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1
Foresti, L., M. Kanevski, and A. Pozdnoukhov. "Data-driven exploration of orographic enhancement of precipitation." Advances in Science and Research 6, no. 1 (2011): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-6-129-2011.
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Abstract. This study presents a methodology to analyse orographic enhancement of precipitation using sequences of radar images and a digital elevation model. Image processing techniques are applied to extract precipitation cells from radar imagery. DEM is used to derive the topographic indices potentially relevant to orographic precipitation enhancement at different spatial scales, e.g. terrain convexity and slope exposure to mesoscale flows. Two recently developed machine learning algorithms are then used to analyse the relationship between the repeatability of precipitation patterns and the underlying topography. Spectral clustering is first used to characterize stratification of the precipitation cells according to different mesoscale flows and exposure to the crest of the Alps. At a second step, support vector machine classifiers are applied to build a computational model which discriminates persistent precipitation cells from all the others (not showing a relationship to topography) in the space of topographic conditioning factors. Upwind slopes and hill tops were found to be the topographic features leading to precipitation repeatability and persistence. Maps of orographic enhancement susceptibility can be computed for a given flow, topography and forecasted smooth precipitation fields and used to improve nowcasting models or correct windward and leeward biases in numerical weather prediction models.
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Laroche, Sylvie, and Angus C. Hamilton. "A cost-scale factor relationship for topographic mapping." CISM journal 43, no. 4 (1989): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1989-0038.
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An analysis of conventional map production costs such as provided by different organizations has led to the development of a universal relationship between cost and scale factor for topographic mapping: the “Laroche-Hamilton” unit cost function. This function has been established as: Cn = Ci x EF1.4 in which Ci = Unit cost per square kilometer (currency or person-hours) for production of topographic mapping; for the 1:50 000 reference scale, Ci is $36 CDN81 Cn = unit cost per square kilometer of any larger scale EF = scale enlargement factor on a reference scale basis (e.g., if Ci is 1:50 000 and Cn is 1:10 000, then EF is 5). It is implicit in this relationship that the type of terrain, the quality control and the type of end product are all comparable. For the particular case when the scale factor is doubled, this relationship predicts that the cost will increase by a factor of 2.5.
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Laamrani, Ahmed, and Osvaldo Valeria. "Ranking Importance of Topographical Surface and Subsurface Parameters on Paludification in Northern Boreal Forests Using Very High Resolution Remotely Sensed Datasets." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (2020): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020577.
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The accumulation of organic material on top of the mineral soil over time (a process called paludification) is common in Northern Boreal coniferous forests. This natural process leads to a marked decrease in forest productivity overtime. Topography both at the surface of the forest floor (i.e., above ground) and the subsurface (i.e., top of mineral soil which is underground) is known to play a critical role in the paludification process. Until recently, the availability of more accurate topographic information regarding the surface and subsurface was a limiting factor for land management and modeling of spatial organic layer thickness (OLT) variability, a proxy for paludification. However so far, no research has assessed which of these two topographic variables has the greatest influence on paludification. This study aims to assess which topographic variable (surface or subsurface) better explains paludification, using high-resolution remote sensing technology (i.e., Light Detection and Ranging: LiDAR and Ground Penetrating Radar: GPR). To this end, field soil measurements were made in over 1614 sites distributed throughout the reference Valrennes Experimental site in Canadian northern coniferous forests. Then, a machine learning model (i.e., Random Forest, RF) was implemented to rank a set of selected predictor topographic variables (i.e., slope, aspect, mean curvature, plan curvature, profile curvature, and topographic wetness index) using the Mean Decrease Gini (MDG) index as an indicator of importance. Results showed that overall 83% of the overall variance was explained by the RF selected model, while the derived subsurface topography predictors had the lowest MDGs for predicting paludification. On the other hand, the surface slope predictor had the highest MDGs and better explained paludification. This finding would be particularly useful for implanting sustainable management strategies based on the surface variables of paludified northern boreal forests. This study has also highlighted the potential of LiDAR data to provide surface topographic spatial detail information for planning and optimizing forest management activities in paludified boreal forests. This is even of great importance when we know that LiDAR variables are easier to obtain compared to GPR derived variables (subsurface topographic variables).
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Wei, Long, Peng Gao Zhang, and Gui Fang Fang. "Simulation Calculation of Friction Factor of the End Face for Mechanical Seals Based on Fractal Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.142.
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In order to study the effects of operating parameters and surface topography on friction factors between the end faces for mechanical seals, a friction factor fractal model between end faces for contact mechanical seals was established based on the contact fractal model and the average film thickness fractal model, adopting fractal parameters to represent surface topography, separating friction into viscous shear friction of liquid film and contact friction of asperities, and representing the effect of actual rough surface on viscous shear stress of liquid film by introducing the contact factor. The influencing factors of friction factor for B104a-70 mechanical seal were analyzed by simulating. Results showed that the friction factor between the surfaces increases with the increases of spring pressure when the end faces are coarser, while the friction factor decreases slightly with the increases of spring pressure when the end faces are smoother. The friction factor between the faces decreases with the increases of the sealed fluid pressure, which increases approximate linearly with the increases of rotating speed, and it increases with the increases of fractal dimension of end faces and the decreases of the characteristic scale factor.
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Cun, Xingli, and Leticia Hosta-Rigau. "Topography: A Biophysical Approach to Direct the Fate of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (2020): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102070.
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Tissue engineering is a promising strategy to treat tissue and organ loss or damage caused by injury or disease. During the past two decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted a tremendous amount of interest in tissue engineering due to their multipotency and self-renewal ability. MSCs are also the most multipotent stem cells in the human adult body. However, the application of MSCs in tissue engineering is relatively limited because it is difficult to guide their differentiation toward a specific cell lineage by using traditional biochemical factors. Besides biochemical factors, the differentiation of MSCs also influenced by biophysical cues. To this end, much effort has been devoted to directing the cell lineage decisions of MSCs through adjusting the biophysical properties of biomaterials. The surface topography of the biomaterial-based scaffold can modulate the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs. Presently, the development of micro- and nano-fabrication techniques has made it possible to control the surface topography of the scaffold precisely. In this review, we highlight and discuss how the main topographical features (i.e., roughness, patterns, and porosity) are an efficient approach to control the fate of MSCs and the application of topography in tissue engineering.
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Chen, Xiang Yang. "Quaternary sedimentation, parna, landforms, and soil landscapes of the Wagga Wagga 1 : 100 000 map sheet, south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 35, no. 3 (1997): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96071.
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The Wagga Wagga 1 : 100 000 map sheet is on the Western Slopes of southern New South Wales. The regional topography changes from hills in the east and south-east to gently sloping rises and alluvial plains in the west. Aeolian clays (parna) form a consistent clay regolith regardless of the underlying geology in the gently sloping areas. In some alluvial plains and on some lower hill slopes, the surficial sediments contain a significant portion of reworked parna. In hilly areas, parna is poorly preserved except on some remnant ancient land surfaces, such as dissected plateaux and piedmont plains. The soil pattern in the area is well controlled by landform processes and history. On relatively steep hill slopes, locally derived materials from weathering of bedrock are usually the dominant components of the soils, and geology is the dominant factor controlling soil distribution. In contrast, the Murrumbidgee high floodplain is covered by uniform silty clay with deep clayey soils (brown/grey Dermosols). Before the mid-Holocene, the alluvium mainly comprised sands and gravels, which were reworked by wind forming sand sheets and sand mounds (source-bordering dunes) on which deep sandy soils (Rudosols) now occur. The sediments and soils on the alluvial plains of local streams vary according to their distance from the source area and the flooding frequency. Areas considered to be mantled by parna, uniform red clayey soils (haplic red Kandosols/Chromosols) occur. Although the distribution pattern of the soils is controlled by the landform evolution, the relationships between soil morphological properties and topography are not readily quantified. On the alluvial and gently sloping landforms, soil properties usually show little change even though slope gradient and slope length vary. Some soils, e.g. the Rudosols on the sand sheets, rarely show any topographic features which may indicate their presence. In limited areas, e.g. on steeper hills formed on metasedimentary rock, the soil properties vary with changes in topographic parameters (slope gradient and slope length).
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Dube, J., J. Lina, S. Soltani, et al. "0354 Age-Related Spectral Changes in NREM And REM Sleep in Mice are Global and Not Local." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.351.
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Abstract Introduction Brain topography modulates age-related changes in the human sleep electroencephalogram, which are linked with differences in integrity of specific cortical areas and may reflect local changes in sleep homeostasis. In mice, there is conflicting evidence regarding the topography of age-related changes for NREM and REM sleep. To disambiguate this issue, we investigated in mice the topography of age-related spectral differences for REM and NREM sleep. Methods LFP electrodes were implanted in 5 cortical areas and in the hippocampus of 17 C57/BL6 mice (8 young and 9 old, mean age = 7.5 and 16 months). Mice LFPs were recorded for a week and states of vigilance were semi-automatically detected in light and dark periods (12h-12h). Spectral analysis was run on 4s windows. Values were averaged for each electrode and in each period of the light/dark cycle in REM/NREM sleep for slow delta (0.25-2Hz), delta (2-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), sigma (10-16Hz) and ripples (150-200Hz). Mixed models were computed separately for REM and NREM in dark and light period, with age as group factor and electrode and frequency as repeated factors. Results Two-way interactions were found between age and frequency and between electrode and frequency, for NREM and REM in dark and light periods. Each frequency band, except ripples, showed a topographical signature in NREM and REM (e.g. higher power in anterior compared to posterior areas for delta band in NREM sleep). These relative patterns did not change in older mice, but global changes occurred on all electrodes: in older mice, delta power was globally higher in NREM and REM sleep whereas sigma power was lower in REM sleep. Conclusion Age-related changes in spectral power of sleeping mice do not vary according to brain topography as in humans. Sleep deprivation studies are needed to investigate whether age is associated with global changes in sleep homeostasis in mice. Support This work has been supported by the Quebec Fonds de Recherche Nature et Technologies (FQRNT).
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Le Stum-Boivin, Éloïse, Gabriel Magnan, Michelle Garneau, Nicole J. Fenton, Pierre Grondin, and Yves Bergeron. "Spatiotemporal evolution of paludification associated with autogenic and allogenic factors in the black spruce–moss boreal forest of Québec, Canada." Quaternary Research 91, no. 2 (2019): 650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.101.
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AbstractPaludification is the most common process of peatland formation in boreal regions. In this study, we investigated the autogenic (e.g., topography) and allogenic (fire and climate) factors triggering paludification in different geomorphological contexts (glaciolacustrine silty-clayey and fluvioglacial deposits) within the Québec black spruce (Picea mariana)–moss boreal forest. Paleoecological analyses were conducted along three toposequences varying from a forest on mineral soil to forested and semi-open peatlands. Plant macrofossil and charcoal analyses were performed on basal peat sections (≤50 cm) and thick forest humus (<40 cm) to reconstruct local vegetation dynamics and fire history involved in the paludification process. Results show that primary paludification started in small topographic depressions after land emergence ca. 8000 cal yr BP within rich fens. Lateral peatland expansion and secondary paludification into adjacent forests occurred between ca. 5100 and 2300 cal yr BP and resulted from low-severity fires during a climatic deterioration. Fires that reduced or eliminated entirely the organic layer promoted the establishment ofSphagnumin microdepressions. Paludification resulted in the decline of some coniferous species such asAbies balsameaandPinus banksiana. The paleoecological approach along toposequences allowed us to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of paludification and its impacts on the vegetation dynamics over the Holocene.
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Muheremu, Aikeremujiang, Yu Wang, and Jiang Peng. "Advances in Experimental and Clinical Studies of Chemotaxis." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 40, no. 3 (2013): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100014220.
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The theory of chemotaxis has been widely accepted, but its mechanisms are disputed. Chemotactic growth of peripheral nerves may be tissue, topographic and end-organ specific. Recent studies indicated that peripheral nerve regeneration lacks topographic specificity, but whether it has end-organ specificity is disputed. Chemotaxis in nerve regeneration is affected by the distance between stumps, volume, and neurotrophic support, as well as the structure of distal nerve stumps. It can be applied to achieve precise repair of nerves and complete recovery of end organ function. Small gap sleeve bridging technique, which is based on this theory shows promising effects but it is still challenging to find the perfect combination of nerve conduits, cells and neurotrophic factors to put it intoits best use. In this paper, we made a comprehensive review of mechanisms, effect factors and applications of chemotaxis.
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Qiu, Jie, Heng Wang, Wenjuan Shen, Yali Zhang, Huiyi Su, and Mingshi Li. "Quantifying Forest Fire and Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery in the Daxin’anling Area of Northeastern China Using Landsat Time-Series Data and Machine Learning." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (2021): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040792.
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Many post-fire on-site factors, including fire severity, management strategies, topography, and local climate, are concerns for forest managers and recovery ecologists to formulate forest vegetation recovery plans in response to climate change. We used the Vegetation Change Tracker (VCT) algorithm to map forest disturbance in the Daxing’anling area, Northeastern China, from 1987 to 2016. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier and historical fire records were used to separate burned patches from disturbance patches obtained from VCT. Afterward, stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), SVM, and random forest (RF) were applied to assess the statistical relationships between vegetation recovery characteristics and various influential factors. The results indicated that the forest disturbance events obtained from VCT had high spatial accuracy, ranging from 70% to 86% for most years. The overall accuracy of the annual fire patches extracted from the proposed VCT-SVM algorithm was over 92%. The modeling accuracy of post-fire vegetation recovery was excellent, and the validation results confirmed that the RF algorithm provided better prediction accuracy than SVM and SMLR. In conclusion, topographic variables (e.g., elevation) and meteorological variables (e.g., the post-fire annual precipitation in the second year, the post-fire average relative humidity in the fifth year, and the post-fire extreme maximum temperature in the third year) jointly affect vegetation recovery in this cold temperate continental monsoon climate region.
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Brar, Dilshad, William L. Kranz, Tsz Him Lo, Suat Irmak, and Derrel L. Martin. "Energy Conservation Using Variable Frequency Drives for Center-Pivot Irrigation Systems Equipped with Corner Watering Attachments." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13312.
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Abstract. Corner watering attachments, specifically end guns and corner extensions, attached to center-pivot systems are a common means to irrigate the corners of square fields. The pumping plant is designed to supply water to all sprinklers when the center pivot is irrigating the point of maximum elevation. Most designs include powering the irrigation pump at a fixed speed, which can lead to excessive energy use. Variable-frequency drives (VFDs) were introduced to adjust the pump speed in response to changes in pressure requirements. In this study, three scenarios were analyzed: scenario 1, end gun attached at end of center-pivot lateral; scenario 2, corner extension attached at end of center-pivot lateral; and scenario 3, corner extension attached at end of center-pivot lateral and end gun attached at the end of the corner extension. This study was conducted on 1000 randomly selected center-pivot irrigation systems located in ten counties of Nebraska using GIS-based tools. High-resolution digital elevation maps were used to investigate the impact of flow rate changes and topographical variations on energy requirements. Reductions in the energy required, obtained through varying the pump speed, and annual monetary savings were calculated for each scenario. Average payback periods for VFDs were calculated for each county. The major factors contributing to energy savings and annual returns include large topographical changes, duration of corner attachment operation, hours of operation, and electricity cost. Scenario 3 resulted in the maximum energy reduction, maximum annual monetary savings, and minimum payback period compared to the other scenarios. This approach allows investigation of the potential savings associated with installation of a VFD for center pivots equipped with end guns and corner arm extensions. Keywords: Center-pivot irrigation systems, Corner watering attachments, End gun, Energy savings, GIS, Pumping, Topography, Variable-frequency drive.
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Tsai, Chia-Lun, Kwonil Kim, Yu-Chieng Liou, Gyuwon Lee, and Cheng-Ku Yu. "Impacts of Topography on Airflow and Precipitation in the Pyeongchang Area Seen from Multiple-Doppler Radar Observations." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 10 (2018): 3401–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0394.1.
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Abstract This study uses high-resolution radar and surface observations to investigate the finescale structural evolution of airflow and precipitation over complex terrain in the Pyeongchang area, South Korea. The Taebaek Mountain range (TMR) runs parallel to the northeastern coast of South Korea, with a perpendicular ridge known as the Pyeongchang branch (PCB). The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms of wintertime precipitation over these topographic features during the passage of a low pressure system (LPS) through the southern Korean Peninsula. The analysis indicates that intense precipitation occurred over the southwestern and northeastern sides of the TMR during stage I but only over the northeastern side during stage II. The prevailing southwesterly winds were dominated by warm advection associated with the LPS over the PCB during stage I. These prevailing southwesterly winds locally enhanced precipitation on the southwestern end of the PCB; multiple influences of mountain waves, airflow convergence, and drifted particles are possible factors for causing precipitation on the northeastern side of the TMR. During stage II, the prevailing winds changed from easterlies to northeasterlies offshore from Gangneung. The easterly winds decelerated and were deflected locally along the mountainous coast, and this blocked zone interacted with the oncoming flow to trigger a precipitation band. Consequently, the northeasterly winds helped push the precipitation band toward the coast, causing heavy precipitation in Gangneung. The observational evidence presented shows that the interaction of temporally changing winds accompanying the movement of an LPS over topography is a critical factor for determining the distribution and intensity of precipitation.
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Koç, Gamze, Theresia Petrow, and Annegret Thieken. "Analysis of the Most Severe Flood Events in Turkey (1960–2014): Which Triggering Mechanisms and Aggravating Pathways Can be Identified?" Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061562.
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The most severe flood events in Turkey were determined for the period 1960–2014 by considering the number of fatalities, the number of affected people, and the total economic losses as indicators. The potential triggering mechanisms (i.e., atmospheric circulations and precipitation amounts) and aggravating pathways (i.e., topographic features, catchment size, land use types, and soil properties) of these 25 events were analyzed. On this basis, a new approach was developed to identify the main influencing factor per event and to provide additional information for determining the dominant flood occurrence pathways for severe floods. The events were then classified through hierarchical cluster analysis. As a result, six different clusters were found and characterized. Cluster 1 comprised flood events that were mainly influenced by drainage characteristics (e.g., catchment size and shape); Cluster 2 comprised events aggravated predominantly by urbanization; steep topography was identified to be the dominant factor for Cluster 3; extreme rainfall was determined as the main triggering factor for Cluster 4; saturated soil conditions were found to be the dominant factor for Cluster 5; and orographic effects of mountain ranges characterized Cluster 6. This study determined pathway patterns of the severe floods in Turkey with regard to their main causal or aggravating mechanisms. Accordingly, geomorphological properties are of major importance in large catchments in eastern and northeastern Anatolia. In addition, in small catchments, the share of urbanized area seems to be an important factor for the extent of flood impacts. This paper presents an outcome that could be used for future urban planning and flood risk prevention studies to understand the flood mechanisms in different regions of Turkey.
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Tussetschläger, Hannah, Skafti Brynjólfsson, Sveinn Brynjólfsson, et al. "Perennial snow patch detection based on remote sensing data on Tröllaskagi Peninsula, northern Iceland." JOKULL 69 (February 2020): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33799/jokull2019.69.103.
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The understanding of permafrost distribution in Iceland is still limited and current knowledge is mainly based on small scale observations and regional modelling using temperature data. In the Alps Perennial Snow Patches have been considered to protect permafrost from solar radiation and are used as an indicator for the occurrence of local permafrost. In this study perennial snow fields are detected and classified based on aerial and satellite images. Effects of climatic and topographic factors on the snow field occurrence are investigated aiming to provide insight into the distribution of local permafrost in northern Iceland. Multi-temporal optical satellite images (Landsat-5/-7/-8 and Sentinel-2, 1984–2017) have revealed a time-variable distribution of perennial snow patches as possible permafrost indicators on the Tröllaskagi Peninsula in northern Iceland. Calculated normalized difference snow index in combination with different threshold values at the end of summer season within six selected study areas show that several snow patches are present in a time period of over 30 years. Perennial snow patches in the study areas exhibit strong fluctuations in extent due to different local characteristics, e.g. elevation, aspect or topography (plateau/open slopes vs. valleys/cirques). In three of the six study areas snow patches have a high probability of occurrence and the pattern of the distribution is very similar in each time period. Comparison with climate data from nearby weather stations indicates that perennial snow patches can be used in combination with mean annual air temperatures as indicators for local permafrost distributions.
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Bauer, H. U., and R. Der. "Controlling the Magnification Factor of Self-Organizing Feature Maps." Neural Computation 8, no. 4 (1996): 757–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1996.8.4.757.
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The magnification exponents μ occurring in adaptive map formation algorithms like Kohonen's self-organizing feature map deviate for the information theoretically optimal value μ = 1 as well as from the values that optimize, e.g., the mean square distortion error (μ = 1/3 for one-dimensional maps). At the same time, models for categorical perception such as the "perceptual magnet" effect, which are based on topographic maps, require negative magnification exponents μ < 0. We present an extension of the self-organizing feature map algorithm, which utilizes adaptive local learning step sizes to actually control the magnification properties of the map. By change of a single parameter, maps with optimal information transfer, with various minimal reconstruction errors, or with an inverted magnification can be generated. Analytic results on this new algorithm are complemented by numerical simulations.
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Wenner, Peter, Michael J. O'Donovan, and Michael P. Matise. "Topographical and Physiological Characterization of Interneurons That Express Engrailed-1 in the Embryonic Chick Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 5 (2000): 2651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.5.2651.
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A number of homeodomain transcription factors have been implicated in controlling the differentiation of various types of neurons including spinal motoneurons. Some of these proteins are also expressed in spinal interneurons, but their function is unknown. Progress in understanding the role of transcription factors in interneuronal development has been slow because the synaptic connections of interneurons, which in part define their identity, are difficult to establish. Using whole cell recording in the isolated spinal cord of chick embryos, we assessed the synaptic connections of lumbosacral interneurons expressing the Engrailed-1 (En1) transcription factor. Specifically we established whether En1-expressing interneurons made direct connections with motoneurons and whether they constitute a single interneuron class. Cells were labeled with biocytin and subsequently processed for En1 immunoreactivity. Our findings indicate that the connections of En1-expressing cells with motoneurons and with sensory afferents were diverse, suggesting that the population was heterogeneous. In addition, the synaptic connections we tested were similar in interneurons that expressed the En1 protein and in many that did not. The majority of sampled En1 cells did, however, exhibit a direct synaptic connection to motoneurons that is likely to be GABAergic. Because our physiological methods underestimate the number of direct connections with motoneurons, it is possible that the great majority, perhaps all, En1-expressing cells make direct synaptic connections with motoneurons. Our results raise the possibility that En1 could be involved in interneuron-motoneuron connectivity but that its expression is not restricted to a distinct functional subclass of ventral interneuron. These findings constrain hypotheses about the role of En-1 in interneuron development and function.
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Goulet, Denis, and John M. Green. "Reproductive success of the male lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) (Pisces: Cyclopteridae): evidence against female mate choice." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 11 (1988): 2513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-373.
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Characteristics of male lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and features of their nests were examined as potential factors affecting male mating success. The number of eggs guarded by a male was not correlated with male length. Nest location variables, i.e., depth, distance offshore, and distance to the nearest male, were not related to mating success. Nest topography and degree of nest concealment were also not significant factors influencing male reproductive success. Multiple regression analysis revealed that no combination of factors could significantly explain the variation in male mating success. The hatching success of an egg mass was not predictable on the basis of the size of the guarding male. Desertion and abandonment of eggs occurred among males regardless of size. Hatching success of eggs was not associated with any of the nest features measured. Most egg masses hatched regardless of male characteristics or nest features. These factors suggest that mate choice by females is not an important factor in male reproductive success.
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Guo, Shulan, Changhong Yan, Liangchen Yu, Yang Liu, Yinkang Zhou, and Xiaozhong Shi. "Characteristics, Controlling Factors, and Formation of Shallow Buried Karst in Eastern China: A Case Study in the Wuxi Metro Areas, Jiangsu Province." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 26, no. 2 (2020): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2281.
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ABSTRACT Karst-related geo-disasters often occur in karst regions during underground construction. In recent years, a number of shallow buried karst features have been discovered in eastern China. Survey boreholes show that karst caves exist at depths of 26–30 m and 33–36 m, which are typical of shallow buried karst. Using cross-hole seismic computed tomographic techniques, 36 geological anomalies consisting of 26 mud-filled caves, three empty caves, and seven fissure zones/loose lens bodies were detected. Most of the karst caves were oblate or oval. After determining the scale of and the connection between the caves, the study area was divided into two areas to provide advice on the treatment of caves during construction. An analysis of the development characteristics of the karst suggests that karst is controlled by several key factors, including topography, structural features, groundwater conditions, and human activities. Following an analysis of these factors and field studies of the process of formation of the shallow buried caves, solutions are proposed to prevent karst-related geo-hazards. The research results can be used in the design of foundations for buildings that are located in regions that include shallow buried karst in eastern China.
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Han, Shi Guo, Jun Zhao, and Xiao Feng Zhang. "Surface Topography and Roughness Simulations for 5-Axis Ball-End Milling." Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (May 2009): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.471.
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In five-axis high speed milling of freeform surface with ball-end cutters, unwanted machining results are usually introduced by some error effects. Hence precise modeling and simulation of milled sculptured surfaces topography and roughness is the key to obtain optimal process parameters, satisfactory surface quality and high machining efficiency. In this paper, a predictive model for sculptured surface topography and roughness of ball-end milling is developed. Firstly, a mathematical model including both the relative motion of the cutter-workpiece couple and some influential factors on machined surface quality such as the tool runout, tool deflection and tool wear is proposed, and subsequently the analytical form of the tool swept envelope is derived by means of homogeneous coordinate transformation. Then the minimal z-values of the corresponding points lied in discrete cutting edges model and Z-map workpiece model are used to update the workpiece surface topography and to calculate 3D surface roughness. Finally, the simulation algorithm is realized with Matlab software. A series of machining tests on 3Cr2MoNi steel are conducted to validate the model, and the machined surface topography is found in good accordance with the simulation result.
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Chenini, Ismail, Adel Zghibi, Mohamed Haythem Msaddek, and Mahmoud Dlala. "Groundwater Vulnerability Mapping in Urbanized Hydrological System Using Modified Drastic Model and Sensitivity Analysis." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 24, no. 3 (2018): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-1967.
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Abstract The groundwater vulnerability assessment is normally applied to rural watersheds. However, urbanization modifies the hydrogeological processes. A modified DRASTIC model was adopted to establish a groundwater vulnerability map in an urbanized watershed. The modified DRASTIC model incorporated a land-use map, and net recharge was calculated taking into account the specificity of the urban hydrogeological system. The application of the proposed approach to the Mannouba watershed demonstrates that the groundwater vulnerability indexes range from 80 to 165. The study's results shows that 30 percent of the Mannouba watershed area has a high vulnerability index, 45 percent of the area has a medium index, and 25 percent of the study area has a low vulnerability index. To specify the effect of each DRASTIC factor on the calculated vulnerability index, sensitivity analyses were performed. Land use, topography, and soil media have an important theoretical weight greater than the effective weight. The impact of the vadose zone factor has the most important effective weight and affects the vulnerability index. The sensitivity assessment explored the variation in vulnerability after thematic layer removal. In this analysis, the removal of hydraulic conductivity and impact of vadose zone modified the vulnerability index. Groundwater vulnerability assessment in urbanized watersheds is difficult and has to consider the impact of urbanization in the hydrogeological parameters.
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Yang, Xihua. "Digital mapping of RUSLE slope length and steepness factor across New South Wales, Australia." Soil Research 53, no. 2 (2015): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14208.
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The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and its main derivate, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), are widely used in estimating hillslope erosion. The effects of topography on hillslope erosion are estimated through the product of slope length (L) and slope steepness (S) subfactors, or LS factor, which often contains the highest detail and plays the most influential role in RUSLE. However, current LS maps in New South Wales (NSW) are either incomplete (e.g. point-based) or too coarse (e.g. 250 m), limiting RUSLE-based applications. The aim of this study was to develop automated procedures in a geographic information system (GIS) to estimate and map the LS factor across NSW. The method was based on RUSLE specifications and it incorporated a variable cutoff slope angle, which improves the detection of the beginning and end of each slope length. An overland-flow length algorithm for L subfactor calculation was applied through iterative slope-length cumulation and maximum downhill slope angle. Automated GIS scripts have been developed for LS factor calculation so that the only required input data are digital elevation models (DEMs). Hydrologically corrected DEMs were used for LS factor calculation on a catchment basis, then merged to form a seamless LS-factor digital map for NSW with a spatial resolution ~30 m (or 1 s). The modelled LS values were compared with the reference LS values, and the coefficient of efficiency reached 0.97. The high-resolution digital LS map produced is now being used along with other RUSLE factors in hillslope erosion modelling and land-use planning at local and regional scales across NSW.
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Zhang, Wenqi, Huaan Jin, Huaiyong Shao, Ainong Li, Shangzhi Li, and Wenjie Fan. "Temporal and Spatial Variations in the Leaf Area Index and Its Response to Topography in the Three-River Source Region, China from 2000 to 2017." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 1 (2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10010033.
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The Three-River Source Region (TRSR) is an important area for the ecological security of China. Vegetation growth has been affected by the climate change, topography, and human activities in this area. However, few studies have focused on analyzing time series tendencies of vegetation change in various terrain conditions. To address this issue in the TRSR, this study explored vegetation stability, tendency, and sustainability with multiple methods (e.g., coefficient of variation, Theil-Sen median trend analysis, Mann-Kendall test, and Hurst index) based on the 2000–2017 Global LAnd Surface Satellite Leaf Area Index (GLASS LAI) product. The differentiation patterns of LAI variations and multiyear mean LAI value under different topographic factors were also investigated in combination with digital elevation model (DEM). The results showed that (1) the mean LAI value in the study area increased, with a linear tendency of 0.013·10 a−1; (2) LAI values decreased from southeast to northwest in terms of spatial distribution and the CV indicated LAI variations were relatively stable; (3) the trend analysis revealed that the improved area of LAI accounted for 62.72% which was larger than the degraded area (37.28%), and hurst index revealed a weak anti-sustaining effect of the current tendencies; and (4) the increasing trend was found in multiyear mean LAI value as relief amplitude and slope increased, while LAI stability improved with increasing slope. They exhibited a clear regular pattern. Moreover, significant improvement in LAI generally occurred in low-altitude and flat areas. Finally, the overall improvement and sustainability of LAI improved when moving from sunny aspects to shady aspects, but the LAI stability decreased. Note that vegetation degradation was observed in some high slope areas and was further aggravated. This study is beneficial for revealing the spatial and temporal changes of LAI and their changing rules as a function of different topographic factors in the TRSR. Meanwhile, the results of this study provide theoretical support for sustainable development of this area.
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JOHN, Kingsley, Isong Abraham Isong, Ndiye Michael Kebonye, Esther Okon Ayito, Prince Chapman Agyeman, and Sunday Marcus Afu. "Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Estimate Soil Organic Carbon Variability with Environmental Variables and Soil Nutrient Indicators in an Alluvial Soil." Land 9, no. 12 (2020): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120487.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important indicator of soil quality and directly determines soil fertility. Hence, understanding its spatial distribution and controlling factors is necessary for efficient and sustainable soil nutrient management. In this study, machine learning algorithms including artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), cubist regression, random forests (RF), and multiple linear regression (MLR) were chosen for advancing the prediction of SOC. A total of sixty (n = 60) soil samples were collected within the research area at 30 cm soil depth and measured for SOC content using the Walkley–Black method. From these samples, 80% were used for model training and 21 auxiliary data were included as predictors. The predictors include effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), base saturation (BS), calcium to magnesium ratio (Ca_Mg), potassium to magnesium ratio (K_Mg), potassium to calcium ratio (K_Ca), elevation, plan curvature, total catchment area, channel network base level, topographic wetness index, clay index, iron index, normalized difference build-up index (NDBI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) and land surface temperature (LST). Mean absolute error (MAE), root-mean-square error (RMSE) and R2 were used to determine the model performance. The result showed the mean SOC to be 1.62% with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 47%. The best performing model was RF (R2 = 0.68) followed by the cubist model (R2 = 0.51), SVM (R2 = 0.36), ANN (R2 = 0.36) and MLR (R2 = 0.17). The soil nutrient indicators, topographic wetness index and total catchment area were considered an indicator for spatial prediction of SOC in flat homogenous topography. Future studies should include other auxiliary predictors (e.g., soil physical and chemical properties, and lithological data) as well as cover a broader range of soil types to improve model performance.
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Matsui, Naohiro, and Fumio Takahashi. "Determination of Soil-Related Factors Controlling Initial Nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) Growth in an Abandoned Shrimp Pond." Environment and Natural Resources Research 6, no. 1 (2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v6n1p125.
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<p class="1Body">In an abandoned shrimp pond, the spatial variability of the height of nipa (<em>Nypa fruticans</em> Wurmb.) plants 5 years after their planting was evaluated to elucidate the determining factors for height. Soil properties were evaluated in 20 points in an area of 0.48 ha. Physical (e.g., hardness, water content) and chemical (e.g., pH and EC) properties were determined using surface soil samples collected at each point. Nipa height was moderately variable, showing a CV value of 31.2%. Soil conditions were considered to affect nipa height; therefore, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to elucidate the relationships among soil properties. As a result, three factors were extracted. PC1 correlated positively with relative ground level and Eh, and negatively with moisture. Because these properties were closely related to topography, PC1 was referred to as the topography factor. PC3 showed the second important contribution, a high K content contributed to a large nipa height. Multivariate analysis was also performed to examine the spatial property of nipa height (H), and as a result, the following equation was obtained: H = 423.94 - 0.39 x PC1 - 0.57 x PC3 (r<sup>2</sup>=0.53). Results of this study indicate that 53% of nipa height variation was explained by soil properties, which is larger than the nipa height variation explained solely by topography (23%). Site-specific management to regulate soil properties could be a practical strategy for nipa plantation.</p>
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Pokonieczny, Krzysztof, and Sylwia Borkowska. "Using artificial neural network for labelling polygon features in topographic maps." GeoScape 13, no. 2 (2019): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geosc-2019-0012.
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Abstract The purpose of this article was to present the methodology which enables automatic map labelling. This topic is particularly important in the context of the ongoing research into the full automation of visualization process of spatial data stored in the currently used topographic databases (e.g. OpenStreetMap, Vector Map Level 2, etc.). To carry out this task, the artificial neural network (multilayer perceptron) was used. The Vector Map Level 2 was used as a test database. The data for neural network learning (the reference label localization) was obtained from the military topographic map at scale 1 : 50 000. In the article, the method of applying artificial neural networks to the map labelling is presented. Detailed research was carried out on the basis of labels from the feature class “built-up area”. The results of the analyses revealed that it is possible to use the artificial intelligence computational methods to automate the process of placing labels on maps. The results showed that 65% of the labels were put on the topographic map in the same place as in the case of the labelling which was done manually by a cartographer. The obtained results can contribute both to the enhancement of the quality of cartographic visualization (e.g. in geoportals) and the partial elimination of the human factor in this process. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • Map label placement is among key variables ensuring the usability of topographic maps across disciplines. • We present the neural network approach for automating the process of labelling topographic maps with locality names. • The presented case study applies to the military map in scale 1:50 000, but can be applied on other maps and geoportals.
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Mihu-Pintilie and Nicu. "GIS-based Landform Classification of Eneoli thic Archaeological Sites in the Plateau-plain Transition Zone (NE Romania): Habitation Practices vs. Flood Hazard Perception." Remote Sensing 11, no. 8 (2019): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11080915.
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The landforms of the Earth’s surface ranging from large-scale features to local topography are factors that influence human behavior in terms of habitation practices. The ability to extract geomorphological settings using geoinformatic techniques is an important aspect of any environmental analysis and archaeological landscape approach. Morphological data derived from DEMs with high accuracies (e.g., LiDAR data), can provide valuable information related to landscape modelling and landform classification processes. This study applies the first landform classification and flood hazard vulnerability of 730 Eneolithic (ca. 5000–3500 BCE) settlement locations within the plateau-plain transition zone of NE Romania. The classification was done using the SD (standard deviation) of TPI (Topographic Position Index) for the mean elevation (DEV) around each archaeological site, and HEC-RAS flood hazard pattern generated for 0.1% (1000 year) discharge insurance. The results indicate that prehistoric communities preferred to place their settlements for defensive purposes on hilltops, or in the close proximity of a steep slope. Based on flood hazard pattern, 8.2% out of the total sites had been placed in highly vulnerable areas. The results indicate an eco-cultural niche connected with habitation practices and flood hazard perception during the Eneolithic period in the plateau-plain transition zone of NE Romania and contribute to archaeological predictive modelling.
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Xu, Wei, Hongyun Sun, Jingwei Jin, and Jimin Cheng. "Predicting the Potential Distribution of Apple Canker Pathogen (Valsa mali) in China under Climate Change." Forests 11, no. 11 (2020): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111126.
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Apple valsa canker (AVC), caused by Valsa mali, is a serious wood disease of apple trees. The pathogen decays the barks and branches of trees and ruins entire orchards under severe conditions. However, studies have rarely focused on the suitable habitat of the pathogen, especially on a relatively large scale. In this study, we applied the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt 3.4.1, Princeton, NJ, USA) to predict the distribution of V. mali using climate factors, topographic factors, and soil factors under current and future climate scenarios. We measured the area of suitable habitat, change ratio of the suitable habitat area, increase and decrease maps under climate change, direction and distance of range shifts from the present to the end of the 21st century, and the contribution of environmental variables. The results showed that the area of suitable habitat is currently 183.46 × 104 km2 in China, among which 27.54% is moderately suitable habitat (MSH) and 13.13% is highly suitable habitat (HSH). Compared with current distribution, the area of MSH and HSH increases in future and the change ratio are positive. The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) 3–70 is considered the optimum climate scenario for V. mali. The suitability of V. mali increased mainly in Northwest, North, and Northeast China. V. mali will shift to the northwest with climate change. The shift distance optimistically increased from the SSP1–26 to the SSP5–85, with the biggest shift distance of 758.44 km in the 2090s under the SSP5–85 scenario. Minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6) was the most critical climate factor affecting the distribution of the pathogen, and topographic factors played a more important role than soil factors. This study demonstrates that the potential distribution of V. mali is vitally affected by climate change and provides a method for large–scale research on the distribution of pathogens.
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Fu, Shaowei, Fang Cheng, Tegoeh Tjahjowidodo, Yu Zhou, and David Butler. "A Non-Contact Measuring System for In-Situ Surface Characterization Based on Laser Confocal Microscopy." Sensors 18, no. 8 (2018): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082657.
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The characterization of surface topographic features on a component is typically quantified using two-dimensional roughness descriptors which are captured by off-line desktop instruments. Ideally any measurement system should be integrated into the manufacturing process to provide in-situ measurement and real-time feedback. A non-contact in-situ surface topography measuring system is proposed in this paper. The proposed system utilizes a laser confocal sensor in both lateral and vertical scanning modes to measure the height of the target features. The roughness parameters are calculated in the developed data processing software according to ISO 4287. To reduce the inherent disadvantage of confocal microscopy, e.g., scattering noise at steep angles and background noise from specular reflection from the optical elements, the developed system has been calibrated and a linear correction factor has been applied in this study. A particular challenge identified for this work is the in-situ measurement of features generated by a robotized surface finishing system. The proposed system was integrated onto a robotic arm with the measuring distance and angle adjusted during measurement based on a CAD model of the component in question. Experimental data confirms the capability of this system to measure the surface roughness within the Ra range of 0.2–7 μm (bandwidth λc/λs of 300), with a relative accuracy of 5%.
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Yildirim, Yusuf, Onur Olcucu, Alper Agca, et al. "Evaluation of Corneal Topography and Biomechanical Parameters after Use of Systemic Isotretinoin in Acne Vulgaris." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/701361.
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Purpose. We report the effect of isotretinoin on corneal topography, corneal thickness, and biomechanical parameters in patients with acne vulgaris.Method. Fifty-four eyes of 54 patients who received oral isotretinoin for treatment of acne vulgaris were evaluated. All patients underwent a corneal topographical evaluation with a Scheimpflug camera combined with Placido-disk (Sirius), ultrasonic pachymetry measurements, and corneal biomechanical evaluation with an ocular response analyzer at baseline, in the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months of treatment, and 6 months after isotretinoin discontinuation.Results. The thinnest corneal thickness measured with Sirius differed significantly in the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months compared with the baseline measurement; there was no significant change in ultrasonic central corneal thickness measurements and biomechanical parameters (corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor) throughout the study. Average simulated keratometry and surface asymmetry index increased significantly only in the first month of treatment according to the baseline. All changes disappeared 6 months after the end of treatment.Conclusion. Basal tear secretion and corneal morphologic properties were significantly influenced during the systemic isotretinoin treatment and the changes were reversible after discontinuation. No statistical important biomechanical differences were found to be induced by isotretinoin.
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Zhou, Han Min, and Xiao Fei Liu. "Comparing Analysis on the Way of Tailings Disposal in China and Australia." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.206.
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Tailings are sand like waste what is made by concentrator which elected the valuable concentrate with metallic or non-metallic mining ores. Tailings disposal methods are affected by the topographic and geologic conditions, physical and mechanical properties of tailings, the state environmental control standards and many other factors. Especially the huge differences of each countrys topographic and geologic conditions always lead to the disposal of tailings in very different ways. This paper comparatively analyses the tailings disposal methods of China and Australia. And the evolution of Australias tailings disposal in four generation and the history, current situation and development direction of our countrys tailings disposal are discussed in detail. Then the development direction of tailings disposal is summed at the end.
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Lee, Robert N., Gary E. Bradfield, Maja Krzic, Reg F. Newman, and W. F. Preston Cumming. "Plant community – soil relationships in a topographically diverse grassland in southern interior British Columbia, Canada." Botany 92, no. 11 (2014): 837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0107.
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The current management focus for many of British Columbia’s grasslands is on sustaining their high natural and economic values in light of concerns over climate change and spread of exotic species. To that end, scientific information on plant community – soil – topographic relationships is required to assist with the often complex decisions that managers face. We collected data on vegetation, topography, and soil properties at 38 sites over a range of elevation zones and aspects at Lac du Bois Grasslands Provincial Park near Kamloops, British Columbia. Cluster analysis of the vegetation data validated the current three-zonal system used for grazing management but indicated that boundaries between adjacent plant communities are interspersed according to aspect. Principal component analysis (PCA) of environmental variables identified a gradient from the less productive, lower grasslands (higher soil bulk density, bare soil, coarse fragment content), to the more productive, upper grasslands (higher litter cover, total soil C and aggregate stability). Projection of six exotic species functional groups into the PCA-environment space showed significant associations of winter annuals with the lower grasslands, versus perennials (both clonal reproducers and seed bankers) with the upper grasslands. Our analysis showed promise in identifying fine-scale linkages between plant community patterns and key environmental factors. This approach may be useful as part of a proactive management plan for maintaining the health of British Columbia grasslands.
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Campennì, Alfredo, Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri, Massimiliano Siracusa, et al. "Isthmus topography is a risk factor for persistent disease in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer." European Journal of Endocrinology 185, no. 3 (2021): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-0328.
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Aim The risk of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) recurrence is widely evaluated according to the 2015 ATA Risk Stratification System. Topography of malignant nodules has been previously reported as an additional risk factor but is not included in the ATA system. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the relationship between DTC topography and response to initial therapy. Patients and methods: We enrolled 401 low- to intermediate-risk patients with DTC who had undergone thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy. DTC topography was recorded and compared with the response to therapy as assessed 12 months after the end of therapy. Results Overall, 366/401 (91.3%) patients had an excellent response to initial therapy while 22/401 (5.5%) and 13/401 (3.2%) had incomplete biochemical or structural responses, respectively. Incomplete response occurred in 10/36 (27.8%), 5/125 (4.0%), and 4/111 (3.6%) patients whose unifocal malignant nodules were located in the isthmus, right lobe, or left lobe. Incomplete response was also observed in 4/54 (7.4%) and 12/75 (16%) patients carrying multifocal cancers in one or both lobes, respectively. Patients with isthmic cancer more frequently demonstrated incomplete response compared with those who had cancer in other locations (P = 0.00). No significant relationship was found with age, gender, maximum size of malignant nodule, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, vascular invasion, and extrathyroidal extension (P = 0.78, P = 0.77, P = 0.52, P = 0.19, P = 0.73, and P = 0.26, respectively). The risk of incomplete response was about 65% higher in patients with isthmic lesions compared with other patients (odds ratio = 6.725). A log-rank test demonstrated that disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with isthmic lesions was significantly shorter than that of other patients (P = 0.02). Conclusion Our data show that isthmus topography of malignant thyroid nodules is a risk factor for having both persistent disease 12 months after primary treatment and reduced DFS.
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Benchelha, Said, Hasnaa Chennaoui Aoudjehane, Mustapha Hakdaoui, et al. "Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in the Commune of Oudka, Taounate Province, North Morocco: A Comparative Analysis of Logistic Regression, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline, and Artificial Neural Network Models." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 26, no. 2 (2020): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2243.
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ABSTRACT Landslide susceptibility indices were calculated and landslide susceptibility maps were generated for the Oudka, Morocco, study area using a geographic information system. The spatial database included current landslide location, topography, soil, hydrology, and lithology, and the eight factors related to landslides (elevation, slope, aspect, distance to streams, distance to roads, distance to faults, lithology, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]) were calculated or extracted. Logistic regression (LR), multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARSpline), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were the methods used in this study to generate landslide susceptibility indices. Before the calculation, the study area was randomly divided into two parts, the first for the establishment of the model and the second for its validation. The results of the landslide susceptibility analysis were verified using success and prediction rates. The MARSpline model gave a higher success rate (AUC (Area Under The Curve) = 0.963) and prediction rate (AUC = 0.951) than the LR model (AUC = 0.918 and AUC = 0.901) and the ANN model (AUC = 0.886 and AUC = 0.877). These results indicate that the MARSpline model is the best model for determining landslide susceptibility in the study area.
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González González, María Jesús. "Analysis, Systemization of the Impacts of Planning on the Territory: Applied to the Ordesa National Park." Land 9, no. 12 (2020): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120527.
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In recent decades, a new paradigm on the rational and careful use of land as a non-renewable resource has arisen. This definition requires new management methods based on the application of the “CLORPT” equation (state factor model) (CL—Climate, O—Organisms:living beings, R—Relief (topography), P—Parent material. T—Time. Thus, factors that we determine, as well as the impacts of planning, are analysed. We have used the factor model CLORPT (is an instrument by which any planning model can be analysed and diagnosed (e.g., planning carried out in the Ordesa National Park (Huesca-Spain)). The Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park has exceptional qualities in terms of landscape, lithology, fauna, flora, relief and climate. Its territorial-environmental value is mainly landscape and nature. A more sustainable use of National Parks is analysed, and possible problems observed for correction. This method provides a univocal vision as it standardizes all the factors. Large range quartiles were used so that even though expert opinions differed, the result was the same.
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Kharismalatri, Hefryan Sukma, Yoshiharu Ishikawa, Takashi Gomi, Roy C. Sidle, and Katsushige Shiraki. "Evaluating Factors for Controlling Sediment Connectivity of Landslide Materials: A Flume Experiment." Water 11, no. 1 (2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010017.
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Connectivity of landslide sediment to and within fluvial systems is a key factor affecting the extent of mobilization of hillslope material. In particular, the formation of landslide dams and the transformation into landslide-induced debris flows represent “end members” of landslide sediment mobility. To quantify sediment connectivity, we developed a two-segment flume representing tributary inflow and the main channel. Mobility of sediment was examined by combinations of various topographic factors, such as tributary inflow angle (0 to 90° in 30° increments) and main channel gradient (10° and 15°), as well as water content of sediment (0 to 100% in 20% increments). We also examined differences of mobility among sediments derived from various lithologies (sand and shale, pyroclastic sediment, weathered granite, and weathered sedimentary rock). Mobility of sediment differed, depending on the water content of sediment, particularly less than saturation or greater than saturation. When all types of unsaturated landslide sediments entered the channel at inflow angles of 60° and 90°, substantial deposition occurred, suggesting the formation of landslide dams. At low inflow angles (0° and 30°) in a steep channel (15°), >50% of landslide sediment was transported downstream, indicating the occurrence of a debris flow. The amount of sediment deposited at the junction angle was greater for pyroclastic sediment followed by weathered granite, weathered sedimentary rock, and finally, sand and shale. Our connectivity index suggests that a threshold exists between landslide dam formation and debris flow occurrence associated with topographic conditions, water content, and types of sediment.
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Kreeger, Pamela K., Laura E. Strong, and Kristyn S. Masters. "Engineering Approaches to Study Cellular Decision Making." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 20, no. 1 (2018): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121011.
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In their native environment, cells are immersed in a complex milieu of biochemical and biophysical cues. These cues may include growth factors, the extracellular matrix, cell–cell contacts, stiffness, and topography, and they are responsible for regulating cellular behaviors such as adhesion, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and differentiation. The decision-making process used to convert these extracellular inputs into actions is highly complex and sensitive to changes both in the type of individual cue (e.g., growth factor dose/level, timing) and in how these individual cues are combined (e.g., homotypic/heterotypic combinations). In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of engineering-based approaches to study the cellular decision-making process. Specifically, we discuss the use of biomaterial platforms that enable controlled and tailored delivery of individual and combined cues, as well as the application of computational modeling to analyses of the complex cellular decision-making networks.
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Smith, Lauren A., David M. Eissenstat, and Margot W. Kaye. "Variability in aboveground carbon driven by slope aspect and curvature in an eastern deciduous forest, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 2 (2017): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0147.
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In forested ecosystems, topography and tree species contribute to spatial variability in carbon (C) dynamics through differential rates of C uptake and storage; therefore, estimates of species-specific and spatial variability in C can strengthen ecosystem budgets. To produce such estimates, we deconstructed watershed-scale C and component pools (e.g., wood biomass, litter) and fluxes at a fine scale using a small mixed deciduous forest catchment to determine the variation due to topographic position and species. Factors affecting fluxes included aspect, slope curvature, tree species contributions, and litter production. Annual C uptake into wood varied across the catchment from 0 to 34 kg C·year−1 and was 20% greater on southern aspects than northern ones and 33% greater in swales than non-swale slopes. Of the more than 20 tree species found in the forest canopy of the catchment, highest C uptake in woody biomass was measured in Quercus rubra L. growing in swales, followed by Quercus prinus L. syn. growing on the southern aspect, with the lowest aboveground wood increment measured in Pinus at higher elevations on non-swale slopes. Quercus leaf litter moved from where it dropped into litter traps to where it settled on the forest floor, shifting the location of litter C inputs to the soil. Local variation in aboveground C rivals regional variation across regions and has the potential to introduce error when scaling C measures from points to landscapes.
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Wieczorowski, Michal, Leszek Rozanski, Bartosz Gapinski, and M. Grzegorz Krolczyk. "Investigations Regarding the Influence of Surface Topography on Emissive Properties of Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (October 2014): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.402.
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In the paper analysis of surface topography influence on emissivity of metals was shown. This was performed for infrared band comprising wavelength region of 7.5 13 micrometers. Appropriate characterization and description of object emissivity has a crucial influence on accuracy of IR system for remote temperature measurement, e.g. IR thermography or pyrometry. These properties depend on many factors, including surface topography of material, where especially cavities play a very important role. In references so far emissivity are discussed mainly as influence of type of material (metal, dielectric), its temperature, wavelength or direction of emission. In the paper characterizing emissivity of construction materials in connection with 3D surface topography.
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Höffle, Hannes, Cindy J. G. Van Damme, Clive Fox, et al. "Linking spawning ground extent to environmental factors — patterns and dispersal during the egg phase of four North Sea fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 3 (2018): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0310.
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Previous studies have shown that four commercially important demersal species, namely Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), and European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), spawn in distinct areas across the North Sea. Based on two comprehensive ichthyoplankton surveys in 2004 and 2009, the present study uses generalized additive mixed models to delimit these spawning grounds using the distribution of recently spawned eggs, investigates their relationship to specific environmental conditions, and examines egg dispersal during their development. Results indicate that presence–absence of early stage eggs is more related to temporal and topographic variables, while egg densities are closely linked with hydrography. Egg distribution patterns were relatively consistent during development and only changed near hatching. Compared with historic observations, the location of the spawning grounds appeared stable on the broad scale but centres of egg abundance varied between the surveyed years. Potential effects of long-term climate change and anthropogenic short-term disturbances, such as seismic surveys, on fish reproduction are discussed, pointing out the demand for multispecies studies on these issues.
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Tonina, Daniele, and John M. Buffington. "A three-dimensional model for analyzing the effects of salmon redds on hyporheic exchange and egg pocket habitat." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, no. 12 (2009): 2157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-146.
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A three-dimensional fluid dynamics model is developed to capture the spatial complexity of the effects of salmon redds on channel hydraulics, hyporheic exchange, and egg pocket habitat. We use the model to partition the relative influences of redd topography versus altered hydraulic conductivity (winnowing of fines during spawning) on egg pocket conditions for a simulated pool–riffle channel with a redd placed at the pool tail. Predictions show that altered hydraulic conductivity is the primary factor for enhancing hyporheic velocities and dissolved oxygen content within the egg pocket. Furthermore, the simulations indicate that redds induce hyporheic circulation that is nested within that caused by pool–riffle topography and that spawning-related changes in hyporheic velocities and dissolved oxygen content could create conditions suitable for incubation in locations that otherwise would be unfavorable (reinforcing the notion that salmonids actively modify their environment in ways that may be beneficial to their progeny).
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Hao, Xiaole, Caixu Yue, Xianli Liu, Lihui Wang, Steven Y. Liang, and Yuechong Nan. "Modeling of Convex Surface Topography in Milling Process." Metals 10, no. 9 (2020): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091218.
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Cr12MoV die steel is a typical high-strength and high-hardness material. Because of the high hardness of Cr12MoV die steel, which is approximately 50–65 HRC after quenching, and the tool’s weak rigidity, cutting vibration, and tool deformation are inevitable during the cutting process. In this paper, a model for predicting the surface topography of a convex curved die steel machined by a ball-end milling cutter was established. In addition, the surface springback of the workpiece is considered. According to the surface characteristics of the convex curved workpiece, the vector algorithm and transformation matrix are applied to calculate the milling cutter motion trajectory equation. Then, the influence of dynamic factors on the tool path is calculated, and finally the surface topography of the workpiece is simulated through the Z-map model. The simulation error of three-dimensional surface roughness Sa at different positions of the curved surface is between 10% and 16%. After considering the dynamic factors, the simulation error is reduced by about 50%.
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Schneck, Tamás, Tamás Telbisz, and István Zsuffa. "Precipitation interpolation using digital terrain model and multivariate regression in hilly and low mountainous areas of Hungary." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 70, no. 1 (2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.70.1.3.
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The relationship between precipitation and elevation is a well-known topic in the field of geography and meteorology. Radar-based precipitation data are often used in hydrologic models, however, they have several inaccuracies, and elevation can be one of the additional parameters that may help to improve them. Thus, our aim in this article is to find a quantitative relationship between precipitation and elevation in order to correct precipitation data input into hydrologic models. It is generally accepted that precipitation increases with elevation, however, the real situation is much more complicated, and besides elevation, the precipitation is dependent on several other topographic factors (e.g., slope, aspect) and many other climatic parameters, and it is not easy to establish statistically reliable correlations between precipitation and elevation. In this paper, we examine precipitation-elevation correlations by using multiple regression analysis based on monthly climatic data. Further on, we present a method, in which these regression equations are combined with kriging or inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation to calculate precipitation fields, which take into account topographic elevations based on digital terrain models. Thereafter, the results of the different interpolation methods are statistically compared. Our study areas are in the hilly or low mountainous regions of Hungary (Bakony, Mecsek, Börzsöny, Cserhát, Mátra and Bükk montains) with a total of 52 meteorological stations. Our analysis proved that there is a linear relationship between the monthly sum of precipitation and elevation. For the North Hungarian Mountains, the correlation coefficients were statistically significant for the whole study period with values between 0.3 and 0.5. Multivariate regression analysis pointed out that there are remarkable differences among seasons and even months. The best correlation coefficients are typical of late spring-early summer and October, while the weakest linear relationships are valid for the winter period and August. The vertical gradient of precipitation is between one and four millimetres per 100 metres for each month. The statistical comparison of the precipitation interpolation had the following results: for most months, co-kriging was the best method, and the combined method using topography-derived regression parameters lead to only slightly better results than the standard kriging or IDW.
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Panda, Anton, Marek Prislupčák, and Iveta Pandová. "Progressive Technology Diagnostics and Factors Affecting Machinability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 616 (August 2014): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.616.183.
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The Water as an element with its force is applied to the solid substances and thus violates their. A man started to notice the power of water and gradually it began to exploit to their advantage and developed technology of machining of various materials, which brought a facility generating pressure water jet. [1] Presently cutting materials technology is an essential technology pre-production stages. Article discusses the production system with technology of abrasive water jet and is aimed at assessing the impact of selected factors of the technological process in the dividing of materials using this technology. The main part describes the influence of factors on the depth of cut and surface topography of machined in terms of roughness. At the end of the article are evaluated selected technological factors used in cutting of materials.
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Biswas, Asim, Henry W. Chau, Angela K. Bedard-Haughn, and Bing C. Si. "Factors controlling soil water storage in the hummocky landscape of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, no. 4 (2012): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2011-045.
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Biswas, A., Chau, H. W., Bedard-Haughn, A. K. and Si, B. C. 2012. Factors controlling soil water storage in the hummocky landscape of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 649–663. The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) in North America is unique hummocky landscape containing hydrologically closed topographic depressions with no permanent inlet or outlet. Knowledge about the controls of soil water distribution in the landscape is important for understanding the hydrology in the PPR. In this study, we investigated the correlation between soil water storage and different controlling factors over time. Time domain reflectometry and neutron probe were used to measure soil water storage up to 1.4 m depth over 4 yr along a 576-m long transect at St. Denis National Wildlife Area, Saskatchewan, Canada, which represent a typical landscape of the PPR. Soil and vegetation properties were measured along the transect, and various terrain indices were calculated from the digital elevation map of the study area. Soil texture (e.g., correlation coefficient, r=−0.57 to −0.73 for sand) provided one of the best explanations for the variations in soil water storage by controlling the entry and transmission of water within soil in the semi-arid climate of study area. Bulk density (r=−0.22 to −0.56), depth of A horizon, (r=0.18 to 0.49), C horizon (r=0.29 to 0.69), and CaCO3 layer (r=0.31 to 0.79) influenced the water transmission through soil and were correlated to soil water storage. Beside soil properties, topographic wetness index (r=0.47 to 0.67), slope (r=−0.41 to −0.56), convergence index (r=−0.29 to −0.60), and flow connectivity (r=0.27 to 0.60) were also correlated to soil water storage. However, multiple linear regressions showed a consistent high contribution from soil properties such as sand, organic carbon, depth of CaCO3 layer, and bulk density in explaining the variability in soil water storage. A substantial contribution from topographic variables such as wetness index, gradient, and solar radiation was also observed. Therefore, unlike other geographic regions, the soil-water storage variations in the PPR are controlled by a combination of soil and terrain properties with dominant control from soil characteristics at the field scale.
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Vanmaercke, Matthias, Albert J. Kettner, Miet Van Den Eeckhaut, et al. "Moderate seismic activity affects contemporary sediment yields." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 38, no. 2 (2014): 145–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133313516160.
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Current models aiming to simulate contemporary sediment yield (SY) implicitly assume that tectonic effects are either irrelevant or are reflected by catchment topography. In this study we analyse the relation between SY and seismic activity, a component of tectonic processes. Results show a spatial correlation between SY and seismic activity expressed as the estimated peak ground acceleration (PGA) with a 10% exceedance probability in 50 years. PGA has a significant impact on the spatial variation of SY, even after correcting for cross-correlations with topography, lithology or other factors that may influence SY. Based on three distinct data sets, we demonstrate that this effect is significant both for small catchments in Europe (0.3–3940 km2) and for large river systems worldwide (1580–6.15×106 km2) and that seismic activity may be even more important for explaining regional variation in SY than land use or many other commonly considered factors (e.g. catchment area, climate). We show that explicitly considering seismic activity may lead to SY-estimates that easily deviate a factor 2 or more compared to estimates that do not consider seismic activity. This is not only the case for highly seismically active regions: also in regions with a weak to moderate seismic regime seismic activity helps explaining regional patterns in SY. We argue that these findings have important implications for a better understanding of SY and its sensitivity to human impacts, as well as for our comprehension of sediment fluxes at longer timescales.
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Liu, Tao, Huan Zhang, and Tiezhu Shi. "Modeling and Predictive Mapping of Soil Organic Carbon Density in a Small-Scale Area Using Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (2020): 9330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229330.
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Different natural environmental variables affect the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), which has strong spatial heterogeneity and non-stationarity. Additionally, the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) has strong spatial varying relationships with the environmental factors, and the residuals should keep independent. This is one hard and challenging study in digital soil mapping. This study was designed to explore the different impacts of natural environmental factors and construct spatial prediction models of SOC in the junction region (with an area of 2130.37 km2) between Enshi City and Yidu City, Hubei Province, China. Multiple spatial interpolation models, such as stepwise linear regression (STR), geographically weighted regression (GWR), regression kriging (RK), and geographically weighted regression kriging (GWRK), were built using different natural environmental variables (e.g., terrain, environmental, and human factors) as auxiliary variables. The goodness of fit (R2), root mean square error, and improving accuracy were used to evaluate the predicted results of the spatial interpolation models. Results from Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and STR showed that SOCD was strongly correlated with elevation, topographic position index (TPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), slope, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). GWRK had the highest simulation accuracy, followed by RK, whereas STR was the weakest. A theoretical scientific basis is, therefore, provided for exploring the relationship between SOCD and the corresponding environmental variables as well as for modeling and estimating the regional soil carbon pool.
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Yu, Chendi, Jun Huang, Xiaoyun Ren, et al. "The predatory bug Orius strigicollis shows a preference for egg-laying sites based on plant topography." PeerJ 9 (July 21, 2021): e11818. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11818.
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Background Oviposition site selection is an important factor in determining the success of insect populations. Orius spp. are widely used in the biological control of a wide range of soft-bodied insect pests such as thrips, aphids, and mites. Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) is the dominant Orius species in southern China; however, what factor drives its selection of an oviposition site after mating currently remains unknown. Methods Here, kidney bean pods (KBPs) were chosen as the oviposition substrate, and choice and nonchoice experiments were conducted to determine the preferences concerning oviposition sites on the KBPs of O. strigicollis. The mechanism of oviposition behavior was revealed through observation and measurement of oviposition action, the egg hatching rate, and the oviposition time. Results We found that O. strigicollis preferred the seams of the pods for oviposition, especially the seams at the tips of the KBPs. Choice and nonchoice experiments showed that females did not lay eggs when the KBP tail parts were unavailable. The rates of egg hatching on different KBP parts were not significantly different, but the time required for females to lay eggs on the tip seam was significantly lower. Decreased oviposition time is achieved on the tip seam because the insect can exploit support points found there and gain leverage for insertion of the ovipositor. Discussion The preferences for oviposition sites of O. strigicollis are significantly influenced by the topography of the KBP surface. Revealing such behavior and mechanisms will provide an important scientific basis for the mass rearing of predatory bugs.
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Hoffman, Matthew J., Andrew G. Fountain, and Jonathan M. Achuff. "20th-century variations in area of cirque glaciers and glacierets, Rocky Mountain National Park, Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871233.
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AbstractComparison of historic maps and aerial and ground-based photographs for the small cirque glaciers and glacierets of Rocky Mountain National Park in the northern Front Range of Colorado, USA, indicates modest change during the 20th century. The glaciers retreated through the first half of the 20th century, advanced slightly from the mid-1940s to the end of the century and have retreated slightly since. High interannual variability in area and temporal gaps in data complicate the trends. Local climate records indicate a lack of systematic change between 1950 and 1975, but significant warming afterwards. Local topographic effects (e.g. wind redistribution of snow and avalanching) are important influences. These small glaciers respond to changes in regional climate; summer temperature alone is a good predictor of the mass balance of Andrews Glacier (r= -0.93). Spring snowfall is also an important factor. That winter precipitation is not statistically significant supports the notion that these small glaciers gain much snow from wind drift and avalanching, making winter snow accumulation almost indifferent to variations in direct snowfall. Less than expected glacier retreat may be due to increased summer cloudiness.
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Chen, Hua, and Kai Wang. "The Study for the Influencing Factors of Urban Heat Island Development." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3524.
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The impacts of some factors on the development of urban heat island are investigated in this paper. The results show that the development of urban heat island is influenced by many factors. Cold and try climate is more favorable for the development of urban heat island than warm and moist climate; Urban heat island develops slowly in those seashore cities that are influenced obviously by land and sea breezes. Closed topography (e.g., valleys, basins) is favorable for the development. The heat island development is direct proportional to urban developing speed; In the cities in which highly energy consumption industries concentrate, heat island is more obvious.
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Carturan, L., R. Filippi, R. Seppi, et al. "Area and volume loss of the glaciers in the Ortles-Cevedale group (Eastern Italian Alps): controls and imbalance of the remaining glaciers." Cryosphere 7, no. 5 (2013): 1339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1339-2013.
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Abstract. A widespread loss of glacier area and volume has been observed in the European Alps since the 1980s. In addition to differences among various regions of the Alps, different responses to climate change characterize neighboring glaciers within the same region. In this study we describe the glacier changes in the Ortles-Cevedale group, the largest glacierized area in the Italian Alps. We analyze the spatial variability, the drivers, and the main factors controlling the current loss of ice in this region, by comparing mean elevation changes derived from two digital terrain models (DTMs), along with glacier extents and snow-covered areas derived from Landsat images acquired in 1987 and 2009, to various topographic factors. Glacier outlines were obtained using the band ratio method with manual corrections. Snow was classified from a near-infrared image after topographic correction. The total glacierized area shrank by 23.4 ± 3% in this period, with no significant changes in the mean altitude of the glaciers. In 2009 the snowline was 240 m higher than in the 1960s and 1970s. From the snow-covered area at the end of summer 2009, which fairly represents the extent and local variability of the accumulation areas in the 2000s, we estimate that approximately 50% of the remaining glacier surfaces have to melt away to re-establish balanced mass budgets with present climatic conditions. The average geodetic mass budget rate, calculated for 112 ice bodies by differencing two DTMs, ranged from −0.18 ± 0.04 to −1.43 ± 0.09 m w.e. a−1, averaging −0.69 ± 0.12 m w.e. a−1. The correlation analysis of mass budgets vs. topographic variables emphasized the important role of hypsometry in controlling the area and volume loss of larger glaciers, whereas a higher variability characterizes smaller glaciers, which is likely due to the higher importance of local topo-climatic conditions.