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Journal articles on the topic 'Top Spray'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Womac, Alvin R., Chris Smith, and Joe Mulrooney. "Spray Nozzle Effects on Foliar Band Deposits of Malathion in Cotton." Journal of the ASABE 67, no. 6 (2024): 1469–80. https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.16037.

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HighlightsFoliar banding with 40-degree flat fan tips may reduce pesticide use.Hollow cone tips were effective for broadcast applications but less effective as a single tip band over the row.Spray plume interactions with foliage affected spray targeting on different samplers.Abstract.The study characterized the spray deposits for broadcast sprays and foliar band sprays made to cotton in the field under a steady mean lateral wind velocity of 1.1 m s-1. Five over-the-top spray treatments included broadcast TX-12 hollow cone spray tips, broadcast XR 8002 flat fan tips, banding 40-015 flat fan tip

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2

Akinci, A., and F. Yilmaz. "The effect of epoxy‐polyester sealing of sprayed metal coatings for additional corrosion protection." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 58, no. 1 (2011): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035591111097675.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report salt spray testing of epoxy‐polyester top‐coating applied on Zn‐sprayed, Al‐sprayed and 85Zn‐15Al‐sprayed steel samples.Design/methodology/approachIn these tests, steel substrates sprayed with Zn, Al and 85Zn‐15Al coatings of different average thicknesses ranging from 120 to 210 μm were top‐coated with an epoxy‐polyester sealing layer. The corrosion test was performed with salt solution for over 2,000‐h. The degree of damage to the samples was evaluated quantitatively in terms of ratio of scribed to unscribed area of coating.FindingsIt was evident

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3

RAKESH PRAJAPATI, S.L. MEENA, DINESH KUMAR, et al. "Yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) as affected by split and foliar application of potassium." Indian Journal of Agronomy 69, no. 2 (2024): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v69i2.5512.

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A field experiment was carried out during winter (rabi) season 2021–22 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute located at New Delhi to find out the effect of potassium management on yields, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard. Eight treatments combinations of different doses, methods and time of potassium application i.e. No K = 0 kg K/ha; 100% MOP (muriate of potash) as basal; 2 Foliar sprays of KNO3 at branching and before flowering; 50% MOP as basal + 50% MOP as top dressing at branching; 50% MOP as basal + 2 foliar sprays of KNO3 at branching and before flowering; 75

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4

Womac, Alvin R., Erdal Ozkan, Heping Zhu, John Kochendorfer, and Hongyoung Jeon. "Status of Spray Penetration and Deposition in Dense Field Crop Canopies." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 5 (2022): 1107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15091.

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HighlightsCrop production practices, spray drift control, and sprayer productivity affect spray penetration into dense crop canopies.Question is raised whether airflows near foliar surfaces or within the canopy can assist spray penetration under windy conditions.Current structural descriptions of canopies do not accommodate droplet trajectories to improve spray application.New nozzle tip designs, sensors, and air-assisted spraying need tuning to improve spray penetration and deposition.Abstract. The objective of this study was to review representative publications for improved knowledge of spr

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5

Börner, Matthias, Thomas Hagemeier, Gunnar Ganzer, Mirko Peglow, and Evangelos Tsotsas. "Experimental spray zone characterization in top-spray fluidized bed granulation." Chemical Engineering Science 116 (September 2014): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2014.05.007.

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6

Pourreza, Alireza, Ali Moghimi, Franz J. A. Niederholzer, et al. "Spray Backstop: A Method to Reduce Orchard Spray Drift Potential without Limiting the Spray and Air Delivery." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (2020): 8862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218862.

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Unmanaged spray drift from orchard pesticide application contributes to environmental contamination and causes significant danger to farmworkers, nearby residential areas, and neighbors’ crops. Most drift control approaches do not guarantee adequate and uniform canopy spray coverage. Our goal was to develop a spray backstop system that could block drifting from the top without any negative impact on spray coverage and on-target deposition. The design included a foldable mast and a shade structure that covered the trees from the top. We used a continuous loop sampling to assess and quantify the

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Hodgkinson, MC, DC Joyce, AP Mackey, DS Sagatys, TS Schmiede, and G. Smith. "Compatibility of a petroleum spray oil and foliar zinc fertilisers." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 3 (1996): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960331.

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The performance of 7 commercial zinc (Zn) foliar nutrients sprays, based on sulfate (Top ZM), hydrated sulfate (Pivot Zinsol; Pivot Mangasol-zinc), oxide (Phosyn Zintrac), and ligninsulfonate (Spray-gro Zn PC; Spray-gro Zn/Mn PC; SJB), were assessed with and without addition of a horticultural petroleum spray oil (PSO), Ampol D-C-Tron NR. Foliar Zn deposition and absorption was quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) after solvent washing and acid extraction. Effects on photosystem II were measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. Although none of the Zn spr

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8

Ronsse, F., J. G. Pieters, and K. Dewettinck. "Modelling side-effect spray drying in top-spray fluidised bed coating processes." Journal of Food Engineering 86, no. 4 (2008): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.11.003.

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9

Dai, Jingwei, and Robert E. Paull. "Effect of Water Status on Dendrobium Flower Spray Postharvest Life." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 3 (1991): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.3.491.

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The postharvest life of Dendrobium spp. flower sprays was limited by wilting and shedding of individual “flowers. Late-summer-harvested sprays had a reduced postharvest life compared to winter-harvested sprays. Cultivars differed in postharvest life in response to packing and storing for 2 days at 22C. Water 10ss rates of `Princess' sprays continuously held in deionized water declined from ≈ 1.25 g/day per spray 4 days after harvest to 0.35 g/day per spray 20 days later. Flower shedding occurred when the rate of water loss fell below ≈1.0 g/day per spray. Addition of a floral preservative to t

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Tushar, Tonge* Shilpa Borkar Jagdish Baheti. "A Review on Multiple Unit Pellet System (MUPS) Delivery Systems." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 5 (2025): 4474–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15533086.

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The pharmaceutical industry is currently concentrating on creating novel drug delivery systems that improve therapeutic efficacy and lessen adverse effects. When a medication product needs to be administered in a modified release pattern to senior patients, the oral drug delivery system becomes problematic, particularly because they have trouble swallowing. The design of solid dosage forms has made extensive use of Multiple Unit Pellet Systems (MUPS) tablets in recent years. One of the more recent and difficult technologies that combines the benefits of tablets with pellet-filled capsules in a

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11

Subramonian, Sivarao, Md Radzai bin Said, Omar Rostam, et al. "Top Spray Fluidized Bed Granulated Paddy Urea Fertilizer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 606 (August 2014): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.606.137.

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Top spray granulation process is a common technique used widely in pharmaceutical, food and special chemical modification for fertilizer manufacturing. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of studies regarding to the description of controlled parameters with dynamic correlation in targeting to produce urea granules. Thus, this research was carried out to introduce the crucial applied process parameters using top spray technique for paddy urea fertilizer production.The acquisition process parameter readings were verified by obtained yield of urea granules (UG) which featured as an optimum partic

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12

Castilho Theodoro, Jose G., Erdal Ozkan, Heping Zhu, Hongyoung Jeon, Javier Campos, and Alvin R. Womac. "Wind Tunnel Evaluation of Spray Nozzle and Droplet Size Effects on Spray Penetration Inside Soybean Plants." Journal of the ASABE 68, no. 1 (2025): 71–79. https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.16174.

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HighlightsEffectiveness of four nozzle types was evaluated to deliver spray droplets inside soybean canopy in a wind tunnel.Spray deposition at the bottom part of canopies was significantly lower than the upper part across the test section.Nozzles generating medium and coarse droplet sizes improved spray coverage on the top and middle part of the canopy.Abstract. Adequate spray deposition and penetration of pesticides reaching the lower part of soybean canopy can increase the chance of success to protect plants from diseases and insects, especially when soybean foliage is matured. Therefore, s

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13

Laia, Saferia Suiman, and Citra Indah Asmarawati. "ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PRINTING HOUSING TOP MELITA PADA PT LEON TEKNOLOGI GLOBAL." Computer and Science Industrial Engineering (COMASIE) 9, no. 8 (2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/comasiejournal.v9i8.7969.

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PT Leon Teknologi is a company engaged in the coating or polishing of raw materials for parts and even assy such as spray painting which has several large customers in the city of Batam, HSG TOP Melitta is a customer in the field of spray painting who has just collaborated with PT Leon in 2020 In terms of quality control issues at PT Leon, visual reject is the main contribution, with a reject rate of 3.5% of the total quantity during the last 6 months of production in the spray painting process, such as Crack on, scratch, White/Black dot and Over painting on Housing Top melitta after printing,

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14

Huang, Jian. "Research on Water Sprays Shielding Device for Transport Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (December 2014): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.317.

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Water sprays shielding device for transport vehicle, by use of its own power system and storage devices, make the gases within the air tank filling the water storage tank, and jet out from the small hole of roof-shaped spray tube, by means of cyclone atomizing, to form water sprays wall with shielding effect at the top and around the transport vehicle, In order to eliminate exposure symptoms for transport vehicle in the optical, infrared and radar band, to improve the battlefield viability of transport vehicles.

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15

Maa, Yuh-Fun, Phuong-Anh Nguyen, Kin Sit, and Chung C. Hsu. "Spray-drying performance of a bench-top spray dryer for protein aerosol powder preparation." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60, no. 3 (1998): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19981105)60:3<301::aid-bit5>3.0.co;2-l.

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16

Fu, Yao, Liyan Feng, Hua Tian, Wuqiang Long, Dongsheng Dong, and Xianyin Leng. "Visualization Investigation of the Influence of Chamber Profile and Injection Parameters on Fuel Spray Spreading in a Double-Layer Diverging Combustion Chamber for a DI Diesel Engine." Energies 11, no. 9 (2018): 2343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092343.

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The double-layer diverging combustion chamber (DLDC chamber) aims to improve the fuel–air mixing formation and promote in-cylinder air utilization by changing fuel spray spreading characteristics. In order to investigate how the DLDC chamber profile and injection parameters affect the fuel spray spreading, visualization of fuel injection and impingement tests were carried out on two different DLDC chambers with different fuel injection parameters. The visualization test results showed that double-layer fuel spray spreading was obtained in the two DLDC chambers and the peripheral top clearance

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17

Derksen, R. C., J. E. Altland, and J. C. Rennecker. "Fate of Preemergence Herbicide Applications Sprayed Through Containerized Hydrangea Canopies." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 30, no. 2 (2012): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.30.2.76.

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Preemergent herbicides are applied to the soil or potted-substrate surface to prevent weed seedling establishment. Spraying through a canopy above the soil surface represents a challenge because of the filtering effect of the canopy on the spray stream and because of the additional distance created between the soil surface and nozzle. The objective of this work was to determine the effect spray quality, spray volume, and air delivery had on delivery of sprays to the substrate surface through a potted hydrangea canopy. Petri dishes and water sensitive paper were placed on the substrate surface

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18

Rowan, S. J. "Triadimefon Controls Fusiform Rust in Young Slash Pine Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 2 (1986): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/10.2.112.

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Abstract Triadimefon (Bayleton®) effectively controlled fusiform rust in a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) plantation when three or more foliar sprays containing 600 ppm a.i. were applied annually (March to June) to runoff. Fewer foliar sprays and a top-dip applied at planting did not provide effective control of the disease. From the spray volumes applied over a five-year period, an estimated maximum of 505 mg a.i. triadimefon accumulated per tree. This amount did not reduce tree growth or survival. South. J. Appl. For. 10:112-114, May 1986.

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19

Miller, David R., Yansen Wang, Kirk M. Ducharme, et al. "Some Atmospheric Turbulence and Stability Effects on Aerial Spray Penetration into Hardwood Forest Canopies." Forest Science 42, no. 1 (1996): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/42.1.93.

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Abstract Vertical profiles of wind, turbulence, and stability were measured in and above a partially foliated 16 m tall, oak forest during a series of single-swath, aerial spray trials. The distribution of cross-swath spray deposits was sampled after each application at the top of the canopy and below the canopy. Spray penetration to the canopy top and through the canopy was highly dependent on the relative intensity of mechanically generated turbulence (due to wind across a rough surface) to that of thermally generated turbulence (due to warm air rising) in the unstable roughness sublayer abo

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20

Araújo, Demétrius de, Carlos Gilberto Raetano, Hamilton Humberto Ramos, Douglas Sampaio Ribeiro da Rocha, Evandro Pereira Prado, and Viviane Corrêa Aguiar. "Interference of spray volume, fruit growth and rainfall on spray deposits in citrus black spot control periods." Ciência Rural 46, no. 5 (2016): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150944.

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ABSTRACT: Citrus black spot (CBS) caused by Guignardia citricarpa is one of the most serious Brazilian citrus diseases. This study aims to assess the interference of three application volumes in spray deposition citrus fruit, as well as fruit growth and rainfall effects on spray deposit reduction during the CBS control period. The experiment was carried out in a commercial citrus orchard, with sixteen-year-old trees of the Valencia variety, in Mogi Guaçu, São Paulo State, Brazil. The spray volumes were: 3.5 (1333L ha-1), 4.5 (1714L ha-1) and 8.5 (3238L ha-1) litres per tree, sprayed by an airb

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21

Wu, Jianguo, Chengqian Li, Xiaoyong Pan, et al. "Model for Detecting Boom Height Based on an Ultrasonic Sensor for the Whole Growth Cycle of Wheat." Agriculture 14, no. 1 (2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14010021.

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Ultrasonic feedback energy is affected by the variety, planting, and growth state of crops; therefore, it is difficult to find applications for this energy in precision agriculture systems. To this end, an ultrasonic sensor was mounted in a spray boom height detection system. Winter wheat was used as the test object to obtain feedback energy values for the spray boom height from the top of the wheat in the field during six critical growth stages: the standing stage, the jointing stage, the booting stage, the heading stage, the filling stage, and the maturity stage. The relationship between the

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22

Ricart, Laura M., Rolf D. Reltz, and John E. Dec. "Comparisons of Diesel Spray Liquid Penetration and Vapor Fuel Distributions With In-Cylinder Optical Measurements." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 4 (1999): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1290591.

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The performance of two spray models for predicting liquid and vapor fuel distribution, combustion and emissions is investigated. The model predictions are compared with extensive data from in-cylinder laser diagnostics carried out in an optically accessible heavy-duty, D. I. diesel engine over a wide range of operating conditions. Top-dead-center temperature and density were varied between 800 K and 1100 K and 11.1 and 33.2 kg/m3, respectively. Two spray breakup mechanisms were considered: due to Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities and to Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instabilities. Comparisons of a wi

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Dhurandhar, Akshay S., and Amarsingh B. Kanase-Patil. "Experimental Study on Effect of Water Spray Characteristics on Performance of Cooling Tower." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017001009.

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Cooling tower is an indispensable part, used as a direct contact type heat exchanger mainly for evaporative cooling. Cooling tower generally dissipates, remove heat from thermal power plants. In an induced draft cooling tower of counter flow, used for a mini-steam power plant, hot water enters at the top, while the air is introduced at the bottom and exits at the top, air is allowed to come in contact with falling water droplets, causing evaporative cooling. A possibility of desired change with different spray angle, patterns, is tried and analysed. On findings, best suited spray nozzle angle

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McWhorter, Chester G., and James E. Hanks. "Effect of Spray Volume and Pressure on Postemergence Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control." Weed Technology 7, no. 2 (1993): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00027639.

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Fenoxaprop, fluazifop/fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, and quizalofop at 0.14 kg ai ha−1and sethoxydim at 0.28 kg ai ha−1were applied broadcast over-the-top in spray volumes of 94 and 374 L ha−1, each at 138 and 345 kPa, to control johnsongrass in soybeans over a 5-yr period. The two spray volumes provided equal control, but control was better when treatments were applied at 345 kPa than at 138 kPa. There were no significant interactions among herbicides, spray volumes, or spray pressures. Most of the spray was deposited on the upper surface of the plant canopy. Less than 10% of the herbicide spray app

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25

Zhai, Guo Dong, Zhi Feng Dong, and Sheng Ming Yan. "Design and Optimization of the Exhausting-Flowing Remover in Fully-Mechanized Top-Coal Caving Mining Face." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2666.

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Because of its high output，much more dust is produced in fully-mechanized Longwall mining with top-coal caving (LMTC) mining faces than in conventional mechanized mining faces without top-coal caving. Now dust control in fully-mechanized LMTC mining faces has become a key technological problem needed to be solved. Baced on the ejected dust removal technology, this paper developed a coal dust extraction which used in the fully mechanized LMTC mining face. For the optimization of the extraction’s property, measure systems are designed. By amounts of assembled experiment, the best structure of th

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Thomson, Steven James. "Evaluation of a solid stream radial nozzle on fixed-wing aircraft, for penetration of spray within a soybean canopy." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 1 (2014): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0015.

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Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the Accu-Flo multiple orifice nozzle for penetration of spray into a soybean (Glycine max L.) canopy by comparing results to those from a popular straight stream nozzle and rotary atomizer. A mixture of water + Induce® adjuvant was applied at three different spray release heights in a random sequence, using an Air Tractor 402-B agricultural aircraft. Sampler stands were placed at twenty-four locations in the field. Water sensitive paper (WSP) cards were clipped onto rigid stands just above the canopy and 30 cm off the ground within the canopy. We

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Dittmar, Peter J., David W. Monks, Jonathan R. Schultheis, and Katherine M. Jennings. "EFFECTS OF POSTAPPLICATION HALOSULFURONMETHYL AT VARIOUS PERCENTS OF VINE COVERAGE ON WATERMELON YIELDS." HortScience 41, no. 3 (2006): 519A—519. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.519a.

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Most seedless watermelons are grown on black polyethylene mulch to aid crop establishment, growth, yield, and quality and weed control. However, nutsedge is a persistent problem in this production system, as it can easily penetrate the mulch. Halosulfuron-methyl is registered in some crops and provides excellent yellow nutsedge control. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of reduced halosulfuron-methyl contract to the watermelon plant on fruit yield and quality. The seedless watermelon cultivars, Tri-X-313 and Precious Petite, were transplanted into black polyethylene m

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28

Sun, Hui, and Zhi Yong Zhou. "Numerical Simulation of the Two-Phase Flow in Novel Combined Top and Corner Spray Degassing Tank for Aluminum Melt." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 790–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.790.

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The Eulerian two-fluid model incorporated with the multiple reference frame approach is adopted to predict the gas-liquid two-phase flow in the novel combined top and corner spray degassing tank for aluminum melt. The influence of different parameters, such as gas velocity or hole areas at the tank corners on the gas-liquid flow behavior is also investigated. Results show that little gas emerges near the wall of tank equipped with traditional rotating spray degasser. Using the combined top and corner spray degasser, the distribution of bubbles in the tank, especially near the tank wall, is imp

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Fang, T.-G., R. E. Coverdill, C.-F. F. Lee, and R. A. White. "Low-sooting combustion in a small-bore high-speed direct-injection diesel engine using narrow-angle injectors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 10 (2008): 1927–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto751.

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An optically accessible high-speed direct-injection diesel engine was used to study the effects of injection angles on low-sooting combustion. A digital high-speed camera was employed to capture the entire cycle combustion and spray evolution processes under seven operating conditions including post-top-dead centre (TDC) injection and pre-TDC injection strategies. The nitrogen oxide (NO x) emissions were also measured in the exhaust pipe. In-cylinder pressure data and heat release rate calculations were conducted. All the cases show premixed combustion features. For post-TDC injection cases, a

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30

Al Hejami, Ahmed, and Diane Beauchemin. "Infrared heating of the top surface of a cyclonic spray chamber to improve the analytical performance of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 34, no. 1 (2019): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ja00363g.

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Chand, Phool, C. S. Choudhary, Ajay Kumar, and R. S. Singh. "Management of Maydis Leaf Blight Disease of Maize Caused by Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado and Miyake) through Different Modules." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 31, no. 3 (2025): 299–305. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2025/v31i32903.

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Maydis leaf blight (MLB) is a prevalent disease, caused by the necrotrophic plant pathogen Bipolaris maydis, affecting maize worldwide. Depending on environmental conditions, MLB can lead to yield losses of up to 40% or even more in favourable conditions. To minimize the huge losses, the efficacy of different combinations of disease management components was assessed as an alternative approach. The effectiveness of three modules namely organic, chemical, and IDM, was tested at Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur during 2020 and 2021. Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 10

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32

Dewettinck, Koen, Lidewij Deroo, Winy Messens, and André Huyghebaert. "Agglomeration Tendency during Top-Spray Fluidized Bed Coating with Gums." LWT - Food Science and Technology 31, no. 6 (1998): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1998.0421.

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Stoltz, Robert L. "Spider Mite Control on Dry Beans, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (1986): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.223a.

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Abstract Foliar sprays were applied to beans near Buhl, ID on 1 Aug ‘85. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 6 rows wide (22 inch row spacings) × 20 ft long. Materials were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 25 psi using 18 gal finished spray per acre. Motile mite forms were counted from a cm2 located in the middle of the central leaflet of 2 trifoliates picked from the top, 2 from the middle, and 1 from the bottom of the plant canopy.

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34

Lima, Rogerio S., and Christopher C. Berndt. "Members of TSS Community are Among the Top 2% of Most-Cited World Scientists." AM&P Technical Articles 179, no. 5 (2021): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2021-05.p050.

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35

Bishop, B., E. Grafius, P. Henry, K. Roragen, R. Maier, and P. Rattlingourd. "Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Foliar Insecticides, 1988." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 15, no. 1 (1990): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/15.1.127.

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Abstract Trials of foliar sprays to Colorado potato beetle were conducted at the Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Farm, Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted on 13 May 1988. Plots were 3 rows wide (34 inch row spacing) by 40 ft long and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications/treatment. Adjacent plots were separated by two untreated rows. Treatments were applied on 17 and 23 Jun, and 1 Jul with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with a cluster of 3 nozzles over each row. The middle nozzle directed spray down over th

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Patil, Vishal V., and Ranjit S. Patil. "Experimental investigations to predict optimistic biodiesel(s) and its optimistic operating conditions by varying ignition delay period and fuel spray pressures for lower emissions and better performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 19 (2020): 3890–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220917693.

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In this study, different characteristics of sustainable renewable biodiesels (those have a high potential of their production worldwide and in India) were compared with the characteristics of neat diesel to determine optimistic biodiesel for the diesel engine at 250 bar spray pressure. Optimistic fuel gives a comparatively lower level of emissions and better performance than other selected fuels in the study. Rubber seed oil methyl ester was investigated as an optimistic fuel among the other selected fuels such as sunflower oil methyl ester, neem seed oil methyl ester, and neat diesel. To enha

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Lei, Yan, Xiaojie Liang, Dingwu Zhou, Tao Qiu, Kaixin Wang, and Yue Wu. "Effect of Particle Diameter on Primary Breakup of High-Pressure Diesel Spray Atomization: A Study Based on Numerical Simulations Using the Eulerian–Lagrangian Model." Energies 16, no. 1 (2022): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010238.

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The coupling of Eulerian and Lagrangian methods in the Eulerian–Lagrangian Spray Atomization (ELSA) approach is critical. This study proposes an equation for the primary breakup particle diameter D of a diesel fuel spray and adopts it as a key transition criterion for coupling. A three-dimensional diesel spray is modeled by the large-eddy simulation (LES) approach. This improved ELSA simulation was conducted using various transition criteria for particle diameter Dcr. The results show that fuel spray experiences two stages: stage I, when a liquid column appears without a dispersed phase, and s

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Yu, Lei, Sida Jiang, Fuyang Cao, et al. "Hot Deformation Behavior of a Co-Spray-Formed Al-Si/7075 Bimetallic Gradient Alloy." Metals 11, no. 8 (2021): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081266.

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In this paper, we report the results obtained from the hot compression behaviour of co-spray-formed Al-Si/7075 bimetallic gradient alloys by investigating the five selected layers divided evenly from top to bottom. It was found that with a decrease in the strain rate and an increase in temperature, the hot compression flow stress of deposited alloys decreases gradually, as expected. The relationship between flow stress, temperature and strain rate follows the Arrhenius relationship. The deformation activation energy of the co-spray formed gradient alloy gradually increases from bottom to top i

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Kumar, Adesh, Roomi Rawal, Nishi Roy, Atik Ahamad, and Hitesh Kumar. "Evaluation of fungicides for management of anthracnose disease of black gram (Vigna mungo l.) in growing areas of district Jhansi of Bundelkhand region." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 2 (2020): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.vi.2257.

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Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) growing areas of district Jhansi coming under Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh were surveyed during Kharif 2018 for the occurrence of anthracnose disease of black gram. A total of 22 villages were visited under six blocks of Jhansi during this period. Blockwise comparison of the survey in Jhansi revealed that less mean disease incidence (10%) and severity (4.0%) occurred in the Chirgaon block. Highest disease incidence (24%) and severity (12%) were observed in block Moth. The block Bangra, Babina, Badagaon, and Bamour secured disease incidence 23.5, 20, 16.44 and

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Suryani and Rudi Rinaldi. "Top-Of-Line Corrosion: Operational Feedback." Materials Performance 63, no. 4 (2024): 30–33. https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2024_63_4-30.

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The first top-of-line corrosion (TLC) case was reported in 1999, and since then other pipelines were confirmed to be suffering TLC based on their inspections results. The average TLC rates were 0.5 to 1 mm/year with maximum of 2 to 3 mm/year with carbon dioxide (CO2) up to 8.5%, gauge pressure 8 to 9 MPa and inlet temperature 80 to 90 °C. As part of mitigation, the first part of some pipelines are designed with a thicker corrosion allowance, and, as necessary, spray pigging and volatile corrosion inhibitor are employed during operation. This article will reveal correlation of the field data an

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Foqué, Dieter, Jan G. Pieters, and David Nuyttens. "Comparing Spray Gun and Spray Boom Applications in Two Ivy Crops with Different Crop Densities." HortScience 47, no. 1 (2012): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.1.51.

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Flemish greenhouse growers predominantly use handheld spray guns and lances for their crop protection purposes despite the heavy workload and high risk for operator exposure associated with these techniques. These spray application techniques have also shown to be less effective than spray boom equipment under many conditions. Handheld spraying techniques are less expensive, however, and they are more flexible in practical use. Many growers also erroneously believe that high spray volumes and pressures are needed to assure good plant protection. The aim of this work was to evaluate the spray d

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Grgić, Davor, Josip Đaković, Siniša Šadek, and Štefica Vlahović. "Effectiveness of SFP Spray Cooling during Loss of Coolant Accidents." Journal of Energy - Energija 68, no. 2-3 (2022): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2019682-3204.

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For a large Spent Fuel Pool (SFP) loss of coolant accidents, properly sized SFP spray can slowdown or possibly preclude fast heat-up of spent fuel. The MELCOR 2.1 model of NPP Krsko pool was developed and tested for cases of loss of cooling accidents. The simple spray system with spray nozzles distributed at specified location at the top of the pool was added to the model. Different loss of coolant rates where studied for different fuel heat loadings, and different openings and flow rates of the spray nozzles. Traditionally, spray nozzles able to produce larger diameter droplets are used close

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Naz, Muhammad Yasin, Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman, Bambang Ari-Wahjoedi, and Ku Zilati Ku Shaari. "Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Spray Properties of Tapioca Starch Adhesives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.81.

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The use of starches as a material in urea granules coating industry is a recent development. The pure starches do not meet the standards set by many industrial processes due to slow tacking and to low viscosities, and require necessary modifications in their physical properties. The objective of the work was to synthesize and characterize the tapioca base biopolymers for future urea granules coating applications. For this purpose, three compositions of starch-urea-borate complex were prepared and their sprays were characterized using a bottom to top spraying system. The characterization of phy

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Gadow, Rainer, Andreas Killinger, Andreas Rempp, and Andrei Manzat. "Advanced Ceramic Tribological Layers by Thermal Spray Routes." Advances in Science and Technology 66 (October 2010): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.66.106.

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Protective and functional coatings featuring outstanding tribological performance are of general interest for all kinds of industrial applications i.e for high performance automotive and mechanical applications. Thermal spray coating technologies play a key role in fabricating hard layers based on ceramic, metal - ceramic and further multiphase materials. Additional functionality can be achieved by combining these coatings with polymer based top coats with low friction coefficient or anti adhesive behaviour. Combined coatings feature also designed thermophysical and electrophysical properties.

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Jang, Geon, Su Jeong Lee, Daewoo Lee, Dongwon Lee, Woong Lee, and Jae-Min Myoung. "Flexible UV detector based on carbon fibers, ZnO nanorods, and Ag nanowires." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 18 (2017): 4537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00045f.

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Riedl, H., and P. W. Shearer. "Pear, Pest Control with IGR CME 13406, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (1987): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.69a.

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Abstract Trees in a 25-year-old pear orchard were sprayed by handgun operating at 200 psi. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates (2 of each variety) arranged in a randomized block. All treatments except the untreated check received a ‘delayed dormant’ spray of Pydrin 2.4EC at 4 oz/100 gal plus 1.5% superior oil and a ‘white bud’ spray of Morestan 2.5WP at 1 lb/100 gal. Three cover sprays of Guthion were timed according to codling moth development (see Washington State University Extension Bull. 1072). Each spray of CME 13406 was applied about 150 to 250 degree-days (base 50°F) earli

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Chu, C. C., T. J. Henneberry, and D. H. Akey. "Sweetpotato Whitefly Control on Cantaloupe, 1991." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (1993): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.116.

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Abstract The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, California, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Seed was planted 20 Aug at the rate of three seeds/hill with hills spaced 30 inches within a row. Missing hills were replanted on 9 Sep. Each plot consisted of two rows spaced 40 inches wide. Rows were 20 ft long. Plots were partially isolated by 7-ft wide corridors of fallow ground between plots and 7-ft fallow alleys separating experimental blocks. Treatments were (1) cantaloupe seeds treated with NTN 33893 at 0.10 lb Al/lb o

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Stamm Katovich, Elizabeth J., Roger L. Becker, and Brad D. Kinkaid. "Influence of Nontarget Neighbors and Spray Volume on Retention and Efficacy of Triclopyr in Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)." Weed Science 44, no. 1 (1996): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500093681.

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Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the influence of plant density and spray volume on the retention, spray deposition, efficacy, and translocation of the amine salt of triclopyr in purple loosestrife. More spray solution was retained on leaves at 935 Lha−1than at 94 Lha−1at populations of 0, 4, or 8 nontarget neighbors. Spray coverage decreased with decreasing height within the plant canopy when spray cards were placed in the top, middle, and soil surface adjacent to the central target plant. Within a population, spray card coverage generally increased as spray volume increased. Re

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Maronga, Savini J., and Piotr Wnukowski. "Growth kinetics in particle coating by top-spray fluidized bed systems." Advanced Powder Technology 12, no. 3 (2001): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855201750537910.

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Ibraheem, Sajad Nazim, and Majed Hazem Alheidary. "The Role of Spray Pattern and Operating Pressure and their Interactions on the Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch. in Eggplant Plants Under Greenhouse Conditions." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 41, no. 2 (2023): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.2.105113.

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Ibraheem, S.N. and M.H. Alheidary. 2023. The Role of Spray Pattern and Operating Pressure and their Interactions on the Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch. in Eggplant Plants Under Greenhouse Conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 105-113. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.2.105113 The mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most dangerous pests that attack the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Several attempts were carried out for controlling this pest to avoid crop losses through the extensive use of chemical products. The present study aimed to shed light on the effect of s

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