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Journal articles on the topic 'Top – Spraying'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Han, Hong Zhi, Yan Song An, Da Wei Zhang, and Wei Zhu. "Spraying Pattern Overlap and Movement Design of Automatic Electrostatic Top Spraying Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.37.

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The high-speed spinning bell electrostatic automatic machine is the key equipment of the automotive coating line. A simplified mathematical model of the process of spraying aggradation was proposed by analyzing the working principle of electrostatic spray. Furthermore, the relationships among spraying distance, spraying speed and number of spraying pattern overlap were investigated and revealed. And the expressions for the velocities of both side spraying machine and top spraying machine are derived. This work provides an important theoretical basis for the spraying trajectory planning .

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2

Gan, Jiandong, Sihua Shao, Xueyou Su, Zhongru Zhang, Zhimeng Sun, and Biao Zhang. "Study on Influence Law of Key Factors of New Composite Slurry Spraying Technology." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (2022): 10297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610297.

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In this paper, a new type of water pressure and air pressure composite slurry is proposed to ensure the safety of spraying. Firstly, the air tightness, bending resistance and viscosity of the spraying material were measured in the laboratory. Secondly, the two-fluid VOF model was used to analyze the influence laws of the spraying process, the spraying area formed on the wall, the thickness of the spraying layer and the pressure at the nozzle (or initial flow rate), the spraying distance, the spraying time, and the spraying direction. The research shows that (1) the new composite slurry sprayin

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3

Moskal, Grzegorz, Aleksander Iwaniak, and Bartosz Witala. "Characterization of Microstructure and Properties of Plasma Sprayed Ceramic Coatings on AZ91 Magnesium Alloy." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.571.

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The paper presents the microstructure test results of carbide layers with bond coat obtained on the magnesium alloy with WC/Co – NiCr – AZ91D type thermal spraying method. Layers were sprayed with the APS method on the sandblasted surfaces of approx. 5 mm thick elements manufactured with high pressure die casting (HPDC). The standard process parameters were used for the powders sprayed. The scope of the tests included characteristics of the AZ91D alloy top surface after HPDC process and after sandblasting. The stereometric analysis of surface was performed by using the laser profilometer. The

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4

Souza, Felipe G., Marcelo F. Portes, Marcus V. Silva, Mauri M. Teixeira, and Marconi R. Furtado Júnior. "Impact of sprayer drone flight height on droplet spectrum in mountainous coffee plantation." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, no. 12 (2022): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n12p901-906.

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ABSTRACT Weather conditions and sprayer operating parameters influence spray quality. Unmanned aerial vehicles are considered a modern, useful, and very efficient technological tool in the application of pesticides, as they carry out punctual spraying, and reduce environmental and public health problems. The objective of this study was to characterize the spraying quality carried out with an unmanned aerial vehicle as a function of flight height and target position in a coffee plantation in a mountainous region. Three flight heights (2.5, 3.0, and 4.0 m) were used, and the targets were placed

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5

Cui, Shiyu, Qiang Miao, Wenping Liang, Yi Xu, and Baiqiang Li. "Comparative analysis of tribological behavior of plasma- and high-velocity oxygen fuel-sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coatings." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 2 (2017): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-09-2015-0129.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to prepare WC-10Co-4Cr coatings using two processes of plasma spraying and high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying. The decarburization behaviors of the different processes are analyzed individually. The microstructural characteristics of the as-sprayed coatings are presented and the wear mechanisms of the different WC–10Co–4Cr coatings are discussed in detail. Design/methodology/approach The WC–10Co–4Cr coatings were formed on the surface of Q235 steel by plasma and HVOF spraying. Findings Plasma spraying causes more decarburizing decomposition of the WC

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6

Myalska, Hanna, Jakub Wieczorek, Krzysztof Szymański, and Grzegorz Moskal. "The Influence of High Velocity Thermal Spraying Methods on Top Surface Topography of WC-Co Coatings." Solid State Phenomena 226 (January 2015): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.226.149.

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Characterization of top surfaces of WC-Co coatings obtained during deposition process of high velocity thermal spraying type was showed in this article. The feedstock powder was so called “superfine” powder of WC-17Co types produced by Inframat. In first part of article short characterization of powder was presented, especially characterization of it morphology including shape, internal microstructure and grain size description. The second part of article is dedicated to characterization of microstructure and topography of top surface of coatings deposited by two different methods of high velo

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7

Pluzhnikova, I. I., N. V. Kriushin, and I. V. Bakulova. "The influence of methods of protection against harmful organisms on the formation of morphometric indicators and economic traits of hemp plants." Agrarian science, no. 4 (May 21, 2022): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-358-4-77-84.

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Relevance. In order to optimize the methods of protecting the plant from the harmful organisms of hemp sowing, it seems significant to assess the effectiveness of modern pesticides and their effect on the physiological processes of plants.Methods. Studies were conducted on a variety of monoecious hemp of the Central Russian ecotype Nadezhda. The obtained results were analyzed in accordance with methodological recommendations for registration tests of fungicides and insecticides, methodological guidelines for conducting field and vegetation experiments with hemp.Results. Studies were carried ou

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8

Elekhtyar, Nehal M., Mamdouh M. A. Awad-Allah, Khalid S. Alshallash, Aishah Alatawi, Rana M. Alshegaihi, and Reem A. Alsalmi. "Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Selected Chemical Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth and Productivity of Rice." Agriculture 12, no. 10 (2022): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101596.

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Phosphorus is the second most significant macro nutrient in rice productivity. Phosphorus fixation in Egyptian soil makes it unavailable for rice to absorb. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of microbial and chemical sources of phosphorus fertilizers on the Egyptian Sakha 106 rice cultivar by applying different sources of phosphorus to increase the bioavailability of soil phosphorus for plants and to allow it to be fixed biologically to change it from an insoluble form to a soluble and available form for rice to absorb. So, in the 2019 and 2020 seasons, a field experiment was c

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9

Čelko, Ladislav, David Jech, Karel Dvořák, Ivo Šulák, Lenka Klakurková, and Karel Obrtlík. "Durability of Amorphous and Crystalline BMAS Thermal Barrier Coatings Produced by Plasma Spraying." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.383.

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Barium-Magnesium-Aluminium-Silicate (BMAS) powder was produced from a mixture of initial compounds BaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 by means of solid state synthesis at the temperature of 1200 °C for 3 hours in a laboratory furnace. Synthetized powder was crushed into the fraction of 15-45 μm in a planetary ball mill. Thermal barrier coating system consisting of CoNiCrAlY (bond coat) and BMAS (top coat) was sprayed by atmospheric plasma spray technique onto the polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy substrate. During plasma spraying process, the BMAS underwent phase transformation and the amorphous phase w

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10

Alam, M., M. M. Huq, and M. D. Hussain. "Performance of a Hand Operated Rotary Sprayer." Journal of Agricultural Machinery and Bioresources Engineering 2, no. 1 (1995): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.61361/jambe.v2i1.50.

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A hand operated rotary sprayer was fabricated by using locally available materials such as G.I. sheet, wood, rope and plastic tube. Performance studies were carried out at different throughputs and spraying heights at normal walking speed. The field capacity of the sprayer was 0.49 ha/hr or 16.6 l/ha at spraying height of 50 cm, nozzle speed of 2000 rpm, working speed of 2 km/hr, and spray discharge was 133.5 ml/min. The lateral distributions of the spray liquid from the rotary sparyer were measured. It was observed that about 65% of the total spray output was deposited within the radius of 50

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11

Shibata, Mitsuhiro, Seiji Kuroda, Makoto Watanabe, and Yukihiro Sakamoto. "Oxidation Property of CoNiCrAlY Coatings Prepared by Various Thermal Spraying Techniques." Materials Science Forum 522-523 (August 2006): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.522-523.339.

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To protect various gas turbine components against high temperature in the hot sections of power generation plants and aircraft engines, thermal barrier coatings (TBC’s) have been developed and widely used. Conventional TBC’s consist of a MCrAlY (M: Ni, Co, NiCo, etc,) bond coating for oxidation resistance and a ceramic top coating for thermal insulation. High quality coatings of MCrAlYs have been produced mostly by low pressure plasma spraying but other more economical processes are also used depending on the operating conditions of the component to be coated. In this study, CoNiCrAlY powders

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12

Zhang, Hong Song, Hong Chan Sun, and Xiao Ge Chen. "Effect of Top-Layer Thickness on Residual Stresses of Plasma-Spraying Sm₂Zr₂O₇/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.40.

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In this paper, effect of top-layer thickness on residual stressess of plasma-spraying DCL coating of Sm2Zr2O7 and YSZ was studied by FEM. Results show that Radial stresses in DCL TBCs have similar distributions along horizontal distance which decrease gradually with increasing top-layer thickness. Radial stresses at YSZ layer/ bonding layer remians compressive stress state which is helpful to increase bonding strength the TBCs. Shear stresses transform gradually from tensile stress state to compressive stress state along horizontal distance, and they increase with increasing top-layer thicknes

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13

Rostam, Omar, Mohd Fairuz Dimin, Sivaraos, et al. "Assessing the Significance of Rate and Time Pulse Spraying in Top Spray Granulation of Urea Fertilizer Using Taguchi Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 761 (May 2015): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.761.308.

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Studies in urea granulation process using Top Spray Fluidized Bed Granulator (TSFBG) is still limited and requires in-depth research about the effectiveness and influence of droplets to the formation of urea granule (UG). Rate and time interval of spraying technique (Pulse) significantly influence the physical properties of urea granules. Cassava starch dissolves in water was selected as the binder released at various time interval to observe impact of spray droplet on UG size formation. Using Taguchi Method, the study had identified three leading factors contributed to the formation of drople

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14

Li, Dongshen, Fei Gao, Zemin Li, Yutong Zhang, Chuang Gao, and Hongbo Li. "Design of a Leaf-Bottom Pest Control Robot with Adaptive Chassis and Adjustable Selective Nozzle." Agriculture 14, no. 8 (2024): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081341.

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Pest control is an important guarantee for agricultural production. Pests are mostly light-avoiding and often gather on the bottom of crop leaves. However, spraying agricultural machinery mostly adopts top-down spraying, which suffers from low pesticide utilization and poor insect removal effect. Therefore, the upward spraying mode and intelligent nozzle have gradually become the research hotspot of precision agriculture. This paper designs a leaf-bottom pest control robot with adaptive chassis and adjustable selective nozzle. Firstly, the adaptive chassis is designed based on the MacPherson s

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15

Ranta, Ovidiu, Ovidiu Marian, Mircea Valentin Muntean, et al. "Quality Analysis of Some Spray Parameters When Performing Treatments in Vineyards in Order to Reduce Environment Pollution." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147780.

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There is a worldwide trend that supports the rational use of chemicals in agriculture. It has become common knowledge that irresponsible application of pesticides can cause food security issues, by endangering human and animal health while also having negative environmental consequences. The aim of this experiment was to assess the qualitative parameters of spraying treatments in vineyards. To achieve this, a vineyard and orchard sprayer machine was used for the application of treatments under a gradient of pressures (3, 5, 7, 9 bar). Water-sensitive collectors were placed at three heights (0.

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16

ZHANG, SHUWEN, FENYAN WANG, and LANSUN CHEN. "A FOOD CHAIN SYSTEM WITH DENSITY-DEPENDENT BIRTH RATE AND IMPULSIVE PERTURBATIONS." Advances in Complex Systems 09, no. 03 (2006): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525906000781.

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We investigate a three-species food chain system with density-dependent birth rate and impulsive effect concerning biological and chemical control strategy — periodic releasing of natural enemies or spraying pesticide at different fixed times. Conditions for the extinction of the prey and top predator are given. By using the Floquet theory of impulsive differential equations and small amplitude perturbation skills, we consider the local stability of the prey and top predator eradication periodic solution. Further, we obtain the conditions of permanence of the system.

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17

Zhang, Hong Song, Yuan Wei, and Xiao Ge Chen. "Effect of Top-Layer Thickness on Thermal-Shocking Property of Plasma-Spraying Sm₂Zr₂O₇/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.53.

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In this paper, effect of top-layer thickness on thermal-shocking property of plasma-spraying DCL coating of Sm2Zr2O7and YSZ was studied by FEM. Results show that radial stresses decrease with time increasing, and their maximum values are increase with top-layer thickness increasing. They have similar distributions along horizontal distance which decrease gradually with increasing top-layer thickness. Radial stresses at YSZ layer/ bonding layer remians almost compressive stresses state which is helpful to increase bonding strength the TBCs. Axial stresses remians almost unvariable along horizon

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18

Jech, David, Ladislav Čelko, Pavel Komarov, Jindřich Ziegelheim, Zdeněk Česánek, and Jan Schubert. "The Role of Different Atmospheric Plasma Spray Parameters on Microstructure of Abradable AlSi-Polyester Coatings." Solid State Phenomena 270 (November 2017): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.270.224.

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One of the approaches to increase the thermic efficiency of aerospace engines is the application of abradable coatings enabling minimization and control of the clearance between the stator and the rotating blades tips. The main purpose of this contribution is to define the role of different technological parameters utilized for atmospheric plasma spraying of AlSi-polyester coating on its resulting microstructure. Deposition of abradable coatings on the real engine parts is mostly dependent on spraying stand-off distance and on spraying angle. These two parameters influence not only the coating

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19

Fuse, Kishan, and Vishvesh Badheka. "Hybrid Self-Reacting Friction Stir Welding of AA 6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy with Cooling Assisted Approach." Metals 11, no. 1 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010016.

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In the present work, self-reacting friction stir welding of 6 mm thick Al 6061-T6 was processed considering two novel approaches as different temperatures of the water (1 °C and 30 °C), and methods of use (spraying and enveloping top surface) using water as cooling media. The four experiments as natural air cooling (NAC), spraying with room temperature water mist (S-RM), spraying with ice water mist (S-IM), and cooling with room temperature water jet (C-RJ) were performed. The thermal profile, microstructure, microhardness, and tensile properties were investigated for all the joints. The lowes

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20

Moon, B. C., Z. H. Lee, D. R. White, and E. J. Lavernia. "In situ Temperature Measurement During Spray Forming of A2-tool Steel and Axisymmetric Two-dimensional Analysis." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 8 (2000): 1669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0241.

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An in situ temperature measurement was performed during spraying of A2-tool steel, and the results were used to verify an axisymmetric two-dimensional computer simulation program, which was developed for the prediction of shape and temperature variation in a spray-forming process. A thin thermocouple was placed inside of the chamber in advance and brought to the surface of the deposit during spraying. The temperature was then recorded. The surface temperature of the deposit was also measured by an infrared video camera. The emissivity of the surface of A2-tool steel during spraying was determi

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21

Cosack, T., L. Pawlowski, S. Schneiderbanger, and S. Sturlese. "Thermal Barrier Coatings on Turbine Blades by Plasma Spraying With Improved Cooling." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 1 (1994): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906805.

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Turbine blades were coated with a thermal barrier coating system consisting of an MCrAlY bond coat about 100 μm thick deposited by Low-Pressure Plasma Spraying (LPPS) and a 300 μm thick ZrO2-7 wt. % Y2O3 top coat. The latter was manufactured by both Atmosphere and Temperature Controlled Spraying (ATCS) and Air Plasma Spraying (APS) using internal air cooling through the cooling holes of the turbine blades. Coated blades were submitted to thermal cycling tests in a burner rig with hot gas temperature of 1485°C. In the case of ATCS coated blades the number of cycles until the first spallation at

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22

Qi, Hong Yu, Hai Quan Ma, Xu Li, Xiao Guang Yang, and Duo Qi Shi. "Thermal Fatigue of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.405.

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Turbine vanes and blades are the most intensively loaded elements in that they are subjected to a large variety of mechanical and high temperature loads. The thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are widely used on different hot components of gas turbines, as blades and vanes, for both, power engineering as well as aeronautical applications. Currently, two methods are used for depositing TBCs on substrate, which are plasma spray (PS) and electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). A typical TBCs system consists of two thin coatings, including a ceramic coating and a metallic bond coat. Despite

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23

ACEVEDO-BARRERA, Angelica A., Juan M. SOTO PARRA, Rosa M. YAÑEZ-MUÑOZ, Esteban SANCHEZ, and Ramona PEREZ-LEAL. "Natural Sources of Spraying to Preserve Apple Fruit Quality during Post-Harvest." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47, no. 4 (2019): 1136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha47411539.

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One of the great challenges that apple producers face is to substantially improve the quality of fruit, including after harvest. A balanced and timely supply of calcium (Ca) during growth and in the post-harvest stage is considered a technique that could improve shelf life and fruit quality; thus calcium plays a key role during post-harvest, with calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate being an alternative of foliar spraying. The study was carried out on ‘Top Red’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple cultivars, in a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments (referring to different commercial

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Bai, Yu, Zhi Hai Han, Hong Qiang Li, et al. "Microstructural Study of Nanostructured ZrO₂ Based Thermal Barrier Coatings Fabricated by High Efficiency Supersonic Plasma Spraying." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.80.

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In this paper, the microstructure of nanostructured zirconia (ZrO2) based coating fabricated by newly developed process, high efficiency supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying (SAPS), is studied. The velocity and surface temperature of in-flight particles during spraying were monitored by on-line system and the microstructure and phase composition of the as-sprayed coating was characterized with SEM, TEM and XRD. Meanwhile, the bonding strength between the top coating and bond coating was measured. The results showed the average in-flight velocity of YSZ particles in SAPS was about 430m/s, whi

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Benalia, Souraya, Antonio Mantella, Matteo Sbaglia, Lorenzo M. M. Abenavoli, and Bruno Bernardi. "Automated Fixed System Specifically Designed for Agrochemical Applications in Protected Crops." Agriculture 15, no. 3 (2025): 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15030330.

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Protected crops are intensive production systems characterized by high vegetation density, high temperatures, and high moisture, making them favorable environments for the development of pests and diseases. Consequently, these systems often require several interventions with agrochemicals to maintain profitable yields and high produce quality. However, the application of plant protection products (PPPs) in such systems is not efficient and poses environmental concerns. This study aims at analysing spray behaviour, particularly in terms of foliar deposition and losses to the ground according to

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MAKWANA, AJAY, and PRAMOD MOHNOT. "Effect of Spraying using Sprayer Robot for Cotton Crop." JOURNAL OF AGRISEARCH 9, no. 03 (2021): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v9i03.11011.

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Chemical pesticides have played and continue to play a major role in the rapid advancement of agricultural production. Farmers are continuously spraying the growing crop economically and profitably. Cotton crops are grown above human shoulder height at that time spraying operation is impossible to penetrate the canopy over shoulder height with manual spraying. At such stages overhead spraying was not given proper spray distribution. Mostly the chemicals do not hit actual target and cause wastages of spray material to the environment. It is necessary to apply pesticide in such manner that the m

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Ma, Wen, Yue Ma, Sheng Kai Gong, Hui Bin Xu, and Xue Qiang Cao. "Thermal Cycling Behavior of Lanthanum-Cerium Oxide Thermal Barrier Coatings Prepared by Air Plasma Spraying." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1759–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1759.

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Lanthanum-cerium oxide (La2Ce2O7, LC) is considered as a new candidate material for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) because of its low thermal conductivity and high phase stability between room temperature and 1673K. The LC coatings with different La2O3 contents were prepared by air plasma spraying (APS) and their lifetime was evaluated by thermal cyclic testing from room temperature to 1373 K. The structures of the coatings were characterized by XRD and SEM and the deviation of the composition from the powder was determined by EDS analysis. Long time annealing for the freestanding coating at

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Dudka, M. I., O. P. Yakunin, and S. I. Pustovyi. "Agro-economic efficiency of maize grain growing depending on the background of fertilization and foliar top dressing." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, no. 2 (2020): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0140.

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The influence of foliar top dressings on the background of mineral fertilizers N30P30K30 and N60P45K45 on the leaf surface area, grain yielding capacity and economic indices for the griowing of maize hybrids after sunflower was studied. It is found that against the background of fertilizer N60P45K45 compared to N30P30K30 leaf area of one plant was greater by 7.0 %. Under the influence of foliar top dressing, this indicator increased by 7.7–25.6 %. The middle-early ripening hybrid had advantage in terms of leaf surface area. The yielding capacity of maize on the background of mineral fertilizer

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Zhang, Hong Xia, Cheng Luo, Hong Li Zhao, and Guang Feng. "Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Free-Sprayed Ni60 Coating Prepared by High Frequency Induction Heating." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1489.

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In order to improve corrosion resistance of widely used carbon steels, self-fusion Ni60 alloys coating was prepared by free-spraying and induction heating, taking 45 steel as substrate. The microstructure and corrosion resistance of the coating and the elements diffusion cross the interface between the coatings and the substrate were analyzed. The results indicate that Ni60 coating free from cracks is obtained by free spraying and induction heating. The microstructure of the Ni60 coated substrate consists of top surface, intermediate layer, dendritic crystal zone and lamellar zone from outside

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Jech, David, Ladislav Čelko, Martin Juliš, et al. "Critical Weak Points of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.567.

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The 8 wt. % yttria stabilized zirconia top coat (TC) and the CoNiCrAlY bond coat (BC) were sprayed onto the surface of newly developed fine-grained cast polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy Inconel 713LC by means of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). As-prepared samples were isothermally exposed at the temperature of 1050 °C for 200 hours in an ambient atmosphere. Structural changes in the thermal barrier coatings (TBC) system after thermal exposure were studied by means of scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive microanalyzer. Critical weak points were identified on

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Shishkin, Andrejs, and Ieva Stafecka. "Characterization of the Pore Structure in Ice from Water Added at Different Temperatures." Key Engineering Materials 800 (April 2019): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.800.289.

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The present study describes ice characterization technique by utilizing light microscopy. Two different optical setups were used and compared. For ice structure characterization, ice was formed by adding water to an ice base layer: pouring hot water (+20 °C), pouring cold water (+3 °C) and spraying of hot water (+20 °C) water. Ice substrate specimens were made (20 x 30 x 20 mm prepared in a polypropylene mould) at -20 °C for 48 h. The heat flow direction governed the orientation of the air bubbles, and set the inner structure of ice. Pouring hot water onto ice slowly solidified the top layer a

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Jiadong, Shi, Ma Guozheng, Han Cuihong, et al. "The tribological performance in vacuum of DLC coating treated with graphene spraying top layer." Diamond and Related Materials 125 (May 2022): 108998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.108998.

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HAYASHI, Yuki, Satoshi YAMAGISHI, and Masakazu OKAZAKI. "OS0402 Effect of top coat spraying process on CMAS damage in thermal barrier coatings." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2014 (2014): _OS0402–1_—_OS0402–3_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2014._os0402-1_.

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HERMAWAN, Prasetyo, Sekar Nirwana SARI, Wahyu Fajar WINATA, and Elis NURBALIA. "Effect of Isocyanate as Cross-linker to Reduce Delamination of Finished Leather for Automotive Seat Cover." Leather and Footwear Journal 23, no. 1 (2023): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/lfj.23.1.2.

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This study aims to improve the quality of finished leather for seat covers by knowing the effect of isocyanate as a cross-linker to reduce delamination on the finished leather. Delamination is a condition where the three layers of finish (base coat, medium coat, and top coat) do not stick together, resulting in the lifting of the top coat during the adhesion test. The raw material used in the trial is C60 quality crust dyed cowhide, 1.1 mm to 1.4 mm thick with an area of ± 3 sqft. The stages of the finishing process include semi-finished selection, stacking, spraying (base coat), rest, stackin

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Kyrychenko, O. V., S. V. Omelchuk, and A. V. Khrapova. "Realization of Nodulation and Nitrogen-Fixing Activities of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhizosphere Microbiota through Seed Treatment with Pesticide Standak Top and Spraying Plants with Soybean Seed Lectin." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 84, no. 6 (2023): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.06.026.

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The idea of the study was to use soybean lectin as a biologically active compound with a broad spectrum of action to spray soybean plants for stabilization of the formation and functioning of the soybean-rhizobium symbiosis as well as the nitrogen-fixing activity of rhizosphere microbiota against the background of seed treatment with chemical plant protection product Standak Top — an innovative pesticide with fungicidal and insecticidal activity for the control of major diseases and pests of soybean plants. Aim. To study the peculiarities of formation and functioning of soybean-rhizobium symbi

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Thao, Dang Xuan, and Cuong Pham Duc. "A study on the effects of plasma spraying parameters on the adhesion strength of Cr3C2-NiCr coating on 16Mn steel." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2022.001827.

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This paper experimentally studied the adhesion strength of Cr3C2-30 %NiCr coating created on 16Mn steel substrate by plasma thermal coating technique in relation to spraying parameters. Experiments were carried out according to the central composite design (CCD) experimental matrix with three parameters: current intensity, powder feeding rate, and spray distance. Samples consisting of an annular disc and a latch made of 16Mn were fabricated according to the JIS H8664-1977 standard. Cr3C2-30 %NiCr coating was then created on the top surface of the disc including end of the latch. Adhesion stren

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Sun, Hao, He Zheng, Hongfeng Yu, et al. "CFD Simulation of Circulating-Airflow Distribution Inside Canopy From Novel Air-Assisted Sprayer in Orchard." Journal of the ASABE 66, no. 3 (2023): 523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15483.

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HIGHLIGHTS A CFD model was developed to simulate airflow movements from circulating air-assisted sprayer. The CFD model can simulate airflow distribution inside the pear canopy with good accuracy. Simulation identifies the preferred parameters for circulating air-assisted spraying. An excessive adjustment of the airflow angle resulted in the formation of an eddy. ABSTRACT. Circulating air-assisted (CAA) spraying involves a negative pressure suction (NPS) created by a fan placed over the top of a canopy to change the airflow direction twice, i.e., first from the outside of the canopy to its ins

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Bocco, Roland, Moran Lee, Dayeon Kim, et al. "Endophytic Isaria javanica pf185 Persists after Spraying and Controls Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Colletotrichum acutatum (Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae) in Pepper." Insects 12, no. 7 (2021): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070631.

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This study endeavored to sustainably control aphids and anthracnose after spraying endophytic Isaria javanica pf185 under field conditions. Under two different tents; one batch of seedlings was sprayed with a 107 conidia/mL I. javanica pf185 suspension; while another was sprayed with 0.05% Tween 80® in distilled water. Six leaf discs from the top; middle; and bottom part of the plant canopy were weekly collected and placed on moistened filter paper in a Petri dish for insecticidal and antifungal bioassays against Myzus persicae and Colletotrichum acutatum. Differences were noticed from the 18t

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DING, XIA, JINGJIE LI, MUSEN LI, et al. "CORROSION PROTECTION OF ND–FE–B MAGNETS VIA PHOPHATIZATION, SILANIZATION AND ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING WITH ORGANIC RESIN COMPOSITE COATINGS." Surface Review and Letters 21, no. 06 (2014): 1450077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x14500772.

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Nd – Fe – B permanent magnets possess excellent properties. However, they are highly sensitive to the attack of corrosive environment. The aim of this work is to improve the corrosion resistance of the magnets by phosphatization, silanization, and electrostatic spraying with organic resin composite coatings. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) tests showed that uniform phosphate conversion coatings and spray layers were formed on the surface of the Nd – Fe – B magnets. Neutral salt spray tests exhibited that, after treated by either pho

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Bueno, Mariana Rodrigues, Guilherme Sousa Alves, Sérgio Macedo Silva, et al. "Air Assistance and Electrostatic Spraying in Soybean Crops." Agrochemicals 3, no. 2 (2024): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals3020009.

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This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of air assistance associated with electrostatic spraying in terms of spray deposition and yield (Experiment 1), and the coverage and droplet density on soybean crops at different working speeds (Experiment 2). The treatments in Experiment 1 corresponded to combinations of electrostatic systems associated with air assistance at three airspeeds (21, 25, and 30 m·s−1) plus a conventional treatment without electrostatic or air assistance. The treatments in Experiment 2 corresponded to three working speeds (3.3, 4.2, and 5.0 m·s−1) with or without the use

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Islam, MN, F. Alam, PK Saha, AL Shah, A. Islam, and JC Biswas. "Magic Growth Produced Zero Effect on Rice Yield." Bangladesh Rice Journal 19, no. 2 (2016): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v19i2.28169.

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CORRECTION: Due to a number of formatting and layout issues, the PDF of this paper was replaced on 10th October 2016. The page numbers of this article have changed from 87-93 to 91-97.Investigation during T. Aus 2012 through Boro 2013-14 at BRRI farm, Gazipur evaluated the effect of magic growth (MG) solution on rice. The experiment compared variable doses of N with or without MG along with N control in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Basal application of N with its top dress was also compared with only top dress of N (no basal). All the plots (except control) recei

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Albert, Francis A. Durai R. Edison Kanickai Raj D. Gwalbert Maurice G. "MULTI NOZZLE AGRICULTURAL SPRAYER." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 5 (2017): 231–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.573528.

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The effective design of spraying machine is to reduce the human effort of spraying location and minimize the time taken by the farmer.The vertical adjustment is provided for varying the distance between the nozzle and the plants.The horizontal adjustment is provided to increase and decrease the number of nozzles.The horizontal adjustment is also used for adjusting the nozzle and intermediate distance.In the line of plants, it can be varied for small distance only.The effective wheel distance can be applicable for very short distance as well as long distance.The diesel engine is provided to giv

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CHEN, LUBIN, CHUANZHONG CHEN, LIANG ZHANG, BIAO QI, and TING-QUAN LEI. "MICROSTRUCTURE OF PLASMA-SPRAYED Al2O3–ZrO2 COMPOSITE COATINGS." Surface Review and Letters 13, no. 05 (2006): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x06008475.

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Thermal barrier coatings of Al 2 O 3– ZrO 2 were prepared by air plasma spraying on the surface of 20G steel. Phase constitution, microstructures and elemental distributions of the coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The results show that the plasma spray coating mainly consists of α- Al 2 O 3, c - ZrO 2, and t - ZrO 2. The bond state of the interface between the top layer and bond layer is fine, and the bond layer has a good combination with the substrate. ZrO 2 and Al 2 O 3 structures can closely integrate together

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Safiollin, Faik, Mars Khismatullin, Gennadiy Minnullin, Salavat Suleymanov, Valeriya Kolesar, and Marsel Khismatullin. "ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTING SUNFLOWERS FROM BASKET ROT UNDER SOIL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 18, no. 1 (2023): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-142-149.

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In order to increase the economic efficiency of oilseeds production in the soil and climatic conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2020-2022 a comparative assessment of the chemical and biological system of sunflower protection from basket rot was carried out. The scheme of the experiment included the following options: background nutrition (factor A) - without fertilizers (control), N104P50K106 (for a planned yield of 2.5 t/ha), partial replacement of mineral fertilizers with a biopreparation Biostim oil (N52P25K53 + foliar top dressing Biostim oil 3 l/ha in the budding phase); protectio

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Park, Tae-sung, Nana Kwabena Adomako, Andrews-nsiah Ashong, Young-kuk Kim, Seung-min Yang, and Jeoung-han Kim. "Interfacial Structure and Physical Properties of High-Entropy Oxide Coatings Prepared via Atmospheric Plasma Spraying." Coatings 11, no. 7 (2021): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070755.

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The feasibility of using a high-entropy rare-earth oxide (REO) as a top coating material for thermal barrier coatings was explored using the atmospheric plasma spray technique. The microstructure and Vickers hardness of the coating layer were compared to those of an 8 mol % yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) top coating material. Macroscopic observations revealed the formation of a well-coated surface with no surface defects or delamination. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the presence of several parallel and vertical microcracks in the REO and 8YSZ coating layers. The origin of thes

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Neidel, A., B. Fischer, T. Gädicke, and T. Ullrich. "Liquation Cracking in Row 3 Twin Turbine Vane Segment Caused by Malfunctioning Plasma Coating Gun." Practical Metallography 60, no. 5 (2023): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2023-0025.

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Abstract Transverse through-wall airfoil cracking was found in a row 3 twin turbine vane segment of a type used in heavy-duty gas turbine engines for power generation. A laboratory investigation determined liquation cracking (LC), a hot cracking mechanism, as the metallurgical cause of failure. As became apparent only after the investigation, the root cause of failure was a malfunctioning plasma gun used for thermal spraying the thermal barrier ceramic top coat onto the subject part.

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Ali Oun1, Dahfer, and Alaa Kamel Subr2. "EFFECT OF SPRAY PRESSURE AND VERTICAL BOOM POSITION ON THE SPRAY QUALITY." iraqi journal of market research and consumer protection 16, no. 2 (2024): 211–23. https://doi.org/10.28936/jmracpc16.2.2024.(18).

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The research to focuses on spraying the plant leaves from the bottom and top by developing a sprayer. The sprayer was making a sprayer made of aluminum with a movable arm containing a nozzle holder divided into three pieces. Each piece contains a nozzle of the type Flat Fan 120-C3. The tasting of the sprayer was done in one of the greenhouses of the Department of Horticulture and Forestry. The study has two factors, the first is changing eff changing the positions of the nozzle holder tube to two levels A1, A2. The second factors were the spray pressure with three levels P1=2, P2=3, P3=4 bar.

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Niemiec, D., G. Moskal, and A. Jasik. "The Influence of Nicraly Coatings Roughness on Oxidation Kinetics During Static Oxidation Test at Temperature 1000ºC And 1100ºC / Wpływ Przygotowania Powierzchni Na Kinetykę Utleniania Warstw Typu Nicraly Pod Wpływem Statycznego Utleniania W Temperaturze 1000ºC I 1100ºC." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (2015): 2671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0431.

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The article presents the results of research related to the impact of pretreatment plasma sprayed NiCrAlY coating on the kinetics of the oxidation. The analysis covered the shell subjected to thermal spraying. The test were performed at a temperature of 1000ºC and 1100ºC the samples were removed from the furnace after 25, 300, 500, 750 and 1000 hours. The investigations range included analysis of top surface of coatings by XRD characterization oxides formed types and microscopic investigations of coatings morphology.

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Yáñez Contreras, Pedro, Miguel León Rodríguez, José Martín Medina Flores, José Alfredo Jiménez García, Francisco Javier Santander Bastida, and José Yáñez Rodríguez. "Determination of residual stresses in thermal barrier coating due to the amount of CMAS infiltration." DYNA 87, no. 215 (2020): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n215.86941.

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In this work, we present the effect of the amount of CMAS infiltration into YSZ of Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) on the magnitude of residual stresses. The (TBC) were deposited by thermal spraying of CoNiCrAlY (Bond Coat-BC) and YSZ (Top Coat-TC) powders. The deposition of the BC was through the high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) system. The TC was deposited via an atmospheric plasma-spraying gun (APS). The TBCs were heat treated at 1250 °C, with a CMAS attack at a concentration of 10 mg/cm².The attack exposure was for 2 and 4 hours respectively. In this evaluation, the measured parameter was t

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Čelko, Ladislav, David Jech, Karel Dvořák, et al. "Powder Processing and Thermal Spraying of Barium-Magnesium-Aluminium-Silicate Environmental Barrier Coatings." Materials Science Forum 891 (March 2017): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.891.569.

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As a potential candidate for the top coating in novel Environmental Barrier Coating systems, one representative of a Barium-Magnesium-Aluminium-Silicate family was produced in the form of the powder. Initial compounds were heat-treated to synthesize and the product was crushed in the ball mill device down to the fraction of 20 micrometers. In the next step, the atmospheric plasma spray (APS) technique was used to form a coating on a steel sheet substrate. The aim of this study was to obtain the most favorable technological parameters for the thermal spraying process and therefore two plasma sp

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