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Journal articles on the topic 'Top-down approach'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Gavan, Khashayar Babaei, Jan H. Rector, Kier Heeck, Dhwajal Chavan, Grzegorz Gruca, Tjerk H. Oosterkamp, and Davide Iannuzzi. "Top-down approach to fiber-top cantilevers." Optics Letters 36, no. 15 (July 27, 2011): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.36.002898.

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2

Kiryluk-Dryjska, Ewa. "CONFLICT BOTTOM UP-TOP DOWN: GAME THEORETIC APPROACH." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 477 (2017): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.477.10.

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3

Mathieu, R. G. "Top-down approach to computing." Computer 35, no. 1 (2002): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.976930.

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4

Inomjonovna, Mannonova Shahnoza. "BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN APPROACHES IN ENGLISH LESSONS." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-12-30.

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Top-down and bottom-up approach are essential in teaching English, especially reading and listening. In teaching English at academic lyceums and schools it is required using both of them in order to increase the level effectiveness of learning new theme. Top-down processing leads the learners to have the general idea first and eventually into the details. Bottom-up approach pays attention to small units in the text or listening first and from details to the main idea of the text. The purpose of this article is to give detailed description of top-down and bottom-up approaches and an example of the lesson where these approaches used in the way of activities with some exercises.

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5

Hocken, Robert J., R. Fesperman, J. Overcash, O. Ozturk, and C. Stroup. "Engineering Nanotechnology: The Top Down Approach." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.3.

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Nanotechnology can be defined as “the study, development and processing of materials, devices, and systems in which structure on a dimension of less than 100 nm is essential to obtain the required functional performance.” There are currently two very different approaches to nanotechnology, the first and more classical approach is commonly called engineering nanotechnology. This approach involves using classical deterministic mechanical and electrical engineering principles to build structures with tolerances at levels approaching a nanometer. The other approach, sometimes called molecular nanotechnology, is concerned with self-assembled machines and the like and is far more speculative. At UNC Charlotte’s Center for Precision Metrology we have been working in engineering nanotechnology for more than a decade. We started with molecular manipulation with scanning probe microscopes in the late 1980s [1] and have continued to develop new measurement systems [2], nano-machining systems [3,4], and nano-positioning devices. One of the largest challenges is precision motion control of macroscopic stages. Currently we have three stages under development or modification. The first is the Sub Atomic Measuring Machine (SAMM) [5] which is being modified to provide picometer resolution; the second is the Multi-Scale Alignment and Positioning System (MAPS) initially to be used for nanoimprinting; the third is an Ultra-Precision Vacuum Stage [6], which is the subject of another paper in this conference. This paper will discuss the first two systems.

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6

Mishra, P. "Processor validation: a top-down approach." IEEE Potentials 24, no. 1 (February 2005): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mp.2005.1405799.

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7

Chen, Jiquan. "Landscape Ecology: A Top–Down Approach." Ecological Engineering 18, no. 4 (March 2002): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8574(02)00006-x.

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8

The Lancet. "A top-down approach to diabetes." Lancet 377, no. 9779 (May 2011): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60714-9.

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9

Heckman, Jonathan J., and Tom Rudelius. "Top down approach to 6D SCFTs." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 52, no. 9 (February 1, 2019): 093001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/aafc81.

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10

Hothorn, Torsten. "Top-down transformation choice." Statistical Modelling 18, no. 3-4 (January 15, 2018): 274–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1471082x17748081.

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Simple models are preferred over complex models, but over-simplistic models could lead to erroneous interpretations. The classical approach is to start with a simple model, whose shortcomings are assessed in residual-based model diagnostics. Eventually, one increases the complexity of this initial overly simple model and obtains a better-fitting model. I illustrate how transformation analysis can be used as an alternative approach to model choice. Instead of adding complexity to simple models, step-wise complexity reduction is used to help identify simpler and better interpretable models. As an example, body mass index (BMI) distributions in Switzerland are modelled by means of transformation models to understand the impact of sex, age, smoking and other lifestyle factors on a person's BMI. In this process, I searched for a compromise between model fit and model interpretability. Special emphasis is given to the understanding of the connections between transformation models of increasing complexity. The models used in this analysis ranged from evergreens, such as the normal linear regression model with constant variance, to novel models with extremely flexible conditional distribution functions, such as transformation trees and transformation forests.

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11

Marr, D. "Bringing a Top-Down Approach to Pediatrics." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 53, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.53.1.114a.

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12

Wu, Jianguo (Jingle). "A Top-Down Approach to Landscape Ecology." Ecology 82, no. 2 (February 2001): 604–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0604:atdatl]2.0.co;2.

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13

Martinello, Flávia, Nada Snoj, Milan Skitek, and Aleš Jerin. "The top-down approach to measurement uncertainty." Biochemia medica 30, no. 2 (June 14, 2020): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/bm.2020.020101.

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Introduction: By quantifying the measurement uncertainty (MU), both the laboratory and the physician can have an objective estimate of the results’ quality. There is significant flexibility on how to determine the MU in laboratory medicine and different approaches have been proposed by Nordtest, Eurolab and Cofrac to obtain the data and apply them in formulas. The purpose of this study is to compare three different top-down approaches for the estimation of the MU and to suggest which of these approaches could be the most suitable choice for routine use in clinical laboratories. Materials and methods: Imprecision and bias of the methods were considered as components of the MU. The bias was obtained from certified reference calibrators (CRC), proficiency tests (PT), and inter-laboratory internal quality control scheme (IQCS) programs. The bias uncertainty, the combined and the expanded uncertainty were estimated using the Nordtest, Eurolab and Cofrac approaches. Results: Using different approaches, the expanded uncertainty estimates ranged from 18.9-40.4%, 18.2-22.8%, 9.3-20.9%, and 7.1-18.6% for cancer antigen (CA) 19-9, testosterone, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatinine, respectively. Permissible values for MU and total error ranged from 16.0-46.1%, 13.1-21.6%, 10.7-26.2%, and 7.5-17.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The bias was highest using PT, followed by CRC and IQCS data, which were similar. The Cofrac approach showed the highest uncertainties, followed by Eurolab and Nordtest. However, the Eurolab approach requires additional measurements to obtain uncertainty data. In summary, the Nordtest approach using IQCS data was therefore found to be the most practical formula.

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14

Pardue, Harry L., Alain Truchaud, Kyoichi Ozawa, John Place, and Paul Schnipelsky. "Systematic top-down approach to clinical chemistry." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 15, no. 6 (1993): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924693000288.

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This paper introduces a systematic approach to organizing the discipline of clinical chemistry. The approach is called a top-down, systems approach because it starts at the top with the most general concepts and works down through less general concepts to the most specific details and techniques. The hypothesis is that the discipline can be organized into hierarchical levels of functional processes and operational approaches to those processes. The functional processes represent what clinical scientists do; the operatinal approaches represent how they do it. Because functional processes change little, if at all, with time, they are used to develop a stable infrastructure or framework for the discipline. That infrastructure is then used to organize and understand operational approaches that tend to change rapidly with time in response to technological advances. The paper begins with the most general functional processes and then uses selected examples of the more general functions to illustrate lower hierarchical levels or functional processes and operational approaches.

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15

Reek, Margaret M. "A top-down approach to teaching programming." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 27, no. 1 (March 15, 1995): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/199691.199696.

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16

Giesecke, Kay, Lisa R. Goldberg, and Xiaowei Ding. "A Top-Down Approach to Multiname Credit." Operations Research 59, no. 2 (April 2011): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.1100.0855.

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17

Nelson, D. J., and C. N. Brammer. "Women in Science: A Top-Down Approach." Science 320, no. 5880 (May 30, 2008): 1159b—1160b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.320.5880.1159b.

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18

Guan, Genliang, Zhiyong Wang, Shaohui Mei, Max Ott, Mingyi He, and David Dagan Feng. "A Top-Down Approach for Video Summarization." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 11, no. 1 (August 2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632267.

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19

Morone, Giovanni, Grazia Fernanda Spitoni, Daniela De Bartolo, Sheida Ghanbari Ghooshchy, Fulvia Di Iulio, Stefano Paolucci, Pierluigi Zoccolotti, and Marco Iosa. "Rehabilitative devices for a top-down approach." Expert Review of Medical Devices 16, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2019.1574567.

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20

Herz, Daniel B. "The Top-Down Approach: An Expanded Methodology." Journal of Urology 183, no. 3 (March 2010): 856–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.12.062.

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21

Hansen, Alex, Mogens H. Jensen, Kim Sneppen, and Giovanni Zocchi. "Proteins top–down: a statistical mechanics approach." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 288, no. 1-4 (December 2000): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(00)00412-x.

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22

Slooten, Klaas. "A top-down approach to DNA mixtures." Forensic Science International: Genetics 46 (May 2020): 102250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102250.

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23

Pardue, Harry L. "Systematic top-down approach to clinical chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 225, no. 1 (February 1994): S13—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(94)90034-5.

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24

Tan, Chong Wei, and Beng Kang Tay. "Carbon Nanowires Fabrications via Top Down Approach." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.5399.

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25

Hempfling, Ralf. "Top-down approach to unified supergravity models." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 63, no. 2 (June 1994): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01411023.

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26

Dimitrov, Nedialko B., Alexander Moffett, David P. Morton, and Sahotra Sarkar. "Selecting malaria interventions: A top-down approach." Computers & Operations Research 40, no. 9 (September 2013): 2229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2011.07.023.

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27

Ahn, Jae Hyun, Seung Chan Jeong, and Sang Don Lee. "Comparative Analysis between Top-Down and Down-Top Approach in Children with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection." Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation 8, no. 1 (2013): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14777/kjutii.2013.8.1.38.

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28

Maronati, Giovanni, Bojan Petrović, and Nikola Čavlina. "I2S-LWR Top-Down Differential Economics Evaluation Approach." Journal of Energy - Energija 65, no. 1-2 (June 27, 2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2016651-2124.

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The Integral Inherently Safe Light Water Reactor (I2S–LWR) is a design concept of a large (~1000 MWe) light water reactor with integral primary circuit configuration. One of the key design features promoting inherent safety is implementation of an integral primary circuit configuration, which in turn requires a compact design of the core and primary circuit components. Assessments of the cost of I2S-LWR is an important aspect of the overall evaluation of the new reactor concept. There are several approaches to cost estimation and economics evaluation of the new nuclear power technologies. Frequently used guidelines rely on the Code of Accounts, originally developed in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Economics Data Base (EEDB) Program Code of Accounts, proposed as evaluation tool by C.R. Hudson, and further popularized in the guidelines for economic evaluation of bids, by The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The code of accounts allows to break down main costs (Total Capital Investment Cost, Fuel Cycle Cost, Operation and Maintenance) to individual systems and items. This work aims to implement and apply a top-down differential economics evaluation approach to the Code of Accounts based guidelines, to assess the costs of the I2S -LWR relative to a representative “standard” PWR. In this methodology, a representative PWR design was taken as a reference and the differential cost was estimated for each individual account based on the design difference (or similarity). Cost estimating techniques were applied to the accounts representing systems that differ from the ones of the reference PWR. In this manner, the cost of the common components cancels out, and the uncertainty in the estimate is reduced. While this preliminary evaluation yet needs to be completed, the indications so far are that the I2S-LWR LCOE will be economically competitive with a standard PWR.

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29

Oliveira, M. E., and A. Padilha-Feltrin. "A Top-Down Approach for Distribution Loss Evaluation." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 24, no. 4 (October 2009): 2117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2009.2014266.

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30

Pattanashetty, Vishal B., Shamshuddin K, and Nalini C. Iyer. "A top down approach from job to course." Procedia Computer Science 172 (2020): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.05.032.

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31

Keene, D. J. B., and R. Subramaniam. "Duplex systems: Top-down or bottom-up approach?" Journal of Pediatric Urology 16, no. 3 (June 2020): 387.e1–387.e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.03.005.

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32

Kapinos, Pavel, and Oscar A. Mitnik. "A Top-down Approach to Stress-testing Banks." Journal of Financial Services Research 49, no. 2-3 (October 5, 2015): 229–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10693-015-0228-8.

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33

LaDage, Lara D. "Factors That Modulate Neurogenesis: A Top-Down Approach." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 87, no. 3 (2016): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446906.

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Although hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult brain has been conserved across the vertebrate lineage, laboratory studies have primarily examined this phenomenon in rodent models. This approach has been successful in elucidating important factors and mechanisms that can modulate rates of hippocampal neurogenesis, including hormones, environmental complexity, learning and memory, motor stimulation, and stress. However, recent studies have found that neurobiological research on neurogenesis in rodents may not easily translate to, or explain, neurogenesis patterns in nonrodent systems, particularly in species examined in the field. This review examines some of the evolutionary and ecological variables that may also modulate neurogenesis patterns. This ‘top-down' and more naturalistic approach, which incorporates ecology and natural history, particularly of nonmodel species, may allow for a more comprehensive understanding of the functional significance of neurogenesis.

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34

Li, JianQiang, Ji-Jiang Yang, Yu Zhao, and Bo Liu. "A top-down approach for approximate data anonymisation." Enterprise Information Systems 7, no. 3 (August 2013): 272–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2012.688223.

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35

Deco, Gustavo, and Josef Zihl. "Top-down selective visual attention: A neurodynamical approach." Visual Cognition 8, no. 1 (February 2001): 118–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280042000054.

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36

Eriksson, Lennart, Johan Trygg, and Svante Wold. "PLS-trees®, a top-down clustering approach." Journal of Chemometrics 23, no. 11 (November 2009): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1254.

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37

Leauber, Chris. "Water Auditing: Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Approach." Opflow 43, no. 2 (February 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2017.tb02767.x.

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38

Owusu, Victor Lord. "The Politics of Development and Participatory Planning. From Top Down to Top Down." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n1p202.

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This paper measures the level of participation in Ghana’s four most recent development policy and planning documents, from the Vision 2020 to the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda. Using Systematic Review and a developed modified version of Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation, the paper concludes that development planning in Ghana is top down and non participatory. The paper further uncovered that civilian and military governments before and after independence in 1957 adopted the top down approach and planned from the centre with no traces of citizens’ participation in the planning processes. It was further determined that this top down and non participatory mode of planning is deeply enshrined in Ghana’s current and past development planning culture and history, a legacy bequeathed to colonies by colonialists.

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39

Wanke, Peter, and Eduardo Saliby. "Top-down or bottom-up forecasting?" Pesquisa Operacional 27, no. 3 (2007): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-74382007000300010.

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The operations literature continues on inconclusive as to the most appropriate sales forecasting approach (Top-Down or Bottom-up) for the determination of safety inventory levels. This paper presents the analytical results for the variance of the sales forecasting errors during the lead-time in both approaches. The forecasting method used was the Simple Exponential Smoothing and the results led to the identification of two supplementary impacts upon the forecasting error variance, and consequently, upon safety inventory levels: the Portfolio Effect and the Anchoring Effect. The first depends upon the correlation coefficient of demand between two individual items and the latter, depends upon the smoothing constant and upon the participation of the individual item in total sales. It is also analysed under which conditions these variables would favour one forecasting approach instead of the other.

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40

Kim, Ju-Hyun. "Analysis of Pyrolysis MS Spectra in Top-down Approach and Differentiation of Gram-type Cells." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (August 5, 2011): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2011.14.4.719.

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41

Frank, Robert, and Hadas Kotek. "Arguments for top-down derivations in syntax." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 5264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v7i1.5264.

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This paper argues for a top-down approach to syntactic structure building, instead of the more popularly assumed bottom-up approach. We present phenomena where properties of a higher structure condition elements or operations in a lower domain. The opposite pattern is, we claim, much rarer and more restricted. This follows from a top-down approach, given the relative time at which elements are integrated into the structure. Bottom-up derivations, in contrast, would naturally lead to opposite predictions. Our goal is not to show that bottom-up theories cannot explain the facts, but rather that a top-down account is more natural and less stipulative.

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42

Maheshwari, Shikha, and Pooja Jain. "Novel Method of Apriori Algorithm using Top Down Approach." International Journal of Computer Applications 77, no. 10 (September 18, 2013): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/13430-1126.

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43

Boso, Daniela P., Lorenzo Giannini, and Valentina Corato. "A Top-Down Modeling Approach for DEMO Magnetic System." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 32, no. 6 (September 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2022.3159324.

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44

Gardner, Everette S. "A Top-Down Approach to Modeling US Navy Inventories." Interfaces 17, no. 4 (August 1987): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.17.4.1.

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45

Kang, Ziho, and Steven J. Landry. "Top-Down Approach for a Linguistic Fuzzy Logic Model." Cybernetics and Systems 45, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01969722.2014.862118.

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46

Gomez de la Rosa, F., M. Carrasquilla-Sotomayor, NJ Alvis-Zakzuk, G. Acero Acero, PA Alfonso Quiñones, ME Romero Prada, and N. Alvis-Guzmán. "Prostate Cancer Costs In Colombia: A Top-Down Approach." Value in Health 21 (May 2018): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.04.156.

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47

Krueger, Janice M. "Book Review: A Top-Down Approach for Collateral Evaluation." Journal of Teacher Education 55, no. 5 (November 2004): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022487104269859.

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48

Zerlin, Benno, Michel T. Ivrlač, Wolfgang Utschick, and Josef A. Nossek. "Joint optimization of radio parameters—A top–down approach." Signal Processing 86, no. 8 (August 2006): 1773–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2005.09.030.

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49

Wu, Hsi-Yang, and Linda D. Shortliffe. "Top-down Approach for Evaluation of Urinary Tract Infection." Urology 75, no. 3 (March 2010): 514–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2009.07.1264.

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50

Wu, Yi-Ta, Frank Y. Shih, Jiazheng Shi, and Yih-Tyng Wu. "A top-down region dividing approach for image segmentation." Pattern Recognition 41, no. 6 (June 2008): 1948–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2007.11.020.

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