Academic literature on the topic 'Topographic factor. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Topographic factor. eng"
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Foresti, L., M. Kanevski, and A. Pozdnoukhov. "Data-driven exploration of orographic enhancement of precipitation." Advances in Science and Research 6, no. 1 (2011): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-6-129-2011.
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Abstract. This study presents a methodology to analyse orographic enhancement of precipitation using sequences of radar images and a digital elevation model. Image processing techniques are applied to extract precipitation cells from radar imagery. DEM is used to derive the topographic indices potentially relevant to orographic precipitation enhancement at different spatial scales, e.g. terrain convexity and slope exposure to mesoscale flows. Two recently developed machine learning algorithms are then used to analyse the relationship between the repeatability of precipitation patterns and the
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Laroche, Sylvie, and Angus C. Hamilton. "A cost-scale factor relationship for topographic mapping." CISM journal 43, no. 4 (1989): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1989-0038.
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An analysis of conventional map production costs such as provided by different organizations has led to the development of a universal relationship between cost and scale factor for topographic mapping: the “Laroche-Hamilton” unit cost function. This function has been established as: Cn = Ci x EF1.4 in which Ci = Unit cost per square kilometer (currency or person-hours) for production of topographic mapping; for the 1:50 000 reference scale, Ci is $36 CDN81 Cn = unit cost per square kilometer of any larger scale EF = scale enlargement factor on a reference scale basis (e.g., if Ci is 1:50 000
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Laamrani, Ahmed, and Osvaldo Valeria. "Ranking Importance of Topographical Surface and Subsurface Parameters on Paludification in Northern Boreal Forests Using Very High Resolution Remotely Sensed Datasets." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (2020): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020577.
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The accumulation of organic material on top of the mineral soil over time (a process called paludification) is common in Northern Boreal coniferous forests. This natural process leads to a marked decrease in forest productivity overtime. Topography both at the surface of the forest floor (i.e., above ground) and the subsurface (i.e., top of mineral soil which is underground) is known to play a critical role in the paludification process. Until recently, the availability of more accurate topographic information regarding the surface and subsurface was a limiting factor for land management and m
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Wei, Long, Peng Gao Zhang, and Gui Fang Fang. "Simulation Calculation of Friction Factor of the End Face for Mechanical Seals Based on Fractal Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.142.
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In order to study the effects of operating parameters and surface topography on friction factors between the end faces for mechanical seals, a friction factor fractal model between end faces for contact mechanical seals was established based on the contact fractal model and the average film thickness fractal model, adopting fractal parameters to represent surface topography, separating friction into viscous shear friction of liquid film and contact friction of asperities, and representing the effect of actual rough surface on viscous shear stress of liquid film by introducing the contact facto
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Cun, Xingli, and Leticia Hosta-Rigau. "Topography: A Biophysical Approach to Direct the Fate of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (2020): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102070.
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Tissue engineering is a promising strategy to treat tissue and organ loss or damage caused by injury or disease. During the past two decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted a tremendous amount of interest in tissue engineering due to their multipotency and self-renewal ability. MSCs are also the most multipotent stem cells in the human adult body. However, the application of MSCs in tissue engineering is relatively limited because it is difficult to guide their differentiation toward a specific cell lineage by using traditional biochemical factors. Besides biochemical factors, th
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Chen, Xiang Yang. "Quaternary sedimentation, parna, landforms, and soil landscapes of the Wagga Wagga 1 : 100 000 map sheet, south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 35, no. 3 (1997): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96071.
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The Wagga Wagga 1 : 100 000 map sheet is on the Western Slopes of southern New South Wales. The regional topography changes from hills in the east and south-east to gently sloping rises and alluvial plains in the west. Aeolian clays (parna) form a consistent clay regolith regardless of the underlying geology in the gently sloping areas. In some alluvial plains and on some lower hill slopes, the surficial sediments contain a significant portion of reworked parna. In hilly areas, parna is poorly preserved except on some remnant ancient land surfaces, such as dissected plateaux and piedmont plain
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Dube, J., J. Lina, S. Soltani, et al. "0354 Age-Related Spectral Changes in NREM And REM Sleep in Mice are Global and Not Local." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.351.
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Abstract Introduction Brain topography modulates age-related changes in the human sleep electroencephalogram, which are linked with differences in integrity of specific cortical areas and may reflect local changes in sleep homeostasis. In mice, there is conflicting evidence regarding the topography of age-related changes for NREM and REM sleep. To disambiguate this issue, we investigated in mice the topography of age-related spectral differences for REM and NREM sleep. Methods LFP electrodes were implanted in 5 cortical areas and in the hippocampus of 17 C57/BL6 mice (8 young and 9 old, mean a
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Le Stum-Boivin, Éloïse, Gabriel Magnan, Michelle Garneau, Nicole J. Fenton, Pierre Grondin, and Yves Bergeron. "Spatiotemporal evolution of paludification associated with autogenic and allogenic factors in the black spruce–moss boreal forest of Québec, Canada." Quaternary Research 91, no. 2 (2019): 650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.101.
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AbstractPaludification is the most common process of peatland formation in boreal regions. In this study, we investigated the autogenic (e.g., topography) and allogenic (fire and climate) factors triggering paludification in different geomorphological contexts (glaciolacustrine silty-clayey and fluvioglacial deposits) within the Québec black spruce (Picea mariana)–moss boreal forest. Paleoecological analyses were conducted along three toposequences varying from a forest on mineral soil to forested and semi-open peatlands. Plant macrofossil and charcoal analyses were performed on basal peat sec
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Muheremu, Aikeremujiang, Yu Wang, and Jiang Peng. "Advances in Experimental and Clinical Studies of Chemotaxis." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 40, no. 3 (2013): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100014220.
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The theory of chemotaxis has been widely accepted, but its mechanisms are disputed. Chemotactic growth of peripheral nerves may be tissue, topographic and end-organ specific. Recent studies indicated that peripheral nerve regeneration lacks topographic specificity, but whether it has end-organ specificity is disputed. Chemotaxis in nerve regeneration is affected by the distance between stumps, volume, and neurotrophic support, as well as the structure of distal nerve stumps. It can be applied to achieve precise repair of nerves and complete recovery of end organ function. Small gap sleeve brid
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Qiu, Jie, Heng Wang, Wenjuan Shen, Yali Zhang, Huiyi Su, and Mingshi Li. "Quantifying Forest Fire and Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery in the Daxin’anling Area of Northeastern China Using Landsat Time-Series Data and Machine Learning." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (2021): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040792.
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Many post-fire on-site factors, including fire severity, management strategies, topography, and local climate, are concerns for forest managers and recovery ecologists to formulate forest vegetation recovery plans in response to climate change. We used the Vegetation Change Tracker (VCT) algorithm to map forest disturbance in the Daxing’anling area, Northeastern China, from 1987 to 2016. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier and historical fire records were used to separate burned patches from disturbance patches obtained from VCT. Afterward, stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), SVM
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Topographic factor. eng"
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Marcelino, Flávia Aléssio 1975. "Avaliação dos sistemas de redes viárias florestais em função dos custos e do risco de erosão /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101826.
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Resumo: A rede viária é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das atividades florestais. As estradas florestais são importantes vias de acesso às florestas, servindo para viabilizar o tráfego de mão-de-obra e dos meios de produção necessários para implantação, proteção, colheita e transporte dos produtos florestais. A construção inapropriada e a manutenção inadequada das estradas são as principais causas da erosão, logo, os sedimentos das estradas florestais carreados para os cursos d'água representam impactos ambientais negativos aos recursos naturais. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi
Book chapters on the topic "Topographic factor. eng"
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Mbandi, Josephine, and Michael Kisangari. "Data Collection Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Online Visualization for Kitui, Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_151.
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AbstractKenya is a developing country with a population of 47,213,282 people this comprises of 56% low-income earners. Small businesses and crop production represent 23% of the income within the country, which is at risk as soils become less productive. Various factors have led to this, climate change and land overuse being leading causes. Without adaptation, the rural to urban migration will continue to increase.Through Internet of Things (IoT) and specifically wireless sensor networks, we can change how we obtain and consume information. Small-scale farmers can collect data and in exchange receive useful information about their soils, temperature, humidity, and moisture content hence make better choices during crop production. Connected end devices bring in data, which is currently sparse in relation to small-scale farming. IoT will enable analysis and informed decision-making including crop selection, support equipment, fertilizers, irrigation, and harvesting. The cloud-based analysis will provide information useful for policy making and improvement.This chapter presents a wireless sensor network (WSN) in mesh topography using XBee communication module, communication, and raspberry pi, combined with a cloud-based data storage and analysis. We successfully set up a proof of concept to test a sensor node that sends information to a RPi and onto an online visualization platform.
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Yarie, John, and Keith Van Cleve. "Controls over Forest Production in Interior Alaska." In Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154313.003.0017.
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State factors provide a powerful conceptual basis for understanding current patterns and potential changes in forest productivity (Chapter 1). The BNZ-LTER program has focused on investigations of ecosystem structure and function related to state factors (time, topography, and climate) that account for dramatic spatial variation in productivity and provide a basis for predicting future temporal variation (e.g., climate change). Other state factors are either relatively uniform across the region (e.g., potential biota) or co-vary with topography (i.e., parent material) and are difficult to study as clearly independent factors. State factors have many direct and indirect effects on productivity, and these controls may co-vary in a complex fashion across the landscape. The nitrogen productivity concept provides a mechanistic framework for understanding the effects of environmental variation on forest productivity (Ågren 1985). The nitrogen productivity of a tree or forest stand is defined as the amount of production per unit of foliar nitrogen (gram biomass production per gram foliar nitrogen) in the canopy of the tree or stand. At steady-state nutrition, the growth rate is proportional to the amount of foliar nitrogen and the N-productivity. Biological and chemical processes that occur in soils are an excellent example of the way in which multiple interacting factors influence productivity through their effects on N supply. In interior Alaska, several state factors have a hierarchical influence on forest production. These factors are time (Chapter 7), parent material (Chapter 3), topography (Chapter 2), and macroclimate (Chapter 4). These factors have both direct and indirect effects, many of which vary over time and space. In this chapter we emphasize the influence of the four relatively direct state factors: parent material, topography, time, and climate and a critical “resource” (Chapter 1), soil, which represents the indirect interaction of multiple state factors. The parent material in lowland locations is primarily alluvium or loess over alluvium; thick silt, glacial deposits, or eolian sands are present in some areas (Chapter 3). Organic soils also occur on level surfaces that rarely or never flood. Both alluvial and organic soils usually contain a fine-grained mineral substratum. In addition, limited lowland areas in interior Alaska contain very thick loess deposits.
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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe, and Susan P. Harrison. "Water in Serpentine Geoecosystems." In Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0007.
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Water is continuously cycled from the atmosphere through geoecosystems to water bodies and, by evaporation and evapotranspiration, back to the atmosphere. Water is commonly transported long distances in the atmosphere. Eventually, it forms clouds that drop rain, snow, or dew on plants or the ground. The contributions of fog and dew to geoecosystems are generally minor, but they can be important factors along some coastlines. Water from most of the precipitation that falls to the ground infiltrates soils. Some is intercepted by plants and evaporates before it can reach soils, and some runs overland to streams without entering soils. Soils are important stores of water for plants. Excess water in soils and permeable substrata drains gradually. This gradual draining of infiltrated water diminishes flooding from storms and supplies water to streams between rainfall events, helping maintain more constant stream levels. The study of meteoric water, or water that is cycled through the atmosphere, is called “hydrology.” Watersheds are basic units of hydrological investigations. A watershed is a drainage basin—an area from which water drains to a common point. All water falling on a watershed (and not lost by evapotranspiration) leaves through a single, joint location that can be monitored with a stream gauge. There are exceptions, however, in which water drains from watersheds through permeable substrata, rather than at the lowest point in the ground surface topography. These “leaky” watersheds are common in basalt, poorly consolidated sandstone, and limestone terrains. We can examine some of the data from watersheds that are not known to be leaky to learn about the runoff characteristics of serpentine streams and their chemistry. Watersheds range in size from less than a hectare to large portions of continents (e.g., the Amazon River drains 6,475,000km2, about 35% of the South American continent). The smaller watersheds are drained by headwater streams with no tributaries, and the larger ones are drained by streams with many tributaries. Some of the most useful information can be gained from small watersheds because they have more uniform lithology, topography, soils, climate, and vegetation than larger ones.
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Ritchie, Mark E., and Han Olff. "Resource Partitioning and Biodiversity in Fractal Environments with Applications to Dryland Communities." In Biodiversity in Drylands. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195139853.003.0018.
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Arid and semiarid ecosystems (drylands) often contain a higher diversity of animals and plants than would be expected from their low productivity. High spatial heterogeneity of resources and physical habitats, exhibited at a wide range of spatial scales (Rundel 1996, Holling 1992, Peterson et al. 1998), may be a major factor explaining such high diversity. For example, at extremely small scales (<10 cm), branched plant material and various soil physical processes can create spatial niches for invertebrates, cyanobacteria, and other cryptogamic organisms (Lightfoot and Whitford 1991). At somewhat larger scales (<10 m), desert shrubs may aggregate water and organic material in “islands of fertility,” yielding a highly patchy heterogeneous distribution of resources (e.g., seeds, water) for other plants and animals (Gibbens and Beck 1988, Halvorson et al. 1997, chapter 13 this volume, chapter 11 this volume). At even larger scales (>100 m), soil erosion patterns create topographic variation that locally concentrates available water and nutrients, yielding a marked heterogeneity in the distribution of productivity across the landscape (Milne 1992). These heterogeneous distributions of physical environments, biotic material, and resources are likely to have strong effects on biodiversity. Ecologists have long associated greater spatial heterogeneity with higher species diversity (MacArthur 1964; Brown 1981; May 1988). Within a particular physical environment (habitat), this association exists presumably because collections of species that use similar resources, or “guilds,” can coexist whenever they can more finely divide up space and different-sized resource “packages” (Hutchinson and MacArthur 1959, Brown 1981, 1995, Morse et al. 1985, Peterson et al. 1998). The partitioning of space and different resource patches may be constrained by the different body sizes of species within guilds (Hutchinson and MacArthur 1959, Morse et al. 1985, Belovsky 1986, 1997, Brown 1995, Siemann et al. 1996). However, the mechanism by which body size and spatial heterogeneity of habitats and resources determine species diversity remains unclear (May 1988, Brown 1995, Siemann et al. 1996, Belovsky 1997). Resource partitioning and spatial heterogeneity therefore may strongly influence diversity in drylands, where, for example, well-known guilds of granivorous vertebrates and invertebrates are structured by competition for different sizes of seeds and seed patches (Brown et al. 1979, Davidson et al. 1980, 1985).
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"Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing." In Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing, edited by R. A. Coggan, C. J. Smith, R. J. A. Atkinson, et al. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569605.ch22.
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Traditional methods for assessing the impact of towed demersal fishing gear are notoriously slow, taking years to report and imposing undesirable delays in the provision of scientific advice on which fisheries and environmental managers can act. There is a need to develop rapid methods for assessing trawl impacts. We evaluate and compare a suite of rapid methodologies covering a range of readily accessible technologies including: (1) Acoustic methods: sidescan sonar and bottom discriminating sonar (RoxAnn); (2) Visual methods: towed video sledge and ROV; (3) Faunal sampling (epibenthic megafauna): tissue damage, community analysis, population density, functional group composition; and (4) Sedimentology: granulometry, geotechnical properties and sediment profile imagery. These methods were applied to otter trawl fisheries in the Clyde Sea, Scotland and the Aegean Sea, Mediterranean, at sites representing a range of trawl impacts. Novel methods of analysis were developed for quantitative interpretation of sidescan and video records. The scientific effectiveness, cost effectiveness and operational constraints of the various methodologies are reviewed. We recommend suitable approaches to the rapid assessment of trawl impacts taking into consideration the variety of resources (such as time, equipment and budget) which may be available. Assessments should employ complementary methods that operate on different scales of resolution (eg. sidescan sonar with either faunal sampling or ROV). Site-specific factors, such as topography and substratum type, will influence choice of methods and survey design. These rapid methodologies can provide results in a matter of days or weeks rather than the months or years associated with traditional assessment methods.
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Reynolds, James F., and Paul R. Kemp. "Modeling the Unique Attributes of Arid Ecosystems: Lessons from the Jornada Basin." In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0020.
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The Jornada Basin is typical of arid ecosystems of the Southwestern United States and many other regions of the globe: It is water-limited with low annual net primary production (ANPP) and low-standing crop (Szarek 1979; Ludwig 1987). Yet paradoxically, arid ecosystems are structurally and functionally quite complex, exhibiting a remarkable range of species compositions and system behaviors. This can be attributed in part to the presence of complex topography and landscape physiography (Mabbutt 1997; see also chapter 2) which, when combined with extreme variability in precipitation (Cavazos et al. 2002; Weltzin et al. 2003; see also chapter 3), produces striking spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the availability of essential limiting resources, such as water and mineral nutrients (MacMahon and Wagner 1985; see also chapters 5 and 6). In view of these complexities, one of the long-term objectives of the research in the Jornada Basin is to develop a synthetic understanding of the mechanisms and processes governing the complex patterns of arid land structure and functioning. It is clear that understanding and predicting potential cause–effect relationships will require considerable insights at multiple spatial and temporal scales (chapter 18). Models are expected to play an important role in this synthesis because most experiments and observations tend to take place at small spatial (e.g., 1–100 m2) and brief temporal scales (e.g., days, months, one to five years) (Levin 1992), whereas many ecosystem responses are the result of interacting factors and feedbacks operating over larger spatial and longer time periods (O’Neill et al. 1989; Levin 1992). In this chapter, we present a summary of some of the mechanistic models we developed as part of the Jornada Basin research program. Although our initial goal was largely focused on the relationship between precipitation and ecosystem functioning in the Jornada Basin, our work is sufficiently general that it should be applicable to other arid land regions of the world. Simulation modeling has a key role to play because it is difficult to experimentally examine even a partial spectrum of ecosystem-level responses that could result from abrupt perturbations, such as overgrazing and especially longer term external forcings, such as shifts in precipitation.
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Scott, Allen J. "Geography and the Division of Labour." In Geography and Economy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199284306.003.0005.
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The concept of the division of labour in production has a long genealogy stretching back to the seventeenth century and before, and it recurs repeatedly in the writings of economists and other social theorists down to the present time. In economics, the concept plays a major role in studies of industrial organization, productivity, and trade. In sociology, it has been of major significance as the linchpin of the distinction Wrst proposed by Durkheim (1893) between mechanical and organic solidarity in society. More recently, sociologists have also made considerable use of the concept in studies of the ways in which the division of labour is intertwined with phenomena like race, class, and gender (e.g. Mies 1998; Waldinger and Bozorgmehr 1996). Over the last couple of decades, geographers, too, have made numerous forays into questions of the division of labour and much research has been accomplished on how it ramifies with various kinds of spatial and locational outcomes (Massey 1984; Sayer and Walker 1992). In brief, the concept is of much importance in a wide range of investigations of social structure and dynamics, and it appears to be enjoying something of a renaissance at the present time as social scientists discover or rediscover how profoundly it ramifies with all aspects of modern life. For geographers, the division of labour has special interest and meaning because, in its role as a mechanism of economic and social differentiation, it is also a fundamental factor in moulding the economic landscape. A peasant society with only weakly developed divisions of labour is not likely to evince much in the way of spatial differentiation except as a function of dissimilarities from place to place in agricultural potentials (themselves related to such variables as soil, climate, and topography). By contrast, economically advanced societies with deep and wide divisions of labour, as in the case of the United States today, exhibit enormous degrees of spatial variation. With the passage of time, moreover, less and less of this variation seems to bear any relationship whatever to underlying conditions of physical geography.
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Stapp, Paul, and Beatrice Van Horne. "Ecology of Mammals of the Shortgrass Steppe." In Ecology of the Shortgrass Steppe. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0012.
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At first glance, the shortgrass steppe seems to offer little in the way of habitat for mammals. The expansive rolling plains, with little topographic relief or vegetative cover, provide minimal protection from predators or the harsh weather typical of the region. The short stature of the dominant native grasses prevents the development of any significant litter layer, and although snowfall can often be significant, too little accumulates to form the subnivean habitats that support small mammal populations in forests and more productive grasslands in winter. As a consequence, ecologists have typically considered the vertebrate fauna of the shortgrass steppe to be depauperate compared with other Great Plains grasslands, a hardy collection of generalists living in sparse populations. Although this characterization may generally be accurate, it has led mammalian ecologists to overlook the fauna of the shortgrass steppe in favor of that of other grasslands. It is precisely these circumstances, however, that suggest that a long-term approach may be necessary to understand the dynamics of mammal populations here. Relatively few such studies have been completed to date, but we can use the comparative and experimental results that are available to begin to determine what factors might be important. Here we review research on mammals in the shortgrass steppe, with the goal of identifying the general patterns and processes that contribute to them. Our review is roughly divided into four parts. We begin by describing the mammal communities and their broad habitat associations in shortgrass steppe environments. We then review the history of mammal research in the region to synthesize what these studies (many unpublished) have taught us about the most important determinants of the distribution and abundance of native species. Studies of mammal\ populations in the northern shortgrass steppe have spanned nearly 40 years, and we next describe some major patterns that have emerged from studies during this period. Much of this past research focused on the role of mammals in the structure and function of shortgrass steppe ecosystems, and we revisit this issue in some detail, with special emphasis on the important and sometimes controversial role of prairie dogs and other burrowing rodents. Finally, we end by considering how humans, and especially agriculture and its related activities, affect the diversity, abundance, and persistence of resident mammal populations.
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Smith, Brent. "Nature and Geography." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9784-3.ch004.
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This chapter considers the appropriateness and importance of including the natural environment (i.e., nature and geography) as part of the external business environment featured in marketing textbooks. Based on myriad examples from industry, the natural environment is regarded as an uncontrollable force that constantly affects decisions about markets and marketing activities. Thus, it deserves some (greater) mention next to economic, competitive, regulatory, and other variables typically featured in most marketing textbooks. Based on a review of business news, industry concerns, and marketing textbooks, this chapter considers the current listing of uncontrollable environment forces typically discussed within twenty-five popular marketing textbooks. It is observed that nature and geography, common priorities for business decision makers, are conspicuously absent from mention within most of these textbooks. This chapter shows that the natural environment is mentioned in only five of twenty-five marketing textbooks: two introductory marketing; one marketing management; and two international marketing. Based on scholarly definitions and industry examples, nature and geography are, in fact, uncontrollable influential forces that affect markets and marketing activities. Consequently, there is reasonable cause for including them in more marketing textbooks. Textbook authors and instructors can provide students a more complete picture of how domestic and international markets and marketing activities are affected by the natural environment. In practice, business people acknowledge that the natural environment affects and is affected by markets and marketing activities in virtually all industries. Alas, marketing textbooks seldom little, if ever, acknowledge that nature and geography (e.g., topography, climate, weather, solar flares, natural disasters) affect how companies think about their markets and marketing mix. This chapter offers simple, actionable steps for discussing the natural environment in marketing textbooks and courses.
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Smith, Brent. "Nature and Geography." In Research Anthology on Business and Technical Education in the Information Era. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5345-9.ch028.
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This chapter considers the appropriateness and importance of including the natural environment (i.e., nature and geography) as part of the external business environment featured in marketing textbooks. Based on myriad examples from industry, the natural environment is regarded as an uncontrollable force that constantly affects decisions about markets and marketing activities. Thus, it deserves some (greater) mention next to economic, competitive, regulatory, and other variables typically featured in most marketing textbooks. Based on a review of business news, industry concerns, and marketing textbooks, this chapter considers the current listing of uncontrollable environment forces typically discussed within twenty-five popular marketing textbooks. It is observed that nature and geography, common priorities for business decision makers, are conspicuously absent from mention within most of these textbooks. This chapter shows that the natural environment is mentioned in only five of twenty-five marketing textbooks: two introductory marketing; one marketing management; and two international marketing. Based on scholarly definitions and industry examples, nature and geography are, in fact, uncontrollable influential forces that affect markets and marketing activities. Consequently, there is reasonable cause for including them in more marketing textbooks. Textbook authors and instructors can provide students a more complete picture of how domestic and international markets and marketing activities are affected by the natural environment. In practice, business people acknowledge that the natural environment affects and is affected by markets and marketing activities in virtually all industries. Alas, marketing textbooks seldom little, if ever, acknowledge that nature and geography (e.g., topography, climate, weather, solar flares, natural disasters) affect how companies think about their markets and marketing mix. This chapter offers simple, actionable steps for discussing the natural environment in marketing textbooks and courses.
Conference papers on the topic "Topographic factor. eng"
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Logins, Andris, Toms Torims, Pedro Rosado Castellano, Santiago Gutiérrez, and Rafael Torres. "Vibration Analysis of High-Speed End Milling Operations Applied to Injection Mold Materials." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72636.
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High-speed milling has often been applied in injection mold manufacturing processes, where surface roughness is a significant criterion in product quality demands. It is equally applicable to automotive or industrial engineering and to toy manufacturing, where plastic parts with a high-quality surface finish have been processed using the injection molding technique. High-speed milling involves a number of process parameters that may affect the 3D surface topography formation. Literature analysis reveals that dynamical behavior is a significant factor in the end milling process on surface rough
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Menezes, Pradeep L., Kishore, Y. Sasidhar, and Satish V. Kailas. "Role of Surface Topography on Friction and Transfer Layer Formation: A Study Using Inclined Scratch Test." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63999.
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Tribological interaction between two contacting surfaces is influenced by many factors such as relative motion, normal load, environment, and lubrication apart from surface characteristics of the mating surfaces. Though surface characteristics such as roughness was dealt by many researchers for decades, the other important characteristic of surfaces, surface topography, has not got its share of attention. In the present investigation, basic studies were conducted using Inclined Scratch Tester to understand the role of surface topography on friction and transfer layer formation. A tribological
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Chong, W. W. F., and M. Teodorescu. "Fast Converging Model for Load and Shear of Molecularly Thin Surface Films." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87852.
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Predicting the contact load and the shear losses in a narrow conjunction separated by a molecularly thin fluid layer must account for a significant number of factors: the chemical composition of the fluid and solid boundaries, the length of molecular chains, the intermolecular forces, the concentration of different species of molecules in the mixture, molecule-to-surface adsorption and surface topography. The most commonly used solutions to this problem either neglect a significant part of the participating phenomena or are computationally expensive (e.g. molecular dynamics simulations). The c
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Mendoza, Carlos H., Eddie M. Gibbons, Pablo A. Reinoso, and Ramiro E. Bermeo. "Evaluation and Zoning by Mass Removal Phenomena (MRP) Along the Ecuadorian Heavy Crude Oil Pipeline Route." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90028.
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The occurrence of MRP is related to the external geodynamics of the Earth’s crust, which are the most common processes occurring each year around the world. In the case of Ecuador, these events, within the ROW (Right Of Way), have affected the integrity of the ROW, bringing dangerous OCP pipe bursts and thus oil spills affecting the surrounding terrain and water bodies. Landslides are phenomena subject to a degree of uncertainty due to the different geological – geotechnical areas involved; this research tries to determine the susceptibility of the terrain to landslide using these intrinsic fa
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Engler, Adam J. "Probing Mechanisms of Mechano-Sensitive Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19184.
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Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently been shown to be responsive to the properties of their adjacent extracellular niche, most notably physical parameters such as topography and elasticity. Elasticity varies dramatically between tissues that MSCs inhibit, which drives elasticity-based differentiation into neurons, muscle, bone, etc. However within tissues, distinct elasticity gradients, brought on by pathological conditions, e.g. myocardial infarction ∼ 8.67 ± 1.50 kPa/mm, or through normal tissue variation, e.g. 0.58 ± 0.88 kPa/mm, could drive MSC migration. In fact, MSCs appear
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Yang, Seung Ho, and Stephen M. Hsu. "Effect of Colloidal Probe Random Surface Features on Adhesion." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63701.
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We have uncovered the fact that colloidal probes often have random surface features which when not properly accounted for, can significantly affect the magnitudes of the measured adhesive forces using atomic force microscopes (AFM). Colloidal probes have been used to measure the pull-off forces between the probe and surfaces. We prepared a series of colloidal probes by attaching glass spheres (radii of 3.3 μm to 17.4 μm) to the end of AFM cantilevers. Adhesive force between the probes and a silicon wafer surface was measured using an AFM under various loads from 6 nN to 100 nN in dry air. Resu
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Muñoz, David. "New strategies in proprioception’s analysis for newer theories about sensorimotor control." In Systems & Design 2017. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/sd2017.2017.6903.
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Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is
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Chakrabarti, Partha, Subrata K. Chakrabarti, Adinarayana Mukkamala, Nagaraj Anavekar, Shen Qiang, and M. Sri Krishna. "Design, Analysis and Verification of Moored Floating Caisson System." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51234.
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Tacoma Narrows Constructors (TNC) is building a new suspension bridge in Tacoma, close to Seattle, Washington State, USA. The new bridge will be built just south of the existing bridge mounted on two caissons, referred to as East Caisson (Tacoma side) and West Caisson (Gig Harbor side). Each pier is about 80’ wide and 130’ long in plan. The mooring system for each caisson consists of two sets of mooring lines: lower and upper. Each set consists of 16 mooring lines. The lower 16 lines consist of anchors that form a radius of about 300 feet. The fairlead locations for these lower 16 lines are ke
Reports on the topic "Topographic factor. eng"
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Wells, Aaron, Tracy Christopherson, Gerald Frost, et al. Ecological land survey and soils inventory for Katmai National Park and Preserve, 2016–2017. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287466.
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This study was conducted to inventory, classify, and map soils and vegetation within the ecosystems of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM) using an ecological land survey (ELS) approach. The ecosystem classes identified in the ELS effort were mapped across the park, using an archive of Geo-graphic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) datasets pertaining to land cover, topography, surficial geology, and glacial history. The description and mapping of the landform-vegetation-soil relationships identified in the ELS work provides tools to support the design and implementation of