evidence on how services can most effectively reach those in need is limited.This report reviews available guidance and evidence on the role of local actors in delivering services to those in need of humanitarian support in protracted crises. The report begins with a brief overview of the evolving discourse on the need for better strategies to incorporate local actors in the delivery of services. The following sections review the available evidence on the different ways local actors have been involved in the delivery of basic services in protracted crises. Section 3 examines local actors’ role in identifying the needs of affected communities. Section 4 examines the role of local actors in the effective coordination of service delivery. Section 5 discusses their role in transparency and accountability, and section 6 considers how local actors’ engagement can contribute to the mitigation of further conflict. Much of the literature in this area takes the form of guidance documents produced by international organisations working in humanitarian action. Some of this guidance refers to case study evidence. Still, most appear to refer to stakeholders’ experiences and conceptual approaches to how service delivery happens in protracted crises. There are a range of instruments that have been deployed to improve service delivery in protracted crises – some of which are referred to in this report – which could be formally evaluated to contribute to the evidence base on how such programmes effectively address the needs of vulnerable groups in need for humanitarian support.
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Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong, and Do Trong Hoan. Commune-level institutional arrangements and monitoring framework for integrated tree-based landscape management. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21024.pdf.

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Governance is a difficult task in the context of achieving landscape multifunctionality owing to the multiplicity of stakeholders, institutions, scale and ecosystem services: the ‘many-multiple’ (Cockburn et al 2018). Governing and managing the physical landscape and the actors in the landscape requires intensive knowledge and good planning systems. Land-use planning is a powerful instrument in landscape governance because it directly guides how actors will intervene in the physical landscape (land use) to gain commonly desired value. It is essential for sustaining rural landscapes and improving the livelihoods of rural communities (Bourgoin and Castella 2011, Bourgoin et al 2012, Rydin 1998), ensuring landscape multifunctionality (Nelson et al 2009, Reyers et al 2012) and enhancing efficiency in carbon sequestration, in particular (Bourgoin et al 2013, Cathcart et al 2007). It is also considered critical to the successful implementation of land-based climate mitigation, such as under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), because the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector is included in the mitigation contributions of nearly 90 percent of countries in Sub-Saharan and Southern Asia countries and in the Latin American and Caribbean regions (FAO 2016). Viet Nam has been implementing its NDC, which includes forestry and land-based mitigation options under the LULUCF sector. The contribution of the sector to committed national emission reduction is significant and cost-effective compared with other sectors. In addition to achieving emission reduction targets, implementation of forestry and land-based mitigation options has the highest benefits for social-economic development and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (MONRE 2020). Challenges, however, lie in the way national priorities and targets are translated into sub-national delivery plans and the way sub-national actors are brought together in orchestration (Hsu et al 2019) in a context where the legal framework for climate-change mitigation is elaborated at national rather than sub-national levels and coordination between government bodies and among stakeholders is generally ineffective (UNDP 2018). In many developing countries, conventional ‘top–down’, centralized land-use planning approaches have been widely practised, with very little success, a result of a lack of flexibility in adapting local peculiarities (Amler et al 1999, Ducourtieux et al 2005, Kauzeni et al 1993). In forest–agriculture mosaic landscapes, the fundamental question is how land-use planning can best conserve forest and agricultural land, both as sources of economic income and environmental services (O’Farrell and Anderson 2010). This paper provides guidance on monitoring integrated tree-based landscape management at commune level, based on the current legal framework related to natural resource management (land and forest) and the requirements of national green-growth development and assessment of land uses in two communes in Dien Bien and Son La provinces. The concept of integrated tree based landscape management in Viet Nam is still new and should be further developed for wider application across levels.
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Support for development of a custom VLSI and FPGA logic chips based on a VHDL top-down design approach. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10159138.

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